Latvijas VÄ“sturnieku komisijas raksti - 23.sÄ“jums

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Josifs Ročko. No Daugavpils holokausta vēstures the family but as soon as somebody appeared he would disappear in the forest, cellar or cattle-shed hiding behind cows. The heroic deed of Jan Dobkevich, modest Polish man, who did not consider his behavior as heroic, should not be forgotten. Khaim Pokerman, a ghetto prisoner, was by profession an excellent motor-mechanic and plumber. He used to work in the army garage, repaired cars, saw to sanitary engineering at the Unity House (People’s House). He would often take his brother Meyer to work, with Germans’ permission. Khaim Pokerman lost his wife and two sons in the ghetto, but he was not killed because Germans needed his skillful hands. German officer Walter Kirch, chief of the garage, allowed them to run away a few days before the ghetto liquidation. In Daugavpils the brothers hid in a crater that was formed after an aviation bomb fall. They covered their dwelling place with a sheet of iron gradually deepening it. Somebody helped the Jews with bread and water. According to other evidence, the Pokerman brothers were hiding in underground communications as Khaim knew their layout well. In July 1944, the Red Army soldiers who liberated the city found the weakened Jews in the hole. In the hospital Khaim Pokerman was urgently asking for a meeting with a Soviet officer. Khaim told him that the People’s House had been mined. Sappers soon found the “infernal machine” and neutralized it. So the ghetto prisoner managed to save one of the most beautiful buildings which is still decorating the city. Abram Magid managed to survive not only because he was a skilful dental technician. On 28 October 1943, the ghetto prisoners were driven to the station to be taken to Riga. He managed to slip from the crowd, tear off yellow stars and run away. He found shelter with the Polish family of M. Nedvedtskaya. She transported him to Arseny Kornilov. A number of saving attempts through christening have been determined. These Jews were christened before the war. Jewish community as a rule disapproved of the denial of their ancestors’ belief. Sometimes the christening saved, sometimes it did not. Much depended on particular circumstances, participants of events and their actions. Any Jew in the ghetto or beyond it who was lucky to survive managed it not only due to his personal courage, psychic endurance, his “skilful hands” or a number of lucky coincidences but also thanks to their neighbours’ help – Polish, Latvian, Russian people, and sometimes even thanks to German Army soldiers and officers. Any Jew was sentenced to death by Nazism but savers sentenced to death themselves through saving other people. Helping and saving Jews these people put up resistance to fascism. This is the greatness of their heroism. 239
240 Novadpētnieku vākums Josifs Ročko Tas notika Preiļos Preiļu holokausta upuru piemiņai Par ebreju traģēdiju Daugavpils apriņķa nelielajā pilsētā Preiļos publicēti vairāki darbi. Vispirms jāmin piecpadsmitgadīgās Šeinas Gramas (1925–1941) dienasgrāmata, kas rakstīta no 1941. gada 22. jūnija līdz 1941. gada 8. augustam. Šis dokuments, kura autore ir traģēdijas lieciniece, atklāj gan holokausta upuru, gan slepkavu psiholoģiju. 1 Par Šeinas Gramas dienasgrāmatas izglābšanu rakstījis Izraēlas pētnieks Š. Latvinskis (Š. Preiļskis). 2 Dienasgrāmatas teksta analīzi veikusi Svetlana Bogojavļenska 3 un Boriss Volkovičs. 4 Tomēr par Šeinas Gramas personību, kā arī par to, kā tapusi viņas dienasgrāmata, nav daudz zināms. It kā bijuši divi dienasgrāmatas eksemplāri. “Viņa rakstīja dienasgrāmatas divos eksemplāros no 1941. gada 22. jūnija līdz 8. augustam, un tie abi eksemplāri tika atdoti dažiem cilvēkiem.” 5 Ir skaidrs, ka vācu okupācijas apstākļos piecpadsmitgadīga meitene nevarētu to darīt. Patiesībā dienasgrāmatu atrada Šeinas kaimiņiene Ivanovska. 1944. gada 26. jūnijā Preiļi tika atbrīvoti no vācu okupantiem. Kopā ar Sarkanās armijas pulkiem pilsētā ieradās Šeinas brālis Gutmans Grams. Pēc ievainojuma viņš atradās hospitālī Preiļos. Viņam Ivanovska atdeva Šeinas Gramas dienasgrāmatu. Acīmredzot G. Grams iepazīstināja ar dienasgrāmatas saturu tos, kuri vāca materiālus par vāciešu noziegumiem okupētajā teritorijā. Pirmo reizi dienasgrāmata publicēta “Nezināmajā Melnajā grāmatā”. 6 1944. gada septembrī G. Grams aizsūtīja dienasgrāmatu kopā ar vēstuli savai sievai Idai Cipukai, kura dzīvoja Mordvijā (Krasnoslobodskas rajonā, Krasnopoļskas ciematā). Šajā ciematā dzīvoja arī Š. Latvinskis. Pēc Š. Latvinska atmiņām, Ida Cipuka saņēma 10 × 15 centimetru lielu, dažu desmitu lappušu biezu piezīmju grāmatiņu kalikona iesējumā. Pirmajā lappusē bija rakstīts – “Šeinas Gramas dienasgrāmata”. Teksts bija jidišā, un tajā tika atspoguļoti notikumi no 1941. gada 22. jūnija līdz 8. augustam.
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LATVIJAS VĒSTURNIEKU KOMISIJAS RAK
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Latvijas Vēsturnieku komisija Latv
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SATURS Priekšvārds . . . . . . .
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Saturs Aigars Urtāns Holocaust in
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PRIEKŠVĀRDS Klajā nāk Latvijas
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Pieminot profesora Raula Hilberga i
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Ievada vietā. Pieminot profesora R
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PĒTĪJUMI PAR HOLOKAUSTA PROBLĒM
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Aivars Stranga Holokausts vācu oku
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Aivars Stranga. Holokausts vācu ok
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Krājuma rakstu autori Margoliss, R
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Latvijas VÄ“sturnieku komisijas raksti - 23.sÄ“jums

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