Download - Bihar Rural Livelihood Promotion Society

dE;qfuVh vkWijs'kuy eSuqvy (COM)[kaM & 1Lo;a lgk;rk lewg (SHG)thfodkfcgkj xzkeh.k thfodksiktZu izksRlkgu lfefriVuk

Community Operational ManualPart-I:Self Help GroupYear of Publication : September 2008Text : Mr. Kamlesh Prasad, SPM (IB&CB)Concept Design : Ms. Gazala Shaikh, SPM (Communication)Editorial Team : Mr. Mukesh Chandra Sharan, SPM (MF)Mr. Ritesh Kumar, DPC, MadhubaniMr. Shamshad Alam, DTO, KhagariaMr. Chandan Kumar Suman, BPM, DhamdahaMr. Suresh Kumar Chaudhary, AC, Bodh GayaIllustrations : Mr. Ravi ShankarDesign : Ms. Priya PriydarshiPublished by :JEEViKABIHAR RURAL LIVELIHOODS PROMOTION SOCIETY(BRLPS)Vidyut Bahwan, Annexe - II, Southern Wing, Bailey Road, Patna - 800 021Phone : +91-612-2504980/81, 6454349Fax : +91-612-2504960Website : www.brlp.inE-mail : info@brlp.in

IkzLrkoukdE;qfuVh vkWijs'kuy eSuqvy (COM) thfodk ifj;kstuk }kjk rS;kj dh x;h ekxZnf'kZdk gS] ftlls iwjh ifj;kstuk dksmn~ns'; ds vuq:i lapkfyr djus esaa enn feysxh A ekXkZnf'kZdk }kjk leqnk;] ifj;kstukdfeZ;ksa ,oa vU; laLFkkvksa ds chpifj;kstuk dh izfØ;kvksa esa ,d:irk j[kus dk lans'k fn;k x;k gS A ekxZnf'kZdk dk eq[; mn~ns'; ifj;kstuk ls tqM+htkudkfj;ksa ,oa Lo:iksa dks vke vkneh rd igq¡pkuk gS rkfd og vius vf/dkjksa rFkk drZO;ksa nksuksa dks Li"V :Ik lsle> ldsAthfodk ifj;kstuk bl ekeys esa HkkX;'kkyh gS fd mls fcgkj esa efgyk fodkl fuxe ,oa xzkeh.k fodkl foHkkx }kjkefgyk lewgksa ds fy, fd;s x;s dk;ksZa ,oa vuqHkoksa dks ifj;kstuk dh izfØ;kvksa esa lekfgr djus dk volj gS A mi;qZDrnksuksa laLFkkvksa }kjk fd;s x;s dk;ksZa ds vuqHkoksa dh >yd Hkh ekxZnf'kZdk esa izfrfcfEcr gS AekxZnf'kZdk ds bl izFke [k.M esa Lo;a lgk;rk lewgksa ds xBu ,oa mlls lacaf/r fodkl dh vU; izfØ;kvksa dk foLrkjls o.kZu fd;k x;k gS A blds lkFk gh ekxZnf'kZdk ds vU; [k.Mksa ds izdk'ku dh Hkh rS;kjh py jgh gS ftlesa ifj;kstuk lslacaf/r vU; vk;keksa tSls ekbØksIykfuax] xzke laxBuksa dk fuekZ.k ,oa fodkl] vkthfodk ds lalk/uksa ds fodkl vkfndk foLr`r fooj.k gksxk Abl i`"BHkwfe esa fcgkj xzkeh.k thfodksiktZUk izksRlkgu lfefr dks thfodk ifj;kstuk }kjk izksRlkfgr Lo;a lgk;rk lewgksa,oa muds xzke laxBuksa ds fy, izf'kf{kr dk;ZdrkZvksa dh cM+h vko';drk gksxh tks fujarj fofHkUu lkeqnkf;d laxBuksa dsxq.kkRed fodkl dh ftEesnkjh mBk,a A ;g vk'kk gS fd ekxZnf'kZdk esa mfYyf[kr tkudkfj;ksa ,oa izfØ;kvksa dh le> lsifj;kstukdfeZ;ksa ,oa leqnk; dh {kerk fodkl dk ekxZ iz'kLr gksxk AvjfoUn dqekj pkS/jh] Hkk-iz-lsifj;kstukfuns'kd lg eq[; dk;Zikyd inkf/dkjhthfodk] fcgkj xzkeh.k thfodksiktZu izksRlkgu lfefriVuk A

vuqØefo"k;i`"B la[;kekxZnf'kZdk ds ckjs esa 01eq[; fl¼kar ,oa vifjorZuh; rRo 03lkekftd ekscykbts'ku 05p;fur xkao rFkk xzke cSBdksa dh rS;kjh@le; fu/kZj.k 08Lo;a lgk;rk lewg dk xBu 21Tkhfodk esa lkeqnkf;d laxBd dh Hkkxhnkjh 30thfodk ifj;kstuk esa vkarfjd lkeqnkf;d lk/ulsoh dh Hkkxhnkjh 36

dE;qfuVh vkWijs'kuy eSuqvy(COM)ds ckjs esavè;k; & 1dE;qfuVhvkWijs'kuy eSuqvy ^^fcgkj xzkeh.k thfodksiktZu ifj;kstuk vFkkZr~ thfodk¸ }kjkrS;kj dh x;h ,d ekxZnf'kZdk gS A ;g ekxZnf'kZdk leqnk; ds }kjk cuk;s x;s fofHkUUk laxBuksadks csgrj

EkkxZnf'kZdk cukus ds nkSjku viuk;h x;h izfØ;kifj;kstukvksa dh lh[kksa ,oavuqHkoksa dks Hkh lfEefyrdjus dh dksf'k'k AEkkxZnf'kZdk % cSBdksa esa dhxbZ izLrqfr;ksa ,oa ppkZvksa ijvk/kfjr AekxZnf'kZdk esa ifj;kstuk dsvuqHkoksa dks 'kkfey djuk AekxZnf'kZdk thfodkdk;ZdÙkkZvksa ds fy, gh ughacfYd fofHkUu leqnkf;dlaxBuksa ds fy, Hkh mi;ksxhgS AdE;qfuVh vkWijs'kuy eSuqvy ( COM)leqnk; ds lkFk dk;Z djus dh ,d ekxZnf'kZdk gS] tksifj;kstuk ds 'kq:vkrh nkSj esa fd;s x;s dk;ksZa ds lh[kksa ,oa vuqHkoksa ij vk/kfjr gS A blekxZnf'kZdk esa fodkl ls lacaf/r vU; ifj;kstukvksa ds vuqHkoksa dks Hkh lfEefyr djus dhdksf'k'k dh x;hgS Abl ekxZnf'kZdk esa mu fopkjksa ,oa vuqHkoksa ds lkj dks Hkh 'kkfey fd;k x;k gS tks ifj;kstuk esadk;Zjr dfeZ;ksa ,oa xjhc xzkeh.kksa ds chp gq, laokn ds nkSjku js[kkafdr dh x;h Fkh A;g ekxZnf'kZdk fiNys 6&8 ekg ds nkSjku cSBdksa esa dh xbZ izLrqfr;ksa rFkk ppkZvksa ds vk/kj ijcuk;h x;h gS A bl ekxZnf'kZdk dk Lo:i vius vki esa xfreku gksxk ftlesa le;kuqlkjifj;kstuk ds varxZr fd;s x;s dk;ksZa ds vuqHkoksa dks 'kkfey djus dh dksf'k'k dh tk;sxh Ablesa fd;s tkus okys cnyko leqnk; dh t:jr ,oa fodkl dks è;ku esa j[kdj fd;s tk;saxs Abl ekxZnf'kZdk esa le;kuqlkj xzkeh.k leqnk; ,oa ifj;kstuk esa dk;Zjr dk;ZdÙkkZvksa ds u, lh[k,oa vuqHkoksa dks Hkh 'kkfey fd;k tk,xk AEkkxZnf'kZdk dk mi;ksx;g ekxZnf'kZdk dsoy thfodk ifj;kstuk ,oa thfodk dk;ZdÙkkZvksa ds fy, gh ugha cfYd blifj;kstuk ds varxZr fufeZr Lo;a lgk;rk lewgksa] xzke laxBuksa ,oa fofHkUu lkeqnk f;d laxBuksads fy, Hkh mi;ksxh fl¼ gksxh A ;g ekxZnf'kZdk izR;sd O;fDr dks ifj;kstuk pØ] voLFkk ,oaizfØ;k ls lacaf/r pj.kc¼ iz'uksa ds mÙkj rFkk tokcnsgh (tSls & D;k djsaxsa] dc djsaxsa] D;ksadjsaxsa] dkSu djsxk vkSj dSls djsxk) dks le>us esa lgk;rk iznku djsxh A ;g ekxZnf'kZdk leqnk;}kjk fufeZr ;kstukvksa dh :ijs[kk rS;kj djus] mls cM+s Lo:i esa is'k djus ,oa lnL;ksa ds dkss"kdks lgh

Ekq[; fl¼kar ,oa vifjorZuh; rRovè;k; & 2eq[; fl¼kar ,oa vifjorZuh; rRo vFkkZr~ ftlls le>kSrk u fd;k tk lds A ;g vk'kk dhtkrh gS fd ifj;kstuk] ifj;kstukdehZ] iQSflfyVsVj ny vkSj leqnk; thfodk ifj;kstuk dseq[; fl¼karksa dk vuqlj.k t:j djsxssa A ifj;kstuk esa of.kZr fl¼kar fuEufyf[kr gS %eq[; fl¼kar % Ikkjnf'kZrk1- ikjnf'kZrk ( Transparency)% reke xfrfof/;ksa ds ekeys esa izR;{k :i esa lHkhlac¼ i{kksa dks 'kkfey dj lkeqfgd fu.kZ; fy, tk,axs vkSj ;s fu.kZ; Li"V ,oa lcdhigqap ds nk;js esa gksaxs A2- tckcnsgh ( Accountability)% izR;sd Lrj ij ftEesnkfj;ka ijLij feytqydjlkewfgd :i ls mBkbZ tk,axh A lapkfyr dh xbZ dk;Zokgh ds fy, izR;sd i{kftEesnkj gksxk A3- lgHkkfxrk ( Participation)% ifj;kstuk essa yf{kr xjhcksa] viaxksa rFkk lokZf/dvlqjf{kr lewgksa dk leqfpr izfrfuf/Ro djus okys lHkh i{kksa dh Hkkxhnkjh lqfuf'prdh tk,xh A fdlh Hkh Lrj ij ,drjiQk fu.kZ; u ysdj izR;sd Lrj ij fu.kZ; esalgHkkxh izfØ;k viukbZ tk,xh A4- lekos'k ( Inclusion)% misf{kr] vlqjf{kr vkSj vlgk; yksxksa dk ifj;kstuk dslkFk tqM+ko eq[; ekxZn'kZd fl¼kar gksxk A izR;sd Lrj ds usr`RodrkZ bUk oxksZa dkizfrfuf/Ro ,oa fo'ks"k è;ku j[ksaxsa A 80&90 iQhlnh dks"k vR;ar xjhc oxksZa ij [kpZ dhtk,xh A5- lqxehdj.k ( Facilitation)% ifj;kstuk ykxw djus okys dehZ izR;sd Lrj ijekxZn'kZd dh Hkwfedk vnk djsaxs vkSj mudh ;g dksf'k'k gksxh fd vkxs py djifj;ktuk s dh ftEesnkjh leqnk; dks lqiqnZ dj nh tk;sA ifj;kstuk dh xfrfof/;ka gkFkesa ysus] mu ij fu.kZ; djus rFkk mudk fu;a=k.k djus ds ekeys esa xjhcksa dh {kerk ijfo'okl fd;k tk,xk A6- lerk ( Equity)% ifj;kstuk essa efgyk lewgksa dks izkFkfedrk nh tk;sxh vkSjifj;kstuk esa fy, tkus okys lHkh fu.kZ;ksa esa mudh fu.kZk;d Hkwfedk gksxh A Tkckcnsgh LkgHkkfxrk Lkekos'k lqxehdj.k lerk2 3

ifj;kstuk ds eq[; vifjorZuh; rRovifjorZuh; rRo%fl¼kar dk ikyu Axjhc ifjokjksa dksizkFkfedrk Afu.kZ; ysus esa [kqykiu ,oaikjnf'kZrk A[kpZ djrs le; cqf¼ekuh,oa fdiQk;r Areke xfrfof/;ksa esaxq.koÙkk ,oa LFkkf;Ro Afcgkj ljdkj] jkT; Lrj ij xfBr fcgkj xzkeh.k thfodksiktZu izksRlkgu lfefr dks ^thfodk*ifj;kstuk ds fØ;kUo;u gsrq jkf'k iznku djrh gS A ifj;kstuk dk mn~ns'; gS fd xjhc leqnk; dslcls fuEu oxksZa ij è;ku dsafnzr djrs gq, mUgha ds iz;klksa ls xjhch de djuk Axjhc leqnk; bl ckr ls voxr gS fd vf/dkj feyus ij og bldk bLrseky ftEesnkjh vkSjlko/kuhiwoZd djsxh A iQyLo:i] mldh xfrfof/;k¡ liQy cukus gsrq dqN fu;eksa dk gksukvko';d gS A bu fu;eksa dk vuqlj.k djds os dk;ZØe dk iwjk ykHk mBk ldasxs A budk fdlhHkh izdkj dk mYya?ku muds fodkl ds ekxZ dks ckf/r dj ldrk gS A;g ifj;kstuk dqN vifjorZuh; rRoksa ij vk/kfjr gS tks ifj;kstuk dks ykxw djus esa leqnk; dkekxZn'kZu djsaxh Aleqnk; dks bu LkHkh eq[; vifjorZuh; rRoksa ij vey djuk pkfg, %1- Lo;a lgk;rk lewg ds fl¼kar dk ikyu djsa vkSj fodkl esa ;ksxnku djsa A2- oafpr lnL;ksa ,oa xjhc ifjokjksa dks izkFkfedrk nsa A3- fu.kZ; ysus dh iwjh izfØ;k esa [kqykiu vkSj ikjnf'kZrk vo'; cjrsa A4- [kpZ djrs le; cqf¼ekuh vkSj fdiQk;rh ls dke ysa A5- reke xfrfof/;ksa esa xq.koÙkk (DokfyVh) vkSj LFkkf;Ro (fVdkmiu) ij è;ku nsa A4

wavè;k; & 3Lkkekftd ekscykbts'kuleqnk; dh lh/h Hkkxhnkjh ifj;kstuk dks viuh ,d vyx igpku cukus esa dkiQh lgk;rkiznku djsxh A bl ckr dh Hkh dk;Z'kkyk esa foLr`r ppkZ gksxh fd fdl rjg leqnk; viuhlaxBukRed

dkSu \ftyk Lrj ij eq[; dk;Zikyd inkf/dkjh rFkk ftyk inkf/dkjh lesr eq[; foHkkxksa dsvf/dkjh vkSj LFkkuh; 'kklu ds izfrfuf/ dk;Z'kkyk esa Hkkx ysaxs A blds vfrfjDr cSadksa dsizfrfuf/] f'k{kkfon~ ,oa leqnk; ds lnL; Hkh 'kkfey gksaxs ALFkkuh; 'kklu ds izfrfuf/dh Hkkxhnkjh Aftyk Lrjh; dk;Z'kkyk dsmijkar iz[kaM Lrjh;dk;Z'kkyk dk vk;kstu Anwljs iz[kaM ds ifj;kstukizca/d dh Hkkxhnkjhlewgksa ds izfrfuf/;ksa ,oalnL;ksa dk dk;Z'kkyk esamrjnkf;Ro Avko';drkuqlkj ftyk Lrjh; dk;Z'kkyk ds mijkar iz[kaM Lrj ij Hkh dk;Z'kkyk,a vk;ksftr dhtk ldrh gSa ftuesa iz[kaM fodkl inkf/dkjh] eq[; foHkkxksa ,oa cSadksa ds dehZ rFkk vU;izfrfuf/ Hkkx ysaxs Alacaf/r iz[kaM ifj;kstuk izca/d dh lgk;rk ds fy, jkT; bdkbZ ls de ls de ,d jkT;Lrjh; ifj;kstuk inkf/dkjh vkSj nwljs iz[kaM ds ifj;kstuk izca/d (tgk¡ igys ls ifj;kstuk dkdk;Z py jgk gS) Hkkx ysaxs AekStwnk lewgksa ds izfrfuf/;ksa rFkk lnL;ksa dks dk;Z'kkyk esa vius vuqHkoksa vkSj ifj;kstuk esaviuh Hkwfedk le>us ds fy, izksRlkfgr fd;k tkuk pkfg, Adk;Z'kkyk esa ,d [kqyk l=k~ dk vk;kstu vfuok;Z :Ik ls j[kk tk, ftlesa lHkh izfrHkkxh viuhmRlqdrk ds vuqlkj iz'u iwN ldsaxs Adc \tc ifj;kstukdehZ ml ftyk@iz[kaM esa ;ksxnku ns pqds gSa vkSj ifj;kstuk ls lacaf/r dqNxfrfof/;ka 'kq: dh tk pqdh gkas AdSls \lqfu;ksftr ,dfnolh; dk;Z'kkyk }kjk lHkh izeq[k fgr/kjdksa ,oa x.kekU; O;fDr;ksa dksdk;Z'kkyk dh frfFk ds ckjs esa de ls de ,d lIrkg igys lwpuk nh tkuh pkfg, rFkk mUgsaO;fDrxr :Ik ls i=k fy[k dj dk;Z'kkyk esa Hkkx ysus dk vuqjks/ djuk pkfg, A6

eq[; fopkj.kh; fcanq1- lcls egRoiw.kZ igyw gS ifj;kstuk ds laca/ esa xk¡o] iz[kaM ,oa ftyk Lrjksa ij vko';dlwpukvksa ds ckjs esa tkudkjh iznku djuk A2- vyx&vyx ftyksa esa vk;ksftr gksus okyh dk;Z'kkyk esa eqgSÕ;k dh tkus okyh lkexzh ,dtSlh gksuh pkfg, (tSls& cSuj] iQksYMj] iSM bR;kfn) vkSj mls jkT; dk;kZy; }kjk Hksthtkuh pkfg, A czkW'kj] iksLVj] fÝyi pkVZ] izsl foKfIr vkfn lkexzh lko/kuhiwoZd rS;kj dhtkuh pkfg, A ftl ftys esa dk;Z'kkyk vk;ksftr gks jgh gS] ml ftys ds dk;Z izxfr rFkkvuqHkoksa dks fo'ks"k :Ik ls iznf'kZr djuk pkfg, A ftruk vf/d laHko gks] dk;Z'kkyk fgUnhesa gksuh pkfg, Aifj;kstuk ds laca/ esatkudkjh nsuk A,d leku lkexzh dkbLrseky Adk;Z'kkyk fgUnh esa gks AIkfj.kkeiz[kaM vkSj ftyk Lrj ij ,d lk>k n`f"Vdks.k cu pqdk gS Aizeq[k fgr/kjdksa] eq[; foHkkxksa] iapk;rh jkt laLFkkvkas ds izfrfuf/;ksa ds lkFk O;kidfopkj&foe'kZ gks pqdk gS rFkk mUgsa ifj;kstuk ds ckjss esa ;Fkksfpr tkudkjh fey pqdh gSA7

vè;k; & 4xk¡o dk p;u rFkk xzke cSBdksa dh rS;kjh@le; fu/kZj.koSls xkoksa ¡ esa fØ;kUo;u tgk¡vuqlwfpr tkfr vkSjvuqlwfpr tutkfr dh la[;kvf/d gks AD;ksa \csgrj ifj;kstuk izca/u gsrq iz[kaM ,oa {ks=kh; Lrj ij ifj;kstuk xfrfof/;ksa dks pj.kc¼ ,oaØec¼ djuk vko';d gS A ;kstukc¼ rjhds ls dk;Z djus ls liQyrk feyrh gS tks u;sdk;ZdÙkkZvksa dks {ks=k esa dke djus ds fy, mRlkfgr o izsfjr djrh gS AdkSu \iz[kaM ifj;kstuk izca/d] {ks=kh; leUo;d] lkeqnkf;d leUo;d ,oa ekStwnk lewgksa ds lnL;ksadh ftEesnkjh gksxh AdSls \'kq: esa oSls xk¡oksa ,oa iapk;rksa dks izkFkfedrk nsuh pkfg, tgk¡ usr`Rodkjh Hkwfedk fiNM+s oxkZsa oefgykvksa ds gkFkksa esa gks A igyh izkFkfedrk mu xk¡oksa ds NksVs&NksVs Vksys dks nsuh gS tgk¡ ijvuqlwfpr tkfr ,oa vuqlwfpr tutkfr dh la[;k vf/d gks ;k ftl xk¡o esa y{; fd;s x;sleqnk; dh la[;k vf/d gks rFkk igys ls ogka Lo;a lgk;rk lewgksa dh la[;k de ;k fcYdqyu gks A blls ifj;kstuk ds }kjk fdlh xk¡o ds vafre O;fDr dks izkFkfedrk nsus ds bjkns dkladsr gksxk A ;g ladsr gksxk fd vafre vkneh NwVus u ik;s AdyLVj 1dsanzd xk¡o 1dsanzd xk¡o 3dsanzd xk¡o 2dyLVj 3dyLVj 28

IkzR;sd iz[kaM dks rhu {ks=k (dyLVj) esa ckaVuk gksxk vkSj mu {ks=kksa esa fdlh ,sls xk¡o dk p;udjuk gksxk tks {ks=k ds chp dk xk¡o gks A ifj;kstuk ds foLrkj vkSj vfr'kh?kz liQyrk ds fy,izn'kZutfur izHkkoksa (tgk¡ ij lewg vf/d vkSj vPNs xq.koÙkk ds gks rkfd nwljs xk¡o dsleqnk; dks ml xk¡o esa gq, dk;ksZa ds ckjs esa crk@fn[kk ldas) ds fy, xk¡o dk p;u egRoiw.kZgSAvH;qfDr;k¡¡¡xk¡o esa ekStwn usr`Ro ds Lo:Ik o izdkj dh :ijs[kk rS;kj djuh pkfg, AO;kid lkekftd lajpuk vkSj thfodksiktZu ds fofHkUu igywvksa (vkenuh ds Jksr) ,oa vU;Hkkxhnkjksa dh Hkwfedk dks le>uk Hkh mi;ksxh gksxk AIkz[kaM ifj;kstuk izca/d dks bl ckr dk ewY;kadu dj xk¡o dks p;fur djuk gksxk fd u, xk¡oesa dke 'kq: djuk Bhd gksxk ;k fiQj ,sls xk¡o esa tgk¡ igys ls gh ljdkjh vFkok vU; xSjljdkjh laxBuksa }kjk Lo;a lgk;rk lewg xfBr fd;s tk pqds gSa Aifj.kke izR;sd lkeqnkf;d leUo;d ds fy, {ks=k esa xk¡o dks fpfg~ur dj fy;k x;k gS A ;g dk;Z uo fu;qDr lkeqnkf;d leUo;d ds lacaf/r iz[kaM esa ;ksxnku nsus dh frfFk ds15 fnuksa ds vanj gks tkuk pkfg, AizR;sd iz[kaM dks rhudyLVj esa ck¡VdjdsUnzd@{ks=k ds chp dkxk¡o dk p;u djukpkfg, AoSlsxk¡oksa dk p;u djsatgk¡ ij vf/d vkSjvPNs xq.koÙkk ds lewgcu lds Aifj;kstukdehZ }kjkifj;kstuk ls lacaf/rckrksa dks xzkeh.kksa dsle> j[krs le; ,slkdksbZ oknk ugha djukpkfg, ftldks fudVHkfo"; esa iwjk ugha fd;ktk ldrk AXkk¡o esa okLrfod izos'kD;ksa \Xkko ¡ esa ifj;kstukdehZ dk izos'k cgqr egRoiw.kZ gS A ;g ,d ,slh 'kq:vkrh igy gS tc xk¡odk leqnk; ifj;kstuk ,oa blds dfeZ;ksa ds ckjs esa ,d Nfo cukrk gS tks cgqr yacs le; rdmuds fnekx esa jgrk gS A ifj;kstukdehZ ifj;kstuk ls lacaf/r ckrksa dks xzkeh.kksa ds le{k j[krsgSa rFkk ftlls xzkeh.kksa esa ifj;kstuk ds izfr ,d ldkjkRed lksp fodflr gksrh gS AblizfØ;k esa iwjh lrdZrk cjruh pkfg, vkSj ,slk dksbZ oknk ugha djuk pkfg, ftls ckn esa iwjkugha fd;k tk lds A9

xzke izos'k y ksxksa dks ;g le>kus dh n`f"V ls Hkh egRoiw.kZ cu tkrk gS fd ;g ifj;kstuk leqnk;dks gh fu.kZ; ysus dk vf/dkj nsrh gS vkSj mldk lEeku djrh gS A ;g le; mUgsa bl ckr dksHkh le>kus ds fy, egRoiw.kZ gS fd ifj;kstuk leqnk; dks vf/dkjksa ds lkFk dÙkZO;ksa dk ikyudjus ij Hkh cjkcj tksj nsrh gS A xzke izos'k ds ' kq:vkrh nkSjesa leqnk; dks ;g le>kukegRoiw.kZ gS fd ;gifj;kstuk leqnk; dks ghfu.kZ; ysus dk vf/dkj nsrhgS AdkSu \{ks=kh; leUo;d] lkeqnkf;d leUo;d vkSj iwoZ esa cuk, x, xzkelewgksa ds lnL;ksa lesrlkeqnkf;d lk/ulsoh (lh-vkkj-ih-) AdSls \xk¡o ds izR;sd leqnk; ds x.kekU; (oSls O;fDr tks vius leqnk; esa cqtqxZ gksa rFkk mudh ckrsayksx ekurs gksa) O;fDr] LFkkuh; tu izfrfuf/ ds lkFk cSBd ,oa laokn djas vkSj ifj;kstuk dhtkudkjh iznku djsa Alkekftd lajpuk] iapk;rh jkt laLFkk] izeq[k dk;ZØeksa] xSj ljdkjh laxBukssa dh ekStwnxh vkfnds ckjs esa tkudkjh izkIr djuk egRoiw.kZ gks tkrk gS rkfd xk¡o ds izos'k dh j.kuhfr etcwr

ifj;kstukdfeZ;ksa dks xk¡o dh xfrfof/;ksa esa Hkkx ysus dh dksf'k'k djuh pkfg, A xzkeokfl;kasds fØ;kdykiksa dk voyksdu (orZeku esa py jgs dk;Z dks è;kuiwoZd ns[kuk ,oa muds dk;Zds ckjs esa tkuuk] le>uk ,oa lh[kus dk iz;kl) djuk pkfg, vkSj oSls yksxksa ls laokn 'kq:djuk pkfg, tks dk;ZdrkZvksa ds ckjs esa tkuus gsrq leku :i ls mRlqd gks AXkk¡o esa vkSipkfjd cSBd ls igys Åij esa crk;s x;s izfØ;kvksa dks de ls de 3&4 txgksa ijdjuh pkfg, AIkfj.kkeXkk¡o ds ckjs esa ,d vuqeku yxk fy;k x;k gS vkSj iapk;rh jkt laLFkkvksa ds izfrfuf/;ksalesr vU; fgr/kjdksa ;Fkk & cSad] leqnk;] ljdkjh ,oa xSj&ljdkjh laLFkkuksa ds ckjs esale> cu pqdh gS A xzkeh.k usr`Ro dh :ijs[kk@ iSVuZ rS;kj fd;k tkrk gS Afeys O;fDr;ksa ls xzkeHkze.k dh vxyh rkjh[k vkSj le; r; dj fy;k tk pqdk gS Aifj;kstukdfeZ;ksa dks xk¡odh xfrfof/;ksa esa Hkkx ysusdh dksf'k'k djuh pkfg, Axk¡o esa vkSipkfjd cSBd lsigys ifj;kstukdehZ dksyf{kr leqnk;ksa ds chpde ls de rhu&pkj txgksaij cSBd djuh pkfg, AXkk¡o dh lkekftd&vkfFkZd fLFkfr;ksa dk irk djukiSny Hkze.k ,oa lkekftd ekufp=kD;ksa \fofHkUu lzksrksa ls izkIr lwpukvksa@vkadM+ksa ds vk/kj ij {ks=kh; leUo;d] lkeqnkf;d leUo;dvkSj lh-vkj-ih- dks xk¡o dh lkekftd ,oa vkfFkZd fLFkfr irk djus esa enn feysxh AizR;sd leqnk; ds Vksyk vkSj xk¡o esa miyC/ lalk/uksa ds caVokjs ds ckjs esa tkudkjh ds fy,xk¡o dk iSny Hkze.k vPNk rjhdk gS A ;g xk¡o dks le>us vkSj xzkeh.kksa ls ifjp; djus dkvPNk rjhdk gS A11

dkSu \lkeqnkf;d leUo;d (lh-lh-)Alkekftd ekufp=k dsfy, fnu ,oa le; dkfu/kZj.k AdSls \bls xk¡o ds yksxksa fo'ks"k dj xjhcksa ,oa fgr/kjdksa@x.kekU; O;fDr;ksa ds lkFk feydj fd;ktkuk pkfg, AvH;qfDr;k¡¡;g lqfuf'pr dj ysa fd lkekftd ekufp=k ds fy, tks fnu o le; fu/kZfjr fd, x, gSa oscgqla[;d xzkeh.kksa] eq[; :i ls efgykvksa ,oa xjhcksa ds fy, mi;qDr o ekU; gkas A;fn xk¡o vf/d Vksyksa esa caVk gqvk gks rks Vksykokj leqnk; ds lkFk fey cSB dj dk;ZØe dksvkxs c

Xkjhcksa ds Vksyksa dh igpkuD;ksa \ifj;kstuk ds mn~ns';ksa dks è;ku essa j[krs gq, y{; fd;s x;s leqnk; dks fpfg~Ukr djuk vR;arvko';d gS A ifj;kstuk ds fy, ;g vko';d gS fd xjhcksa esa ls xjhc ( POP)ifjokj dhigpku djus dh izfØ;k esa mudk lg;ksx ,oa Hkkxhnkjh lqfuf'pr dh tk, A;g ifj;kstuk ds dkjxj fØ;kUo;u ds fy, vko';d gS AXkjhcksa esa ls xjhc vkSjxjhc ifjokj dh igpkudjus dh izfØ;k esa leqnk;dk lg;ksx ,oa HkkxhnkjhegRoiw.kZ gS AdkSu \ftu xk¡oksa esa ifj;kstuk 'kq: dh tk pqdh gS] ogka ds lkeqnkf;d izfrfuf/] {ks=kh; leUo;drFkk lkeqnkf;d leUo;d AdSls \lgh y{; leqnk; dh igpku xk¡o dk lkekftd ekufp=k cuk dj fd;k tkuk pkfg, A xk¡odk foLr`r ekufp=k cukrs le; mlesa fofHkUu tkfr lewgkssa ds ifjokjkas dh la[;k ds lkFk&lkFkvyx&vyx Vksyksa dks n'kkZuk (lkekftd ,oa lalk/u ekufp=k vkfn) pkfg, A13

;g izfØ;k xk¡o ds ,sls lkoZtfud LFkkuksa ij fd;k tkuk pkfg, tgk¡ bl ifj;kstuk ds yf{krleqnk; (xjhcksa esa xjhc) vklkuh ls igqap dj izfØ;k esa Hkkx ys ldsaa A ;g izfØ;k iwjh rjg lsleqnk;ksa dh Hkkxhnkjh ds }kjk gksxh vkSj blesa ifj;kstukdehZ dsoy lg;ksxh dh HkwfedkfuHkk;saxs Alkekftd ,oa lalk/uekufp=k cukus dh izfØ;k,sls lkoZtfud LFkkuksa ijfd;k tkuk pkfg, tgkayf{kr leqnk; vklkuh lsigqapdj izfØ;k esa Hkkx ysldsa A ifj;kstukdehZ dh HkwfedkekxZn'kZd dh gksuh pkfg,u fd fu;a=kd dh A ifj;kstuk }kjk fpfg~urxjhcksa dh lwph dks ch-ih-,y- lwph ls feyku djukt:jh gS Abl izfØ;k esa ifj;kstukdehZ dh Hkwfedk ekxZn'kZd dh gksuh pkfg, u fd fu;a=kd dh A efgykizz/ku okys ifjokjksa] izoklh ifjokjksa vkSj Hkwfeghuksa dh fxurh vyx ls gksuh pkfg, A bl ckrdk fo 'ks"kè;ku j[kuk pkfg, fd bu lkjh izfØ;kvksa ls xk¡o ds cM+s yksxksa (vkfFkZd :i lslEiUUk O;fDr;ksa) ds fopkj ls ifj;kstukdehZ izHkkfor u gks A iz[kaM ifj;kstuk fØ;kUo;ubdkbZ dks ch-ih-,y- lwph ds lkFk ifj;kstuk }kjk fpfg~Ukr laHkkfor xjhcksa dh lwph dk feykudjuk pkfg, Aifj.kke xjhcksa ds Vksys fpfg~ur fd;s tk pqds gSa A efgyk iz/ku ifjokjksa rFkk vlqjf{kr@vlgk; leqnk;ksa dh lwph cukbZ tk pqdh gS A ;s lwpuk,a xk¡o dh [kqyh cSBd esa j[kh tk pqdh gS ftlesa xzke iapk;r ds lnL; ,oavè;{k Hkh mifLFkr Fks Aifjokjksa dk ekscykbts'ku ,oa thfodksiktZu laca/h :ijs[kkD;ksa \blls ifj;kstukdfeZ;ksa dks vyx&vyx ifjokjksa ds lkFk O;fDrxr laidZ LFkkfir djus esa ennfeysxh A ;g blfy, Hkh vko';d gS fd vf/dka'k fodkl dk;ZØeksa ds fØ;kUo;u dsT;knkrj ekeyksa esa xjhc vkSj lcls xjhc ifjokjksa dh mis{kk gksrh jgh gS A bu ifjokjksa dkfo'okl izkIr djuk vkxs c lds) lkexzh dk mi;ksx fd;k tkuk pkfg, A ;s iksLVlZ]fÝyi pkVZl vkSj czkW'klZ ifj;kstuk ds fooj.kksa] ifj;kstuk izfØ;kvksa] Hkwfedkvksa ,oaftEesnkfj;ksa ij gksuh pkfg, A14

Pk;fur xk¡oksa esa xjhc ifjokjksa ds chp vyx&vyx cSBd djus ds ckn ifj;kstukdehZ dks mlVksys@xk¡o dh ,d cM+h cSBd vk;ksftr djus gsrq fnu vkSj le; leqnk; ls ysuk pkfg, Aleqnk; dh lfØ;lgHkkfxrk AEkq[; fopkj.kh; fcanq1- bl izfØ;k dk eq[; mn~ns'; lwpuk bdV~Bk djuk gh ugha cfYd bls xjhc leqnk; dslfØ; lgHkkfxrk ls djk;k tkuk pkfg,] ftlls ,df=kr dh xbZ lwpuk dks leqnk; udsoy viukrs gSa cfYd izfØ;k dh ikjnf'kZrk Hkh cuh jgrh gS A2- ifj;kstukdfeZ;ksa dks laHkkoukvksa ,oa pqukSfr;ksa dh igpku djus dk Hkh volj feyrk gS A15

ifj.kke de ls de 50 ifjokjksa ds thfodksiktZu laca/h :ijs[kk cukbZ tk pqdh gS A Vksyk Lrj ij vke cSBd dh frfFk r; dh tk pqdh gS vkSj lHkh laHkkfor lgHkkfx;ksa dksbldh lwpuk nh tk pqdh gS AVksyk Lrj ij vk;ksftr vke cSBdD;ksa \;g lHkh laHkkfor yf{kr Lo;a lgk;rk lewg ds lnL;ksa dks ,d eap ij yk,xk vkSj os,d&nwljs dh ckrksa ls ykHkkfUor gksxas A iQyLo:i] os Lo;a lgk;rk lewg ds xBu dk fu.kZ;dj ldrs gSa A ;g fo'okl vdkj.k ugha gS fd lkekftd] lkaLd`frd vkSj vkfFkZd dkj.kksa lsleqnk;] lewgksa ,oa iM+ksfl;ksa ds chp Hkh vkilh esytksy lhfer gksrh gS Aleqnk; ds ,d cM+s oxZ ds fy, fofHkUu lkeqnkf;d lk/uksa ij viuh igqap cukuk vkt Hkh ,dliuk gS tks mudh vkfFkZd ,oa lkekftd fodkl ds jkLrs dks jksdrh gS A16

vr% ;g vko';d gS fd bl cSBd dks laokn] le>] fo'okl vkSj leku y{; dk;e djus dsfy, fd;k tk, A ;g Hkh le>kus dk iz;kl fd;k tk;s fd fdl rjg lkjs yksxksa ds fodkl esagh lekt dk dY;k.k gS A ;g ifj;kstuk ds varxZr nwljs dk;ZØeksa ds fy, Hkh fu.kkZ;d gS AdkSu \iqjkus lewg ds izfrfuf/;ksa ds lkFk lkeqnkf;d leUOk;d AdSls \xzkeh.kksa dks ifj;kstuk ds ckjs esa tkudkjh nsus ds fy, iksLVj] fÝyi pkVZ rFkk czkW'kj tSlh lapkjlaca/h lkexzh dk bLrseky fd;k tkuk pkfg, ftlls leqnk; tYn le> lds A ;s iksLVlZ]fÝyi pkVlZ vkSj czkW'klZ ifj;kstuk ds fooj.kkas] izfØ;kvksa] Hkwfedkvksa ,oa ftEes nkfj;ksa ijvk/kfjr gksuh pkfg, AvH;qfDr;k¡ifj;kstuk ds vifjorZuh; rRoksa ds ckjs esa xk¡o Lrj ds lgHkkxh lnL;ksa dks Li"V :i ls crkfn;k tkuk pkfg, A ;g Hkh lqfuf'pr dj ysuk pkfg, fd xk¡o Lrj ds dqN izfrfuf/ vkSj Hkkxys jgh efgykvksa ds ifr cSBd esa mifLFkr gksa AIkzR;sd Lrj ij ;g vko';d gS fd ifj;kstuk ds izfr leqnk; ,oa muds izfrfuf/;ksa ds chpLokfeRocks/ l`ftr fd;k tk, ,oa efgykvksa dh Hkkxhnkjh lqfuf'pr djus gsrq dk;ZØe esaxjhc ifjokjksa dks 'kkfey fd;k tk, A xjhc ifjokj ds thfodksiktZu dh fn'kk esa ,d nwjxkehlksp dh t:jr gS ftlds varxZr vkenuh esa o`f¼ vkSj [kpZ esa dVkSrh] nksuksa ckrksa ij dk;Zdjus dh t:jr iM+rh gS A ;g rHkh laHko gS tc iwjs ifjokj dh Hkkxhnkjh o leFkZu lkFk gks Ablesas efgyk,a vius gquj dk bLrseky dj ik,axh vkSj izfrdwy ifjfLFkfr;ksa esa Hkh nwljs lzksrksa dsctk; viuh c

Vksyk dk ukeØe la0vR;ar fiNM+htkfrvuqlwfprtkfrvuqlwfprtutkfrvuqlwfprtkfrvuqlwfprtutkfrvR;ar fiNM+htkfrFiNM+htkfrFiNM+htkfr-LkkekU;18xk¡o laca/h tkudkjhXk¡ko dk uke --------------------------------------------------------------------------- dyLVj ------------------------------------------------------------- iz[kaM ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- yf{kr tula[;k----------------------------------------------------------dqy pwYgs dh la[;k Ykf{kr pwYgs dh la[;kLkkekU; vYila[;d- vYila[;d123456789101112131415-dqy

miyC/ lqfo/k,¡ (gk¡@ugha esa crk,a)Ø0 la0fo"k;gk¡ @UkghaØ0 la0fo"k;gk¡ @Ukgha1- vk¡xuckM+h dsUnz2- IkzkFkfed fo|ky;3- f uth V~;w'ku lsaVj4- eè; fo|ky;5- mPPk fo|ky;6- Tku forj.k iz.kkyh dh nqdku7- izkFkfed fpfdRlk dsUnz8- futh fpfdRld dsUnz9- mi izkFkfed fpfdRlk dsUnz10- Mkd?kj11- Fkkuk12- ifCyd VsyhiQksu13- futh V~;wcosy14- pkikdy15- VªSDVj16- Ikkbi }kjk cksfjax17- [kqnkbZ okys dq,a18- lkoZtfud rkykc19- lkeqnkf;d Hkou20- lkoZtfud cfxpk21- Ukgj22- vkVk pDdh23- fdjkuk nqdku24- Pkk; nqdku25- diM+s dh nqdku26- lksukj dh nqdku27- ukbZ dh nqdku28- Hkkstuky;29- iku dh nqdku30- nqX/ O;olk;31- lqvj ikyu32- eRL; ikyu O;olk;33- eqxhZ ikyu O;olk;34- iDdh lM+d35- dPph lM+d36- jsy ;krk;kr37- cl iM+ko38- fjD'kkdh lqfo/k39- vU;d)[k)x)?k)M+)19

CkSadksa ds ckjs esa tkudkjhdk;Z lhek ds varxZr vkus okys cSadksa ds uke ,oa irk %1- ------------------------------------------------------------------------- 2- ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ -----------------------------------------------------------,tsalh dk uke dqy Lo;a lgk;rk lewg fLFkfr20

vè;k; & 5Lo;a lgk;rk lewg dk xBuLo;a lgk;rk lewg xBu ds eq[; fcanq1- Ykxkrkj rhu&pkj ckj rd fdlh Vksys esa leqnk; ds lkFk ifj;kstuk laca/h tkudkjh iznkudjus ds ckn y{; lewg dh 10&15 efgyk,a fu;fer :Ik ls mifLFkr gksrh gSa vkSjle:Ik lewg ( Affinity Group)dk fuekZ.k djus ds fy, mRlqd gksrh gSa A2- egRoiw.kZ O;fDr;ksa] usrkvksa] iapk;r izfrfuf/;ksa vkSj eqf[k;k lesr xk¡o ds izfrf"Br yksxifj;kstuk ds dk;kZsa ds izfr #fp fn[kkrs gSa ;k de ls de blds izfr dksbZ fojks/@izfrjks/iznf'kZr ugha djrs ALkewg xBu dk vkjaHk1. dkSu yksx Lo;a lgk;rk lewg ds lnL; cu ldrs gSa \Lo;a lgk;rk lewg dk lnL; cuus ds fy, fuEufyf[kr ckrksa dks è;ku esa j[kuk vko';d gS %d) lcls xjhc ;k xjhc ifjokjksa dh efgyk lnL; A ifjokj dk eryc ,d ,slh bdkbZ ls gSftldk pwYgk vyx gks A[k) izR;sd ifjokj ls ,d gh efgyk Lo;a lgk;rk lewg dk lnL; cu ldrh gSa ftudh mez18 ls 60 o"kZ ds chp gksuh pkfg, AXk) viuh LosPNk vkSj lewg ds lnL;ksa }kjk fu/kZfjr] fu;fer :Ik ls cpr djus dh {kerkj[krh gks A?k) lewg esa dke djus dh bPNqd gks APk) cSBd esa le; nsus ds fy, rS;kj gks A2. tSls gh y{; lewg dh 10-15 efgyk,¡ fpfg~ur gksrh gSa] lkeqnkf;d leUo;d dks bulaHkkfor efgyk lnL;ksa ds chp dk;ZØe dh vo/kj.kk (Lo;a lgk;rk lewg ds ckjs esa)foLrkj ls j[kuh gksxh A3. ;g dke fÝyi pkVZ rFkk vU; vkb-- bZ lh -(lwpuk] f'k{kk ,oa lapkj) lkexzh] tSls fiQYevkfn (ifj;kstuk dh tkudkjh nsus ds fy, fufeZr fiQYeksa) ds ekè;e ls fd;k tk,xk Alkeqnkf;d leUo;d lewg ds lnL;ksa ls ijke'kZ dj izFke vkSipkfjd cSBd dh frfFkvkSj cpr dh jkf'k r; djsxk ALo;a lgk;rk lewg dk xBudjrs le; ifj;kstukdehZ;g lqfuf'pr dj ysa fdlHkh lnL; xjhc ;k xjhcksaesa ls xjhc ifjokj ls gSa ALo;a lgk;rk lewg dslnL;ksa ls ijke'kZ dj izFkevkSipkfjd cSBd dh frfFkvkSj cpr dh jkf'klqfuf'pr djuh pkfg, A21

Lo;a lgk;rk lewg ds lHkhlnL;ksa dks fÝyi pkVZ}kjk iaplw=k ds ckjs esacrkuk pkfg, A4. igyh cSBd ds fnu lkeqnkf;d leUo;d fuEufyf[kr eqíksa ij ppkZ djus esa Lo;algk;rk lewg dh enn djsaxs Ad) izR;sd lIrkg esa lnL;ksa dh cpr jkf'k r; djokuk[k) lkIrkfgd cSBd dk fnu ,oa le; r; djokukx) leqnk; }kjk Lo;a lgk;rk lewg dh dqN t:jh fu;ekoyh dk fuekZ.k (lkIrkfgdcSBd] lkIrkfgd cpr jkf'k] lewg dk ukedj.k] lewg ds izfrfuf/ ,oa izfrfuf/;ksa dsp;u ds ckjs esa crkuk)A?k) lewg pykus ds fy, Åij fy[ks ckrksa dks vko';d :i ls ikyu djus dh bPNk j[kukA5.lkeqnkf;d leUo;d fÝyi pkVZ vkSj iksLVlZ }kjk lnL;ksa dks crk,axsd) Lo;a lgk;rk lewg ds lnL;ksa dh Hkwfedk(1) lkIrkfgd cpr esa fu;ferrk A(2) lkIrkfgd cSBdksa esa fu;fer :i ls 'kkfey gksuk A(3) lkewfgd fu.kZ; ysuk vkSj mu ij vey djuk A(4) la;qDr ;k lkewfgd dk;ksZa esa igy djuk A(5) iaplw=k ds ckjs esa crkuk A22

slHkh ysu&nsu vkSj [kkrkcghdks izR;sd cSBd esa ghfy[kk tkuk pkfg, A lewg ds izfrfuf/ ds :i esaxjhc O;fDr dks izkFkfedrknsuh pkfg, vkSj muds vPNsizfrfuf/ cUkus esa lcdkslg;ksx djuk pkfg, A lkeqnkf;d laxBd tks lewgdk ys[kk&tks[kk vkSj[kkrkcgh fy[kus esa enndjsxk mldk p;u Lo;algk;rk lgk;rk lewg ds}kjk gksuk pkfg, A(6) lHkh ysu&nsu vkSj [kkrkcgh dks izR;sd cSBd esa gh fy[kk tkuk pkfg, A bl 'krZesa cnyko ugha fd;k tk ldrk gSA ;g blfy, Hkh egRoiw.kZ gS fd lHkh lnL; voxrgksa fd [kkrk&cgh esa D;k fy[kk tk jgk gS vkSj cSBd esa tks ckr mHkjdj vkbZ ;k ftlij lkeqfgd ppkZ ,oa lkeqfgd fu.kZ; fy;k x;k] mldk okLrfod :i ls fy[kk tkjgk gS ;k ugha A cSBd esa fy, x, fu.kZ;ksa ,oa [kkrk&cgh esa ntZ ckrksa ds izfr gj lnL;tokcnsg gksrk gS A vr,o bl rjg ls ikjnf'kZrk rFkk tokcnsgh] nksuksa mís'; LFkkfirgksrs gSa vkSj vey esa vkrs gSa Ax) izfrfuf/ (usrk) ,oa usr`Ro % lewg ds fy, fu;eksa ds fuekZ.k vkSj mUgsa vey esaa ykus dsfy, lewg ds lnL;ksa dks jkth djuk cgqr t:jh gksrk gS A bl dke ds fy, usr`Ro {kerkdh cgqr t:jr gksrh gS A lewg dks ,sls usr`Ro dh ryk'k djuh pkfg, tks ppkZ l=k~ esaekxZn'kZd vkSj laizs"kd (ckgjh tkudkjh dks lewg esa crkuk) dh Hkwfedk vnk dj ldsrFkk vkilh fooknksa dk lkeqfgd :Ik ls 'kkafriwoZd fuiVkjk djok lds A izk;% ns[kk x;kgS fd usr`Ro ,slh efgykvksa ;k yksxksa ds gkFk esa pyk tkrk gS ftudh igpku igys ls gksrhgS] os eq[kj gksrs gSa vkSj muds ikl tkudkjh gksrh gS A bu ckrksa dks è;ku esa j[krs gq,thfodk ds varxZr cus lewg dks vius izfrfuf/ ds :Ik esa xjhc O;fDr dks izkFkfedrknsuh pkfg, vkSj muds vPNs izfrfuf/ cuus esa lcdks lg;ksx djuk pkfg, A lHkh lewgds rhu izfrfuf/ gksaxs & igyk vè;{k] nwljk lfpo vkSj rhljk dks"kkè;{k A lewg dkiz;kl jgsxk fd izFke nks esa ls dksbZ ,d izfrfuf/ lcls xjhc o misf{kr@vlqjf{kr lnL;gks A?k) [kkrkcgh dk j[kj[kko % [kkrkcgh dk lgh j[kj[kko lewg ds lapkyu ds fy, cgqr ghegRoiw.kZ gS A 'kq: esa] lkeqnkf;d leUo;d [kkrkcgh nq#Lr (ys[kk&tks[kk) j[kus esalgk;rk dj ldrk gS ysfdu ckn esa Lo;a lgk;rk lewg dks xzke Lrj ij dqN ,sls O;fDrdk pquko djuk pkfg, tks lkeqnkf;d laxBd (lh-,e-) ds :i esa lewg ds fy, dk;Zdj ldsa A lkeqnkf;d laxBd dk dke lewg ds ys[kk&tks[kk vkSj [kkrkcgh laHkkyus esaenn djuk gksxk Axk¡o esa izos'k ds rhu ekg ds vanj lh-,e- dh igpku dj mUgsa lewg dk [kkrk&cghfy[kus dh ftEesnkfj;ksa ds vykok vU; ftEesnkfj;ksa ds ckjsa esa Hkh crkuk pkfg, Alewg dh vkRefuHkZjrk rFkk iqf"Vdj.kgsrq ;g vko';d gS fd xzke Lrj ij leqnk; dsyksxksa esa ls ,d O;fDr lewg ds [kkrkcgh fy[kus dk dk;Z djus dh igy djsa A24

Lo;a lgk;rk lewg esavkilh ½.k forj.k izFkecSBd ls 'kq: fd;k tkldrk gS Avkn'kZ :i ls Lo;a lgk;rk lewg ds lnL;ksa dh ekax ds vuqlkj vkilh Í.k forj.k dk dkeftruk tYnh gks 'kq: dj nsuk pkfg, A vko';drk iM+us ij izFke cSBd ls gh Í.k forj.k dkdke 'kq: fd;k tk ldrk gS ACkDlk] cSBd jftLVj vkSj ys[kk iqfLrdk tSlh lewg LFkkiuk lkexzh ifj;kstuk }kjk miyC/djk;h tk,xh ALkkeqnkf;d leUo;d@lkeqnkf;d laxBd (lh-,e-) }kjk lHkh lewg lnL;ksa dh bl izdkj lsenn djuh pkfg, fd os iaplw=kksa dk ikyu djsaAftl lewg us lkIrkfgd cpr ds lkFk liQyrkiwoZd 08 cSBdsa iwjh dj yh gks rFkkmifLFkfr ,oa cpr de ls de 90 izfr'kr gks] dsoy mUgsa gh lewg LFkkiuk lkexzh fn;ktk,xk A26

Lo;a lgk;rk lewg ds iaplw=k1- lkIrkfgd cSBd % lHkh lewgksa dks lkIrkfgd cSBd vk;ksftr djuh pkfg, A2- lkIrkfgd cpr % lewg dh lkIrkfgd cSBdksa esa reke lnL;ksa dks viuh lkIrkfgdcpr fu;fer :i ls tek djuh pkfg, A cSBd esa lnL;ksa dh cpr dh jkf'k bruhgksuh pkfg, ftls izR;sd lnL; fu;fer :i ls cpr dj lds A3- fu;fer vkilh Í.k iznku djuk % izR;sd lkIrkfgd cSBd esa lnL;ksa dhvko';drk vuqlkj lkeqfgd fu.kZ; dj Í.k dh jkf'k nsuh pkfg, AlkIrkfgd cSBdLo;a lgk;rk lewg ds ik¡plw=k %1-2- lkIrkfgd cpr3-lkIrkfgd cSBdfu;fer vkilh Í.k iznkudjuk A4- fu;fer Í.k okilh Alewg dh [kkrkcgh fu;fer:i ls v|ru djuklkIrkfgd cpr5-lewg dh [kkrkcgh fu;fer:i ls fy[kuk kAfu;fer ½.kokilhfu;fer vkilh ½.kiznku djuk4- fu;fer Í.k okilh % Í.k ysus okys lnL; dks Lo;a lgk;rk lewg dh cSBd esalnL;ksa }kjk fu/kZfjr fu;eksa ds vuqlkj lwn ewy dh okilh djuh pkfg, A5- lewg dh [kkrkcgh fu;fer :i ls fy[kuk % lewg ds lHkh cgh[kkrksa dks fu;fer:i ls mldh cSBdksa esa gh fy[kuk pkfg, A27

cSad cpr [kkrk [kksyuklewg ds xBu ds yxHkx8&10 cSBd ds ckn mlesaLFkkf;Ro vk tkrk gS vkSjlh-lh- dks utnhdhjk"Vªh;d`r cSadksa essa [kkrk[kksyus dh dksf'k'k djuhpkfg, Alewg ds xBu ds yxHkx 8&10 cSBd ds ckn tc lewg vius }kjk cuk;s x;s fu;eksa dklgh&lgh ikyu djus yxrk gS rFkk lnL;ksa esa LFkkf;Ro vk tkrh gS rks lkeqnkf;d leUo;ddks utnhdh jk"Vªh;d`r cSadksa esa [kkrk [kksyus ds ckjs esa lewg esa ppkZ djuh pkfg, A cSad izca/d dks ifj;kstukdh foLr`r tkudkjhtSls&iaplw=k] fefVax dhizfØ;k ,oa ekbØksIyku dsckjs esa crkuk vko ';dgS ABhd blds mijkar lkeqnkf;d leUo;d utnhdh jk"Vªh;d`r cSadksa ls lEidZ lk/us ds fy,vius {ks=kh; leUo;d vkSj iz[kaM ifj;kstuk izca/d dks crkdj cSad tkdj ifj;kstuk dhfoLr`r tkudkjh cSad izca/d dks iznku djsA bl ifj;kstuk dh fo'ks"krkvksa ij vo'; izdk'kMkysa fd fdl izdkj ;g ifj;kstuk iwjh rjg ls Lo;a lgk;rk lewgksa ds fodkl ds izfr lefiZrgS rFkk blds }kjk viuk;h x;h izfØ;k,¡ tSls iaplw=k] feafVax izkslsl ,o ekbØksIyku bls vU;ifj;kstukvksa ls vyx viuh ,d igpku nsrk gS A lkFk gh lkFk vius dk;Z{ks=k dh izxfr fjiksVZdh ,d Nk;kizfr Hkh cSad izca/d dks nas A blh ifjppkZ ds vk/kj ij {ks=kh; leUo;d vkSjiz[kaM ifj;kstuk izca/d] cSad izca/d dks lewg dh cSBd esa vkus ds fy, Hkh vkxzzg djsa ,oalkeqnkf;d leUo;d }kjk lewg dk [kkrk [kqyokus gsrq fofHkUu dkxtkr dh rS;kjh djk;sa A28

izLrkfor lh-,e- dsnLrkostksa ,oa p;u dhizfØ;k dh tkapdj iz[kaMifj;kstuk izca/d mldkvuqeksnu djsxas Axzke laxBu] lkeqnkf;dleUo;d vkSj {ksf=k;leUo;d lh-,e- izf'k{kq dsdk;ksZ dh fuxjkuh @ ns[kjs[kdjsxsa Aftyk izf'k{k.k bdkbZ }kjk{ksf=k; leUo;d ds lkFkfeydj lh0,e0 izf'k{kq dsfy, vkoklh; izf'k{k.k dkvk;kstu djsxk A izLrkfor lh-,e- ds nLrkostksa ,oa p;u dh izfØ;k dh tkapdj iz[kaM ifj;kstuk izca/dmldk vuqeksnu djsaxs A xzke laxBu] lkeqnkf;d leUo;d vkSj {ks=kh; leUo;d lh-,e- izf'k{kq ds dk;ksZa (lewg dkle; ij cSBd] Lo;a lgk;rk lewg ds dk;Zdq'kyrk esa lq/kj] lewg ds fdrkcksa dklgh&lgh ys[kk&tks[kk ,oa fjiksfVZaXk) dh fuxjkuh@ns[kjs[k djsxsa ALkh-,e- (thfodk fe=k) dk izf'k{k.k1- izf'k{kq lh-,e- ds fy, ,d izf'k{k.k dk;ZØe gksxk A izf'k{k.k dk;ZØe xzke laxBu }kjklqfuf'pr frfFk ls rhu ekg ds vanj dh tk;sxh A2- izf'k{k.k dk;ZØe eq[;r% nks pj.kksa esa lEiUUk gksxh %d) izFke Pkj.k esa lh-,e- dks dk;Z ds nkSjku izf'k{k.k fn;k tk;sxk A izFke rhu ekg esa lh-,e-] lkeqnkf;d leUo;d ;k {ks=kh; leUo;d ds lkFk tqM+dj dk;Z djsaxs rFkk dk;Z dhftEesnkfj;ksa dks lh[kus dh dksf'k'k djsaxs A bl dk;Zkof/ ds nkSjku lh-lh- le;≤ ijlh-,e- izf'k{kq dks dk;Z lslacaf/r izf'k{k.k iznkudjrk jgsxkA[k) nwljs pj.k esa ftykizf'k{k.k bdkbZ {ks=kh;leUo;d ds lkFk feydjlh-,e- izf'k{kq ds fy,vkoklh; izf'k{k.k dkvk;kstu djsxk A blizf'k{k.k esa lh-,e- izf'k{kqdks ifj;kstuk] Lo;algk;rk lewgksaaaaaaaaaaaa] fdrkcksadk ys[kk&tks[kk ,oamRizsjd ds :i esa dk;Zdjus laca/h izf'k{k.k iznkudh tk;sxh A32

fdlh Hkh p;fur lh0,e0dk vkoklh; izf'k{k.kmlds igpku dh frfFk lsrhu&pkj ekg ds vanj gkstkuk pkfg, AMh0ih0lh0]lh0,e0 dsewY;kadu izi=k dh ,dNk;kizfr ,l0ih0,e0;w0dks Hkstsxh A3-rhu ekg dh vof/ ftlesa lh-,e- izf'k{kq ds :i esa dk;Z djsxk ml vof/ esa mlsifj;kstuk ds lh-,e- ikWfylh ds vuqlkj fu/kZfjr ekuns; nh tk;sxh A4 - 'kq:vkrh nkSj esa lh-,e-cSBd ds nkSjku djsaxs A vkxsds dk;kZs dk ekfld vkdyu lacaf/r lkeqnkf;d leUo;dvkSj xzke laxBu feydj izR;sd ekg xzke laxBu dhpydj ;g Hkwfedk xzke laxBu dks Lo;a fuHkkuh gksxh A5- ;fn p;fur lh-,e- izf'k{kq ds dk;Z esa visf{kr lq/kj ugha ik;k tkrk gS rks izf'k{kq dhvof/ nks&rhu ekg c

8- lh-,e- ds izf'k{k.k ds nkSjku lh[kus dh bPNk ,oa dk;Z dh xq.koÙkk dks ns[krs gq, ch-ih-,e-@Mh-ih-lh-@Mh-Vh-lh-] lh-,e- izf'k{kq dks lh-,e- in ij LFkkfir djus dk izLrkoikfjr djsaxs A vkxs pydj ;g dk;Z xzke laxBu }kjk gh fd;k tk;sxk Alh-,e- dk ekuns; xzkelaxBu }kjk ,dkmaV is;h psdls fn;k tk;sxk vkSj ;fn xzkelaxBu dk fuekZ.k ugh gqvkgks rks lh-,e- dk ekuns; chih-vkbZ-;w-}kjk ,dkmaV is;hpsd ls fd;k tk;sxk A9- lh-,e- ds dk;ksZ dk ewY;kadu djus gsrq izi=k layXu gS A Mh-ih-lh-] lh-,e- ds ewY;kaduizi=k dh ,d Nk;kizfr (ch-ih-,e-@Mh-Vh-lh-@Mh-ih-lh- }kjk gLrk{kfjr) jkT; ifj;kstukizca/u bdkbZ dks Hkstsxh A10- ,d ckj lh-,e- Lohd`r fd;s tkus ds mijkar mudk ekuns; ifj;kstuk ds lh-,eikWfylhds vuqlkj ns; gksxk Alkeqnkf;d laxBd (lh-,e-) dss ekuns; nsus dh izfØ;kLFkk;h lh-,e- dks ifj;kstuk dh lh-,e- ikWfylh ds vuqlkj fu/kZfjr ekuns; ch-ih-vkbZ-;w-@xzkelaxBu }kjk iznku fd;k tk;sxk A ;fn xzke laxBu dk fuekZ.k gks pqdk gS rks lh-,e- dk ekuns;ml xzke laxBu }kjk ,dkmaV is;h psd ls fn;k tk;sxk vkSj ;fn xzke laxBu dk fuekZ.k ughagqvk gks rsk lh-,e- dk ekuns; ch-ih-vkbZ-;w- }kjk ,dkmaV is;h psd ls fd;k tk;sxk AliQy ,oa laiw.kZ izf'k{k.k vof/ ds lwpd;fn ;g rhu lwpd esa lh-,e- izf'k{kq liQy gks tkrs gSa rks mUgsa lh-,e- in gsrq LFkkfir djfn;k tk;sxk A1- lh-,e- izf'k{kq us vkoklh; izf'k{k.k izkIr dj fy;k gks A2- lh-,e- Lo;a lgk;rk lewg dk lkIrkfgd cSBd djkuss esa l{ke gks x;k gks vkSj mlesaLo;a lgk;rk lewg ds [kkrk&cgh dk ys[kk&tks[kk laHkkyus dh {kerk vk x;h gks A3- ftldks Lo;a lgk;rk lewg ds iaplw=kksa] Lo;a lgk;rk lewg dh vo/kj.kkvksa ,oaLo;a lgk;rk lewg dh cSBd djkus dh tkudkjh ,oa {kerk gkfly gks x;h gks AewY;kadu ,oa lg;ksx‘kq:vkrh nkSj esa lh-,e- ds dk;ksZ dk ewY;kadu xzke laxBu vkSj lacaf/r lkeqnkf;d leUo;dla;qDr :i ls djsaxsa A vkxs pydj ;g dk;Z xzke laxBu dks izR;sd ekg Lo;a djuk gksxk Alkeqnkf;d leUo;d ges'kk lh-,e- dks mlds dk;Z esa lg;ksx iznku djrk jgsxk A34

vè;k; & 7thfodk ifj;kstuk esa lkeqnkf;d lk/ulsohdh Hkkxhnkjhizk;% ;g ns[kk x;k gS fd tc ,d leqnk; ds lh[k ,oa vuqHkoksa dks leqnk; ds yksxksa }kjk nwljsleqnk; esa ckaVk tkrk gS rks og T;knk fo'oluh;] izHkkodkjh ,oa LFkk;h gksrk gS A ;g izfØ;klkekftd ekscykbts'ku ds lcls vPNs rjhdksa esa ls ,d gS A O;kid Lrj ij Lo;a lgk;rklewg dk xBu ,oa mudh lqn`k ldrh gSrFkk izsfjr djus ds fy, le; fudky ldrh gSA thfodk ifj;kstuk }kjk xfBr Lo;a lgk;rklewgksa@xzke laxBuksa ds lnL;ksa ds chp ls lh-vkj-ih- dk p;u fuEufyf[kr ekinaM ds vk/kjij fd;k tk,xk% vPNs Lo;a lgk;rk lewg (ftlesa iaplw=k ykxw gks) dh lnL; gks tks de ls de 52cSBdksa esa Hkkx yh gkss rFkk Lo;a lgk;rk lewg ls ykHkkfUor gqbZ gks A oSls Lo;a lgk;rk lewg ds lnL; tks lewg xzke laxBu dk lnL; gks A tks vR;ar xjhc @ vlgk; ifjokj dh gks ftlesa de ls de ;g {kerk gksuh pkfg, fdleqnk; dks le>k dj muds thou Lrj esa cnyko ykus ds fy, izsfjr dj lds A tks lnL; lewg esa ysu&nsu fu;fer dj jgh gks vkSj mu ij lewg dk cgqr fnuksa ls cdk;kÍ.k dh jkf'k u gks (lewg ds fufeZr vuq'kklu fu;eksa dks rksM+us okyh lnL;k u gks) ALkeqnkf;d lk/ulsoh] Lo;algk;rk lewg dh oSlhizfrfuf/ gaS ftUgsa lewglacaf/r yack vuqHko gks rFkkmudks fo'okl gks fd xjhchmUewyu ,oa l'kfDrdj.k dsfy, Lo;a lgk;rk ,d mÙketfj;k gS ALo;a lgk;rk lewg dh oSlhlnL;k lkeqnkf;d lalk/ugks ldrh gS A tks de lsde 52 cSBdksa esa Hkkx yspqdh gks vkSj mu ij lewgdk cgqr fnuksa ls cdk;k½.k dh jkf'k u gks A35

tks xjhcksa ds fodkl ds fy, ges'kk rRij jgrh gks Atks nwljksa dks izksRlkfgr djus esa l{ke gks vkSj leqnk; ds fy, le; ns lds Alh-vkj-ih- ls lacaf/r dksbZHkh izLrko dks xzke laxBudh cSBd esa gh Lohd`rgksuh pkfg, rFkk lHkhppkZvksa dks xzke laxBu dhdk;Zokgh iqfLrdk esa fyf[krgksuh pkfg, Alkeqnkf;d lk/ulsoh ds p;u dh izfØ;kftuds ifjokj }kjk nwljs iz[kaM@ftyk esa dk;Z djus gsrq tkus ds fy, dksbZ ikcanh u gksAftudh vk;q de ls de 20 o"kZ dh gkss AloZizFke ,-lh- rFkk lh-lh- xzke laxBu ds lkFk lh-vkj-ih- p;u ds fy, ppkZ dj mlxzke laxBu ds }kjk oSls Lo;a lgk;rk lewg dh lnL;ksa dh lwph rS;kj djok,xk ftlesaiaplw=k ykxw gks ,oa de ls de 52 lkIrkfgd cSBdksa esa Hkkx yh gksa A,-lh- rFkk lh-lh- xzke laxBu dh cSBd esa fn, x, ekinaM ds vk/kj ij lh-vkj-ih- dhvafre lwph rS;kj djokus esa xzke laxBu dks enn djsxk Axzke laxBu ds }kjk p;fur lh-vkj-ih- dh vafre lwph (iQkbuy fyLV) ,-lh- rFkk lhlh-ds }kjk ch-ih-vkbZ- ;w- dks Hkstk tkuk pkfg, A,-lh- ,oa lh-lh- ds }kjk lh-vkj-ih- ds dk;ksZa ds ckjs esa Li"V :Ik ls crk nsuk pkfg, A,-lh- rFkk lh-lh- dh ;g ftEesokjh gksxh fd lh-vkj-ih- dk nSfud HkÙkk (vkus tkus ,oa[kkus dk [kpZ) xzke laxBu ds lg;ksx ls r; djs lkFk gh ;g Hkh è;ku j[ks fd ifj;kstukds lh-vkj-ih- uhfr ds rgr r; dh xbZ jkf'k ls vf/d u gks Alh-vkj-ih- ls lacaf/r dksbZ Hkh izLrko xzke laxBu dh cSBd esa gh Lohd`r gksuh pkfg,rFkk lHkh ppkZ,a xzke laxBu dh dk;Zokgh iqfLrdk esa fyf[kr gksuh pkfg, Alh-vkj-ih- ds C;kSjksa ds lkFk xzke laxBu }kjk Hkh dk;Zokgh iqfLrdk esa fyf[kr ppkZvksadh ,d izfrfyih ,-lh-@lh-lh- ds }kjk ch-ih-vkbZ-;w- esa Hksth tkuh pkfg, Ach-ih-vkbZ-;w- Lrj ij lHkh p;fur lh-vkj-ih- dk C;kSjk ,d vyx iQkbYk esa yxh gqbZgksuh pkfg, A36

Lkkeqnkf;d lk/ulsoh dk izf'k{k.kp;fur lh-vkj-ih- dks muds dk;Z vkSj tokcnsgh ds ckjs essa Vªsfuax lsy ds }kjk Li"V :Ikls voxr djk;k tkuk pkfg, Alh-vkj-ih- dks ckgjh (tSls fd vka/zizns'k ls vk;s gq, ) lh-vkj-ih- Vhe ds lkFk jg djdk;Z djrs gq, lh[kus dh dksf'k'k djuh pkfg, Aftyk Vªsfuax lsy lh-vkj- ih- ds izf'k{k.k ds fy, ,d Vªsfuax ekWM~;wy rS;kj djsxk ,oamuds {ks=k Hkze.k (,Dlikstj HkhftV) rFkk izf'k{k.k dh O;oLFkk djsxk Alh-vkj-ih- dks de ls de15 fnuksa dh lsok,aifj;kstuk }kjk p;fur xk¡oesa jg dj iznku djuk gksxk Alkeqnkf;d lk/ulsoh dk dk;Z fooj.k‘kq:vkrh nkSj esa lh-vkj-ih- vka/zizns'k ls vk;h lh-vkj-ih- ds lkFk fey dj viuh lsok,a iznkudjsxh Alh-vkj-ih- dks de ls de 15 fnuksa dh lsok,a ifj;kstuk }kjk p;fur xk¡o esa jg dj iznkudjuk gksxk A lkekftd ekscykbts'ku] Lo;a lgk;rk lewg dk xBu ,oa muds izf'k{k.k lslacaf/r fuEufyf[kr xfrfof/;ka djuh gksaxh %Xkk¡o esa izos'k ds nkSjku ml xk¡o ds xjhcksa esa xjhc leqnk; ds cM+s cqtqxZ ;k izfrf"BrO;fDr (ftudh ckrsa lc ekurs gksa) ls laidZ lk/ dj mUgsa vius vkus dk dkj.k foLrkjesa crk,xh A37

Lkeqnkf;d lk/u lsoh dheq[; ftEesnkjh %Ikgys ls fo?kfVr Lo;algk;rk lewg dks iqu%thfor djuk ALo;a lgk;rk lewg dksizf'k{k.k nsuk Alewg izca/u ds vPNsrjhdksa ds ckjs esa crkuk ALkh-vkj-ih- vius dk;ksZsa dkC;ksjk xzke laxBu dhcSBd esa izLrqr djsxh vkSjxzke laxBu muds ekuns;vkSj vU; [kpZ dk Hkqxrkudjsxh Aigys ls fo?kfVr (can iM+s) Lo;a lgk;rk lewg dks iqu% thfor djus dk dk;Z djsxhANwVs gq, xjhc ifjokjksa dks Lo;a lgk;rk lewg esa tksM+us dk dk;Z Hkh djsxhAigys Lrj dk l?ku izf'k{k.k dk;Zdze Lo;a lgk;rk lewg ds fy, vk;ksftr djsxhA ;gizf'k{k.k Lo;a lgk;rk lewg ds izca/u] cSBd dh izfdz;k] izfrfuf/ dh Hkwfedk] fu.kZ;ysus dh izfØ;k vkfn ls lacaf/r fo"k;ksa ij gksxh ALo;a lgk;rk lewg dh cSBd esa Hkkxhnkjh dj lewg izca/u ds vPNs rjhds] tSls &lkIrkfgd cSBd] lkIrkfgd cpr] vkilh ysu&nsu ,oa [kkrk&cgh dk j[k j[kko tSlseqn~nksa ds ckjs esa ppkZ djsa ALo;a lgk;rk lewg dh enn ls lkeqnkf;d laxBd (lh-,e-) dk p;u djsxh ALo;a lgk;rk lewg dh ys[kk&tks[kk dh =kqfV;ka ;fn gks rks] dks lq/kj djokus esa enndjsxh Afdlh Hkh Lo;a lgk;rk lewg dk C;kSjk izkIr dj mUgasa muds fLFkfr;ksa ls voxrdjok,xh Alkeqnkf;d lk/ulsoh dk lalk/u 'kqYd'kq:vkrh nkSj esa lHkh [kpZ ifj;kstuk }kjk xzke laxBu ds ekè;e ls Hkqxrku fd;k tk,xk A lhvkj-ih-Vhe ds izR;sd lnL; dks lalk/u 'kqYd ([kkus ,oa vkus&tkus dk [kpZ vkfn) fn;ktk,xk Adk;Z laiknu ds ckn lHkh lh-vkj-ih- vius dkeksa dk ys[kk tks[kk xkze laxBu dh cSBd esaizLrqr djsxh vkSj xzke laxBu ifj;kstuk ds lh-vkj-ih- ikWfylh ds rgr mUgsa mudk ekuns; vkSjvU; [kpZ dk Hkqxrku djsxh Ablh izdkj lacaf/r xzke laxBu@Lo;a lgk;rk lewg dk laLFkkxr 'kqYd ifj;kstuk dslh-vkj-ih- ikWfylh ds rgr xzke laxBu Hkqxrku djsxh A38

Ikfjf'k"V& dlkeqnkf;d laLFkk dk fuekZ.kLo;a lgk;rk lewg esa xjhc Js.kh ds reke ifjokjksa dks laxfBr djus vkSj bl izdkj u;hlaLFkk,a xfBr djus dh vko';drk gS ftuds ekè;e ls xjhc yksx fodkl izfØ;k esa HkkxhnkjhfuHkk ldsaxs A ;g mUgsa ,d lgk;rk ra=k iznku djsxk] D;ksafd eq[;/kjk dh fodkl izfØ;k esamuds 'kkfey gksus dh jkg esa xaHkhj ,oa vusd ck/k,a mRiUu gksaxh A lewg dk xBu]l'kDrhdj.k dh izfØ;k dk egRoiw.kZ rRo gS] D;ksafd bdV~Bk gksdj efgyk,a rkdroj eglwldjrh gSa A lewg efgykvksa dks fuEufyf[kr phtsa iznku djrk gS &d) lkekftd cnykoksa dh [kkfrj tqVs efgykvksa ds fy, vkRefo'okl vkSj yxkrkj lgkjk A[k) ,d eap] tgk¡ efgyk,a viuk nq[k&lq[k ,oa vPNh&cqjh ckrksa ij fopkj&foe'kZ djldrs gSa Ax) tkx:drk c

xzke laxBu xk¡o esa xjhcksadh leL;kvksa dks ysdjvkokt mBkus dk ,d eap gSvkSj xjhch gVkus ds fy,leqfpr fodkl dk;ZØe dsfy, vko';d laLkk/u HkhtqVkrk gS ALo;a lgk;rk lewg dk nwljk cM+k :i xzke Lrj ij xzke laxBu gksxk A ;g laxBu ifj;kstuk}kjk cuk;s x;s fofHkUu lewgksa dk la;qDr :i gksxk A tc lewg iwjh rjg etcwr gks tkrk gS rHkhnwljs Lrj ds laxBu dk fuekZ.k izkjaHk fd;k tkrk gS A xzke laxBu xk¡o esa xjhcksa dh leL;kvksadks ysdj vkokt mBkus dk ,d eap gS vkSj xjhch gVkus ds fy, leqfpr fodkl dk;ZØe dsfy, vko';d laLkk/u Hkh tqVkrk gS A xzke laxBu dks iapk;rh jkt laLFkkvksa ds tfj;slkekftd izfØ;kvksa esa xjhcksa dh Hkkxhnkjh c

xzke laxBu bu dkeksa esa lgk;rk nsxk%lnL; lewgksa dks rduhdh lgk;rk iznku djuk AleL;kvksa dk lek/ku vkSj Vdjkoksa dk fujkdj.k djuk Alewgksa ds dkedkt dh leh{kk djuk Axk¡o esa cps gq, xjhcksa ds fy, lewg fuekZ.k esa enn nsuk Avius lnL;ksa ds lkekftd&vkfFkZd fodkl ds fy, y?kq ;kstuk,a rS;kj djuk Ay?kq ;kstukvksa@fuos'k ;kstukvksa dks ykxw djus ds fy, vius laidksZa ds tfj,lalk/u&vk/kj fodflr djuk vkSj bl izdkj xjhc ifjokjksa ds vkfFkZd&lkekftdl'kDrhdj.k dks fn'kk iznku djuk AlnL; lewgksa ds vuqHkoksa vkSj ljksdkjksa ds vknku&iznku esa eap ds crkSj dke djuk Axzke laxBu dks bl ckr dsfy, izksRlkfgr fd;k tk,xkvkSj enn nh tk,xh fd oseghus esa ,d ckj viuhdk;Zdkfj.kh lfefr vkSjrhu eghus esa ,d ckjlkekU; fudk; dh cSBdvo'; dj ysa Aiz[kaM Lrjh; la?kLo;a lgk;rk lewgksa@xzke laxBuksa ds vkRefo'okl dk Lrj tc T;knk gks tk, vkSj fofHkUueqn~nksa dks lqy>kus dh mudh {kerk ckusdh mudh {kerk c

ifjf'k"V & [klaf{kIr 'kCnkoyhdkWe&dE;qfuVh vkWijs'kuy eSuqvy & lkeqnkf;d fØ;kUo;u ekxZnf'kZdk,l-,p-th- & lsYiQ gsYi xzqi & Lo;a lgk;rk lewgHkh-vks- & foyst vkWjxukbts'ku & xzke laxBuCkh-,y-,iQ- & CykWd ysoy iQsMjs'ku & iz[kaM Lrjh; la?kLkh-,e- & dE;qfuVh ekscykbtj & lkeqnkf;d laxBdLkh-vkj-ih- & dE;qfuVh fjlksZl ilZu & lkeqnkf;d lk/ulsohLkh-lh & dE;qfuVh dksvkWjfMusVj & lkeqnkf;d leUo;d,-Lkh- & ,fj;k dksvkWjfMusVj & {ks=kh; leUo;dch-ih-,e- & CykWd izkstsDV eSustj & iz[kaM ifj;kstuk izca/dvkj-ih- & fjlkslZ ilZu & lk/ulsohLkh-ch-,y-,-,iQ- & dE;qfuVh csLM ykoyhgqM~l & ladqy vk/kfjr thfodksiktZu xfrfof/,DVhfofV iQsMjs'kula?kth-vks-ch- & xouZesaV vkWiQ fcgkj & fcgkj ljdkjIkh-vkj-vkbZ- & iapk;rh jkTk baLVhP;q'ku & iapk;rh jkt laLFkk,u-th-vks- & ukWu xouZesaV vkWjxukbts'ku & xSj ljdkjh laLFkku,l-,p-ih-vkbZ- & lsYiQ gsYi izeksfVax baLVhP;wV & Lo;a lgk;rk izksRlkgu laLFkku,p-,p- & gkmlgksYMl & ifjokjch-ih-,y- & fcyks ikWoVhZ ykbu & xjhch js[kk ds uhpsch-ih-vkbZ-;w- & CykWd izkstsDV bEIyhesaVs'ku ;qfuV & iz[kaM ifj;kstuk fØ;kUo;u bdkbZMh-ih-lh-;w- & fMfLVªd izkstsDV dksvkWjfMus'ku ;qfuV & ftyk ifj;kstuk leUo; bdkbZ,e-ih- & ekbØks Iyku & y?kq ;kstuklh-vkbZ-,iQ- & dE;qfufV bUosLVesaV iQaM & lkeqnkf;d fuos'k fuf/vkbZ-lh-,iQ- & bfuf'k;y dSfiVykbts'ku iQaM & vkjafHkd iwathdj.k fuf/bZ-lh- & ,fDtD;wfVo dfeVh & dk;Zdkfj.kh lfefr42

thfodkfcgkj xzkeh.k thfodksiktZu izksRlkgu lfefrfo|qr Hkou] ,usDlh &II] csyh jksM] iVuk, fcgkj