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<strong>LitNet</strong> Akademies Jaargang 9(2), Augustus 2012<br />
e<strong>in</strong>dresultaat (Graham en Carley 2008:9). Hier word <strong>die</strong> navorser gekonfronteer met data<strong>in</strong>tegrasie,<br />
hetsy as <strong>in</strong>dividu of as span, wanneer ’n wye verskeidenheid <strong>in</strong>ligt<strong>in</strong>g as ’n<br />
s<strong>in</strong>volle geheel oorsigtelik beskou moet word sodat patrone geïdentifiseer kan word. In<br />
<strong>hier</strong><strong>die</strong> fase word <strong>in</strong>ligt<strong>in</strong>g <strong>om</strong>skep <strong>in</strong> <strong>in</strong>telligensie:<br />
Analysis enc<strong>om</strong>passes a systematic exam<strong>in</strong>ation of relevant data, <strong>in</strong>formation, and<br />
knowledge collected, for applicability or significance, and the transformation of the<br />
results <strong>in</strong>to actionable <strong>in</strong>telligence that will improve plann<strong>in</strong>g and decision mak<strong>in</strong>g or<br />
will enable the development of strategies that offer a susta<strong>in</strong>able c<strong>om</strong>petitive<br />
advantage. (Bose 2008:513)<br />
Militêre <strong>in</strong>telligensie staan <strong>in</strong> <strong>hier</strong><strong>die</strong> opsig weer eens aan <strong>die</strong> voorpunt van tegnologiese<br />
ontwikkel<strong>in</strong>g. Science Applications International Corporation se Pathf<strong>in</strong>derteksontled<strong>in</strong>gsagteware<br />
(http://www.saic.c<strong>om</strong>/contractcenter/gsa-it/pathf<strong>in</strong>der.html), soos<br />
gebruik deur <strong>die</strong> VSA se Army National Ground Intelligence Center, kan byvoorbeeld glo<br />
b<strong>in</strong>ne slegs ’n paar m<strong>in</strong>ute deur meer as 500 000 dokumente sorteer en patrone identifiseer<br />
(Roberts 2011:8). Programmatuur soos Starlight VIS het soortgelyke vermoëns, en alhoewel<br />
daar geen vervang<strong>in</strong>g is vir <strong>die</strong> lees van bronmaterial deur ’n navorser nie, bestaan daar<br />
heelwat ander tegnologiese hulpmiddele <strong>om</strong> groter stelle dokumente onder <strong>die</strong> loep te neem,<br />
onder andere deur middel van data-ontg<strong>in</strong>n<strong>in</strong>g en visualisasie, soos vervolgens <strong>in</strong> meer<br />
besonderhede verduidelik word. Selfs programmatuur wat <strong>die</strong> bestuur van bronmateriaal<br />
bespoedig, soos Zotero (http://www.zotero.org/) en Qiqqa (http://www.qiqqa.c<strong>om</strong>/), kan ‘n<br />
beduidende impak op <strong>die</strong> navors<strong>in</strong>gsproses hê deur <strong>die</strong> versamel<strong>in</strong>g en ontled<strong>in</strong>g van<br />
brondokumente rekenaarmatig te bespoedig.<br />
5.1 Data-ontg<strong>in</strong>n<strong>in</strong>g en visualisasie<br />
Volgens <strong>die</strong> VK se National Centre for Text M<strong>in</strong><strong>in</strong>g (aangehaal <strong>in</strong> Borgman 2010:8) is dataontg<strong>in</strong>n<strong>in</strong>g<br />
“the process of identify<strong>in</strong>g patterns <strong>in</strong> large sets of data [...] to uncover previously<br />
unknown, useful knowledge” (sien ook Ceruti en McCarthy 2000:174). Bose (2008:523)<br />
skryf:<br />
Text m<strong>in</strong><strong>in</strong>g looks for th<strong>in</strong>gs like word proximity and sentence structure, sift<strong>in</strong>g<br />
through billions of text (sic), plac<strong>in</strong>g it <strong>in</strong>to s<strong>om</strong>e c<strong>om</strong>mon format (referred to as<br />
normalization), and filter<strong>in</strong>g or rank<strong>in</strong>g the text us<strong>in</strong>g statistical methods. Text m<strong>in</strong><strong>in</strong>g<br />
is not the same th<strong>in</strong>g as a search eng<strong>in</strong>e on the web. In a search, one tries to f<strong>in</strong>d what<br />
others have prepared. With text m<strong>in</strong><strong>in</strong>g, one wants to discover new patterns, nuggets<br />
of knowledge that may not be obvious or known.<br />
Visuele ontled<strong>in</strong>g word gedef<strong>in</strong>ieer as “the science of analytical reason<strong>in</strong>g facilitated by<br />
<strong>in</strong>teractive visual <strong>in</strong>terfaces” (NVAC 2005:4). Wanneer ons iets verstaan, sê ons <strong>in</strong> Afrikaans<br />
of Engels: “Ek sien wat jy bedoel” of “Do you see what I mean?” Dit is verwoord<strong>in</strong>gs van <strong>die</strong><br />
<strong>in</strong>gebore verband wat ons lê tussen visie, visualisasie en ons redenasie-prosesse (NVAC<br />
2005:33). Programmatuur wat <strong>in</strong> visualisasie spesialiseer, poog dus <strong>om</strong> bestaande<br />
denkprosesse te ondersteun:<br />
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