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LitNet Akademies Jaargang 9(2), Augustus 2012 Schraeder, P.J. (red.). 2004. African politics and society. A mosaic in transformation. 2de uitgawe. Belmont: Wadsworth/Thomson. Welzel, C. s.j. Theories of democratization. (28 September 2011 geraadpleeg). —. 2006. Democratization as an emancipative process: The neglected role of mass motivations. European Journal of Political Research, 45. (4 Maart 2012 geraadpleeg). 543
LitNet Akademies Jaargang 9(2), Augustus 2012 Demokrasie en demokratisering in Afrika: Deel 2 Die belangrikste faktore wat substantiewe oorgang belemmer Opsomming Chris Nelson Chris Nelson: Navorsingsgenoot, Fakulteit Krygskunde, Universiteit Stellenbosch In Deel 1 van hierdie artikel is agtergrondinligting verskaf ten aansien van die konsepte demokrasie en demokratisering, asook die teoretiese benadering wat gevolg sal word. Verder is klem gelê op ’n breë oorsig van Afrika se politieke ontwikkeling gedurende die prekoloniale, koloniale en postkoloniale tydperke, asook die huidige stand van demokrasie op die vasteland. In die lig daarvan dat die aangehaalde statistiek daarop dui dat die oorgang na ’n demokratiese owerheidsvorm regoor Afrika nie as ’n suksesverhaal van betekenis beskryf kan word nie, sal in Deel 2 van die artikel ’n bespreking gewy word aan die belangrikste politieke-kultuur-, politieke–elite-keuse- en makrostrukturele faktore wat substantiewe oorgang belemmer. Soos in die inleiding vermeld sal, waar van toepassing, ook aangedui word op welke wyse sommige van hierdie faktore die demokratiese konsolideringsproses in kontemporêre Suid-Afrika beïnvloed. Trefwoorde: demokrasie; demokratisering; demokratiese konsolidasie; burgerlike samelewing; politieke kultuur; politieke elite; etnisiteit; neopatrimonialisme; mediavryheid; sosio-ekonomiese ontwikkeling Abstract The most important factors impeding substantive transition The end of the eighties not only witnessed the demise of Marxist-Leninist authoritarianism in the former Soviet Union and its Eastern European satellite states, but also heralded the arrival of liberal democracy as the triumphant form of government. As this new wave of democracy engulfed the international system scores of states threw off the authoritarian yoke and by adopting new democratic constitutions and holding free and fair elections, took their rightful positions in the international community. This new wave of democracy also swept over the African continent. After decades of suffering under dictatorial regimes of almost every imaginable type, most African societies embarked hopefully on the new promising road to democracy and freedom. 544
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