Tjaart Jurgens Maré Doctor Legum Universiteit van die Vrystaat

Tjaart Jurgens Maré Doctor Legum Universiteit van die Vrystaat Tjaart Jurgens Maré Doctor Legum Universiteit van die Vrystaat

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Hoofstuk 7 PROSEDURES VIR GEREGTELIKE HERSIENING 463 Die prosedures vir geregtelike hersiening wat nagekom moet word wanneer ʼn verontregte party wil ageer, word in Artikel 7 van PAJA omskryf. Dit bepaal soos volg : “1. Any proceedings for judicial review in terms of section 6(1) must be instituted without unreasonable delay and not later than 180 days after the date : (a) Subject to subsection 2(c) on which any proceedings instituted in terms of internal remedies as contemplated in subsection 2(a) have been conducted; or (b) where no such remedies exist, on which the person concerned was informed of the administrative action, became aware of the action and the reasons. 2. (a) Subject to paragraph (c), no Court or tribunal shall review an administrative action in terms of this Act unless any internal remedy provided for in any other law has first been exhausted. (b) Subject to paragraph (c), a court or tribunal must, if it is not satisfied that any internal remedy referred to in paragraph (a) has been exhausted, direct that the person concerned must first exhaust such remedy before instituting (c) proceedings in a court or tribunal for judicial review in terms of this Act. A Court or tribunal may, in exceptional circumstances and on application by the person concerned, exempt such person from the obligation to exhaust any internal remedy if the Court or tribunal deems it in the interest of justice. 3. The Rules Board for Courts of Law established by Section 2 of the Rules Board for Courts of Law Act, 1985 (Act No 107 of 1985), must within one year after the date of the commencement of this Act, make and implement rules of procedure for judicial review. 4. Before the implementation of the rules of procedure referred to in subsection (3), all proceedings for judicial review must be instituted in a High Court or the Constitutional Court. 5. Any rule made under subsection (3) must, before publication in the Gazette, be approved by Parliament.” Dit sal gepas wees om by die bespreking van Artikel 7 ook na die inhoud van Artikel 9 te verwys, waarna ook in Artikel 5 verwys was. Artikel 9 handel oor die verandering van die tydperke (“Variation of Time”) en lui soos volg : “9(1) The period of – (a) 90 days referred to in section 5 may be reduced; or

(b) 90 days or 180 days referred to in sections 5 and 7 may be extended for a fixed period, by agreement between the parties or, failing such agreement, by a Court or tribunal on application by the person or administrator concerned. (2) The court or tribunal may grant an application in terms of subsection (1) where the interests of justice so require.” 464 Geregtelike kontrole oor administratiewe optrede is ʼn owerheidsmetode om administratiewe geskille by te lê. Die geskiedenis het getoon dat dit die doeltreffende metode is om oor administratiewe optrede kontrole uit te oefen. In die vorige bestel, m.a.w. voor 1994, kon die howe die geldigheid van alle administratiewe handelinge toets, met inbegrip van ondergeskikte wetgewing. Die howe het byvoorbeeld die bevoegdheid gehad om die proklamasies van die Staatspresident, provinsiale wetgewing, regulasies en enige ander verordening van ondergeskikte wetgewers te toets en ongeldig te verklaar. Hou hier egter in gedagte dat munisipale verordeninge deesdae van die omskrywing van administratiewe optrede uitgesluit word. Oor die jare heen het die Suid-Afrikaanse Regsprekende gesag ʼn substansiële aantal gewysdes tot stand gebring, waarin die belangrikste en gesaghebbendste regsbeginsels met betrekking tot administratiewe organisasie, bevoegdhede en optrede vervat is. Hierdie beginsels, wat algemene toepassing en geldigheid verwerf het, het via die stare decisis-leer in ons regstelsel verskans geraak en die grondslag gevorm waarop die beginsels van administratiewe legaliteit berus. Hierdie gemeenregtelike reëls van die administratiefreg is nou in Artikel 33 van die Finale- Grondwet vervat, wat ʼn aansienlike uitwerking op die ontwikkeling van die administratiefreg gehad het. So, byvoorbeeld, mag die reël wat prosedurele billikheid (met inbegrip van die reëls van natuurlike geregtigheid) vereis, nie meer by Wet van die parlement uitgesluit word nie. Die rede is dat die reg op prosedureel billike behandeling nou die status van ʼn fundamentele reg het. Met die aanneming van die Interim- en die Finale-Grondwet het die rol wat die howe met betrekking tot ander regeringstakke gespeel het, fundamenteel verander. Vir die eerste maal het Suid-Afrika nou ʼn Grondwet wat die hoogste reg is en wat ʼn beregbare Handves van Menseregte bevat. Die Konstitusionele Hof en die Hoë Howe het die bevoegdheid om wetgewing (ook wette van die parlement) en administratiewe handelinge ongeldig te verklaar, indien dit ongrondwetlik is. Die soewereiniteit van die parlement, wat uit die Westminsterstelsel oorgeërf is, is vervang deur die oppergesag van die reg. Die aanskyn van geregtelike hersiening (die toetsingsbevoegdheid van die howe ten opsigte van administratiewe optrede en/of wetgewing) het ook dramaties verander. In ʼn regstaat moet elke owerheidshandeling óf by die Grondwet, óf by ʼn wet wat sy geldigheid aan die Grondwet ontleen, gemagtig wees. Daar word van die regsprekende gesag verwag om die Grondwet te beskerm; om as waghond op te tree oor die alomteenwoordige en potensieel verdrukkende bevoegdhede van die ander twee regeringstakke (die wetgewende en die uitvoerende gesag) en om toe te sien dat die uitoefening van hierdie bevoegdhede aan die gevestigde reg voldoen.

Hoofstuk 7<br />

PROSEDURES VIR GEREGTELIKE HERSIENING<br />

463<br />

Die prosedures vir geregtelike hersiening wat nagekom moet word wanneer ʼn verontregte party<br />

wil ageer, word in Artikel 7 <strong>van</strong> PAJA omskryf. Dit bepaal soos volg :<br />

“1. Any proceedings for judicial review in terms of section 6(1) must be instituted without<br />

unreasonable delay and not later than 180 days after the date :<br />

(a) Subject to subsection 2(c) on which any proceedings instituted in terms of<br />

internal reme<strong>die</strong>s as contemplated in subsection 2(a) have been conducted; or<br />

(b) where no such reme<strong>die</strong>s exist, on which the person concerned was informed of<br />

the administrative action, became aware of the action and the reasons.<br />

2. (a) Subject to paragraph (c), no Court or tribunal shall review an administrative<br />

action in terms of this Act unless any internal remedy provided for in any other<br />

law has first been exhausted.<br />

(b) Subject to paragraph (c), a court or tribunal must, if it is not satisfied that any<br />

internal remedy referred to in paragraph (a) has been exhausted, direct that the<br />

person concerned must first exhaust such remedy before instituting<br />

(c)<br />

proceedings in a court or tribunal for judicial review in terms of this Act.<br />

A Court or tribunal may, in exceptional circumstances and on application by the<br />

person concerned, exempt such person from the obligation to exhaust any<br />

internal remedy if the Court or tribunal deems it in the interest of justice.<br />

3. The Rules Board for Courts of Law established by Section 2 of the Rules Board for<br />

Courts of Law Act, 1985 (Act No 107 of 1985), must within one year after the date of<br />

the commencement of this Act, make and implement rules of procedure for judicial<br />

review.<br />

4. Before the implementation of the rules of procedure referred to in subsection (3), all<br />

proceedings for judicial review must be instituted in a High Court or the Constitutional<br />

Court.<br />

5. Any rule made under subsection (3) must, before publication in the Gazette, be<br />

approved by Parliament.”<br />

Dit sal gepas wees om by <strong>die</strong> bespreking <strong>van</strong> Artikel 7 ook na <strong>die</strong> inhoud <strong>van</strong> Artikel 9 te verwys,<br />

waarna ook in Artikel 5 verwys was.<br />

Artikel 9 handel oor <strong>die</strong> verandering <strong>van</strong> <strong>die</strong> tydperke (“Variation of Time”) en lui soos volg :<br />

“9(1) The period of –<br />

(a) 90 days referred to in section 5 may be reduced; or

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