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LitNet Akademies Jaargang 9(2), Augustus 2012 Hier kan mens nie net hoor hoe ’n spesifieke vokaal klink nie, maar mens kan ook ’n magnetiese resonansbeeld (MRI) van die mondkanaal (insluitende die posisies van die tong en vorm van die lippe) daarvan sien. Ek gee die meeste aandag aan die akoestiese eienskappe van vokale. Juis omdat met name ’n akoestiese raamwerk nog nie vir spesifiek die Afrikaanse vokaalsisteem bestaan nie, maak ek ruim gebruik van die meer gevorderde Nederlandse literatuur, maar ook die uitspraak self van die Nederlandse vokale. Die voordeel hiervan is dat daar ’n groot ooreenkoms is tussen die vokale van hierdie twee tale. Vokaalparameters wat toegelig word, is duur, intensiteit, grondfrekwensie (F0), en die vokaalformante (F1, F2, F3). Kort vokale kan met behulp van slegs hierdie stel parameters ontleed word, maar vir die lang, middelhoë vokale, wat geneig is om te diftongeer, is die gradiënt waarteen hulle vokaalformante verloop, ook van groot belang. Hierdie aspek van vokale kry spesiale aandag. In hierdie artikel lig ek ’n spesifieke vokaalontledingsmetode, Vowelyse (Van der Walt en Wissing 2004) toe, en wys op die sterkpunte daarvan vergeleke met ander metodes soos wat dit in die vakliteratuur gevind word. Bibliografie Adank, P., R. van Hout en R. Smits. 2004. An acoustic description of the vowels of Northern and Southern Standard Dutch. Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 116:1729–38. Adank, Patti, Smits, Roel, en van Hout, Roeland. 2004. A comparison of vowel normalization procedures for language variation research. Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 116:3099 – 107 Akustyk. s.d. www.akustyk.com (20 September 2011 geraadpleeg). Bekker. I. 2009. The vowels of South African English. Ongepubliseerde PhD-proefskrif, Noordwes-Universiteit, Potchefstroomkampus. Boberg, C. 2005. The Canadian shift in Montreal. Language Variation and Change, 17:133– 54. Boersma, P. en D. Weenink. 2011. 4.4.5 [rekenaarsagteware]. http://www.praat.org (1 September 2011 geraadpleeg). Catford, J.C. 1988. A practical introduction to phonetics. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Clopper, Cynthia. 2009. Computational methods for normalization acoustic vowel data for talker differences. Language and Linguistics Compass 3(6): 1430 - 42. Coetzee, A.E. 1981. Fonetiek vir eerstejaars. Pretoria: Academica. Disner, Sandra Ferrari. 1980. Evaluation of vowel normalization procedures. Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 67:253 - 61. 737
LitNet Akademies Jaargang 9(2), Augustus 2012 Eaton, R., O. Fischer, W. Koopman en F. Van der Leek (reds.). 1985. Papers from the 4th International Conference on English Historical Linguistics. Amsterdam: John Benjamins. Fabricius, Ann H. Dominic Watt & Daniel Johnson 2009: Language Variatio and Change, 21 (2009), 413 – 35. Flynn, Nicholas. 2011. Comparing vowel formant normalisation procedures. York Working Papers in Linguistics (Series 2) 11: 1 - 28. Grabe, E. en E.L. Low. 2002. Durational variability in speech and the rhythm class hypothesis. In Gussenhoven en Warner (reds.) 2002. Gussenhoven, C. en N. Warner (reds.). 2002. Laboratory phonology VII. Berlyn: Mouton de Gruyter. Hindle, Donald. 1978. Approaches to vowel normalization in the study of natural speech. In D. Sankoff (red.), Linguistic Variation: Models and Methods. New York: Academic. 161 - 71. Jones, D. 1934. An outline of English phonetics. Cambridge: Heffer. Kent, R.D. en C. Read. 1992. The acoustic analysis of speech. San Diego: Singular Publishing Group. Labov, W. 1994. Principles of linguistic change. Oxford: Blackwell. —.2001. Principles of Linguistic Change. Volume 2: Social Factors. Oxford, UK/Cambridge, MA: Blackwell. Labov, W., S. Ash en C. Boberg. 2006.The Atlas of North American English: Phonology, Phonetics, and Sound Change. A Multimedia Reference Tool. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter. Ladefoged, P. 2001. Vowels and consonants: An introduction to the sounds of language. Los Angeles: Blackwell. Ladefoged, P., en D.E. Broadbent. 1957. Information conveyed by vowels. Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 29, 88 - 104. Langstrof, C. 2006. Acoustic evidence for a push-chain shift in the intermediate period of New Zealand English. Language Variation and Change,18:141–64. Lass, R. en S. Wright. 1985. The South African chain shift: Order out of chaos? In Eaton, Fischer, Koopman en Van der Leek (reds.) 1985. Le Roux, T.H. en P. De V. Pienaar. 1927. Afrikaanse fonetiek. Kaapstad: Juta. Lobanov, Boris M. 1971. Classification of Russian vowels spoken by different listeners. Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 49:606 - 08. 738
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