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LitNet Akademies Jaargang 9(2), Augustus 2012 between personal and vicarious liability. South African Law Journal, 125(4):673–80. Wicke, H. 1997. Vicarious liability in modern South African law. Ongepubliseerde LLMverhandeling, Universiteit Stellenbosch. Wiechers, M. 1985. Administrative law. Butterworths: Durban. Eindnotas 1 2011:135. 2 Sien Scott (2011(a):787). Veral vroue en meisies word aan seksuele geweld blootgestel. In F v Minister of Safety and Security 2012 1 SA 536 (KH) 551 druk die konstitusionele hof dit soos volg uit: “The threat of sexual violence to women is indeed as pernicious as sexual violence itself. It is said to go to the very core of the subordination of women in society. It entrenches patriarchy as it imperils the freedom and self determination of women. It is deeply sad and unacceptable that few of our women or girls dare to venture into public spaces alone, especially when it is dark and deserted. If official crime statistics are anything to go by, incidents of sexual violence against women occur with alarming regularity. This is so despite the fact that our Constitution, national legislation, formations of civil society and communities across our country have all set their faces firmly against this horrendous invasion and indignity imposed on our women and girl-children.” 3 Grondwet artt. 7(2) en 8(1); sien Okpaluba en Osode (2010:16–8); Loubser en Midgley (2010:258); vgl. Neethling en Potgieter (2010:17–8). 4 Grondwet art. 41(1)(c); sien Minister of Safety and Security v Van Duivenboden 2002 6 SA 431 (HHA) 447; Olitzki Property Holdings v State Tender Board 2001 3 SA 1247 (HHA) 1263; Lee v Minister of Correctional Services 2011 6 SA 564 (WKK) 581–2. 5 Sien Carmichele v Minister of Safety and Security (Centre for Applied Legal Studies Intervening) 2001 4 SA 938 (KH) 957; Lee v Minister of Correctional Services 2011 6 SA 564 (WKK) 581; F v Minister of Safety and Security 2012 1 SA 536 (KH) 550–2. 6 Grondwet art. 36(1). 7 Grondwet art. 39(2). 8 2001 4 SA 938 (KH) 953 e.v. 9 Sien bv. ook Van Eeden v Minister of Safety and Security (Women’s Legal Centre Trust, as amicus curiae) 2003 1 SA 389 (HHA) 395; Minister of Safety and Security v Van Duivenboden 2002 6 SA 431 (HHA) 444 e.v.; Dendy v University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg 2005 5 SA 357 (W) 371–2; Lee v Minister of Correctional Services 2011 6 SA 564 (WKK) 580; Alves LOM Business Solutions (Pty) Ltd 2012 1 SA 399 (SGJ) 410; sien verder Okpaluba en Osode (2010:29 e.v., 124–32) vir ’n oorsig van die belangrikste sake. 91
10 962–3. LitNet Akademies Jaargang 9(2), Augustus 2012 11 Sien Neethling (2005:572 e.v.); Loubser en Midgley(2010:258); Neethling en Potgieter (2010:77–80). 12 In Mhlongo v Minister of Police 1978 2 SA 551 (A) 567 verklaar die hof: “The liability of the State for a wrong is founded on the provisions of sec 1 of the Act. Remedial legislation, of which Act 20 of 1957 is the modern offspring, was intended as the sole foundation of State liability.” Sien bv. ook Minister van Polisie v Gamble 1979 4 SA 759 (A) 765. 13 Mhlongo v Minister of Police 1978 2 SA 551 (A) 567; sien ook Neethling (2011:428 e.v.); sien nietemin oor die moontlike direkte aanspreeklikheid van die staat par. 3.2 hier onder. 14 Loubser en Midgley 2010:257. 15 Sien Wicke (1997:211); Scott (1983:202); Loubser en Midgley(2010:259); Neethling en Potgieter(2010:365) vn. 111, 368; sien ook bv. Masuku v Mdlalose 1998 1 SA 1 (A) 14–6; Minister van Polisie v Gamble 1979 4 SA 759 (A) 765; Mhlongo v Minister of Police 1978 2 SA 551 (A) 567; Union Government (Minister of Justice) v Thorne 1930 AD 47. 16 Sien in die algemeen Neethling en Potgieter(2010:365 e.v.); Scott (1983:203 e.v); Wicke (1997:213 e.v.); Van der Merwe en Olivier (1989:508 e.v.); Van der Walt en Midgley (2005:36–8); Loubser en Midgley (2010:259-60, 367 e.v.); Okpaluba en Osode(2010:293 e.v.); Neethling (2003:221–2). 17 In Rodrigues v Alves 1978 4 SA 834 (A) 842 stel die hof dit so: “In this respect I must point out that the requirement is not that there should be actual control. The requirement relates to the power or the right to control. When a person who has to perform a certain task is allowed a certain amount of discretion, that does not indicate that he is not a servant” (my kursivering). Sien verder Scott (1983:82–3). 18 Sien Midway Two Engineering & Construction Services v Transnet Bpk 1998 3 SA 17 (HHA) 22–3. 19 Minister of Police v Rabie 1986 1 SA 117 (A) 132; Masuku v Mdlalose 1998 1 SA 1 (A) 14–16; Van der Merwe en Olivier (1989:512–3). 20 Vgl. Minister of Police v Rabie 1986 1 SA 117 (A) 132; Minister of Safety and Security v Luiters 2006 4 SA 160 (HHA) 165; 2007 2 SA 106 (KH) 115. 21 In Mhlongo v Minister of Police 1978 2 SA 551 (A) 568 word verklaar: “The essential criterion is whether his employer, the State, has the power to direct or control him in the execution of his duty or function, including the exercise of the discretion, if any.” Sien ook Minister van Polisie v Gamble 1979 4 SA 759 (A) 767; Minister of Police v Mbilini 1983 3 SA 705 (A); Union Government (Minister of Justice) v Thorne 1930 AD 47 53; Mtetwa v Minister of Health 1989 3 SA 600 (D) 606; Scott (1983:203–5). 92
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