Maskulinitetsstudier

Ansvaret for manglende evaluering kan plasseres hos ledelsen og underbygger hvor viktig det er å ha en ledelse
som er bevisst og fokusert for å klare å opprettholde likestillingsarbeid i en organisasjon. Når de hierarkiske
nedadgående kravene og forventningene ikke følges opp, kan det se ut som om det også blir nedprioritert. Ved
at ledelsen får tilgang på nødvendig kunnskap og kjennskap til sosiale prosesser som bidrar til barrierer for
kvinners karrieremuligheter, vil det kunne skape et godt fundament for at kunnskapen videreføres og implementeres
på alle nivåer i hele etaten, slik som den opprinnelige hensikten med likestillings- og mangfoldspolitikk
har vært intendert.
Da det virker som om det ikke er samsvar mellom policydokumentenes intensjon og praksis i etaten, kan det
tyde på manglende oppfølging og evaluering av interne inkluderingstiltak. Med dette som utgangspunkt mener
jeg det er grunn til å påstå av vi fortsatt trenger forskning på karrieremuligheter med et kjønnsperspektiv, i
tillegg til og ikke bare som en del av mangfoldsperspektivet.
7.4 Sammendrag Benedicte Beccer Brandvolds masteroppgave 16 om andre lands forsvar
ABSTRACT
The objective for the Norwegian Armed Forces was 15 percent women of all soldiers by 2008. Five years later,
women only make up between 8 and 9 percent while the new goal is to reach a level of 20 percent women by
2020. This goal currently seems difficult to reach due to the minimal increase of women over the past years.
This thesis is a comparative study between Canada, Sweden and Norway, as the two first both have a higher
percentage of women serving in their armed forces. The thesis looks at measures taken to recruit and retain
women. It also looks at whether the measures have had the desired effect as well as whether any of the
measures deals with masculinity cultures that exists within the military organizations. By using a mixture of
document analysis and semi-structured interviews, it becomes possible to get insights into the work of these
countries’ on reaching the same goal of adopting an international resolution and increase gender equality within
the military organization. I use theoretical perspectives to guide the analysis and to explain the empirical
findings. Gender research has highlighted how masculinity cultures are persuaded in the military, as well as
how women are being discriminated in male dominated occupations. Perspectives on policy implementation
explain necessary tools in order to achieve a set objective and by this, why it seems difficult to increase the
female participation. The empirical findings show similar measures in many areas within all three countries.
These measures seem to vary in terms of width and depth however. Whether the military practice conscription
or all-professional forces where men and women apply equally, also seem to contribute to the military’s ability
to attract women. Findings further indicate that societal factors like the military organizations’ position in the
labor market matters, as well as the time elapsed since action was first taken. To increase the percentage of
women and to be able to make these women stay depends on a long- term perspective and deep commitment
from politicians and military leaders.
5.4 EMPIRICAL HIGHLIGHTS AND THEORETICAL UNDERSTANDING
5.4.1 HIGHLIGHTS
As the chapter so far has constituted an overview of the policies created as well as measures set in place, these
have not increased the female participation in Norway appreciable and it is necessary to go further into all
countries to look at where the emphasis has been during the implementation process. The categorizing of the
empirical findings have shown that all three countries have in some way taken action in the same areas, but
however with different approaches. As previously stated, action plans are developed in order to meet obliga-
16 Brandvold, Benedicte Beccer (2013). “Recruiting and Retaining Women in Armed Forces – The Cases of Canada, Sweden and Norway.” Masteroppgave,
Norwegian University of Life Sciences, dept of International Environment and Development Studies.
© Oxford Research AS 95