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Klik hier om die volledige joernaal in PDF-formaat af te laai - LitNet

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<strong>LitNet</strong> Akademies Jaargang 9(2), Augustus 2012<br />

Until the end of the twentieth century, such a book as this could not have been<br />

writ<strong>te</strong>n. The environmental turn <strong>in</strong> li<strong>te</strong>rary and cultural stu<strong>die</strong>s emerged as a selfconscious<br />

movement little more than a dozen years ago. S<strong>in</strong>ce then it has burgeoned.<br />

(Buell 2005:1)<br />

En met betrekk<strong>in</strong>g tot <strong>die</strong> plek wat ekokritiek <strong>in</strong>neem, sê hy:<br />

Ecocriticism, the c<strong>om</strong>monest <strong>om</strong>nibus <strong>te</strong>rm for an <strong>in</strong>creas<strong>in</strong>gly he<strong>te</strong>rogeneous<br />

movement, has not yet achieved the stand<strong>in</strong>g accorded (say) to gender or postcolonial<br />

or critical race stu<strong>die</strong>s. Eventually I believe it will; but it is still f<strong>in</strong>d<strong>in</strong>g its path, a path<br />

bestrewn by obstacles both ex<strong>te</strong>rnal and self-imposed. (Buell 2005:1)<br />

Ekokritiek sluit ’n verskeidenheid <strong>te</strong>orieë en uitgangspun<strong>te</strong> <strong>in</strong>. Soos wat Cook (1994:2)<br />

opmerk, wil <strong>die</strong> <strong>te</strong>rm ekokritiek eerder <strong>in</strong>klusief as eksklusief wees sonder <strong>die</strong> nodigheid <strong>om</strong><br />

grense <strong>te</strong> trek. Die <strong>in</strong><strong>te</strong>rdissipl<strong>in</strong>êre aard van ekokritiek word <strong>te</strong>n s<strong>te</strong>rks<strong>te</strong> deur deelnemers aan<br />

<strong>hier</strong><strong>die</strong> kritiese beweg<strong>in</strong>g benadruk.<br />

Ekokritiek kan breedweg gesien word as <strong>die</strong> stu<strong>die</strong> van kultuurproduk<strong>te</strong> soos kunswerke,<br />

skryfwerk en we<strong>te</strong>nskaplike <strong>te</strong>orieë wat hulle bemoei met <strong>die</strong> menslike verhoud<strong>in</strong>g met <strong>die</strong><br />

natuurlike wêreld. Cheryll Glotfelty en Harold Fr<strong>om</strong>m, pioniers van <strong>die</strong> ekokritiese<br />

li<strong>te</strong>ratuur<strong>te</strong>orie, def<strong>in</strong>ieer ekokritiek <strong>in</strong> <strong>die</strong> sem<strong>in</strong>ale publikasie The ecocriticism reader<br />

(1996:xviii) as “the study of the relationship between li<strong>te</strong>rature and the physical<br />

environment”, <strong>te</strong>rwyl <strong>die</strong> <strong>te</strong>rm <strong>in</strong> The Routledge dictionary of li<strong>te</strong>rary <strong>te</strong>rms (Childs en Roger<br />

2009:65) weergegee word as “[t]he study of li<strong>te</strong>rary <strong>te</strong>xts with reference to the <strong>in</strong><strong>te</strong>raction<br />

between human activity and the vast range of ‘natural’ or non-human phen<strong>om</strong>ena which<br />

bears upon human experience – enc<strong>om</strong>pass<strong>in</strong>g (amongst many th<strong>in</strong>gs) issues concern<strong>in</strong>g<br />

fauna, flora, landscape, environment and weather”. Nog ’n baanbreker op <strong>die</strong> gebied is Buell<br />

met sy <strong>te</strong>ks<strong>te</strong> The environmental imag<strong>in</strong>ation (1995) en The future of environmental criticism<br />

(2005). Die <strong>te</strong>rm ekokritiek is eg<strong>te</strong>r alreeds so vroeg as 1978 deur William Rueckert <strong>in</strong> sy<br />

artikel “Li<strong>te</strong>rature and ecology: An experiment <strong>in</strong> ecocriticism” (1978:71) gebruik, waar<strong>in</strong> hy<br />

ondersoek <strong>in</strong>s<strong>te</strong>l na <strong>die</strong> toepass<strong>in</strong>g van ekologiese konsep<strong>te</strong> op <strong>die</strong> stu<strong>die</strong> van li<strong>te</strong>ratuur.<br />

As wêreldwye reaksie op <strong>die</strong> toenemende vernietig<strong>in</strong>g van <strong>die</strong> verhoud<strong>in</strong>g tussen <strong>die</strong> mens en<br />

<strong>die</strong> natuur bied ekokritiek ’n <strong>in</strong><strong>te</strong>rdissipl<strong>in</strong>êre kyk op <strong>die</strong> wyse waarop kultuurproduk<strong>te</strong> soos<br />

poësie <strong>hier</strong><strong>die</strong> verhoud<strong>in</strong>g ontg<strong>in</strong> en verwoord en <strong>die</strong>n dit as ’n reaksie op <strong>die</strong> behoef<strong>te</strong>s,<br />

probleme en krisisse wat <strong>die</strong> mensd<strong>om</strong> <strong>in</strong> <strong>die</strong> gesig staar. Cook (1994:1) s<strong>te</strong>l dit só: “I am<br />

<strong>in</strong><strong>te</strong>res<strong>te</strong>d <strong>in</strong> place, how we place ourselves <strong>in</strong> the world and the biological, social, and<br />

political ways <strong>in</strong> which we def<strong>in</strong>e where we are.”<br />

In haar artikel “What is ecocriticism?” beskryf Glotfelty (1994, par. 4) <strong>die</strong> verskil tussen<br />

ekokritiek en ander vorme van li<strong>te</strong>rêre kritiek soos volg:<br />

Li<strong>te</strong>rary theory, <strong>in</strong> general, exam<strong>in</strong>es the relations between wri<strong>te</strong>rs, <strong>te</strong>xts, and the<br />

world. In most li<strong>te</strong>rary theory ”the world” is synonymous with society – the social<br />

sphere. Ecocriticism expands the notion of ”the world” to <strong>in</strong>clude the entire<br />

ecosphere.<br />

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