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LitNet Akademies Jaargang 9(2), Augustus 2012 ’n Insigggewende aspek wat deur Herbst (2007:62–3) vermeld word, is die feit dat talle state wat onder Freedom House se klassifikasiemodel as “gedeeltelik vry” en “nie vry nie” beskou word, uitvoerders is van minerale en veral olie. Hy meld dat state in Afrika wie se politieke ekonomie op die uitvoer van hierdie kommoditeite gebaseer is, geneig is tot outoritarisme. Die inkomste wat deur olie- en minerale uitvoere verdien word, word deur die regimes onderskep (captured) en aangewend om hul magsmonopolie te behou. Die voorkoms van hierdie besondere verskynsel, waarna soms as die “hulpbron-vloek” (resource curse) verwys word, is egter nie tans van sodanige aard dat dit as wetmatig aanvaar kan word nie. Sowel Suid-Afrika as Botswana is state wat minerale uitvoer (weliswaar nie olie nie), maar word desondanks deur Freedom House as “vry” beskou. Die koms van Suid-Soedan as die 54ste staat op die Afrika-vasteland gedurende Julie 2011 het ook nie ’n bydrae tot ’n toename in die getal demokrasieë gelewer nie. Die betrokke staat word nie as ’n demokrasie beskou nie, ongeag die feit dat 99 persent van die bevolking in ’n referendum ten gunste van onafhanklikheid gestem het. Tans is die Arabiese Lente die enigste ligpunt in die demokratiseringsproses in Afrika. Soos egter reeds gemeld is, is dit in hierdie stadium onduidelik of die betrokke samelewings en die revolusionêre leiers die proses met sodanige sukses sal kan deurvoer dat dit uiteindelik tot die konsolidasie van demokrasie sal lei. Bibliografie Baynham, S. (red.). 1985. Military power and politics in black Africa. Beckenham: Croom Helm. Birmingham, D. 1995. The decolonization of Africa. Londen: UCL Press. Hierdie uitgawe gepubliseer deur die Taylor & Francis e-Library. 2009. (23 Februarie 2012 geraadpleeg). Bratton, M. en N. van de Walle. 1997. Democratic experiments in Africa. Regime transitions in comparative perspective. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. (5 Maart 2012 geraadpleeg). Caramani, D. (red.) 2008. Comparative politics. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Dahl, R.A. 1971. Polyarchy: participation and opposition. Chapter Summaries. http://www.wikisummaries.org/Polyarchy (1 Februarie 2012 geraadpleeg). Decalo, S. 1985. Military rule in Africa: Etiology and morphology. In Baynham (red.) 1985. (8 Maart geraadpleeg). Economic Commission for Africa. 2007. Relevance of African traditional institutions of governance. (22 Februarie 2012 geraadpleeg). 541
LitNet Akademies Jaargang 9(2), Augustus 2012 Economist Intelligence Unit. 2011. Democracy index 2011. Democracy under stress. (27 Februarie 2012 geraadpleeg). Finer, S.E. 1970. Comparative government. An introduction to the study of politics. Londen: The Penguin Group. Freedom House. 2012. Freedom in the world. The Arab uprisings and their global repercussions. (27 Februarie 2012 geraadpleeg). Herbst, J. 2007. The institutionalization of democracy in Africa. Democratization in Africa: What progress toward institutionalization? Ghana Centre for Democratic Development, 4-6 October. Under the auspices of the US National Intelligence Council. (25 Oktober 2011 geraadpleeg). Heywood, A. 2002. Politics. 2de uitgawe. New York: Palgrave Macmillan. Huntington, S.P. 1991. The third wave. Democratization in the late twentieth century. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press. Mair, P. 2008. Democracies. In Caramani (red.) 2008. (20 Mei 2012 geraadpleeg) Matlosa, K. 2003. Political culture and democratic governance in Southern Africa. African Journal of Political Science, 8(1). (26 Februarie 2012 geraadpleeg). McGowan, P.J. en P. Nel (reds.). 2006. Power, wealth and global equity. An international relations textbook for Africa. 3de uitgawe. Landsdowne: UCT Press. Osaghae, E.E. en P.J. McGowan. 2006. Africa in the global system, 1600 to decolonization. In McGowan en Nel (reds.) 2006. Politicsweb. 2011. Mo Ibrahim Index 2011: How South Africa did. http://www.politicsweb.co.za/politicsweb/view/politicsweb/en/page71654?oid=260471&sn= Detail&pid=71654 (11 Oktober 2011 geraadpleeg). Prempeh, H.K. 2007. The persistence of “imperial presidency” in Africa’s emerging democracies. Democratization in Africa: What progress toward institutionalization? Ghana Centre for Democratic Development, 4-6 October. Under the Auspices of the US National Intelligence Council. (25 Oktober 2011 geraadpleeg). Rakner, L., A.R. Menocal en V.F. Fritz. 2007. Democratization’s third wave and the challenges of democratic deepening: Assessing international democracy assistance and the lessons learned. Londen: Overseas Development Institute (ODI). (12 Maart 2012 geraadpleeg). Rummel, R.J. 1996. Democratization. http://www.mega.nu/ampp/rummel/democ.htm (13 Oktober 2011 geraadpleeg). 542
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