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1/ocalizatrorrs of Gommon, Lesser and Arctic Aedpolls iNs i' A B 1 i 1 ~If t 1 f ~ ~ ~~~ II~ ~■~ ~ ~ I fl~ O i O } G S sc at G 1 Se c 0 E 4 A O ~ ^ S ~ r FIGURE 1 Flight chatters of two Common Redpolis Carduelis flammea flammea (D-E) and two Arctic Redpolis C hornemanni exikpes (A-C. A and C refer to same individual ) 10
Vocalizations of Common, Lesser and Arctic Redpolls flight call The common flight cail (chatter) of Arctic Redpoll had a small frequency range and individual notes were bisyllabic or nearly so: each note consisted of an introductory descending syllable, immediately followed by a second syllable which was either rising or descending parallel to the first (figure 1A-C) . In contrast, the flight call of Common Redpoli showed syllables which fell steeply over a broader frequency range to an energetically emphasized low-frequency component, shaped on the sonagrams like a hook (figure iD-E) . Together with its more rapid delivery (in the same time span, five notes by Common and four by Arctic), this gave Common its characteristic'machine gun'-like low and pure chatter, che-che. . .che-che-che. . .che-che-che-che-che . Arctic sounded clearly slower, higher-pitched and less pure, djeet. . .djeet-djeet. . .djeet-djeet-djeet. As well as a single note, solitary Arctic typically used a number of composite calls, such as two notes in which the second one had more emphasis, tjee-djeet (figure 1C, left) . The flight chatter of Lesser Redpoll was distinct from that of both Common and Arctic Redpolls. It was higher-pitched than either, and lacked the broad frequency span of Common and the strongly emphasized 'hook', which made the chatter of Lesser, although of a similar rhythm, less staccato than that of Common, tji-tji. . .tji (figure 2A) . perching call The perching calls of Common Redpoll and Arctic Redpoll were even more different. One should, however, clearly distinguish between the perching call, which was frequently given by a perched bird to lure flying conspecifics to join it, and the rather similar alarm call, which seemed not to differ between Common and Arctic . The perching cail had a complex structure . In Arctic, it was ~ ~ I t f ~►+ 2 n FIGURE 2 Flight chatters (A) and perching cafls (B-C) of two Lesser Redpolls Carduelrs flammea cabaret Se c
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