land policy - 2007 draft

tIcf kÀ¡mÀ
tIcf kwØm\ `q\bw
(IcSv)
dh\yq hIp¸v, Xncph\´]pcw
IcSv
tIcf kwØm\ `q\bw
BapJw
hmbphpw Pehpw a®pw AXnse ssPhk¼¯pw PohkÔmcW¯n\v
A´y´mt]£nXamb {]IrXn hn`h§fmWv. `t£ymXv]mZ\¯n\pw hkv{Xw,
]mÀ¸nSw, hyhkmb§Ä apXembhbv¡pÅ AkwkvIrX hkvXp¡Ä¡pw
`qanbmWm[mcw kaql¯nâ \m\m XpdIfnepapÅ ]ptcmKXn
`qhn\ntbmKcoXntbbpw `qanbpsS D¸mZ\£aXtbbpw kpØncXtbbpw
_m[nbv¡pw. BbXn\m imkv{Xobamb `phn\ntbmKambncn¡Ww am\h
]ptcmKXn¡SnØm\w.
tIcfw `qanimkv{X]cambpw BhmkcoXnbnepw kmwkvImcnIambpw
`mcX¯nse aäv kwkvYm\§fn \npw XoÀ¯pw hyXyØamWv.
`mcX¯nsâ 1.18% e(38,863 N.In.an) am{Xw hnkvXoÀ®apÅ tIcf¯nÂ
2001þse sk³kkv {]Imcw P\kwJy 31841374 BWv. P\km{µXbmIs« Hcp.
N.In.aoädn\v 819 BIpp. {]IrXn hn`h§fpsS D]t`mKw hÀ²nbv¡pXv
P\kwJybpw P\km{µXbpw sIm−p am{Xaà km£cX hcpam\w PohnX
\nehmcw, kpJt`mK§Ä Adnhpw {]hÀ¯\£aXbpw It¼mf hyhkmbnI
coXnIÄ XpS§nbhsbms¡ {]IrXn hn`h hn\ntbmKs¯ _m[n¡pw. tIcf
P\X C¡mcy¯nsems¡¯s hyXyØX ]peÀ¯pp−v. tIcf¯nse
Irjn`qanbpw Krl\nÀ½mW Øe§fpw hymhkmbnI ]«W taJeIÄ
t]mepw thÀXncn¡m\mhm¯ coXnbnemWv \½psS `qhn\ntbmKw AXpsIm−p
Xs X\Xmb `qhn\ntbmK\bamWv \ap¡\ptbmPyw.
`q hn`h§fpsS Imcy¯n tIcfw kar²amWv. kap{Z \nc¸n \npw 0.8 ao.
Xmsg (Ip«\mSv, tImÄ \ne§Ä) apX 2500 ao apIfn (aqmÀ, B\apSn)
hsc \½psS `q{]tZiw hym]n¨ncn¡pp. \½psS h\§Ä \nch[n hne ]nSn¨
{]IrXn hn`h§fpsS IehdbmWv. hnhn[Xcw (38) a®n\§fpw icmicn 3000
an.ao agbpw 580 In.ao ssZÀLyapÅ kap{ZXochpw sNdpXpw hepXpamb 44
\ZnIfpw 33þÂ ]cw ImbepIfpw 3 henb ip²PeXSmI§fpw `qanbpsS
\navt\mXbpw hÀjw apgph\papÅ kqcy {]Imihpw tNÀp−mIp
sshhn²yamÀ BhmkhyhØIfmWv tIcfs¯ ssPhk¼pjvSam¡pXv.
AtX kabw tIcf¯n GItZiw 15 e£w slIvSÀ Øew as®men¸n\v
hnt[bamWv.
tIcf¯nsâ Xoc{]tZiamsI _lpapJamb `ojWn t\cnSpp. 580 In an
ssZÀLyap]Å IStemc¯n 440 In an Zqchpw ISem{IaW km[yX IqSnb
{]tZi§emWv ISemI{XaWw ImcWw {]XnhÀjw icmicn 40 Inan Ic`qan
\jvSs¸SpXmbn ]T\§Ä kqNn¸n¡pp. Nne {]tZi§fn 5.3 In ao Zqcw
hsc ISÂ IbdpXmbpw I−n«p−v. ISem{IWas¯ ^e{]Zambn
sNdp¡m\mbnsæn XoctZis¯ Poh\pw kz¯n\pw ]pdsa \sÃmcp `mKw
`qanbpw Fst¡pambn \jvSs¸Sm\panSbmIpw \Kc hymhkmbnI

amen\y§Ä \nt£]n¡p Ip¸s¯m«nbmbmWv \mw ISen\v ImWpXv.
XoctZis¯ AanX `qKÀ` PeNqjWw ip²Pe e`yX CÃmXm¡pw.
`uakw_Ônbmb \nch[n {]IrXn Zpc´§sf t\cnSm³ Zpc´ \nhmcW
\b¯n\\pkrXamb ]²XnIÄ \S¸nemt¡−Xpw Zpc´§Ä kw`hn¡phm³
km[yXbpÅ {]tZi§Ä Is−¯n AhnS§fn \nhcmW eLoIcW
{]XnIcW {]hÀ¯\§Ä GsäSp¡pIbpw thWw.
Aimkv{Xobamb `qhn\ntbmK¯nsâ tZmj^e§Ä ]ecoXnbnÂ
{]ISamIpp−v. A\nb{´nXamb aWÂ hmcepw A\[nIrX It¿ähpw
ImcWw tIcf¯nse \ZnIfntebpw ImbepIfntebpw Pe\nc¸pw
K\W\nehmchpw ASn¡Sn Ipdªp hcpp. s\¸mS§Ä \nI¯n aäv
hn[¯n D]bpàam¡pXv `qanbpw ]cnXØnXnbpw t\cnSp henb
`ojWnbmWv. `t£ymXv]mZ\w hÀ²n¸n¡pI F e£yt¯msS
s\¸mS§fpw aäpw kwc£n¡phm\pw Ah ImÀjntIXc
Bhiy§Ä¡p]tbmKn¡pXv XSbm\pw 1967þ kÀ¡mÀ D¯chpIÄ
]pds¸Sphn¨p. Irjn sN¿msX XcnÈnSp `qan GsäSp¡pXn\v t]mepw Cu
D¯chv kÀ¡mcn\v AwKoImcw \ÂInbn«p−v. Fm Cu D¯chv
^e{]Zambnà Fvv Imew sXfnbn¨p Ignªp.
A\nb{´nXhpw \nbahncp²hpamb `qhn\ntbmKw aqew D−mIp
]mcnØnXnI {]XymLmX§fmWv \mw A\p`hn¡p {]IrXn Zpc´§Ä.
tIcf¯nsâ a®ns\bpw {]IrXn hn`h§tfbpw Im¯p kq£n¡pXn\mWv
kwØm\ kÀ¡mÀ ap´nb ]cnKW\ \ÂIpXv. AtXmsSm¸w
kwØm\¯nsâ s]mXpkz¯mb `qan kwc£n¡pXn\pw Kh¬saâv
{]XnÚm _²amWv. kÀ¡mcnsâ `qan A\ym[o\s¸«p t]mImXncn¡m\pw
]m« hyhØIÄ ewLn¨v ]ecpw ssIhiw h¨ncn¡p kÀ¡mÀ `qan
hos−Sp¡m\pw A\[nIrX It¿ä§Ä Hgn¸n¡m\pw Kh¬saâv ssIs¡m−
\S]SnIÄ CXn\v sXfnhmWv..
Cv \½psS kwØm\¯v Gähpw hne]nSn¸pÅXpw ZpÀe`hpamb hn`hamWv
`qan. hnkvXramb henb Hcp `mKw `qan kÀ¡mcnsâ ssIhiap−v. CXnÂ
_lp`qcn]£hpw s]mXp Bhiy§Ä¡mbn D]tbmKn¨p hcpp. F¦nepw
Iptdtbsd `qan ^e{]Zambn hn\ntbmKn¡s¸SpnÃ. ]pdt¼m¡v `qan
]m«¯n\v \ÂInbn«pÅ dh\yq `qan t_m«vþC³þemâv (dh\yq dn¡hdn
\nba{]ImcapÅh) an¨ `qan D]bpàam¡m¯ s]mpw hnes¡Sp¯v `qan
A\yw \n `qan Fn§s\ hnhn[ Xc¯nepÅ `qan kÀ¡mcnsâ
ssIhi¯nep−v. CXn hnhn[ hIp¸pIfpsS D]tbmK¯n\mbn
hn«psImSp¯ncp Iptd `qan XcnÈmbn InS¡pp. C\nbpw Iptd `qan
hyànIÄt¡m kwLS\IÄt¡m ]m«¯n\v \ÂInbncpp. Iptd `qan
A\[nIrXambn It¿dn ]ecpw ssIhiw h¨ncn¡pp kwØm\¯nsâ
s]mXp kz¯p¡fpsS kwc£I³ F \nebn Cu `qanbpsS ]cn]me\w
kÀ¡mcnemWv \n£n]vXambn«pÅXv.
tIcfw t]mse P\km{µXtbdnb Hcp {]tZi¯v hnIk\ {]hÀ¯\§Ä¡pw
s]mXp Bhiy§Ä¡pw `qan Is−¯pI ZpjvIcambns¡m−ncn¡pp. ]e
hnIk\ {]hÀ¯\§Ä¡pw hnLmXamb LSIw `qan GsäSp¡Â
{]iv\§fmWv. hnIk\¯n\pw aäpw ]et¸mgpw kzImcy`qan
GsäSpt¡−Xmbn hcpw. C§s\ `qan GsäSp¡pt¼mÄ
IqSnsbmgn¸n¡s¸SphÀ t\cnSp {]iv\§Ä \nch[nbmWv kz´amb
`qanbpw InS¸mShpw \jvSs¸SptXmsSm¸w kmaqlyhpw kmwkvImcnIhpamb
am\knIhpamb \nch[n {]XnkÔnIsf AhÀ A`napJoIcnt¡−n hcpw.
AXn \m C{]Imcw IpSnsbmgn¸n¡s¸SphcpsS ]p\c[nhmkhpw PohnX
\nehmchpw Dd¸p hcp¯pXn\pw kmaqly kmwkvImcnI _Ô§Ä
]p\Øm]n¡pXn\psams¡ ka{Kamb Hcp ImgvN¸mSpw
am\hnIXbne[njvTnXamb kao]\hpw kzoIcnt¨ aXnbmhq. kmaqly

kpc£m ]p\c[nhmk ]²XnbpsS ASnØm\¯n am{Xta `qan GsäSp¡Â
\S]SnIÄ kzoIcn¡pIbpÅq
kwØm\s¯ A\[nIrX It¿ä§fpw \nÀ½mW {]hÀ¯\§fpw
XSbpXn Hcp hn«phogvNbv¡pw Cu kÀ¡mÀ X¿mdÃ. hymP]«b§fpw
IÅ B[mc§fpw DÄs¸sSbpÅ IrXna tcJIÄ krjvSn¡phsc
\nba¯n\p apn sIm−phv ITn\kn£ Dd¸p hcp¯phm³ kÀ¡mÀ
{]XnÚm_²amWv hnhn[ tImSXnIfnepw emâv t_mÀUnbpw emâv
{So_yqWepIfnepw \nehnepÅ \nch[n tIkpIÄ kab _ÔnXambn
XoÀ¸m¡n an¨`qan GsäSpt¡−nbncn¡pp kaql¯nsâ
Xmsg¯«nepÅhÀ¡pw InS¸mSanÃm¯hÀ¡pw Hcp Xp−v `qanbpw Hcp sIm¨p
hoSpw F e£yw km£mXv¡cn¡phm\pÅ Xo{h {ia¯nemWv kÀ¡mÀ.
kwØm\¯nsâ hnhn[ `mK§fnse ]cnØnXn hnt\mZ k©mcw ]ucmWnIw
Fn§s\ {it²b§fmb H«\h[n tI{µ§Ä sIm«mc§Ä tIm«IÄ
XpS§nb Ncn{X kvamcI§Ä Ncn{X]chpw ]pcmhkvXp]chpambn
{]m[m\yapÅ hnhn[ {]tZi§Ä FnhbpsS X\na \ne\nÀt¯−Xnsâ
BhiyIX FSp¯p ]dtb−XnÃ.
`qanimkv{X]chpw ]mcnØnXnIhpw Ncn{X]chpw ]ucmWnIhpambn
kwthZ\£ahpw {]m[m\yw AÀln¡pXpamb tIcf¯nse {]tZi§Ä
kwc£n¡ptXmsSm¸w AhbpsS X\na \ne\nÀ¯pIbpw kpØnc
hnIk\w Dd¸p hcp¯pIbpw th−Xp−v..
]cnØnXn k´pe\w \ne\nÀ¯pIbpw Dd¸phcp¯pIbpw sN¿pw
hn[¯nepÅ \nÀ½mW {]hÀ¯\§Ä Zpc´ \nhmcW¯n\v
A\ptbmPyamWv.
\mev]Xv sImÃw ap¼v Bcw_n¯ do kÀtÆ {]hÀ¯\§Ä ]IpXnt]mepw
]qÀ¯nbmbn«nÃ. Cu ØnXn XpSÀm do kÀtÆ ]qÀ¯nbm¡m³ C\nbpw
Ac \qäm−v IqSn th−nhcpw `qanbpsS {]m[m\yw hÀ²n¨phcp Cs¯
kmlNcy¯n IrXyamb `qtcJIfp−mtI−Xv A\nhmcyamWv.
hyànIÄ¡pw Øm]\§Ä¡pw {]tXyImhiy§Ä¡v ]m«¯n\v
\ÂInbn«pÅ \nch[n G¡À kÀ¡mÀ `qanbp−v. \nÊmc ]m«w \ÂIn
kwØm\¯nsâ k¼¯v Nnescsb¦nepw NqjWw sN¿pIbmWv
]m«¡memh[n Ignbpwapt¼ I]SamÀ¤¯neqsS `qan I¿S¡pItbm
aäpÅhÀ¡v hn¡pItbm sN¿pXpw {i²bnÂs¸«n«p−v. Imemh[n
IgnbpIbpw hyhØIÄ ewLn¨ FÃm ]m«¡cmdpIfpw d±m¡n `qan XncnsI
kÀ¡mcn \n£n]vXamt¡−Xp−v.
BZnhmknIÄ¡v `qan \ÂIp hnjbw kab_ÔnXambn ]qÀ¯nbm¡pw.
2001þse sk³kkv {]Imcw kwkvXm\s¯ BZnhmknIfpsS F®w 364189
BWv. 4.082 DucpIfnembn 80 000t¯mfw BZnhmkn IpSpw_§fmWv DÅXv.
Chcn 22000 IpSpw_§tfmfw `qclnXcmWv. 32000 t¯mfw IpSpw_§Ä¡v
Htc¡dn Xmsg am{Xta `qanbpÅq Hcp IpSpw_¯n\v Npcp§nbXv Htc¡À
hoXw `qan \ÂIWsa¦n 32000 G¡À `qan e`nt¡−Xp−v. Bdf¯n\v
]pdta BZnhmknIÄ¡v A\phZn¡pXn\mbn 19000 G¡À `qan IqSn
Is−¯nbn«ps−¦nepw kp{]ow tImSXn bpsS ]mcnØnXnI A\paXn IqSn
e`n¨mte `qan \ÂIp Imcy¯n Cu kÀ¡mÀ {]XnÚm_²amWv,
kwØm\¯v `qanbnt·epÅ \nt£]w hÀ²n¨p hcpp. km[mcW¡mcnÂ
\npw ]mhs¸«hcn \npw `qan tamlhne \ÂIn hm§n Iq«p emâv
am^nb iàn {]m]n¡pp. Hcp ]nSn k¼cpsS ssIhiw [mcmfw `qan
F¯nt¨cphm\pw kwØm\s¯ hensbmcp `q{]tZiw AhcpsS
\nb{´W¯nemIphm\pw Cu {]hWX hgnsh¡pw. AtXmsS `qanbpsS
hn\ntbmKhpw hn]W\hpw \nb{´n¡pwhn[w Cu KpVkwLw hfÀv

hcphm\pw km[mcW¡mc\pw ]mhs¸«h\pw P·\m«n \nv
B«ntbmSn¡s¸Sm\pw k¼cpsS Hcp ]pXnb kmaqly{Iaw cq]s¸Sphm\pw
CXnSbm¡pw.
tZiob ]cnØnXn \b¯n\\pkcn¨v Hmtcm kwØm\hpw `qhn\ntbmK
\bhpw \nbahpw Bhnjv¡cnt¡−Xp−v. Fm tIcf¯n \mfnXphsc
`qhn\ntbmKs¯¸än \btam \nbtam cq]oIcn¡s¸«n«nÃ. AXn\m ka{Khpw
imkv{Xobhpamb `qhn\ntbmK \bw ASnb´ncambn
cq]oIcnt¡−nbncn¡pp. `£yþsXmgn kpc£bv¡v {]m[m\yw \ÂIn
DbÀ Dev]mZ\ £aXbv¡pw IÀjIsâ BZmbw hÀ²n¸n¡m\pw ]vIrXnbpw
`qanbpw kwc£n¡phm\pw DXIp coXnbnembncn¡Ww `qhn\ntbmK\bw
cq]oIcn¡s¸tS−sXv Kh¬saâv IcpXpp.
\b e£y§Ä
`q]cnjv¡cW \nbahpw N«§fpw kwc£n¨psIm−v ^e{]Zambn
\S¸nem¡pI
kwØm\¯nsâ s]mXphmb \b§fpambn s]mcp¯s¸Sp `q\bw
Bhnjv¡cn¡pI
kwØm\¯n\\ptbmPyamb ka{Khpw, imkv{Xobhpamb
`qhnÚm\kwhn[m\w hnIkn¸n¡pI
imkv{Xob `qhn\ntbmK coXnIÄ Bhnjv¡cn¡pI
kÀ¡mÀ DSaØXbnepÅ `qan kwc£n¡pIbpw ^e{]Zhpw,
bpànklhpamb coXnbn D]bpàam¡pIbpw sN¿pI;
]m«hyhØIfnse A]mIXIÄ ]cnlcn¡pI, hyhØIÄ ewLn¡p ]m«w
d±m¡n `qan Xncns¨Sp¡pI.
`qclnXcÃm¯ kwØm\ambn tIcfs¯ amäpI;
`qclnXÀ¡v Hcp Xp−vv `qan Hcp sIm¨p hoSv F k¦ev]w
km£mXv¡cn¡pI.
`qanbn \npÅ dh\yp hcpam\w hÀ²n¸n¡pI;
B[p\nI kmt¦XnI kwhn[m\§fneqsS tkh\taJe \hoIcn¡pI;
Ahtijn¡p an¨`qan apgph³ GsäSp¯v s]mXpImcy§Ä¡v
\o¡nsh¡pXp Ign¨pÅ `qan AÀlcmbhÀ¡v hnXcWw sN¿pI;
am\pjnI ]cnKW\¡v ap³Xq¡w \ÂIns¡m−pÅ `qan GsäSp¡Â
{]{Inbbv¡v cq]w \ÂIpI.
`qclnX BZnhmkn IpSpw_§Ä¡v `qan \ÂIp \S]Sn kab_ÔnXambn
]qÀ¯nbm¡pI.
01.01.1977 \v ap¼pÅ apgph³ aetbmc IÀjIÀ¡pw ]«bw hnXcWw sN¿pI.

\b XXz§fpw {]mtbmKnI coXnIfpw
`mKw 1
`qhnÚm\ þ hnhc tiJcW kwhn[m\hpw imkv{Xob
`qhn\ntbmK coXnIfpw
A\nb{´nXhpw \nba hncp²hpamb `qhn\ntbmKw aqeapÅ ]mcnØnXnI
{]XymLmX§tfbpw {]IrXn Zpc´§tfbpw AXnPohn¡phm³ imkv{Xob
`qhn\ntbmKs¯¡pdn¨pÅ Aht_m[w hfÀ¯pIbpw ka{Kamb
`qhnÚm\þhnhc tiJcW kwhn[m\w hnIkn¸ns¨Sp¡pIbpw sN¿pI
F e£yt¯msS C\n ]dbp \b]cn]mSnIÄ Bhnjv¡cn¡phm³
Dt±in¡pp.
\nehnepÅ `qhn\ntbmK{Ias¯¡pdn¨v ]T\w \S¯pIbpw,
A]{KYn¡pIbpw sN¿pw.
kÀ¡mcnsâbpw kÀ¡mÀ CXc GP³knIfptSbpw {]hÀ¯\§Ä
GtIm]n¸n¨psIm−v `qhn\ntbmK¯n s]mXpP\§fpsS {]hÀ¯\w
Dd¸phcp¯m³ DXIp bpàamb thZn krjvSn¡pw.
\ZnIfptSbpw ImbepIfptSbpw \oÀ¯S§fptSbpw aäv
Pet{kmXÊpIfptSbpw ^e{]Zamb hn\ntbmK¯n\pw kwc£W¯n\pw
‘X®oÀ¯S hnhctiJcW kwhn[m\’ (Wetland Information System) hpw
‘X®oÀ¯S ]cn]me\ kwhn[m\’ (Wetland Management System) hpw
cq]oIcn¡pw.
\ZnIÄ, ImbepIÄ, tXmSpIÄ, Pemib§Ä XpS§nbh aen\oIcW¯n\v
\nv apàam¡pw.
kpØnc `qhn\ntbmKs¯¸än Aht_m[w krjvSn¡pXn\pÅ kwØm\Xe
]cnioe\tI{µambn emâv Bâv UnkmÌÀ amt\Pvsaâv C³Ìnäyq«v
hnIkn¸n¡pw.
`uaimkv{X ]T\tI{µ (CESS) ¯nsâ ktlmbt¯msS Cu {]hÀ¯\§Ä
sa¨s¸Sp¯pw.
`qanbpsS ]cnhÀ¯\w IÀi\ambn \nb{´n¡pw.
`qhn\ntbmK cwK¯v ]Icw {]tbmKn¡mhp kmt¦XnI hnZyIÄ
hnIkn¸n¡pw.
tIcf¯nsâ `q{]tZis¯ hnhn[ `qtaJeIfmbn (Land Zones) thÀXncn¨v
A\ptbmPyamb `qhn\ntbmK coXnIÄ Bhnjv¡cn¡pw.
`qhn\ntbmKtaJebn {]hÀ¯n¡p kmt¦XnI KthjW Øm]\§sf
GtIm]n¸n¡pIbpw `qhn\ntbmK¯n ImemIme§fn hcpt¯− amä§Ä
\nÀt±in¡phm\pw D]tZin¡phm\pambn kwØm\ Xe¯n Hcp kanXn
cq]oIcn¡pIbpw sN¿pw.
PnÃIfn `qhn\ntbmK {]hÀ¯\§Ä GtIm]n¸n¡pXn\pw, AhtemI\w
sN¿pXn\pw PnÃmXe AhtemI\ kanXnIÄ cq]oIcn¡pw.

A\nb{´nXamb aW hmcÂ, aWeqäÂ, sNfnsbSp¡Â, IpnSn¡Â, ]md
s]m«n¡Â, hbepIfnepw Pemib§fnepw DÅ A\[nIrX It¿äw Fnh
XSbm\pw Imb \ZoXoc kwc£Ww Dd¸phcp¯m\papÅ \nba
\nÀ½mW§tfmsSm¸w Ch kwc£n¡s¸tS− BhiyIXsb¡pdn¨v
P\§fn Aht_m[w krjvSn¡phm\papÅ {]hÀ¯\§Ä \S¯pw.
kwØm\s¯ \ZnIfpw Pet{kmXÊpIfpw (\oÀNmepIÄ, ImbepIÄ,
ip²PeXSmI§Ä, AgnapJ{]tZi§Ä, s]mbvIIÄ, NXp¸p\ne§Ä
XpS§nbh) kwc£nX taJeIfmbn \nbawaqew {]Jym]n¡pw. kwc£nX
taJebn It¿äw sN¿ptXm \nI¯ptXm aW J\\w \S¯ptXm
aeokam¡ptXm Bb GXp {]hÀ¯nbpw \nbawaqew \ntcm[n¡pXpw
in£mÀlam¡pXpamWv.
ISÂ`n¯nIÂ, ]penap«pIÄ Fn¡p ]pdta ssPhkwc£W coXnIÄ, aäp
cmPy§Ä hnIkn¸ns¨Sp¯ kmt¦XnI hnZyIÄ IqSn D]tbmKn¨psIm−v
XoctZi kwc£Ww Dd¸phcp¯pIbpw IStemc taJebnse It¿ä§Ä
A\[nIrX `qanbnS]mSpIfpw IÀi\ambn \nb{´n¡pIbpw sN¿pw.
`qanimkv{X]camtbm, ]mcnØnXnIamtbm, ImemhØ]camtbm,
Ncn{X]camtbm, ]ucmWnIamtbm, kwthZ\£aamb {]tZi§fpsS
kwc£Ww Dd¸m¡pXn\pw, X\na \ne\nÀ¯pXn\pw, kpØnc hnIk\w
km²yam¡pXn\pwth−n A¯cw {]tZi§Ä kwc£nX {]tZi§fmbn
\ne\nÀ¯pw.
s\¸mS§fpsS kwc£WmÀ°w kwØm\s¯ hyXykvX s\ÂhbÂ
taJeIfpw ]mStiJc§fpw, s\Ãpev]mZ\{]tZi§fmbn {]Jym]n¡pw. Cu
s\¸mS§Ä \nI¯pXpw ]cnhÀ¯\w sN¿pXpw ]cn]qÀ®ambn
\ntcm[n¡pw. hnhn[ PetkN\ ]²XnIfpsS Iogn hcp s\ÂhbepIfpw
]mStiJc§fpw \nI¯mt\m ]cnhÀ¯\w sN¿mt\m A\paXn \ÂIpIbnÃ.
Xcnip`qan hnIk\{]hÀ¯\§Ä XzcnXs¸Sp¯pw
I−¡mSpIÄ, ss]XrI {]m[m\yapÅ ]mdIÄ, ImhpIÄ, Ipf§Ä
FnhbpsS kwc£Ww Dd¸p hcp¯pw.
]mStiJc§fnepw, X®oÀ¯S§fnepw hnIk\{]hÀ¯\§Ä
GsäSp¡pt¼m Ah imkv{Xobhpw ]cnØnXn¡v
A\ptbmPyhpambncn¡psav Dd¸p hcp¯pw.
{XnXe `cW kanXnIfpsS ]¦mfn¯w Dd¸phcp¯n \nba¯nse hyhØIÄ
{]mtZinI Xe¯n \S¸m¡pXn\v hnhn[ hIp¸pItfbpw k²
kwLS\Itfbpw DÄs¸Sp¯n ]mcnØnXnI kwc£Ww Dd¸p hcp¯pw.
`mKw 2
kÀ¡mÀ `qanbpsS kwc£Whpw tkh\ \hoIcWhpw
kwØm\¯nsâ s]mXpkz¯p¡fpsS kwc£I³ F \nebn `qanbpsS
]cn]me\w kÀ¡mcnemWv \n£n]vXambn«pÅXv FXn\m C\n ]dbp
\nba]cn]mSnIÄ Bhnjv¡cn¨v \S¸m¡m\pt±in¡pp.
`q]cnjv¡cW \nbahpw N«§fpw ewLn¨psIm−pÅ `qan ssIamä§Ä
XSbpXn\v IÀi\ \ne]mSpIÂ kzoIcn¡pw.

]pdt¼m¡v `qan, ]m«¯n\v \ÂInbn«pÅ dh\yq `qan t_m«vþC³þemâv (dh\yq
dn¡hdn \nba{]ImcapÅh), an¨ `qan, D]bpàam¡m¯
s]mpwhnes¡Sp¯ `qan, A\yw\n `qan Fn§s\ hnhn[ Xc¯nÂ
kÀ¡mcnsâ ssIhi¯nepÅ `qan kwc£n¡pXn\mbn kwØm\¯v tIcf
tÌäv emâv _m¦v cq]oIcn¡pw.
]«W{]tZi§fnse dh\yq `qan ^e{]Zambn D]bpàam¡pXn\v
A\ntbmPyhpw kÀ¡mcnsâ hcpam\w hÀ²n¸n¡m\pXIpXpamb
coXnbnepÅ ]²XnIÄ Bhnjv¡cn¡pw.
A\ykwØm\§fnepÅ kwØm\ kÀ¡mcnsâ s]mXpkz¯v
kwc£n¡pIbpw ^e{]Zambn hn\ntbmKn¡pbpw sN¿p.
an¨`qan tIkpIÄ kab_ÔnXambn XoÀ¸v I¸n¨v an¨`qan GsäSp¡pw.
dh\yqþh\w hIp¸pIfpsS kwbpà ]cntim[\ ]qÀ¯nbm¡n 01.01.1977 \v
ap¼pÅ apgph³ aetbmc IÀjIÀ¡v ]«bw hnXcWw sN¿pw.
`qclnXÀ¡pw InS¸mSanÃm¯hÀ¡pw, kaql¯nsâ Xmsg¯«nepÅhÀ¡pw
`qanbpw hoSpw \ÂIpw.
`qclnXcmb apgph³ BZnhmkn IpSpw_§Ä¡pw `qan e`yam¡p \S]Sn
kab_ÔnXambn \S¸m¡pw.
BZnhmkn IpSpw_§Ä¡v \ÂIp kÀ¡mÀ `qan ssIamdmXncn¡m\pw
It¿ds¸SmXncn¡pXn\pw IÀi\ \S]SnIÄ kzoIcn¡pw.
do kÀtÆ {]hÀ¯\§Ä aqp hÀj¯n\pÅn ]qÀ¯nbm¡pw.
dh\yq hIp¸n\v X\Xmb Hcp sh_v sskäv Bcw`n¡pw.
s]mXpP\§fpsS At\zjW§Ä¡pw, kwib ZqcoIcW¯n\pw, ]cmXnIÄ
s_m[n¸n¡pXn\pw tSmÄ {^o knänk¬ ImÄ skâÀ Øm]n¡pw.
kwØm\¯v dh\yq Hm^okpIÄ k¼qÀ®ambn Iw]yq«ÀhXv¡cn¡pIbpw
`qan kw_Ôamb FÃm tcJIfpw sh_vsskän {]kn²oIcn¡pIbpw S«v
kv{Io³ _q¯pIÄ Øm]n¨v `qtcJIÄ ]cntim[n¡m\pw Bhiy¡mÀ¡v
tcJIfpsS ]IÀ¸v FSp¡pXn\papÅ kwhn[m\w GÀs¸Sp¯pIbpw
sN¿pw.
tIcf kwØm\ dh\yq am\ph Imem\pkrXambn ]cnjv¡cn¨v
{]kn²oIcn¡pw.
dh\yq, dPnkvt{Sj³, kÀtÆ hIp¸pIfpsS {]hÀ¯\w ]ckv]cw
_Ôn¸n¡pIbpw GtIm]nXhpw tkht\m·pJhpamb {]hÀ¯\w ImgvN
sh¡m³ Ahsb k²am¡pIbpw sN¿pw.
Hmtcm {]tZit¯bpw `qanbpsS \ymbhne (Fair Value) imkv{Xob amÀ¤§Ä
Ahew_n¨v ImemIme§fn ]p\À\nÀ®bn¡pw.
\nbahncp²ambn `qan hm§n Iq«pXns\bpw `qkz¯v I¿S¡pXnt\bpw
IÀi\ambn XSbm³ \nba \nÀ½mWapÄs¸sSbpÅ \S]SnIÄ
Bhnjv¡cn¡pw.

]«W{]tZi§fnse dh\yq `qan ^e{]Zambn D]bpàam¡pXn\v
A\ptbmPyhpw kÀ¡mcnsâ hcpam\w hÀ²n¸n¡m\pXIpXpamb
coXnbnepapÅ ]²XnIÄ Bhnjv¡cn¡pw.
`mhnbn hyhkmb§Ä DÄs¸sSbpÅ Øm]\§Ä¡v kÀ¡mÀ `qan
A\phZn¡pt¼mÄ DSaØmhImiw kÀ¡mcn \n£n]vXam¡ns¡m−v
IÀi\ hyhØIÄ {]Imcw am{Xambncn¡pw A\phZn¡pI.
tXm«§fnse sXmgnemfnIfpsS sXmgn kpc£nXXzw Dd¸phcp¯pIbpw
tXm«§Ä Xp−p Xp−m¡n hn¡pXpw, aämhiy§Ä¡mbn
]cnhÀ¯\s¸Sp¯pXpw IÀi\ambn XSbpw.
hyàamb a\ZÞ§fpsS ASnØm\¯n ImemIme§fn ]pXp¡n
\nÝbn¡p ]m«¯pI IrXyambn CuSm¡phm\pÅ \S]SnIÄ kzoIcn¡pw.
]m«hyhØIÄ ]men¡m¯hcpsS ]m«w d±m¡n `qan kÀ¡mcnte¡v
Xncns¨Sp¡pw. ]m«hyhØIfnse A]mIXIÄ ]cnlcn¡pIbpw
]m«\nc¡pIÄ XpS§nb hnhn[Xcw \nIpXnIfpw ^okpIfpw ImtemNnXambn
]cnjv¡cn¡pw.
an¨`qan kab_ÔnXambn GsäSp¡pXn\pw tIkpIÄ
XoÀ¸pI¸n¡pXnse Imehnfw_w Hgnhm¡pXn\pw AÀlXs¸«hÀ¡pÅ
`qan hnXcWw XzcnXs¸Sp¯pXn\pw `q]cnjv¡cW \nba¯n hyhØ
sNbvX {]Imcw dnhyq t_mÀUv cq]oIcn¡pw.
]pdt¼m¡v `qan It¿ä§fn \nv apàam¡pw, ]pdt¼m¡v `qanbnÂ
^ehr£§Ä \«p]nSn¸n¡pIbpw hr£§fn \npÅ BZmbw
hÀjwtXmdpw teew sNbvXv hn¡pIbpw sN¿pw. hnhn[ kÀ¡mtcm^okv
tIm¼u−pIfn Hgnªp InS¡p Øe§fn ^ehr£§fpw,
acppsNSnIfpw \«p]nSn¸n¡pw.
dh\yq Hm^okpIfnse kuIcy§Ä hÀ²n¸n¡pIbpw AhnS§fnÂ
s]mXpP\kulrZ tkh\w Dd¸phcp¯pIbpw sN¿pw.
dh\yq Poh\¡mcpsS Imcy£aXbpw tkh\kuIcyhpw sa¨s¸Sp¯pw.
Ncn{X{]m[m\yapÅ kÀ¡mÀ sI«nS§Ä kwc£nX kvamcI§fmbn
\ne\nÀ¯pw.
XncphnXmwIqdnsebpw, sIm¨nbnsebpw ae_mdnsebpw Ncn{X{]m[m\yapÅ
]gb dh\yq sdt¡mÀUpIÄ UnPnssäkv sNbvXv kwc£n¡pXn\pÅ
]²XnIÄ Bhnjv¡cn¡pw.
kw{KlWw
`qanbpw {]IrXn k¼¯pw hne]nSn¨ s]mXpkz¯mWv. AXym{Klw IqSmsX
AXns\ A\p`hn¡asamWv ]ucmWnI kwkvIrXn \s½ ]Tn¸n¨Xv.
]cn]men¡ptXmsSm¸w hcpw Xeapd¡v IqSn D]ImcamIp coXnbnÂ
{]IrXn k¼¯v AanX NqjW¯n \npw \ioIcW{]hÀ¯\§fnÂ
\npw kwc£n¡s¸SWw. CXn\pÅ {]mYanI NpaXebpw A[nImchpw
\n£n]vXambncn¡pXv `cWm[nImcnIfnemWv. AXn\m `qanbpsS
hn\ntbmKs¯ kw_Ôn¨v hnIk\¯ne[njvTnXambn ImgvN¸mSpw, \bhpw
cq]oIcnt¡−nbncn¡pp.
]pcmX\Imes¯ tIcf¯n `cWm[nImcnIÄ¡v `qanbn GsXmchImhpw
D−mbncpnÃ. Cu \m«nse h\hpw \Znbpw t]mepw kzImcy
k¼¯mbncpp. XncphnXmwIqdntem, sIm¨nbntem, ae_mdntem `qanbpsS

YmÀ° DSaIÄ P\§tfm A[nImcnItfm BbncpnÃ. {]XypX, P·namÀ
DÄs¸sSbpÅ CS¯«pImcmbncpp `qanbpsS ssIImcyIÀ¯m¡Ä.
CXns\Xnsc DbÀph iàamb {]t£m`§fpw {]Xntj[§fpamWv
`q]cnjv¡mc§Ä¡v XpS¡an«Xv. XpSÀv `q]cnjv¡cWsa ImgvN¸mSv
iàns¸SpIbpw sFIytIcf ]ndhntbmsS GIoIrX cq]¯nepÅ
`q]cnjv¡cW¯n\pÅ \S]SnIÄ Bcw`n¡pIbpw sNbvXp.
1979 Â XpS§nsh¨ `q]cnjv¡cWw AXnsâ ]qÀ® AÀ°¯nÂ
\S¸nem¡pI F e£yw ssIhcn¡pIbmWv Cu kÀ¡mcnsâ {]mYanI
]cnKW\. AXn\\pkrXambn Ahtijn¡p an¨`qan apgph³ GsäSp¡m³
\S]SnIfmcw`n¨p Ignªp. AtXmsSm¸w kwØm\¯nsâ s]mXpkz¯v
kwc£n¡pXn hn«phogvNbnÃm¯ \ne]mSmWv kÀ¡mcn\pÅXv.
kwØm\¯nsâ a®pw, shÅhpw {]IrXn hn`h§fpw kwc£n¡phm\pw,
Ah \in¸n¡phmt\m It¿dmt\m NqjW¯n\ncbm¡mt\m Btcbpw
A\phZn¡pIbnà Fv {]Jym]n¡phm\pw A\[nIrX It¿ä§fpw am^nb
CS]mSpIfpw Ahkm\n¸n¨psIm−v `qclnXcmb ]mhs¸«hÀ¡v `qan
\ÂIpXn\pÅ ]²XnIfpw hnIk\ ImgvN¸mSpIfpambn aptm«pt]mIp
kÀ¡mcnsâ {]XnÚm_²X shfnhm¡pIbmWv Cu `q\bw sIm−v
Dt±in¡pXv.
CuZri ImgvN¸mtSmsS X¿mdm¡nb kwØm\ `q\b¯nsâ IcSv cq]amWv
ChnsS AhXcn¸n¡s¸«n«pÅXv. Cu IcSv \btcJ FÃmhcpsSbpw kPoh
NÀ¨IÄ¡v hnjbo`hnt¡−Xpw anIhpä \bw Bhnjv¡cn¡phm³ IqSpXÂ
\nÀt±i§Ä IqSn DÄs¡mÅn¨pIm−pÅ ka{K \b kao]\ tcJbv¡v cq]w
\ÂIWsamWv kÀ¡mÀ Dt±in¡pXv. AsXmsSm¸w \b§fpsS
hnimeamb N«¡qSn\pÅn \npsIm−v Bhiyamb
\nba\nÀ½mW§fpÄs¸sS \S¯ns¡m−v AhbpsS Dt±ie£y§Ä
\ndthäm\pXIp hnhn[ IÀ½ ]²XnIÄ¡v cq]w \ÂIpIbpw thWw.
Xmeq¡v hnIk\ kanXn hntÃPv k`, P\Iob AZme¯pIÄ XpS§nb
P\Iob ]¦mfn¯hpw Poh\¡mcpsS {]Xn_²Xbpw Iq«ntbmPn¸n¨psIm−v
Cu \bw ]qÀ® AÀ°¯n \S¸nem¡m\pÅ klIcWw A`yÀ°n¡pp.
sI.]n. cmtP{µ³
dh\yq hIp¸v a{´n