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LitNet Akademies Jaargang 9(2), Augustus 2012 sindroom (BOS) ly; slegs op elite-vlak volhoubaar is; op etniese en streekslojaliteite gebaseer is; en staatsmag wil bekom met die uitsluitlike doel om beheer oor die staat se personeel en hulpbronne te verkry en daarna vir eie gewin aan te wend. • Die begrensing van mediavryheid deur die meeste regerings onder die valse voorwendsel dat sodanige optrede in die openbare belang is of noodsaaklik is om die samelewing se veiligheid te verseker of versnelde sosio-ekonomiese ontwikkeling te bewerkstellig. • Die aftakeling van skeiding tussen staat en party as gevolg van die wydverspreide vorming van dominante–party-stelsels en die uitgangspunte wat deur talle revolusionêre en linksgesinde partye gehuldig word. • Die lae vlak van sosio-ekonomiese ontwikkeling, wat meebring dat Afrika die enigste vasteland is wat die afgelope 25 jaar verarm het en waar slegs twee state nie onder die onderste derde van die Verenigde Nasies se Ontwikkelingsprogram (UNDP) se Menseontwikkelingsindeks (MOI) ressorteer nie. • Die voorkoms van konflik en geweld, en saam daarmee die feit dat demokratiserende state in Afrika nie oor die institusionele sterkte beskik om die uitdrukking van opponerende beskouings toe te laat of die verdraagsaamheid het om gewelddadige teenreaksies te temper nie. • Die hardnekkige voorkoms van etnisiteit en die destruktiewe konflik, onstabiliteit en verdeeldheid wat dit in tradisionele en demokratiserende samelewings veroorsaak. Ten slotte kan dit gestel word dat die toekomsvooruitsigte vir demokratisering in Afrika swak is. Soos Herbst (2007:65) tereg opgemerk het, is die “laaghangende vrugte” in Afrika reeds gepluk en hy voorsien nie dat die oorblywende vrugte maklik bekombaar sal wees nie. Tans is die “Arabiese Lente” noord van die Sahara die enigste ligpunt in die demokratiseringsproses op die vasteland, alhoewel dit nie bekend is welke seisoen op die lente sal volg nie. Wat wel bekend is, is dat suid van die Sahara die demokratiese winter in talle state in ongenade voortduur. Bibliografie Ake, C. 1993. What is the problem of ethnicity in Africa? (25 Oktober 2011 geraadpleeg). Akech, M. 2011. Constraining government power in Africa. Journal of Democracy, 22(1). (2 Maart 2012 geraadpleeg). Almond, G. en S. Verba. 1989. Civic culture. Political attitutes and democracy in five nations. Newbury Park, Kalifornië: SAGE Publications. (19 Februarie 2012 geraadpleeg). ANC. 2012. The second transition? Building a national democratic society and the balance of forces in 2012. (14 Maart 2012 geraadpleeg). 577
LitNet Akademies Jaargang 9(2), Augustus 2012 ANC Youth League. 2011. A clarion call to economic freedom fighters: Programme of action for economic freedom in our lifetime. Final document for the 24th ANC Youth League National Congress, April 2011. (29 Oktober 2011 geraadpleeg). AMP (APRM Monitoring Project). 2011. Implementing the APRM. Views from civil society. South Africa Report. (25 Oktober 2011 geraadpleeg). Barkan, J.D. 2009. Advancing democratization in Africa. (14 September 2011 geraadpleeg). Bekoe, D.A. 2007. Democracy and African conflicts: Inciting, mitigating, or reducing violence? Democratization in Africa: What progress toward institutionalization? Ghana Center for Democratic Development. 4-6 October. Under the auspices of the US National Intelligence Council. (25 Oktober 2011 geraadpleeg). Bogaards, M. 2004. Counting parties and identifying dominant party systems in Africa. European Journal of Political Research, 43. (18 Februarie 2012 geraadpleeg). Bratton, M. 1994. Civil society and political transition in Africa. Institute for Development Research (IDR) Reports, 2(6). (26 September 2011 geraadpleeg). Bratton, M. en N. van de Walle. 1997. Democratic experiments in Africa. Regime transitions in comparative perspective. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. (5 Maart 2012 geraadpleeg). Brooks, H. 2004. The dominant party system: Challenges for South Africa’s second decade of democracy. EISA Occasional Paper 24, Oktober. (18 Februarie 2012 geraadpleeg). Collier, P. 2007. Growth strategies for Africa. Centre for the Study of African Economics, Oxford University. (21 September 2011 geraadpleeg). Dahl, R.A. 1984. Modern political analysis. 4de Uitgawe. Englewood Cliffs: Prentice-Hall. Daniels, G. 2011. Nothing new about “national security” being used as a muzzle. Mail&Guardianonline, 18 Maart. (19 September 2011 geraadpleeg). Democratic Peace Theory. 2010. RationalWiki. http://rationalwiki.org/wiki/Democratic_Peace_Theory (23 Oktober 2011 geraadpleeg). Diamond, L. 1997. Civil society and the development of democracy. (19 September 2011 geraadpleeg). —. 2007. The state of democracy in Africa. Democratization in Africa: What progress toward institutionalization? Ghana Centre for Democratic Development, 4-6 October. Under the auspices of the US National Intelligence Council. (25 Oktober 2011 geraadpleeg). Diamond L. en M.F. Plattner (reds.). 2010. Democratization in Africa. Progress and retreat. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. (2 Maart 2012 geraadpleeg). 578
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