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LitNet Akademies Jaargang 9(2), Augustus 2012 79 Weaver e.a. (reds.) (2011:905–81); Lundmark (2008:118–9); Gunther (1992:490–548); Ariaza, Haddon en Robberts (2006:1132–84). 80 In Manong and Associates (Pty) Ltd v City of Cape Town 2009 1 SA 644 (EqC) par. 34 het die hof verklaar dat teen ’n maatskappy gediskrimineer kan word omdat die beherende aandele gehou word deur vroue, gestremde persone, of etniese en godsdienstige groepe. En wat ongelyste gronde betref, is dit moontlik om regspersone anders te behandel as natuurlike persone, of anders te behandel as ander regspersone op grond van byvoorbeeld hulle grootte, hulle soort besigheid, of die plek waar hulle gesetel is. 81 Sien Rautenbach (2011, par.1A57.2(iv)). 82 Grondwet art. 36(1). 83 Krüger (2011:503) vra: “Is it possible that unfair discrimination – that is discrimination that is constitutionally offensive in that it impairs the fundamental dignity of a complainant – is justifiable in an open and democratic society based on human dignity, equality and freedom?” 84 Indien omgangstaal en tegniese regstaal te ver uitmekaar loop, behoort daar in die lig van die ideaal om die handves so verstaanbaar moontlik vir almal te maak (sien par. 1) iets aan die regstaal gedoen te word. In hierdie geval sou “onbillike diskriminasie” vervang kon word met “differensiasie wat menswaardigheid aantas of ’n soortgelyke ernstige gevolg het” (sien par 4.3). Ongelukkig word “onbillike diskriminasie” in die grondwetteks gebruik en dit sal besondere oortuigingsvermoë verg om die parlement oor te haal om grondwetwysigings vir terminologiese oorwegings aan te bring. Dit sou egter oorweeg kon word om die hele grondwet in hierdie verband weer noukeurig deur te werk. 85 Krüger (2011:504–5). Sien ook Currie en De Waal (2005:237–8). 86 Die enigste ander gevalle waarin die hof onklaar trap, is wanneer daar besondere beperkingsbepalings in die formulering van die reg voorkom wat die hof dan nie as sodanig identifiseer nie en hanteer asof dit deel vorm van die definisie van die reg wat as eerste-faseaangeleentheid behandel moet word. Sien t.o.v. die reg om nie “arbitrêr” van eiendom ontneem te word nie, Rautenbach (2002:443). 87 Hassam v Jacobs 2009 1 BCLR 1148 (KH), 2009 5 SA 572 (KH) par. 40. 88 Sien Weaver e.a. (reds.) (2001:760) wat vir die doeleindes van die Amerikaanse reg werk met die vrae: “First, does the law classify? … Second, what is the nature of the classification? Third, … which standard of review should a court apply?” Volgens Cuenca (2012:470) is die raamwerk wat aanvanklik in die Europese Hof vir Menseregte vir die toepassing van die diskriminasieverbod in art. 14 van die Europese Konvensie vir Menseregte gebruik is, effens anders, naamlik “a) the facts of the case must evidence different treatment; b) the different treatment does not pursue a legitimate claim or there is no objective and reasonable justification; and c) there is no reasonable relationship of proportionality between the means employed and aim sought to be realised.” 89 Manong and Associates (Pty) Ltd v City of Cape Town 2009 1 SA 644 (EqC) par. 31; Rautenbach (2011, par. 1A57.1). 264
90 Grondwet artt. 7(2) en 8(1). 91 Grondwet art. 8(2). LitNet Akademies Jaargang 9(2), Augustus 2012 92 Alhoewel die uitdrukking “regstreeks of onregstreeks” slegs in art. 9(3) voorkom en nie in art. 9(1) nie, moet daar ook vir die toepassing van art. 9(1) rekening gehou word met bepalings wat oënskynlik neutraal is en in die formulering geen onderskeid tref nie, maar inderdaad ’n ongelyke uitwerking het. 93 MEC for Education KwaZulu-Natal v Pillay 2008 2 BCLR 99 (KH), 2008 1 SA 474 (KH) par. 137, en vir nog vbe. sien Pretoria City Council v Walker 1998 3 BCLR 257 (KH), 1998 2 SA 363 (KH) par. 31–2; Rates Action Group v City of Cape Town 2004 12 BCLR 1328 (K) par. 29, 32. 94 Grondwet art. 9(5). 95 Soos verduidelik in par. 3.1 hier bo. 96 Dit is wêreldvreemd om te redeneer dat regstellende optrede ingevolge Grondwet art. 9(2) nooit op onbillike diskriminasie kan neerkom nie. Natuurlik is dit moontlik dat regstellende optrede diegene aan die negatiewe ontvangkant van die optrede se menswaardigheid kan aantas of ’n soortgelyke, ernstige uitwerking kan hê. ’n Meer aanvaarbare verklaring vir Grondwet art. 9(2) is dat die grondwetgewer in die lig van die verreikende uitwerking van onbillike diskriminasie in die verlede ’n ligter toets as die toets vir onbillike differensiasie vir die nadele wat uit die differensiasie kan spruit, geformuleer het. 97 Minister of Finance v Van Heerden 2004 11 BCLR 1125 (KH), 2004 6 SA 121 (KH) par. 37–8, 41–2, 113. 265
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