viWTA Blootstelling aan niet-ioniserende straling in huis - Instituut ...

2.6.1 Basisrestricties en referentienieveaus.................................................. 32
2.6.2 Normeringsorganen ............................................................................. 33
2.6.2.1 ICNIRP.......................................................................................... 33
2.6.2.2 WHO ............................................................................................. 33
2.6.2.3 Europa .......................................................................................... 34
2.6.2.4 België............................................................................................ 34
2.6.2.5 TCO............................................................................................... 34
2.6.3 Statische velden en extreem lage frequenties (ELF)............................ 35
2.6.3.1 Basisrestricties .............................................................................. 35
2.6.3.2 Referentieniveaus ......................................................................... 35
2.6.3.3 Bronspecifieke regelgeving ........................................................... 36
2.6.4 Intermediaire frequenties .................................................................... 37
2.6.4.1 Basisrestricties .............................................................................. 37
2.6.4.2 Referentieniveaus ......................................................................... 37
2.6.5 Radiofrequente velden......................................................................... 37
2.6.5.1 Basisrestricties .............................................................................. 37
2.6.5.2 Referentieniveaus ......................................................................... 38
2.6.5.3 Microgolfoven ............................................................................... 41
2.6.6 UV straling ........................................................................................... 41
2.6.7 Infrarood.............................................................................................. 42
2.6.8 Lasers .................................................................................................. 43
2.7 Samenvatting .............................................................................................. 45
3 BLOK B: Impact.................................................................................................. 47
3.1 Enkele positieve toepassingen van elektromagnetische velden .................. 47
3.2 Algemene begrippen ................................................................................... 47
3.2.1 Biologisch effect / gezondheidseffect .................................................. 47
3.2.2 In vitro studies..................................................................................... 48
3.2.3 In vivo studies ..................................................................................... 48
3.2.4 Epidemiologische studies ..................................................................... 48
3.3 Typologie van risico’s.................................................................................. 49
3.3.1 Statische elektromagnetische velden................................................... 49
3.3.1.1 Interactie met het lichaam ........................................................... 49
3.3.1.2 Gezondheidseffecten .................................................................... 49
3.3.2 Extreem lage frequenties (ELF) ........................................................... 50
3.3.2.1 Effecten op korte termijn.............................................................. 50
3.3.2.2 In vitro studies.............................................................................. 51
3.3.2.3 In vivo studies .............................................................................. 51
3.3.2.4 Epidemiologische studies.............................................................. 52
3.3.2.5 Ribbel- of deukdijen (Lipoatrophia semicircularis)........................ 53
3.3.2.6 Overzicht effecten......................................................................... 54
3.3.3 Intermediaire frequenties (IF) ............................................................. 55
3.3.4 Radiofrequente velden......................................................................... 55
3.3.4.1 Algemeen...................................................................................... 55
3.3.4.2 Kanker epidemiologie ................................................................... 55
3.3.4.3 In vivo onderzoek (proefdieren) ................................................... 58
3.3.4.4 Genotoxische effecten (in vitro) ................................................... 59
3.3.4.5 Expressie van genen..................................................................... 60
3.3.4.6 Experimenteel onderzoek (mensen) ............................................. 61
3.3.4.7 Blood-brain-barrier (BBB) ............................................................. 62
3.3.4.8 Besluit........................................................................................... 63
3.3.5 UV en infrarood.................................................................................... 64
3.3.5.1 UV straling .................................................................................... 64