à tkZ % laHkkouk;sa] mi;ksx vkSj laj{k.kA Energy : Explore, Harness ...
à tkZ % laHkkouk;sa] mi;ksx vkSj laj{k.kA Energy : Explore, Harness ...
à tkZ % laHkkouk;sa] mi;ksx vkSj laj{k.kA Energy : Explore, Harness ...
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20oha jk’Vªh; cky foKku dkaxzsl&2012¼jk’Vªh; foKku ,oa izkS|ksfxdh lapkj ifj’kn~] foKku ,oa izkS|ksfxdh foHkkx] Hkkjr ljdkj dk dk;Zdze½jk’Vªh; vk;kstd% ,u-lh-,l-Vh-&usVodZ] ubZ fnYyh<strong>mi</strong> fo’k;%eq[; fo’k;%&ÅtkZ % <strong>laHkkouk</strong>;<strong>sa</strong>] <strong>mi</strong>;<strong>ksx</strong> <strong>vkSj</strong> <strong>laj</strong>{k.<strong>kA</strong><strong>Energy</strong> : <strong>Explore</strong>, <strong>Harness</strong> and Conserve1- ÅtkZ lalk/ku (<strong>Energy</strong> Resources)2- ÅtkZ&iz.kkyh (<strong>Energy</strong> Systems)3- ÅtkZ ,oa lekt (<strong>Energy</strong> and Society)4- ÅtkZ ,oa i;kZoj.k (<strong>Energy</strong> and Environment)5- ÅtkZ izca/ku ,oa <strong>laj</strong>{k.k (<strong>Energy</strong> Management & Conservation)6- ÅtkZ &;kstuk ,oa ekWMsfyax (<strong>Energy</strong>- Planning & Modelling)gekjs nSfud thou ,oa ns”k dh vkfFkZd izxfr ds fy, ^^ÅtkZ** dh ,d egRoiw.kZHkwfedk gSA fdlh Hkh lekt e<strong>sa</strong> izfr O;fDr ÅtkZ dh [kir mlds thou ;kiu dh xq.koÙkkn”kkZrh gSA vkfFkZd izxfr ,oa ÅtkZ&<strong>mi</strong>;<strong>ksx</strong> vkil e<strong>sa</strong> lh?ks tqM+s gq, gSaA D;ksfd mRiknu dslk/kuk<strong>sa</strong> dks pykus ds fy, ÅtkZ dh t:jr iM+rh gS A vxj xq.koÙkkiq.kZ ÅtkZ dh<strong>mi</strong>yC/krk gS rks ns”k dh oSKkfud ,o rduhdh izxfr Hkh vkxs c
vr% geus bl fo’k; dk pquko blfy, fd;k gS fd ge LFkkuh; ifjos”k e<strong>sa</strong> ÅtkZlalk/kuk<strong>sa</strong> ds <strong>mi</strong>;<strong>ksx</strong> dh tkWp ij[k dj<strong>sa</strong>] uokpkjh ÅtkZ iz.kkfy;k<strong>sa</strong> dk fodkl dj<strong>sa</strong> ,oa ÅtkZ<strong>laj</strong>{k.k ij uokpkjh ifj;kstuk;<strong>sa</strong> fodflr dj] LFkkuh; Nk=k<strong>sa</strong> ,oa lekt ds chp tkx:drkQSyk;<strong>sa</strong>A<strong>mi</strong>fo’k;&1- ÅtkZ lalk/ku%fdlh {ks= dk fodkl ÅtkZ lalk/ku dh <strong>mi</strong>yC/krk] igWWqp] laHkkfor {kerk, stock¼HkaMkj½ ,oa ÅtkZ lalk?ku dh t:jr ij fuHkZj djrk gSA bl <strong>mi</strong>fo’k; e<strong>sa</strong> ÅtkZ lalk/kuk<strong>sa</strong>dks fdl rjg dke e<strong>sa</strong> yxk;k tk; bl ij foPkkj djuk gSA ÅtkZ lalk/kuk<strong>sa</strong> ds nks izeq[klzksr gS& uohdj.kh; lzksr ,oa vuohdj.kh; lzksrA uohdj.kh; lzksr e<strong>sa</strong> lkSj ÅtkZ ¼rkih;,oa QksVksoksYVkbd½] ty& ÅtkZ] ok;q& ÅtkZ] ck;ksekl ¼tykou dh ydM+h] ck;ks&rsy½,oa ck;ks& bFksukWy <strong>vkSj</strong> ck;ksMhty vkrs gSaA vuohdj.kh; ÅtkZ lalk/ku e<strong>sa</strong> dks;yk rFkkfyXukbV] dzwM rsy] izkd`frd xSl ,oa ukfHkdh; ÅtkZ gSAifj;kstuk&1 vius {ks= e<strong>sa</strong> ÅtkZ lalk/kuk<strong>sa</strong> dk ys[kk&tks[kk dj<strong>sa</strong> rFkk fdlh ,d ÅtkZ&lalk/ku ds uokpkjh <strong>mi</strong>;<strong>ksx</strong> ij v/;;u dj<strong>sa</strong>Acky oSKkfudk<strong>sa</strong> dk lewg LFkku fo”ks’k e<strong>sa</strong> ÅtkZ lalk/ku muds vHkh ds <strong>mi</strong>;<strong>ksx</strong>] Hkfo’; e<strong>sa</strong>mlds u;s <strong>mi</strong>;<strong>ksx</strong> ij v/;;u dj<strong>sa</strong>xsAlzksrk<strong>sa</strong> dks fofHkUu lewg e<strong>sa</strong> ckaV ldrs gSa tSfod ;k vtSfod rFkk iqu% uohdj.kh;(Renewable) ,oa vuohdj.kh; (Non-renewable)A bUg<strong>sa</strong> lj.kho) dj<strong>sa</strong>Avc buds vusd izdkj ds <strong>mi</strong>;<strong>ksx</strong> ¼nSfud thou es<strong>sa</strong>½ dk lwphdj.k ¼lk{kkRdkj ds vk/kkjij½ fd;k tk ldrk gSAfdlh ,d ÅtkZ&lzksr ds iz;<strong>ksx</strong> dk izfr:i cuk;<strong>sa</strong> ftlls fd LFkkuh; Lrj ij ÅtkZ&lzksrdk uokpkjh <strong>mi</strong>;<strong>ksx</strong> laHko gSAifj;kstuk&2 vius {ks= e<strong>sa</strong> lkSj ,oa rkih; ÅtkZ ds lzksrk<strong>sa</strong> dk v/;;uAvko”;d lkexzh&¼1½ xk¡o dk uD”kk ¼2½ ¼Vksdjh½ rFkk rjktw@ dekuhnkj rqykfdlh xk¡o ;k {ks= dk pquko dj<strong>sa</strong> % mldk ekufp=.k dj<strong>sa</strong>A vkdyu dj<strong>sa</strong> fd xk¡o e<strong>sa</strong> fdrus/kj gS rFkk izfr /kj fdrus y<strong>ksx</strong> gSA ¼,d losZ{k.k&iz”ukoyh cuk dj QkeZ@[ksr rFkk?kjsyq dpjs dk ifjek.k vkdM+k Hkh bdB~Bk dj<strong>sa</strong>½izfr ?kj fdrus ikyrw tkuoj gSa \lkj.khtkuoj ds izdkj la[;kxk;cSyHkSal-------2
tkuojk<strong>sa</strong> ds xkscj dk ifjek.k izfr ?kj izfr fnu dk vkdyu dj<strong>sa</strong>A vU; tSfod lzksr dkvkadM+k y<strong>sa</strong>A dqy tSfod lzksr dks ÅtkZ@ifjek.k e<strong>sa</strong> cny<strong>sa</strong>A vc o’kZ Hkj ds fy, ;k fofHkUuekSle e<strong>sa</strong> <strong>mi</strong>yC/k ck;ks&lzksr dk ifjek.k fudky<strong>sa</strong>Aifj;kstuk&3 LFkkuh; ty&fo|qr ÅtkZ lalk/ku dk v/;;u ¼ty izokg dh xfrt ÅtkZdk vkdyu½vko”;d lkexzh1- lzksr dk uD”kk2- jaxhu dye] Vªsflax isij] uksVcqd3- jLlh] ckal ds VqdM+s4- NM+h5- ekid&Vsivius {ks= e<strong>sa</strong> ,d ty&izokg dk lzksr dks pqus ¼NksVh unh ;k flapkbZ dk ugj½ ;k izk;ksfxdty izokg ifj;kstuk cuk;<strong>sa</strong>Avc ty izokg ds yackbZ ds vuq ,d VqdM+s dks y<strong>sa</strong>Aizokg ds yacor~ nksuks fdukjk<strong>sa</strong> ij iksy dh lgk;rk ls jLLkh cka/k n<strong>sa</strong>Aizokg dh pkSM+kbZ dk eki dj<strong>sa</strong>Aty dh xgjkbZ dk Hkh vkSlr eki y<strong>sa</strong>Avc izokg e<strong>sa</strong> ,d rSjrk gqvk lwpd j[k<strong>sa</strong> rFkk blds ,d fdukjs ls nwljs rd tkus e<strong>sa</strong> yxsle; dk voyksdu dj<strong>sa</strong>AjfLl;k<strong>sa</strong> ds chp dh nwjh vxj L gS rks osx(v)= L@le;= ty dh pky g<strong>ksx</strong>hAvxj izokg ds dkV dk {ks=Qy A oxZ ehVj gS¼A= xgjkbZ x pkSM+kbZ½ rks izokfgr ty dkvk;ru = A x L vk;ruvr% ty dh ek=k M= d.P tgk¡ d= ty dk ?kUkRo gS = 1000 kg/m 3K.E.=1/2 M.V 2 = 1/2. A.L.d.u 2vxj bl izokg dh ÅtkZ ls ,d Vjckbu pyk;k tk; rks fo|qr ÅtkZ iSnk dh tk ldrhgSA ,d Vjckbu yxk dj iz;<strong>ksx</strong> dj<strong>sa</strong>AdqN ifj;kstuk fopkj%‣ vius vkl ikl ds {ks= e<strong>sa</strong> ÅtkZ lalk/kuk<strong>sa</strong> dh igpku ,oa v/;;u dju<strong>kA</strong>‣ vius xzke ;k {ks= e<strong>sa</strong> lkSj ÅtkZ dk vkdyuA‣ vius xzke ;k {ks= e<strong>sa</strong> ck;ksekWl laHkkfor {kerk dk v/;;u A‣ {ks= ds ok;q ÅtkZ dk ekufp=.<strong>kA</strong>‣ ck;ks&xSl Potential dk v/;;u A‣ jlksbZ&/kj ds dpjs dk ck;<strong>ksx</strong>Sl laHkkfor {kerk dk v/;;u A3
2- ÅtkZ iz.kkfy;kW&bl <strong>mi</strong>fo’k; e<strong>sa</strong> ÅtkZ lzksrk<strong>sa</strong> dk ijLij tqM+ko rFkk ,d :Ik ls nwljs :i e<strong>sa</strong>cnyko] ÅtkZ dk lapkj ,oa forj.k ds ckjs e<strong>sa</strong> v/;;u dj ldrs gSaA ;g eq[;r% ÅtkZ ds:ikarj.k ls fofHkUu dk;ksZa dks djus ds <strong>mi</strong>dj.k@e”khu cukus ls lacaf/kr gS ;k mu e”khuk<strong>sa</strong>dh {kerk ;k dk;Zdq”kyrk dh tkWp ls lacaf/kr gSAifj;kstuk&1 fdlh xzkeh.k {ks= e<strong>sa</strong> [kkuk cukus e<strong>sa</strong> <strong>mi</strong>;<strong>ksx</strong> gksus okys pwYgs dh ÅtkZ&n{krkdk fu/kkZj.k AmÌs”; %Û {ks= e<strong>sa</strong> <strong>mi</strong>;<strong>ksx</strong> gks jgs pwYgs ds fofHkUu izdkj dks fpfUgr dju<strong>kA</strong>Û pwYgs dh cukoV ,oa vU; fo”ks’krkvk<strong>sa</strong> dh igpkuAÛ fofHkUu izdkj ds pwYgs dh ÅtkZ n{krk dh rqyuk dj ^loksZÙke pwYgs* dkfu/kkZj.<strong>kA</strong>fØ;kfof/k %Û {ks= e<strong>sa</strong> fofHkUu izdkj ds pwYgs dks fpfUgr djus gsrq voyksduAÛ budh cukoV ,oa vU; fo”ks’krkvk<strong>sa</strong> dks uksV dj<strong>sa</strong>AÛ fofHkUu pwYgs ds design dk vkjs[k cuk;<strong>sa</strong>AÛ pwYgk<strong>sa</strong> ds design ds varj dk fo”ys’k.k dj<strong>sa</strong>AÛ fofHkUu izdkj ds pwYgs dks oxhZd`r dj<strong>sa</strong>AÛ gj oxZ ls ,d izfrfuf/k pwYgk ysdj mldk <strong>mi</strong>;<strong>ksx</strong> dj [kk| inkFkZ idkus e<strong>sa</strong> yxsle; dks fjdkMZ dj<strong>sa</strong>A ¼;g iz;<strong>ksx</strong> [kkl ifjek.k dk [kk| inkFkZ] ,d leku cjru e<strong>sa</strong>rFkk cjkcj tykou dh ek=k ds lkFk djuk g<strong>ksx</strong>k½Û <strong>mi</strong>jksDr iz;<strong>ksx</strong> ds vkadM+k<strong>sa</strong> dk fo”ys’k.k dj ^loksZÙke pwYgk*@lcls n{k&vaxhBh dkfu/kkZj.k dj<strong>sa</strong>AÛ vxj pwYgs ds design e<strong>sa</strong> ifjorZu fd;k tk; rks budh n{krk fdl izdkj izHkkforgksrh gS \dqN ifj;kstuk&fopkj1- ,d NksVk ^ok;q&Vjckbu* cuk;<strong>sa</strong> rFkk eksVj yxkdj] fofHkUu osx ij bls pykdjbldk power output dk v/;;u dj<strong>sa</strong>A2- lfCt;k<strong>sa</strong> dks rktk j[kus ds fy, ÅtkZ&jfgr “khryd (refrigerator) cuk;<strong>sa</strong> ,oabldh dk;Zdq”kyrk dk v/;;u dj<strong>sa</strong>3- tSo inkFkksZa ds jl e<strong>sa</strong> ¼tSls uhacw]vkyw ;k xkscj ikuh feJ.k½ electrolyte dk xq.kgksrk gSA buls voltaic cell cukdj mldh xq.koÙkk dk v/;;u dj<strong>sa</strong>4- fofHkUu inkFkksZa ds bysDVªksM dk vyx&vyx bysDVªksykbV e<strong>sa</strong> v/;;u A4
5- ,d lkSj& ÅtkZ IysV ls cSVjh pktZ dj<strong>sa</strong>A pkftZax ds le; oksYV≤ dkjs[kkfp= cuk;s a rFkk fQj cSVjh ls ,y-bZ-Mh- cYc tksM+ dj fMlpktZ dk HkhoksYV≤ v/;;u dj<strong>sa</strong>A6- fofHkUu lkSj&izdk”k dh fLFkfr e<strong>sa</strong> lksyj&IysV dks fofHkUu dks.kk<strong>sa</strong> ij j[kdj HkhegÙke ikoj vkmViqV dk v/;;u A7- ,d lal`rdkjh lksyj dqdj cuk;<strong>sa</strong> rFkk mlds Qksdl fcUnq ij dk rkieku uksVdj<strong>sa</strong>A8- ,d fo|qr&xhtj ,oa lksyj okVj ghVj ds dk;Z dk rqyukRed v/;;u dj<strong>sa</strong>A9- ,d lksyj dqdj ¼Iykb cksMZ ,oa vU; <strong>mi</strong>yC/k lkexzh ls½ cukdj [kkuk idk;<strong>sa</strong> rFkkfofHkUu [kk| inkFkksZa ds idus ds le; dk v/;;u dj<strong>sa</strong>A10- jksM&ifjogu e<strong>sa</strong> ÅtkZ&iz.kkfy;k<strong>sa</strong> dk v/;;u11- ekuo&pkfyr lkbZfdy&fjDlk ds ÅtkZ izfr:i ¼profile) dk v/;;uA12- fofHkUu inkFkksZa ls cus dejs ds Nr dk dejs ds vanj ds rkieku ls laca/<strong>kA</strong>13- gfjr&Hkou (Green Building) e<strong>sa</strong> fofHkUu ÅtkZ iz.kkfy;k<strong>sa</strong> dh lkis{k Hkwfedk dkv/;;uA14- dkcZfud vif”k’Vk<strong>sa</strong> ls fudys xSl ds ifjek.k dk vkdyu@v/;;u¼tSls xkscj]lfCt;k<strong>sa</strong> dk vif”k’V] Hkkstu vif”k’V] uxjikfydk dk Bksl vif”k"V vkfn½15- fofHkUu dk;ksZa e<strong>sa</strong> ekuo ÅtkZ dk vkdyu&tSls dqa;s ls ikuh ykuk] pkjk dkVuk<strong>vkSj</strong> ys tkuk] tkuojk<strong>sa</strong> dh lgk;rk ls [ksr rS;kj djuk½ bud dk;ksZa dks ijEijkxrÅtkZ lzksrk<strong>sa</strong> ls djus ij yxrs ÅtkZ ifj.kke ds lkFk rqyukRed v/;;uA16- xzkeh.k ikfjfLFkfrdh ra= e<strong>sa</strong> eosf”k;k<strong>sa</strong> }kjk dk;Z lEiUu djuk ¼tSls xkM+h [khapuk]xkscj ls tykou cukuk½ rFkk blls fdrus ijEijkxr ÅtkZ lzksr dh cpr dkvkdyu dju<strong>kA</strong>17- fofHkUu inkFkksZa ,oa vkdkj ds crZuk<strong>sa</strong> e<strong>sa</strong> ikuh mckyuk ;k xeZ djus e<strong>sa</strong> yxh ÅtkZdk v/;;u rFkk lcls n{k iz.kkyh dk irk dju<strong>kA</strong>18- ,d ckxhps ds j[k&j[kko e<strong>sa</strong> yxs dqy ÅtkZ dk v/;;uA19- nks izdkj ds izkd`frd ikfjfLFkfrd ra= e<strong>sa</strong> ^^[kk|&latky** dk rqYkukRed v/;;u20- uko ds j[k&j[kko e<strong>sa</strong> yxs lkis{k ÅtkZ dk v/;;u21- flapkbZ iz.kkyh e<strong>sa</strong> ÅtkZ <strong>mi</strong>;<strong>ksx</strong> ,oa iz.kkyh dh xq.koÙkk dk v/;;uA22- [kk| izlaLdj.k (Food Processing) e<strong>sa</strong> ÅtkZ <strong>mi</strong>;<strong>ksx</strong> ,oa gkfu dk v/;;uA23- xzkeh.k {ks= e<strong>sa</strong> fofHkUu pqYgs ds ÅtkZ n{krk (efficiency) dk rqYkukRed v/;;u24- ck;ksekl dk v/;;uA25- fofHkUu rjg ds ck;ksekl e<strong>sa</strong> dkcZu dk v/;;uA5
3- ÅtkZ ,oa lektfdlh Hkh jkT; ds fodkl e<strong>sa</strong> ÅtkZ egRoiw.kZ vax gSA d`f’kZ] m|<strong>ksx</strong>]LokLFk] iVou]euksjatu ] ?kj] f”k{kk] euksjatu] lapkj bR;knh lHkh dk;ksZa e<strong>sa</strong> ÅtkZ [kpZ gksrk gS vr% budsmÙkjksÙkj fodkl dh t:jr gSA lekt ds fofHkUu oxksZa dks ÅtkZ dh <strong>mi</strong>yC/krk Hkh t:jhgSA ÅtkZ ds <strong>mi</strong>;<strong>ksx</strong> dk lkekftd izHkko Hkh gSA ekuo thou dh lqj{kk] xq.koÙkk ,oalkekftd ykHk ÅtkZ&[kir@<strong>mi</strong>;<strong>ksx</strong> ls lh/kk tqM+k gSA bl <strong>mi</strong>fo"k; e<strong>sa</strong> ÅtkZ dklkekftd thou ls laca/kk<strong>sa</strong> ds ysdj v/;;;u dh tk ldrh gSAifj;kstuk&1 fyax ds vk/kkj ij ÅtkZ&[kir izfr:i (Gender wise energyconsumption pattern)bl v/;;u e<strong>sa</strong> fofHkUu mez&lewg ds f”k{kk O;olk;] vkfFkZd oxZ&lewg vkfn ds vk/kkj ijÅtkZ&[kir dk izfr:i cuk;k tk;xk] ftlls ;g tkudkjh fey ldrh gS fd lekt e<strong>sa</strong>fdl oxZ ;k fyax&lewg ds }kjk lekt ds ÅtkZ [kir ij fu;a=.k jgrk gS ,oa lekt dsÅtkZ&[kpZ dks dSls fu;af=r fd;k tk;AfØ;kfof/k&{ks= fo”ks’k dks fpfUgr dj mle<strong>sa</strong> ?kjk<strong>sa</strong> dk pquko dj y<strong>sa</strong>&LFkkuh; vfHkys[k ds vk/kkj ij fofHkUu mez&oxZ e<strong>sa</strong> fyax lewg dh lwpuk izkIr dj<strong>sa</strong>A vkfFkZdvk/kkj ij fyax ,oa mez ij mudk oxhZdj.k dj y<strong>sa</strong>Aiz”ukoyh dh lgk;rk ls mudks O;olk; ds vk/kkj ij oxhZd`r dj y<strong>sa</strong> rFkk izfr”kr e<strong>sa</strong>vkadMk fn[kk,¡A ¼tSls d`f’k]m|<strong>ksx</strong>] vkWfQl] fo|ky;] ?kjsyw dk;Z vkfn½ifjogu dk izdkj % budh vko`frmuds }kjk fo|qr ÅtkZ dk <strong>mi</strong>;<strong>ksx</strong> ¼mnkgj.k ds fy, fdlh ?kj e<strong>sa</strong> efgykvk<strong>sa</strong> <strong>vkSj</strong> iq:’kk<strong>sa</strong> ds}kjk fctyh [kir dk vkdyu½vkfFkZd oxZ ,oa ÅtkZ [kpZ ds chp ds laca/k dk rqyukRed v/;;u dj<strong>sa</strong>Avk¡dM+k<strong>sa</strong> dk laxzg dj<strong>sa</strong> rFkk vkfFkZd oxZ e<strong>sa</strong> fyax ds vk/kkj ij ÅtkZ <strong>mi</strong>;<strong>ksx</strong> ds chp laca/kfudky<strong>sa</strong>A blh rjg f”k{kk ,oa O;olk; ls ÅtkZ <strong>mi</strong>;<strong>ksx</strong> dk laca/k fudky<strong>sa</strong>Afu’d’kZ %bl xfrfof/k ls ÅtkZ [kir ij fyax ds izHkko dh tkudkjh feysxh rFkk {ks= e<strong>sa</strong> ÅtkZlalk/ku ds fyax vk/kkj ij <strong>mi</strong>;<strong>ksx</strong> ds izfr:i(Profile) dh tkudkjh feysxhAifj;kstuk&2 % [kk| inkFkZ ,oa larqfyr vkgkj e<strong>sa</strong> ÅtkZ dh <strong>mi</strong>;ksfxr<strong>kA</strong>vkt Hkkstu dh rS;kjh e<strong>sa</strong> izpqj ÅtkZ dk iz;<strong>ksx</strong> gks jgk gS rFkk ;g fofHkUu thou “kSyh ijHkh fuHkZj jgrk gSA gj HkksT; inkFkZ dh dSyksjh ÅtkZ ,oa bls rS;kj djus e<strong>sa</strong> [kpZ dh xbZÅtkZ dk rqyrkRed v/;;u djuk ,d vPNk iz;<strong>ksx</strong> gks ldrk gSAmís”; %fofHkUu HkksT; inkFkZ ds cukus e<strong>sa</strong> yxh ÅtkZ tks fd ,d leku dSyksjh nsrh gS&,dv/;;uA1- fofHkUu Hkkstu iz.kkfy;k<strong>sa</strong> ds HkksT; inkFkZ pqu y<strong>sa</strong>&tSls ikjaifjd Hkkjrh; Hkkstu] vk/kqfudHkksT; inkFkZ] pkbuht bR;kfnA2- gj HkksT; inkFkZ dk dSyksjh eku fpfUgr dj y<strong>sa</strong>A6
3- fofHkUu HkksT; inkFkZ dk ifjek.k fudky<strong>sa</strong> tks ,d leku dSyksjh eku nsrh gSA4- bu HkksT; inkFkZ dks cukus ds iz.kkyh dks fpfUgr dj] bldh rS;kjh e<strong>sa</strong> yxs ÅtkZ dkifjek.k fudky<strong>sa</strong>AfofHkUu izdkj ds Hkkstu dks cukus e<strong>sa</strong> yxh ÅtkZ dk ifjek.k fudky<strong>sa</strong> tks fd ,d lekudSyksjh ÅtkZ ge<strong>sa</strong> nsrh gSA;g ifj;kstuk ge<strong>sa</strong> vius Hkkstu ds Lokn] thou i)fr bR;kfn ds ÅtkZ&[kpZ ds ckjs e<strong>sa</strong>tkudkjh nsrh gS Aifj;kstuk&3 % LoLFk jgus gsrq ÅtkZ&[kpZAvk/kqfud thou “kSyh e<strong>sa</strong> fte] gsYFk Dyc ,oa vU; dsUnz tgk¡ fd dljrdj “kjhj ls vfrfjDr dSyksjh [kpZ dh tkrh gS] bldk pyu c
mís”; %1- ,d lewg ¼xkWo@eqgYyk<strong>sa</strong> ds ?kj½ ds }kjk dqy fdruh ÅtkZ R;ksgkj ds fnuk<strong>sa</strong> e<strong>sa</strong> [kpZ dhtkrh gS rFkk vU; fnuk<strong>sa</strong> e<strong>sa</strong> [kpZ dh xbZ ÅtkZ ifjek.k dk vkdyuA2- <strong>mi</strong>jksDr vkadM+k<strong>sa</strong> dk rqyukRed v/;;u dj<strong>sa</strong>A3- {ks= e<strong>sa</strong> fdl rjg ÅtkZ viO;; dks de fd;k tk ldrk gS \fØ;kfof/k %yxHkx 50 ?kjk<strong>sa</strong> ds lewg dks fpfUgr dj<strong>sa</strong>Alk{kkRdkj }kjk muds ÅtkZ [kpZ dh lwpuk ysdj vkdyu dj<strong>sa</strong> fd R;ksgkj ds fnuk<strong>sa</strong> e<strong>sa</strong> rFkkvU; fnuk<strong>sa</strong> e<strong>sa</strong> mudh ÅtkZ <strong>mi</strong>;<strong>ksx</strong> dh D;k fLFkfr gSAR;ksgkjk<strong>sa</strong> ds eghus e<strong>sa</strong> rFkk vU; eghuk<strong>sa</strong> es a muds fctyh ds fcy dk rqYukRed v/;;uAfu’d’kZ %ÅtkZ dh cpr djus ds rjhds lq>k;s tk ldrs gSaAR;ksgkj eukus ds rkSj rjhdk<strong>sa</strong> e<strong>sa</strong> cnyko djuktkx:drk dk;ZØe pyku<strong>kA</strong>dqN ifj;kstuk&foPkkj‣ ÅtkZ <strong>mi</strong>;<strong>ksx</strong> dk fyax ¼gender) ifjn`”;@izfr:iA‣ ÅtkZ [kir@<strong>mi</strong>;<strong>ksx</strong> ds ifjorZu dk ekuo thou&”kSyh ,oa lekt ij izHkko A‣ LoLFk thou ds fy, ÅtkZA‣ ekuoh; vk/kkjHkwr t:jrk<strong>sa</strong> ds fy, ÅtkZ rFkk thou&lqj{k<strong>kA</strong>‣ jlksbZ e<strong>sa</strong> ck;ks ÅtkZ lzksr dk n{k <strong>mi</strong>;<strong>ksx</strong>A‣ Hkkstu&iz.kkyh dk ÅtkZ izfr:iA‣ R;ksgkjk<strong>sa</strong> ds volj ij ÅtkZ <strong>mi</strong>;<strong>ksx</strong> e<strong>sa</strong> cnyko&lekt ij bldk izHkko‣ d`f’k {ks= e<strong>sa</strong> cnyrs rjhdk<strong>sa</strong> ds dkj.k ÅtkZ <strong>mi</strong>;<strong>ksx</strong> e<strong>sa</strong> cnyko ¼~Qly] eos”kh] [kkndk <strong>mi</strong>;<strong>ksx</strong>½‣ fofHkUu lkekftd {ks=k<strong>sa</strong> e<strong>sa</strong> lkeqnkf;d dsUnzk<strong>sa</strong> ds }kjk ÅtkZ dh cprA4- ÅtkZ ,oa i;kZoj.kvuohdj.kh; ÅtkZ lzksrk<strong>sa</strong> ds }kjk ÅtkZ ds <strong>mi</strong>;<strong>ksx</strong> ls ge<strong>sa</strong>”kk i;kZoj.k izHkkfor gksrkjgk gS] tSls dks;yk] dzwM&rsy bR;kfnA bu lzksrk<strong>sa</strong> ls mRiknu] izlaLdj.k] <strong>mi</strong>;<strong>ksx</strong> ;k ÅtkZ,d txg ls nwljh txg ys tkus e<strong>sa</strong> ÅtkZ gkfu ] lHkh dk izHkko fn[kkbZ iM+rk gSA gedg ldrs gSa fd ;g i;kZoj.kh; izHkko fodkl ls tqM+k gh jgrk gSA bl <strong>mi</strong>fo"k; e<strong>sa</strong>izfrHkkxh fofHkUu mRiknu ds la;a=k<strong>sa</strong> ÅtkZ lapkj ;k ÅtkZ ifjogu rFkk ÅtkZ ds <strong>mi</strong>;<strong>ksx</strong> lstqMs+ i;kZoj.kh; izHkko dk v?;;u dj ldrs gSaA8
ifj;kstuk&1 dks;yk vk/kkfjr rki fcyth ?kj dk i;kZoj.kh; izHkko&rki fotyh ?kj ds vkl&ikl jk[k (Fly ash) dk vPNk ifj.kke ok;qeaMy e<strong>sa</strong>fu’ikfnr gksrk jgrk gSA blds i;kZoj.kh; izHkko dk v/;;u dj blls cpko ds rjhdsfudkys tk ldrs gSaAmn~ns”;&i;kZoj.kh; izHkko dk vkdyu rFkk iznw’k.k dk ekuo LokLF; ij izHkko ALFkkuh; ikfjra= ij iznw’k.k dk izHkko ALFkkuh; {ks= e<strong>sa</strong> izHkko&lhek dk v/;;u AfØ;k fof/k%d % rki fctyh ?kj ds ckjs e<strong>sa</strong> vk/kkjHkwr tkudkfj;k¡ ysu<strong>kA</strong>fctyh ?kj dk LFkkiuk&o’kZ fctyh ?kj dh {kerkizfr fnu fdruk ba/ku [kpZ gksrk gS \jk[k rFkk vU; iznw’kd dk ifjek.k izfr fnujk[k rFkk vU; iznw’kd dgk¡ Qsds tkrs gSaaAbLrseky gq, ty dk ifjek.k rFkk ty lzksr ij izHkko[k % i;kZoj.kh; izHkko ds ckjs e<strong>sa</strong> tkudkjh bdB~Bk djuk&{ks= dk ,d ekufp= rS;kj dj<strong>sa</strong>] ftle<strong>sa</strong> rki fctyh ?kj dsUnz e<strong>sa</strong> gks&{ks=&uD”ks e<strong>sa</strong> 3 o`r cuk;<strong>sa</strong>A ,d 1 fdeh f=T;k dk nwljk 1 ls 3fdeh rd dkrhljk 3 ls 5 fdeh f=T;k d<strong>kA</strong>fofHkUu o`r ds {ks= e<strong>sa</strong> LokLF; leL;k;k<strong>sa</strong> ds ckjs e<strong>sa</strong> lwpuk;as ,d= dj<strong>sa</strong>A losZ{k.k fof/kviuk;<strong>sa</strong>Avc QsQM+s] peZ j<strong>ksx</strong> ,oa vU; LokLF; lac/kh chekfj;k<strong>sa</strong> ds ckjs e<strong>sa</strong> lwpukbdB~Bk dj<strong>sa</strong> ¼fctyh ?kj yxus ds igys rFkk ckn e<strong>sa</strong>½ikl ds LokLF; dsUnz ls tkudkjh ysdj viuh lwpuk dk feyku dj<strong>sa</strong>ALFkkuh; MkDVj ,oa LokLF; dk;ZdÙkkZvk<strong>sa</strong> ls laidZ dj& fctyh ?kj ds fofHkUu nwjhij jgus okys y<strong>ksx</strong>k<strong>sa</strong> ds LokLF; dk vkadM+k y<strong>sa</strong>Aifj;kstuk&2 ifÙk;k<strong>sa</strong> ds izdk”k la”ys’k.k (Photosynthesis) fØ;k ij gok e<strong>sa</strong> rSjrs d.kk<strong>sa</strong>dk izHkko&ifjn`”;%ikS/kk<strong>sa</strong> ds ifÙk;k<strong>sa</strong> ij fofHkUu m|<strong>ksx</strong> rFkk fctyh ?kj ls fu’ikfnr /kqa;s ds d.k cSBtkrs gSa rFkk blls muds Stomata ds fNnz can gks tkrs gSaA vr% izdk”k la”ys’k.k dhfØ;k ckf/kr gks tkrh gS A pwafd gekjs [kk| inkFkZ mRiknu e<strong>sa</strong> ikS/kk<strong>sa</strong> dk egRoiw.kZ LFkku gSvr% gekjk ikfjra= izHkkfor gks tkrk gS&mÌs”;%izdk”k la”ys’k.k ds nj ij ifÙk;k<strong>sa</strong> ds <strong>mi</strong>j Bksl@/kwy d.kk<strong>sa</strong> ds vkPNkfnr gksus dkizHkko&Kkr dju<strong>kA</strong>fØ;kfof/k%iz;<strong>ksx</strong> ds fy, xeys e<strong>sa</strong> yxs ikS/ks ;k ckxhps ds ikS/kk<strong>sa</strong> dk <strong>mi</strong>;<strong>ksx</strong> dj ldrs gSA xeys dksckgj j[k n<strong>sa</strong>A9
,d lewg ds ikS/kk<strong>sa</strong> ds ifÙk;k<strong>sa</strong> dks jkst lqcg ,oa “kke e<strong>sa</strong> /kks n<strong>sa</strong> ¼ty dk Qqgkjk nsdj½nwljs lewg ds ikS/kk<strong>sa</strong> dks oSls gh NksM+ n<strong>sa</strong>AdqN ifj;kstuk foPkkj& cM+s FkeZy ikoj IykaV ¼dks;yk vk/kkfjr½ dk LFkkuh; i;kZoj.k ij izHkkoA ok;q e<strong>sa</strong> rSjrs gq, d.kk<strong>sa</strong> dk QksVksflfUFkfll fdz;k ij izHkkoA jlksbZ e<strong>sa</strong> ck;ks&ÅtkZ lzksr ds <strong>mi</strong>;<strong>ksx</strong> ds }kjk fL=;k<strong>sa</strong> ds LokLF; ij izHkkoA ikoj IykaV ls fudys jk[k ¼Fly Ash) dk tSofofo/krk ,oa ekuo LokLFk ij izHkko eksVjxkM+h ls fudys ?kqW;s dk ekuo LokLFk ij izHkko fdlh ty fo|qr ifj;kstuk ds i;kZoj.kh; izHkko ¼ikfjfLFkfrd ra= rFkk leqnk;ij½ dk vkdyuA jlksbZ ?kj dk ?kqWv<strong>kA</strong> FkeZy ikoj IykaV ds vif”k’V ty ds }kjk tyh; thok<strong>sa</strong> dk iznw’k.<strong>kA</strong> Ikkoj & ykbUl ds dkj.k tkuojk<strong>sa</strong> dh e`R;q A rst jks'kuh ds pkjks vksj iraxk<strong>sa</strong> dk teko rFkk mudk Hkkstu djus okys thok<strong>sa</strong> dkteko&budh la[;k ij IkzHkkoA ok;q& ÅtkZ mRiknu la;a= dk fpfM+;k<strong>sa</strong> ,oa nwljs tkuojk<strong>sa</strong> ij izHkko ¼,slh fjiksVZfeyh gS fd ok;q Vjckbu e<strong>sa</strong> Ql dj fpfM+;ka] ,oa izoklh if{k;k<strong>sa</strong> ¼Mignant birds)dh e`R;q gks tkrh gS dks;yk [knku {ks= eas ihus ds ikuh ,oa flapkbZ ty dk iznw’k.<strong>kA</strong> [knku {ks= ds vkl&ikl lYQj ,oa /kwy d.kk<strong>sa</strong> dk izHkkoA baV&HkV~Bs ds }kjk ÅtkZ <strong>mi</strong>;<strong>ksx</strong>&tykou&ydM+h dk <strong>mi</strong>;<strong>ksx</strong> ,oa bldk izHkkoA d`f’k {ks= e<strong>sa</strong> ÅtkZ <strong>mi</strong>;<strong>ksx</strong> rFkk i;kZoj.kh; izHkkoA d`f’k gsrq tehu rS;kj djus ]Qly dkVus] nwljs LFkku ij ys tkus rFkk izlaLdj.k(processing) e<strong>sa</strong> ÅtkZ dk <strong>mi</strong>;<strong>ksx</strong> rFkk oSdfYid rjhds fudkyuk [kk|&inkFkZ dh ÅtkZ&n{krk ÅtkZ <strong>mi</strong>;<strong>ksx</strong> ,oa ÅtkZ iSnk djus ds lanHkZ e<strong>sa</strong> A cSVjh vif”k’V dk izHkko&[kkl dj d<strong>sa</strong>pqvk ;k vU; lw{e thok<strong>sa</strong> ij A Bksl&vif”k’V&buds }kjk ÅtkZ mRiknu ds izfdz;k dk i;kZoj.kh; izHkko¼Mk;dlhu] lYQj Mk; vkWDlkbM] dkcZu&eksuksDlkbM] dkcZu MkbZ vkWDlkbM ,oanwljs tgjhyh xSl fudyrh gSa rFkk muds fuiVku dh oSdfYid O;oLFkk (dispo<strong>sa</strong>l)izkIr dju<strong>kA</strong>5- ÅtkZ izca/ku ,oa <strong>laj</strong>{k.kizca/ku dk vFkZ gS fd ÅtkZ ds fofHkUUk lzksrk<strong>sa</strong> dks ns[krs gq, oÙkZeku t:jr] t:jrdk Lrj rFkk ÅtkZ nw:i;<strong>ksx</strong> ,oa vif”k’V dks ns[krs gq, ,slh iz.kkyh fodflr dh tk;10
ftlls egÙke ÅtkZ dk <strong>mi</strong>;<strong>ksx</strong> vius dk;Z e<strong>sa</strong> dj ldasA vif”k’V ;k nw:Ik;<strong>ksx</strong> ds fofHkUudkj.k gks ldrs gSa tSls vlko/kkuh] xyr rjhdks dk pquko] e”khu iqjkuk gksuk] lapj.kgkfu rFkk vU; dks U;wure djus ds fy, ge ,sls <strong>mi</strong>k; dj ldrs gSaA ge ubZ izca/kuiz.kkyh Hkh rS;kj dj ldrs gSa tks ubZ rduhd dk <strong>mi</strong>;<strong>ksx</strong> dj<strong>sa</strong> rFkk <strong>laj</strong>{k.k ds dkjxj<strong>mi</strong>k; fd, tk ldrs gSaAÅtkZ izca/ku dk eq[; mÌs”; gS fd ge U;wure [kpZ e<strong>sa</strong> ÅtkZ dk mRiknu dj y<strong>sa</strong>rFkk ,slh iz.kkyh fodflr dj<strong>sa</strong> ftlls bldk egÙke <strong>mi</strong>;<strong>ksx</strong> Hkh gks ldsA csgrj izca/ku dslkFk csgrj <strong>laj</strong>{k.k izfØ;k LoHkkor% tqM+ tkrh gSA ÅtkZ <strong>laj</strong>{k.k dk iz;kl <strong>mi</strong>;<strong>ksx</strong> e<strong>sa</strong> yk;stk jgs lalk/kuk<strong>sa</strong> dh ÅtkZ n{krk ls Hkh tqM+k gSA¼mnkgj.k ds fy, vxj vius ?kjk<strong>sa</strong> e<strong>sa</strong> ge iqjkus <strong>mi</strong>dj.kk<strong>sa</strong> ds cnys ÅtkZ&n{k <strong>mi</strong>dj.kyxk;<strong>sa</strong> rks ÅtkZ dh cjcknh de dh tk ldrh gSA vxj ÅtkZ ds lapj.k&gkfu dks defd;k tk lds rc Hkh ge <strong>laj</strong>{k.k ds y{; dh vksj vxzlj gk<strong>sa</strong>xsA vr% bl <strong>mi</strong>fo’k; e<strong>sa</strong>LFkkuh; ifj;kstuk;<strong>sa</strong> ÅtkZ ds vads{k.k(Audit) ls tqM+h gSaA fdlh ifjlj] Hkou] vkWfQl]gkWLihVy] izkFkfed LokLF; dsUnz fo|ky; dks fpfUgr dj ge <strong>mi</strong>;qDr ;kstuk dks ykxqdj ldrs gSaA ÅtkZ vads{k.k ge<strong>sa</strong> og vk/kkjf”kyk nsrk gS ftl ij vk/kkfjr gksdj gecsgrj izca/ku dh vksj tk ldrs gSaAÅtkZ vads{k.k ls tqM+h dqN xfrfof/k;k¡1- fpfUgr {ks=@ifjlj e<strong>sa</strong> fo|qr [kpZ ¼orZeku e<strong>sa</strong> rFkk fiNys o’kksZa e<strong>sa</strong>½A2- ÅtkZ&<strong>mi</strong>;<strong>ksx</strong> dh leh{k<strong>kA</strong>3- ;fn lc&ehVj yxs gk<strong>sa</strong> rks mudk iBuA4- ekud ÅtkZ <strong>mi</strong>;<strong>ksx</strong> RkFkk okLrfod ÅtkZ [kpZ dh rqyu<strong>kA</strong>5- ifjlj dk ÅtkZ&larqyu js[kkfp= cuku<strong>kA</strong>6- vHkh ds ÅtkZ ds [kpZ dk fjdkMZ j[kus dh iz.kkyh A7- nwljs {ks=@ifjlj ls buds ÅtkZ&[kpZ dh rqyuk A8- tks <strong>mi</strong>dj.k yxs gSa mudh {kerk rFkk n{kr<strong>kA</strong>9- ÅtkZ <strong>mi</strong>HkksDrk izf”kf{kr gSa vFkok ugha \10- ÅtkZ <strong>mi</strong>Hk<strong>ksx</strong> dh dksbZ ubZ ifj;kstuk Hkh vkus okyh gSA11- ÅtkZ [kpZ ds ikjkehVlZ fodflr dju<strong>kA</strong>12- ÅtkZ cpkus ij iqjLdkj(incentive) dh ;kstu<strong>kA</strong>13- ÅtkZ [kpZ ds vuqJo.k dh iz.kkyhA14- vke <strong>mi</strong>HkksDrk dh chp ÅtkZ <strong>laj</strong>{k.k tkx:drk eqfge pyku<strong>kA</strong>dqN ifj;kstuk&fopkj%1- fo|y;@laLFkku] gkLihVy@?kj dk ÅtkZ&vads{k.k (Audit)2- gfjr&Hkou ds ÅtkZ&iz.kkyh le>u<strong>kA</strong>3- vkink izca/ku e<strong>sa</strong> uohdj.kh; ÅtkZ dh Hkwfedk A4- fo|ky; dk ty&vads{k.k@dSaVhu dk vads{k.k A5- fo|ky; ;k ?kj e<strong>sa</strong> inkFkksZa dk iqupZdzhdj.<strong>kA</strong>6- xzkeh.k ikfjokfjd x`g e<strong>sa</strong> ÅtkZ <strong>laj</strong>{k.<strong>kA</strong>7- lkSj ÅtkZ ¼gfjr x`g½ dk ÅtkZ ys[kk&tks[kk (Accounting)11
8- baV HkV~Bk] vkVk pDdh@crZu cukus okys@yksgs ds lkeku cukus okys laLFkkuk<strong>sa</strong> dkÅtkZ&vkdyuA9- jsLVksj<strong>sa</strong>V@cktkj@oL= m|<strong>ksx</strong>@y?kq xzkeh.k m|<strong>ksx</strong> dk ÅtkZ&vads{k.<strong>kA</strong>10- ikoj&ywe <strong>mi</strong>;<strong>ksx</strong> e<strong>sa</strong> ÅtkZ <strong>laj</strong>{k.<strong>kA</strong>11- fofHkUu Qly mRiknu e<strong>sa</strong> ÅtkZ <strong>mi</strong>;<strong>ksx</strong> dk rqYkukRed v/;;uA12- fdlh [kkl Qly dk cht cksus ls Qly dkVus rd dk ÅtkZ vkdyuAÅtkZ vads{k.k ifj;kstukvk<strong>sa</strong> dk Flow-chart.ÅtkZ <strong>mi</strong>;<strong>ksx</strong> ls lacaf/kr izeq[k iz”uvkadM+k laxzg ¼igys <strong>vkSj</strong> vkt dh fLFkfr½vkadM+k<strong>sa</strong> ds fy, ekivkadM+ks dk fo”ys’k.k;kstuk cukuk ,oa ÅtkZ <strong>laj</strong>{k.k ds <strong>mi</strong>k;rduhdh KkuÅtkZ cpkus ds rjhds <strong>mi</strong>dj.k rFkk mu ij iz;<strong>ksx</strong> @eki<strong>laj</strong>{k.k rjhdk<strong>sa</strong> dk ewY;kaduekud rjhds ,oa fu;evxj fu’d’kZ larks’kizn gS fjiksVZ rS;kj dj<strong>sa</strong>A12
6- ÅtkZ dh ;kstuk ,oa ekWMsfyax%ÅtkZ&;kstuk dk vFkZ gS fd ge ÅtkZ <strong>mi</strong>;<strong>ksx</strong> e<strong>sa</strong> vkRefuHkZjrk ykus gsrq egÙke<strong>mi</strong>;<strong>ksx</strong> dj ik;<strong>sa</strong>A blds fy, gekjh t:jr rFkk ÅtkZ <strong>mi</strong>yC/krk ij /;ku nsuk vko”;dgS rFkk ,sls rjhdk<strong>sa</strong> dks fudkyuk g<strong>ksx</strong>k ftlls egÙke <strong>mi</strong>;<strong>ksx</strong> gks ldsA blds fy, ÅtkZ[kpZ gksus ds izfr:i] Hkfo’; e<strong>sa</strong> bldh t:jr rFkk EkkWMy cuk dj bldk rqYkukRedv/;;u djuk g<strong>ksx</strong><strong>kA</strong> ekWMsfyax ds }kjk ge u;s rjhds fudky ldrs gSa ftlls gekjh ÅtkZlqj{kk (security) cuh jgsAifj;kstuk&1 NksVs Lrj ij ÅtkZ ;kstuk cukuk& tSls vius fo|ky; dh ÅtkZ ;kstukfdlh ,d izkpy (Parameter) dk pquko dj<strong>sa</strong> tSls& ba/ku [kir ge tkurs gSa fdfo|ky; tkus&vkus e<strong>sa</strong> Nk= fofHkUu ifjogu ds rkSj rjhdk<strong>sa</strong> dk <strong>mi</strong>;<strong>ksx</strong> djrs gSa&tSls&iSny py dj tkuk&vkuk&lkbfdy ds }kjk&fo|ky;&ol ds }kjk&tu ifjogu iz.kkyh (Public transport)& viuh xkM+h@dkj }kjk<strong>mi</strong>kjksDr lHkh fØ;kkvk<strong>sa</strong> e<strong>sa</strong> ÅtkZ [kir gksrh gSA ij tc ge ba/ku dk <strong>mi</strong>;<strong>ksx</strong> djrs gSa rksi;kZoj.k ij Hkh iznw’k.k&Hkkj c
;g ns[kk tkrk gS fd vkt ds /kj ;k vkWfQl@fo|ky; ifjlj e<strong>sa</strong> ÅtkZ dh vPNh [kirgksrh gSA mnkgj.k Lo:i cgqr ls ifjljk<strong>sa</strong> e<strong>sa</strong> fnu ds le; Hkh izdk”k gsrq fctyh tykuhiM+rh gSA rFkk ifjlj xehZ ds fnuk<strong>sa</strong> e<strong>sa</strong> bruk xeZ gks tkrk gS BaBk djus ds fy, ,-lh- ;kdwyj dk <strong>mi</strong>;<strong>ksx</strong> t:jh gksrk gSA vr% ,slh oSKkfud i)fr;k<strong>sa</strong> dk <strong>mi</strong>;<strong>ksx</strong> laHko gS ftls?kj ;k vkfQl ifjlj xehZ e<strong>sa</strong> BaBk jgs rFkk tkMs ds ekSle e<strong>sa</strong> xeZ jg ik;sAcky oSKkfud u;s rjg ds fofHkUu lkefxz;k<strong>sa</strong> dk <strong>mi</strong>;<strong>ksx</strong> dj ÅtkZ n{k Hkou dh ;kstukcuk ldrs gS tks eq[;r% rki&jks/kh LoHkko j[krs gk<strong>sa</strong>AÅtkZ&n{k Hkou e<strong>sa</strong> tgk¡&tgk¡ ÅtkZ&[kir dh <strong>laHkkouk</strong> gS ogk¡ ;kstuko) ujhds lsuokpkjh ifjorZu djus dh t:jr gSA mnkgj.k ds fy,&vkt ls 100 o’kZ iwoZ ds Hkouk<strong>sa</strong> e<strong>sa</strong>xzh’e _rq e<strong>sa</strong> Ba
<strong>mi</strong>jksDr vkadM+k<strong>sa</strong> ds vk/kkj ij Luku?kj rFkk jlksbZ?kj ls fudys ty ds ifjek.k dkvkdyu fd;k tk ldrk gS rFkk ,slh ;kstuk cukbZ tk ldrh gS fd vif”k’V ty dksNku dj (after treatment) iqu% xkM+h /kksus] ckxhps dh flapkbZ rFkk ckFk:e e<strong>sa</strong> (Flushgsrq½ fd;k tk ldsA blds fy, ihus ds LoPN ty dk lzksr vyx djuk g<strong>ksx</strong><strong>kA</strong> D;ksfdLoPN ty dks Hkwfe ls lrg ij ykus e<strong>sa</strong> fo|qr ÅtkZ dh cpr dj Hkou@ifjlj dhÅtkZ&n{krk c
10- fo'ofo|ky; ifjlj gsrq ifjogu iz.kkyh dh ekWMsfyax& ¼fofHkUu ÅtkZ dslfeJ.k (<strong>mi</strong>x) ds lkFk½11- fdlh xkao ds fy, lkSj ÅtkZ vk/kkfjr ty&iEi dk ekWMsfyaxA12- xzkeh.k lkeqnkf;d Hkou dh Nr dh ekWMfyax& ftle<strong>sa</strong> xeZ ty rFkk fo|qrÅtkZ dh izkfIr gks ldsA13- fo|ky; ds xfrfof/k≤ dh ;kstuk cukuk & ftle<strong>sa</strong> ÅtkZ dh t:jr<strong>sa</strong> dedh tk ldsAfofHkUu <strong>mi</strong>fo’k;k<strong>sa</strong> ds lkFk dqN fopkj mnkgj.k ds :i e<strong>sa</strong> fn;s tk jgs gSa] ij ble<strong>sa</strong>u;s fopkj tksM+s tk ldrs gS rFkk u;s iz;<strong>ksx</strong> tksM+s tk ldrs gSaAfoLr`r tkudkjh gsrqjk’Vªh; vk;kstd % ,u-lh-,l-Vh-lh-&usVodZbZ&56] leliqj jksM] ikaMo uxj] fnYyh&110091Qksu&011&22799236bZesy% jkT; vk;kstd%csclkbZV% okys.Vjh bULVhP;wV QkWj dE;qfuVh ,IykbM lkbUl ¼fodkl½,p- Mh- 86] ,Mh, dkyksuh] uSuh] bykgkckn&211008Qksu&0532&2697088, 9450961953bZesy&vica<strong>sa</strong>ld@gmail.com sksvicas@gmail.comcsclkbZV% ftyk vk;kstu %ftyk leUo;d] jkckfodk&2012¼lwphns[kus ds fy, csclkbZV ij ykWx dj<strong>sa</strong>½---------------------------------------------16