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DEBATE<br />

Stirred not shaken!<br />

A look at the STIRRED UP debate<br />

about ALCOHOL regulation in Norway<br />

Henrike Jost<br />

Writer<br />

Illustration: AdobeStock // Jeff<br />

For those of us who celebrate, the holidays are right around the<br />

corner, which means endless Christmas and New Year parties with<br />

an even more endless flow of alcohol. While these parties can mean<br />

lots of fun, for others they mean a heightened risk of sexual assault.<br />

These cases are not isolated incidents. One tenth of the Norwegian<br />

workforce have either been sexually assaulted themselves or know<br />

someone who has been subject to such inappropriate behavior at<br />

their company’s Christmas party (Bjørnson Hagen, 2022). To blame<br />

is often the large flow of alcohol that are served and consumed at<br />

the festivities. Alcohol is not only deeply ingrained in Norwegian<br />

and other Nordic countries’ Christmas traditions, but it is said to be<br />

generally interwoven with their cultures for centuries.<br />

The dangers of the widespread heavy drinking patterns across<br />

populations in the North have been used to justify strict regulations<br />

on alcohol production, selling, and consumption that Norway and<br />

its fellow Nordic countries are well known for today. The question<br />

is: Are these stringent rules justified and effective in what they are<br />

trying to achieve? The most recent SHoT study (Studentenes Helseog<br />

Trivselsundersøkelse) has, for example, shown that more than<br />

half of the male university students and 4 in 10 female students<br />

exhibit risky drinking patterns (Heradstveit et al., 2022) and, as<br />

such render the regulatory approach to appear ineffective. So let’s<br />

take a look at the Norwegian approach to regulating alcohol, its<br />

history, and its pros and cons to see whether it actually works and<br />

prevents societal harm or if it is unnecessarily harsh.<br />

A shot of history<br />

The strict regulations on alcohol consumption date back to heavy<br />

alcohol use in the 19th century, reaching its peak in the 1830s with<br />

13 liters of alcohol per person (Hauge, 1996). The general public<br />

saw it necessary to reduce the harm caused by alcohol and started<br />

to call for stricter regulations (WHO, 2023; Karlsson & Österberg,<br />

2003).<br />

In 1919, the Alcohol Prohibition Act was introduced, which<br />

prohibited the consumption and production of the majority of<br />

spirits. However, trade quarrels with wine-exporting countries,<br />

like France and Spain, caused its demise 8 years later (Johansen,<br />

2013).<br />

The Alcohol Act that is in force today was implemented in 1990s<br />

(Karlsson & Österberg, 2003). Its main objective remains to be the<br />

same as the initial approach to alcohol regulation: to reduce health<br />

and societal harm caused by alcohol. The new act tries to reconcile<br />

this goal while also allowing citizens to choose whether they want<br />

to consume liquor (Götestam & Röstum, 1983).<br />

Today’s offer: the legal cocktail<br />

It is widely held that the way regulating alcohol is approached<br />

has significant impact upon how much harm is caused by liquor<br />

(Götestam & Röstum, 1983). Therefore, the government opted for a<br />

rather strict approach to prevent societal and health related harms<br />

such as accidents caused by drunk driving, as well as alcoholism,<br />

and over 200 other diseases and conditions like cancer (WHO,<br />

2023).<br />

To reduce consumption, only alcoholic beverages below a 4.7%<br />

alcohol concentration can be sold in normal stores. Beverages<br />

above that percentage can only be bought at Vinmonopolet, a store<br />

owned by the state. Through these shops and through the state<br />

monopoly on alcohol, the government can control the access to<br />

purchasing alcohol, its price, as well as which kind of alcohol is<br />

sold (WHO, 2023). The beverages are also highly taxed to further<br />

disincentivize alcohol consumption (Karlsson & Österberg, 2003). A<br />

prohibition of advertising alcohol also falls under the tight alcohol<br />

regulation in Norway (Götestam & Röstum, 1983). In addition,<br />

a license is needed to sell alcohol. Its issuance is decided by the<br />

municipalities (Karlsson & Österberg, 2003).<br />

There are not only restrictions to where alcohol can be bought, but<br />

also for when. Low-percentage alcohol can only be sold between<br />

08:00-20:00 on weekdays, and 08:00-18:00 on Saturdays and the day<br />

before public holidays. Vinmonopolet is only open between 10:00-<br />

<strong>DESEMBER</strong> 2023 <strong>UNIKUM</strong> NR 10 11

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