Latvijas LauksaimniecÄ«bas universitÄtes raksti nr. 18 (313) , 2007 ...

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I. Līpenīte, A. Kārkliņš Pētījumi par NPK bilanci zemnieku saimniecībā “Terēni”15.dairy farming system in Norway. Agriculture,Ecosystems & Environment, V. 104, Issue 3,pp. 509-522.Watson, C.A., Atkinson, D. (1999) Usingnitrogen budgets to indicate nitrogen useefficiency and losses from whole farm systems: acomparison of three methodological approaches.16.Nutrient Cycling in Agroecosystems, V. 53,pp. 259-267.Watson, C.A., Oborn, I., Eriksen, J., Edwards,A.C. (2005) Perspectives on nutrientmanagement in mixed farming systems. SoilUse and Management, V. 21, Supplement 1,pp. 132-140.PateicībaPētījums veikts ar LZP granta tēmas Nr. 01. 0765 un Eiropas Komisijas finansētā projekta PL 950231INCO–COPERNICUS atbalstu. Pateicība saimniecības īpašniekiem par atsaucību pētījumu veikšanā.16LLU Raksti 18 (313), 2007; 9-16
N. Bastienė, V. Šaulys Maintenance and Financing of Land Drainage in LithuaniaMaintenance and Financing of Land Drainage in LithuaniaZemes nosusināšanas sistēmu apsaimniekošana un finansēšana LietuvāNijolė BastienėWater Management Institute of the Lithuanian University of Agriculture, e-mail: vegelyte@delfi.ltŪdenssaimniecības institūts, Lietuvas Lauksaimniecības universitāte, e-pasts: vegelyte@delfi.ltValentinas ŠaulysDepartment of Hydraulics, Vilnius Gediminas Technical UniversityHidraulikas katedra, Viļņas Gedimina Tehniskā universitāteAbstract. The paper analyses the current situation in land reclamation sector in Lithuania and discussesagricultural drainage management under the conditions of market economy. Land reclamation practice playsa significant role in agriculture of Lithuania. Until 2004, about 2.98 million hectares (85.5%) of agriculturalland were drained. Though ownership rights to land were restored after regaining independence in 1990,privatization of land reclamation structures was not started along with the land reform. Drainage systemswere included into the state property. Their maintenance is government-funded and makes only 4.4 € ha -1 peryear on average, which is largely insufficient as drainage systems continuously deteriorate. The state bailoutmeasures for maintenance of land drainage should be optimized and geared to the economic expediency. Fourscenarios of the reallocation of subsidies for land drainage are submitted for approval. Having applied themethodology suggested, priority should be given to the regions where revenue from agriculture is highest.Therefore in the region of middle Lithuania where water regime control is profitable, current subsidies for landdrainage would increase by index 1.24±0.10. Whereas in the territory where land productivity is low and thepercentage of abandoned land is more than the mean value of the country, the financing would be reduced byindex 0.71±0.17.Key words: land drainage, maintenance, state subsidies, financing scenarios.IntroductionThe territory of Lithuania is subdivided into44 districts (municipalities) attributed to ten countieswith a total area of 65.3 thousand km 2 , about 60.6%of which are used for agriculture purposes. Specificclimate conditions, relief and soil properties haveresulted in certain hydrological problems (Motuzaset al., 1996). Excess water in the soil is evident in thespring snow-melt period and lack of water regimecontrol extremely aggravates agricultural activity andmechanization. Therefore the bulk (about 3 million ha)of agricultural land has been drained (Maziliauskaset al., 2005). The percentage of drained land variesfrom 35.4% in hilly areas to 98.8% in plain districtswith more fertile soils (Fig. 1).Until 1990, when Lithuania restored itsindependence, the land and land drainage structureswere exclusively the state property and were usedfor agricultural development, which was orientedtowards the Soviet Union (Russia) market (Šaulysand Lukianas, 2003). The situation changed whenthe land reform had started and ownership rights toland had been retrieved. As reorganization of landreclamation management was not carried out alongthe land reform, the agricultural land obtained twoowners: (1) the owner of the plot, and (2) the stateas the authority for the operation and maintenance ofimplemented drainage systems. As the landowners areeconomically weak, they are not interested in takingresponsibility for the operation and maintenance ofdrainage systems in their ownership and the statecannot always carry out the necessary maintenancebecause of the lack of funds (Offringa et al., 1999).Insufficient maintenance of drainage leads to systemsdeterioration.Similar problems emerged not only in Lithuania,but also in neighbor states that have economical straitsinfluenced by the process of transition. Dzalbe andBusmanis (2004) have mentioned that socio-economictransformations and privatization had affected thesituation in soil management in Latvia.The possibilities of reducing governmental bailoutfor land reclamation have been under considerationfor a long time because the merger of private and statecapital is complicated and, moreover, there is a lackof such experience in Lithuania. Several authors haveanalyzed the situation in land reclamation sector andhave discussed the advantages and disadvantages ofthe privatization of land drainage structures, as well asthe experience of land reclamation associations in theNetherlands, Norway, and Germany (Kuiper, 1998;Vaikasas et al., 1998; Šaulys and Lukianas, 2003;Maziliauskas, 2004). Monsees (2004) has proposedthat the administrative structure model of Water andSoil Associations could be applied to the countriessearching for modern institutional organizing formsLLU Raksti 18 (313), 2007; 17-2417
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3. tabula / Table 3Hematoloģiskie
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O. Kozinda, Z. Brūveris Rentgenomo
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G. Pavlovičs et al. Saldā ķirša
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