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LitNet Akademies Jaargang 9(2), Augustus 2012 eindresultaat (Graham en Carley 2008:9). Hier word die navorser gekonfronteer met dataintegrasie, hetsy as individu of as span, wanneer ’n wye verskeidenheid inligting as ’n sinvolle geheel oorsigtelik beskou moet word sodat patrone geïdentifiseer kan word. In hierdie fase word inligting omskep in intelligensie: Analysis encompasses a systematic examination of relevant data, information, and knowledge collected, for applicability or significance, and the transformation of the results into actionable intelligence that will improve planning and decision making or will enable the development of strategies that offer a sustainable competitive advantage. (Bose 2008:513) Militêre intelligensie staan in hierdie opsig weer eens aan die voorpunt van tegnologiese ontwikkeling. Science Applications International Corporation se Pathfinderteksontledingsagteware (http://www.saic.com/contractcenter/gsa-it/pathfinder.html), soos gebruik deur die VSA se Army National Ground Intelligence Center, kan byvoorbeeld glo binne slegs ’n paar minute deur meer as 500 000 dokumente sorteer en patrone identifiseer (Roberts 2011:8). Programmatuur soos Starlight VIS het soortgelyke vermoëns, en alhoewel daar geen vervanging is vir die lees van bronmaterial deur ’n navorser nie, bestaan daar heelwat ander tegnologiese hulpmiddele om groter stelle dokumente onder die loep te neem, onder andere deur middel van data-ontginning en visualisasie, soos vervolgens in meer besonderhede verduidelik word. Selfs programmatuur wat die bestuur van bronmateriaal bespoedig, soos Zotero (http://www.zotero.org/) en Qiqqa (http://www.qiqqa.com/), kan ‘n beduidende impak op die navorsingsproses hê deur die versameling en ontleding van brondokumente rekenaarmatig te bespoedig. 5.1 Data-ontginning en visualisasie Volgens die VK se National Centre for Text Mining (aangehaal in Borgman 2010:8) is dataontginning “the process of identifying patterns in large sets of data [...] to uncover previously unknown, useful knowledge” (sien ook Ceruti en McCarthy 2000:174). Bose (2008:523) skryf: Text mining looks for things like word proximity and sentence structure, sifting through billions of text (sic), placing it into some common format (referred to as normalization), and filtering or ranking the text using statistical methods. Text mining is not the same thing as a search engine on the web. In a search, one tries to find what others have prepared. With text mining, one wants to discover new patterns, nuggets of knowledge that may not be obvious or known. Visuele ontleding word gedefinieer as “the science of analytical reasoning facilitated by interactive visual interfaces” (NVAC 2005:4). Wanneer ons iets verstaan, sê ons in Afrikaans of Engels: “Ek sien wat jy bedoel” of “Do you see what I mean?” Dit is verwoordings van die ingebore verband wat ons lê tussen visie, visualisasie en ons redenasie-prosesse (NVAC 2005:33). Programmatuur wat in visualisasie spesialiseer, poog dus om bestaande denkprosesse te ondersteun: 481
LitNet Akademies Jaargang 9(2), Augustus 2012 Visual representations and interaction technologies give users a gateway into their data, letting them see and understand large volumes of information at once. To facilitate analytical reasoning, visual analytics builds on the human mind’s ability to understand complex information visually. (Thomas en Cook 2006:11; sien ook Roberts 2011:17.) Daar bestaan talle produkte op die mark en Kirschenbaum (2007:4) noem hoe Spotfire (http://spotfire.tibco.com), TextArc (http://www.textarc.org) en ander al vrugbaar aangewend is binne die letterkunde, terwyl Athenikos (2009) beskryf hoe visualisasie deur middel van Prefuse (http://prefuse.org) kan help met die studie van filosofie. ’n Ander program wat spesifiek vir kwalitatiewe navorsingsdoeleindes ontwikkel is, is QSR se Nvivo (http://www.qsrinternational.com/), wat ook die ontleding van data deur middel van visualisering bemagtig, en veral ontwerp is om met multimedia te werk (video, oudio en teks). Kirschenbaum (2007:4) voer aan: The importance of visualization as a means of accessing and studying the results of the text analysis cannot be over-emphasized. When we look at a painting or picture, we grasp the entirety of it within our optical field. The eye can easily move from one region of the image to the next, looking for patterns and correspondences which aid in interpretation. In the case of a novel (or even a short story or a long poem), however, we cannot hold the entirety of the text within our visual field. Indeed, the physical form of the codex book itself mitigates against this, as the text is arbitrarily broken up into discrete units divided by pages. Visualization, which essentially makes the text a picture, is capable of bringing a novel into focus as a unified visual event. Voyeur (http://voyeurtools.org) is ’n gratis aanlyn-teksontledingsprogram wat deur Stefan Sinclair en Geoffrey Rockwell ontwikkel is as deel van die Hermeneuti.ca-projek. Ten einde die potensiaal van Voyeur te illustreer, is ’n korpus Afrikaanse akademiese artikels saamgestel wat alles insluit van Stilet wat elektronies beskikbaar is (2002–2010, 231 artikels) en alles van LitNet Akademies wat in PDF beskikbaar is (2008–2010, 92 artikels). Uit die ontleding van hierdie 326 artikels deur Voyeur, wat 2 625 634 woorde bevat (en 6 061 bladsye beslaan), sien ’n mens wat die Afrikaanse woorde met die grootste gebruiksfrekwensie is: Tabel 1. Woordfrekwensies Nommer Woord Aantal kere gebruik 1 die 164 379 2 van 85 417 3 en 64 556 4 in 58 334 5 ’n 48 988 Hierdie inligting dra egter nie veel by tot ’n beter begrip van die Afrikaanse literêre sisteem nie, en gevolglik is hierna eerder spesifieke woorde nageslaan. ’n Groter korpus 8 bestaande uit wat digitaal beskikbaar is 9 van Literator (507 artikels), Tydskrif vir Geesteswetenskappe 482
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