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S. Bliznikas et al. Efficiency of Sweet Lupin and Faba Bean Seeds in Diets for Lactating Dairy Cowscomparison with the control group. However, the differenceswere not statistically significant.ConclusionsThe study indicated that replacement of soyabeanoilmeal with lupin meal or faba bean meal had no effecton fermentation of nitrogenous matter and carbohydratein the rumen of cows. There was no significantdifference in the levels of total and protein nitrogenbetween the groups, and the level of ammonia nitrogenhas increased insignificantly. Digestibility trialsindicated that replacement of soyabean oilmeal withlupin meal or faba bean meal did not significantly affectnutrient digestibility, nitrogen, calcium and phosphorusretention and utilization for milk production. Ithas been observed that replacement of soyabeanoilmeal with lupin or faba bean meals resulted in highermilk yield and fat content variations in the course oflactation.References1. A.O.A.C. (1990) Official Methods of Analysis.15 th ed. Association of Official Analytical Chemists.Washington, D.C., 1298 pp.2. Conway, E. J. (1962) Microdiffusion Analysis andVolumetric Error. Crosby, Lockwood and Sons Ltd.,London, 328 pp.3. El-Shazly, K., Hungate, R. E. (1966) Method formeasuring diaminopimelic acid in total rumen contentsand its application to the estimation of bacterial growth.Applied Microbiology, 14, pp. 27–30.4. Ervin, E. S., Marco, G. J., Emery, E. M. (1961)Volatile fatty acid analyses of blood and rumen fluid bygas chromatography. J. Dairy Sci., 44, pp. 1768–1773.5. Fawcett, J. K., Scott, J. E. (1960) A rapid andprecise method for the determination of urea. J. clin.Path.,13, pp. 156–159.6. Green, A. S., Oram, R. N. (1983) Variability forprotein and oil quality in Lupinus albus. Anim. FeedSci. Technol., 9, pp. 271–283.7. Hansen, M. S., Anderson, P. E. (1972) Horse Beans(Vicia faba L.) for dairy cows. Bulletin Fra Forsogslaboratoriet,Copenhagen, 396, pp.1–32.8. Hansen, R. P. (1976) Fatty acid composition ofthe total lipids of seeds from three cultivars of sweetlupins. L. albus cv. “Newland”, L. albus cv. “WBZ”and L. luteus cv. “Weiko III“. N. Z. J. Agric. Res., 19,pp. 343–358.9. Hove, E. L. (1974) Composition and nutritive valueof lupin sseds. J. Sci. Food Agric., 25, pp. 851–876.10. Hove, E. L., King, S. (1978) Composition, proteinquality and toxins of seeds of the grain legumesGlycine max, Lupinus spp., Phasedus spp., Pisumsativum and Vicia faba. N. Z. J. Agric. Res., 21, pp.457–469.11. Huber, H. (1985) Ackerborne und Erbse-Inlandische Eiweissfuttermittel Alternative. Prakt.Landechn., 38, pp. 76–78.12. Ingalls, J. R., McKirdy, J. A. (1974) Faba beansas a substitute for soyabean meal or rapeseed meal inrations for lactating cows. Canadian J. of Anim. Sci.,54, pp. 87–89.13. Newton, S. D., Hill, G. D. (1983) The compositionand nutritive value of field beans. Nutrition Abstractsand Reviews, 53, pp. 99–115.14. Sammour, R. H. (1987) Chemical constituentsand electrophoresis of seed proteins of some speciesof Vicia. Fabis Newsletter, 18, pp. 30–32.15. Saifer, A., Gerstenfeld, S., Harris, A. F. (1960)Photometric microdetermination of amino acids in biologicalfluids with the ninhydrin reaction. Clin. Chim.Acta, 5, pp. 131–140.16. Smith, G. (1995) Lupins. The feed for all situations.Red Cow, 19, pp. 28–29.17. Tewatia, B. S., Virk, A. S. (1996) Nutritional potentialof faba bean for improved productivity in ruminants.A review. FABIS Newsletter, 38/39, pp. 2–12.AnotācijaLietuvas Lopkopības institūtā tika veikti pētījumi par saldās lupīnas Danko un lauku pupu Ada sēkluizmantošanu slaucamu govju ēdināšanā. Izmēģinājumu rezultāti liecināja, ka sojas raušu aizvietošana ar lupīnasvai lauku pupu miltiem neietekmē slāpekļvielu un ogļhidrātu fermentācijas procesus govs spureklī. Kopējā slāpekļaun proteīna slāpekļa līmenim starp izmēģinājumu grupām nebija izteiktu atšķirību, un amonjaka slāpekļa līmenispaaugstinājās tikai nedaudz – 1.74–3.30 mg 100 ml -1 . Sagremojamības izmēģinājumu rezultāti norāda, ka sojasraušu aizvietošana ar lupīnas vai lauku pupu miltiem būtiski neietekmē barības vielu sagremojamību, slāpekļa,kalcija un fosfora uzkrāšanos un izmantošanos piena veidošanai. Sojas raušu aizvietošana ar lupīnas vai laukupupu miltiem paaugstināja piena izslaukumu un tauku procentu pienā visā laktācijas laikā.46 LLU Raksti 12 (308), 2004; 41-46 1-18
U. Viesturs et al. Solid State Fermentation Systems for Bioremediation and BiodegradationSolid State Fermentation Systems for Bioremediation and BiodegradationCietfāzes fermentācijas sistēmas bioloģiskai attīrīšanai un biodegradācijaiUldis ViestursLatvian State Institute of Wood Chemistry, e–mail: koks@edi.lvLV Koksnes ķīmijas institūts, e–pasts: koks@edi.lvDzidra Zariņa, Laila Dubova, Andrejs BērziņšInstitute of Microbiology and Biotechnology, University of Latvia, e–mail: lumbi@lanet.lvLU Mikrobioloģijas un biotehnoloģijas institūts, e–pasts: lumbi@lanet.lvSilvija StrikauskaLatvia University of Agriculture, e–mail: aazl@cs.llu.lv<strong>Latvijas</strong> Lauksaimniecības universitāte, e–pasts: aazl@cs.llu.lvAbstract. The waste gas from composting facilities contains different components, which create odour nuisanceand acid rain. Biofiltration, which is a technology for reduction of odour emissions and involves the biochemicalcapabilities of native or modified biological systems, offers some advantages over the physical-chemical, burningor mechanical methods. These are as follows: low cost of installation, maintenance and operation, simplicityof the technological process and high efficiency of the biodegradation and utilization of different inorganic andorganic compounds (Schmidt, 2000; Viesturs et al., 2003). We have developed a complex biofiltration system forremoval of hydrogen sulphide and ammonia from the composting facility waste gas in a 3 l solid state reactor.Sulphate reducing bacteria Thiobacillus thiopharus were immobilized on glass bricks as the carrier material. Thebiodegradation efficiency of hydrogen sulphide amounted to 62.5% at the gas flow rate 11.2 l h -1 . The nitrificatorassociation for regulating the circulation of nitrogen–ammonification and nitrification processes was isolatedfrom activated sludge. The two-stage biofiltration system was more effective for treatment of the waste gascontaining a high amount of ammonia. This biofiltration system makes it possible to clean waste gas fromammonia for at least a 3-month period, with the degradation efficiency 98%. Monitoring of the compost qualitywas realized by methods such as chemical and microbiological analyses, microbiotests (toxicity), and IRspectroscopy.Key words: solid state fermentation (SSF), biofilters, composting, waste, biodegradation.IntroductionThe rapid increase of the world’s population causesmore and more different types of waste. Large quantitiesof organic waste are generated, and serious environmentalproblems become extremely urgent (Telyshevaet al., 2000; Telysheva et al., 2002).The major alternatives of bioconversion, waste included,are shown in Table 1.The main hindrance of solid state fermentation(SSF) systems is homogenization of the substrate, heatremoval included. As a rule, in commercial-scalebioreactors, the mixing intensity required for temperaturecontrol and oxygen supply leads to shear damagesof the majority of cultures used (Viesturs and Leite,1997; Berzins et al., 2001a, Berzins et al., 2001b; Priedeet al., 2001). SSF systems could be also used as biofilters(Viesturs and Leite, 1997).One of the cheapest and simplest ways to treatorganic waste is composting (Table 1 –types 2, 3).Composting implies microbial processes that proceedinside bioreactors or windrows (Zarina and Utināns,2003).The aim of this work was to overlook SSF andcomposting systems in order to develop a complexLLU Raksti 12 (307), 2004; 47-57 1-18system for biofiltration of gases, in particular, for eliminationof hydrogen sulphide and removal of ammoniafrom the composting facility waste gas.MaterialsBioreactors, their tooling and packingmaterialThe developed and used equipment, its tooling andflow sheets are shown in Figs. 1-5.Mixed systems (Fig. 1) were performed in a 3 l horizontalbioreactor, having a shaft with special blades(position 5) and rotation speed control.The flow sheet of the waste gas biodegradationsystem is shown in Fig. 2.The biofiltration system for hydrogen sulphide removalfrom the composting facility waste gas was realizedin a 3 l solid state reactor (Fig. 3).The oxidation of ammonia was also realized in thesolid state reactor. The bioreactor was constructed fromglass and stainless steel in a cylindrical shape (Fig. 3).Its internal diameter was 140 mm and the loading capacitywas 2 l. At the bottom of the reactor, a 1.5 lvessel was placed. Dolomite broken bricks, 20–30 mmin size, were used as the packing material.47
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