March 2011 for web.indd - OVK

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HOW TO CONTROL JOHNE’S One of the diseases in livestock farming that is really hard to diagnose, but can cause heavy losses in livestock if it infects a herd, is Paratuberculosis or Johne’s disease. Here are some guidelines in identifying and controlling the disease in a herd. Johne’s disease affects cattle, sheep, goats and certain wild animal species. The disease is of long duration and may cause diarrhoea and loss of mass in older (from 2 years on) animals. The diarrhoea cannot be treated. Young animals are more susceptible and usually become infected after taking in food or water contaminated with the faeces of infected animals. Repeated exposure is ne cessary before the organisms can establish themselves in the intestinal tract. Most of the infected animals continue to shed bacteria intermittently in their faeces throughout their lifetime. The disease usually spreads slowly in an infected herd. Most animals do not show symptoms and it may be years before the disease is eventually diagnosed in a herd (subclinical infection). ► Clinical symptoms The time before the disease becomes apparent in a herd varies from less than 6 months to several years (even 46 15 years). A very small percentage of the animals show clinical signs. Affected animals develop a diarrhoea of long duration and lose condition (emaciation). ► Diff erential diagnosis Johne’s disease should not be confused with other conditions which also cause a loss of condition, including worm infestation, coccidiosis or malnutrition. In cattle the disease can be confused with chronic fascioliasis and paramphistomiasis. ► Control Control of Johne’s disease in a flock is based on the following procedures: • The elimination of infected animals (emaciated animals) by slaughtering. • Strict hygiene to prevent the spread of the infection (espe cially feed and water troughs). • Only buy animals from farms which have been tested negative. • Ensure that boundary fences are in a good condition. • Stud flocks must be tested. Contents • • Try to keep the flock as young as possible. • Lambing should take place on clean pastures. • Vaccination may in some cases be of value. Inhoud
Paratuberculosis is difficult to control because: • A long period may pass before the disease becomes apparent in a herd. • There are no clinical signs in the early stages of the disease. • It is difficult to make a diagnosis in a live animal. • Affected animals cannot be treated successfully. ► Remember the following Ruminants should not be kept on the farm or premises for at least two years before restocking takes place. All cases of loss of condition (emaciation) and diarrhoea should be investigated. Contact your nearest state veterinarian for further information. DIE MOETS EN MOENIES VAN KUILVOER Artikel: Chris Goussard Dit raak weer die tyd van die jaar om kuilvoer te maak. Dit is egter nie so ’n eenvoudige pro ses nie. Boere het ’n paar moets en moenies om voor op te let. Om goeie kuilvoer te maak, is in werklik heid ’n kuns en proses wat noukeurig gevolg moet word om sukses te behaal. Vir kuilvoer moet plantmateriaal gekerf en gekompakteer word. In dié proses word lug (suurstof) uit die materiaal 47 uitgepers en giste en swamme sal nie kan groei nie. Verder is dit belangrik om water en suurstof uit te hou. Daarom moet die bunker goed geseël word. Die melksuur wat tydens die proses van inkuiling gevorm word, verlaag die pH en dit is baie belangrik vir die behoud van die voer. Plante bevat suikers (koolhidrate) wat deur melksuurbakterieë gebruik word om melksuur te produseer. Melksuur laat die pH tot in die omgewing van 4 daal en die mikro-organismiese lewe kom dan tot ’n stilstand. Sulke kuilvoer kan dan lank stabiel bly solank suurstof of water nie die bunker binnedring nie. As plante in ’n verkeerde stadium (veral te laat) ingekuil word, het dit nie vol doende natuurlike suiker nie. In so ’n geval kan dit gebeur dat die pH nie laag genoeg daal of lank ge - noeg hierdie toestand handhaaf nie. Die kuilvoer gaan dan agteruit as gevolg van botter suur wat gevorm word en swak diereprestasie is jou voorland. Bottersuur is eintlik niks anders as ’n soort vrot toestand van jou kuilvoer nie. As kuilvoer galsterig ruik, bevat dit bottersuur. Die reuk van botter suur was ook nie maklik van jou hande af nie. Contents • ■ SEËL Probeer om die bunker so vinnig as moontlik vol te maak en te seël. Die kompaksie moet 600 Inhoud
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March 2011 for web.indd - OVK

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