Latvijas VÄ“sturnieku komisijas raksti - 23.sÄ“jums

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Aivars Stranga. Holokausts vācu okupētajā Latvijā: 1941–1945 still proceeded in September and October and, compared to the summer, a respite set in by November. In the second phase on the 30th of November and 8th of December, approximately 24 000 Jewish residents of Riga and 1000 Jews transferred there from Germany fell victim to the Rumbula massacre. Only about 6000 Jewish residents of Latvia survived Rumbula; their lives were spared in order to use their labour. Starting with February 1942, able-bodied Jews between 16 and 32 were spared their lives and herded in what had remained of the Riga Ghetto (the-so-called Small Ghetto) and later transferred to several concentration camps from where, starting from late summer 1944, the survivors were deported to camps in Germany. Simultaneously with the murder of Riga Jews in Rumbula, trainloads with Jews from the Reich started arriving in the occupied Latvia to be killed there. The majority of deportees were murdered in Biķernieki right away without even transferring them to the ghetto; a part of the deportees were taken to Auschwitz death camp and killed there in November 1943. Of the Latvian Jews and of those deported to Latvia only 1182 persons survived. Total annihilation of Jews both in the territory of occupied Latvia and elsewhere went on until the defeat of the Nazi Germany in May 1945. The same conditions – the German occupation – provoked opposite behaviour in different people: the absolute minority saved Jews at the risk of their own lives (saving of Jews was punishable with death in the occupied Latvia). Under the same conditions another minority killed Jews while the absolute majority of the population were bystanders. The local residents took part in the extermination of Jews and in the related activities in different ways: the first in the line, of course, were the direct murderers; their responsibility and crime is indisputable. Close to them in this regard stand those who did not shoot themselves, but who guarded the doomed Jews and conducted them to the site of murder. Their guilt is almost as great. Others were involved in the registration of Jews only. Others – often under compulsion – dug graves and covered them after the massacre or guarded the victims’ belongings. Still others registered the belongings of the executed ones (who in rather many cases had been their neighbours with whom the perpetrators had lived side by side for many decades), distributed and appropriated it: these people belonged to the largest group of the population, the immorality and greed of which was shocking. While the number of direct murderers constituted a few hundred in 1941, almost anyone who had the chance took part in the appropriation of the victims’ belongings, without the slightest sense of shame or moderation. Clearly, the Germans themselves pocketed the most valuable things, yet nothing that remained was slighted and the commandant’s offices of the Latvian self-defence played a great role in the appropriation of the Jews’ property. 29
30 Pētījumi par holokausta problēmām Latvijā Andrievs Ezergailis Štālekera ziņojumi: holokausta vēstures pirmavots un atslēga Bija arī skaidrs jau no paša sākuma, ka pogromi bija iespējami tikai dažas pirmās okupācijas dienas. Dr. brigādefīrers Valters Štālekers bija viscentīgākais no četriem einzacgrupu (A, B, C, D) komandieriem. Viņš darīja ne tikai to, ko vadība Berlīnē no viņa prasīja – sūtīt ik dienu telegrāfiskus ziņojumus (Ereignismeldungen) – viņš arī sagatavoja, it kā paaugstinājumu meklēdams, divus trīssimt lappušu garus apvienotus ziņojumus (1941. g. 15. oktobrī un 1942. g. 28. februārī), kuros konspektēja einzacgrupas A darbību Baltijas telpā un kas sastāvēja no simt lappušu teksta un astoņpadsmit dažādiem dokumentiem. Oktobra ziņojums bija pirmais un galvenais. Otrais tika atrasts Lietuvā un nonāca Maskavas arhīvā, tāpēc Rietumos līdz 20. gadsimta 90. gadiem nebija zināms. Šie ziņojumi, lai gan līdz šim Latvijā maz apzināti, kā holokausta vēstures pirmavoti nav atvietojami. Tā kā mums par ebreju iznīcināšanu trūkst Hitlera pavēles no augšas, cita starpā, no šī dokumenta satura un notikumu norises atstāstījuma mēs varam rekonstruēt pavēles saturu no apakšas – no notikumu darbības lauka. Tas, ka Štālekera ziņojumi apraksta notikumus Baltijā, arī Latvijā, ceļ to nozīmi tiem vēsturniekiem, kas uzņemas rakstīt par holokaustu Latvijā. Tie ir unikāli dokumenti, jo nāk no paša pūķa galvas, no nāvinieku vienības A (Einsatzgruppe A) komandanta štāba, kuram Reinhards Heidrihs, RSHA virspavēlnieks Berlīnē, bija uzticējis/pavēlējis iztīrīt ebrejus no Baltijas un Ziemeļkrievijas telpas. 1 Šos ziņojumus varētu uzskatīt kā atskaites dokumentus. Ebreju nošaušanas vienībām bija jādod norēķini, daļēji arī ap<strong>raksti</strong> par darbības “sekmēm”. Šīs vienības darbojās SD (Drošības dienesta/policijas) struktūrā, kas savukārt bija padota SS “jumta” organizācijai, kuru vadīja Heinrihs Himlers. Nākamā pakāpe augšup bija Hitlers. Visu, kam pieskārās Himlers, sedza slepenības mākonis, un pavēles SD trieciengrupai nebija izņēmums: pasaulei, ieskaitot vācu tautu, nekad nebija jāuzzina, ka nacistu valdība
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Krājuma rakstu autori Margoliss, R
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Latvijas VÄ“sturnieku komisijas raksti - 23.sÄ“jums

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