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LitNet Akademies Jaargang 9(2), Augustus 2012 Integrasie van artikulatoriese en akoestiese eienskappe van vokale: ’n beskrywingsraamwerk Opsomming Daan Wissing Daan Wissing: Senior Navorser, Sentrum vir Tekstegnologie, Noordwes-Universiteit Die hoofdoel van hierdie artikel is om ’n raamwerk te ontwikkel wat gebruik kan word vir die beskrywing, ontleding en interpretering van die vokale, natuurlike klasse vokale, soos byvoorbeeld die gemerkte geronde vokale, asook volledige vokaalsisteme, van enige taal, in ons geval hoofsaaklik Afrikaans. Vokale word onder meer beskryf in terme van die manier waarop dit geproduseer word, dit is in die artikulatoriese fonetiek. Daarvan bestaan daar etlike goeie voorbeelde wat betref Afrikaans, maar geen omvattende behandeling van die akoestiese eienskappe van Afrikaanse vokale nie. Dit is anders gestel in die geval van Nederlands, en dit kan baie kan bydra tot die ontwikkeling van sodanige beskrywing in akoestiese terme. In hierdie bydrae probeer ek om hierdie gapings te vul. Wat betref die artikulatoriese, kyk spesifiek hier na die interaktiewe vokaalkaart deur op http://www.nwu.ac.za/af/content/ctext-vokaalkaart te klik, en die aanduidings daar te volg. Hier kan mens nie net hoor hoe ’n spesifieke vokaal klink nie, maar mens kan ook ’n magnetiese resonansbeeld (MRI) van die mondkanaal (insluitende die posisies van die tong en vorm van die lippe) daarvan sien. Ek gee die meeste aandag aan die akoestiese eienskappe van vokale. Juis omdat dit nie vir spesifiek die Afrikaanse vokaalsisteem bestaan nie, maak ek ruim gebruik van die meer gevorderde Nederlandse literatuur, maar ook die uitspraak self van die Nederlandse vokale. Die voordeel hiervan is dat daar ’n groot ooreenkoms is tussen die vokale van hierdie twee tale. Vokaalparameters wat toegelig word, is duur, intensiteit, grondfrekwensie (F0), en die vokaalformante (F1, F2, F3), asook die bandwydte van F1. Kort vokale kan met behulp van slegs hierdie stel parameters ontleed word, maar vir die lang, middelhoë vokale, wat geneig is om te diftongeer, is die gradiënt waarteen hulle vokaalformante verloop, ook van groot belang. Hierdie aspek van vokale kry spesiale aandag. In hierdie artikel lig ek ’n spesifieke vokaalontledingsprogram, Vowelyse (Van der Walt en Wissing 2004) toe, en wys op die sterkpunte daarvan vergeleke met ander metodes soos wat dit in die vakliteratuur gevind word. Trefwoorde: Afrikaans; akoestiese fonetiek; akoestiese vokaalkaart; artikulatoriese fonetiek; interaktiewe vokaalkaart; MRI (magnetiese resonansbeelde); Nederlands; vokaal; vokaalparameter; vokaalparameterhiërargie; vokaalsisteem; vokaalontledingsmetodes. 701
Abstract LitNet Akademies Jaargang 9(2), Augustus 2012 Integrating articulatory and acoustic phonetics: a framework for the study of vowels The main purpose of this research was to develop an integrated framework for the description, analysis and interpretation of vowels, which should be applicable first and foremost to Afrikaans, but also to other languages. This broad applicability is, to a large extent, due to the nature of articulatory and acoustic phonetics. This framework can therefore be seen as an attempt to develop a universally applicable descriptive model. Although many well-written works exist which provide detailed discussions on the two types of phonetics, a comprehensive, integrated model such as the one proposed here has not yet been developed. This article is an attempt to contribute to the development of such a framework. I focus on the description of the physical, i.e. the acoustic, characteristics of vowels, as this facet gives one the opportunity to provide a wider-ranging and more precise description, which is imperative when different vowel systems are being compared. Such comparisons include those between the related languages Afrikaans and Dutch, but also, and in particular, the comparison of a number of pronunciation varieties of Afrikaans. The latter is an important aim of this comprehensive research project, of which this article provides an overview. In the absence of sufficient artwork, I have made ample use of Dutch works (particularly that of Rietveld and Van Heuven, 2009), which constitute a comprehensive discussion of the articulation of vowels. Furthermore, these authors personally made available to me a complete set of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), one for each Dutch vowel. The second author also provided his sound files of his reading of the vowels in the framework h_t. This was used in the development of an online interactive vowel chart. As can be seen and heard on this web page, the manner in which vowels are formed (articulated) is illustrated graphically. The pronunciation of vowels is combined with these images. An attractive feature available on this interactive chart is the comparison of the tongue and lip stances of a specific vowel with each of the remaining eleven vowels in a graphic manner. The acoustic parameters under consideration in this article are the temporal parameter, duration and particularly various spectral parameters. The most important parameters are those which refer to the vowel formant frequency parameters F1, F2 and F3, as well as F0, which is the fundamental frequency. The bandwidth of vowels is often neglected in vowel descriptions in general. Nevertheless, I do discuss them here with specific reference to F1. Other parameters that are also interesting and important for a comprehensive description of vowels are total intensity and the intensity that can be measured in certain spectral areas (I investigate two: those called BF1 and BF2, respectively Band Pass Filter 1 and Band Pass Filter 2). According to my knowledge, the ratio between harmonicity and noise that can be found in vowel waveforms (i.e. harmonicity-to-noise ratio, or HNR) has not yet been used in the way in which I represent it in this research. The latter may be valuable when studying emphasis on vowels, be it stress or sentence accent. In this article, both acoustic vowel charts and line graphs are proposed to describe the acoustic characteristics of vowels in a precise and comprehensive manner. These vowel charts and line graphs were derived from acoustic information extracted from the acoustic wave form and provided in the form of tables. It is indicated that although the use of gradientrelated parameters is not required in the case of the short, steady-state vowels, the opposite applies to the diphthonged vowels with gliding first and second formants. This aspect of vowels receives special attention. Various methods of approach are illustrated, among others 702
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