Environmental Social Studies in Tamil - Jeywin
Environmental Social Studies in Tamil - Jeywin Environmental Social Studies in Tamil - Jeywin
£«[Pıª |¯⁄ƒa ]fl⁄[P“ £ıxPı®a \mhÆ : 1904&BÆ Bsk {ımifl £«[Pıª |¯⁄ƒa ]fl⁄[P¯Õ® £ıxPıUP Ca\mhÆ CØÿ”®£mhx. A¡µx Aµ_ ˆuı¿ˆ£ı∏“ P¿ˆ¡miØ¿ x¯”∞¯⁄ |÷¬Øx. Au⁄ı¿ {ıª¢uı, um\^ªÆ, \ıg], Gºˆ£shı S¯PP“, \ıµ{ız ˜£ıfl” Ch[PŒ¿ Pın®£kÆ ¬¯ª©vUP ¨iØıu C¢vØU P¯ª®ˆ£ı∏mP–Æ Pmhh[P–Æ £ıxPıUP® £mh⁄. P¿¬a ^∫v∏zuÆ : C¢vØ® £¿P¯ªU P«Pa \mhÆ 1904&BÆ Bsk |¯”˜¡ÿ”®£mhx. P∫\fl P¿¬¨¯” ¨ ¡¯u≤Æ ©ıÿ‘د©zuı∫. ˆ£ıxUP¿¬z u¯ª¯© CØUS{∫ (Director General of Education) u¯ª¯©∞fl Rà P¿¬zx¯” ¯©Ø® £kzu®£mhx. BµÆ£® £“ŒP–US ©ı¤ØÆ AŒUP®£mhx. P¿¬∞fl ¨fl˜⁄ÿ”zvÿSz w¬µ vmh[P“ ˜©ÿˆPı“Õ®£mh⁄. £¿P¯ªU P«P[PŒfl ˆ\Ø¿£ıkP¯Õ ˜©Æ£kzu J∏ S A¯©UP®£mhx. ¡[PıÕ® §∂¬¯⁄ 1905 : 1905&BÆ Bsk ¡[PıÕz¯u® §∂UP P∫\fl §µ ˜©ÿˆPısh ¨iƒ C¢vØ∫PŒfl ˜u]Ø En∫ƒUS ˆ£∏zu AiØıP A¯©¢ux. ¡[PıÕÆ, •Pı∫ ©ÿ÷Æ J∂\ı¬fl J∏ £Sv¯Ø≤Æ E“ÕhUQØ ˆ£∂Ø ©ıPın©ı¥ C∏¢ux Gfl£v¿ \¢˜uP¿¯ª. A®ˆ£∂Ø ©ıPınz¯u |∏¡Q®£xÆ Pi⁄©ı⁄ ˆ\تıPzuıfl C∏¢ux. G¤›Æ, §fl⁄ı¿ •Pı¯µz u¤ ©ıPın©ıP® §∂zu¯u® ˜£ıfl÷ A®§µa\¯⁄US GŒuıPz w∫ƒ Psi∏UPªıÆ. B⁄ı¿ P∫\fl ¡[PıÕz¯u CµshıP® §∂zxU Q«US ¡[PıÕz¯u≤Æ A\ı¯©≤Æ C¯nzx J∏ ©ıPın©ıPƒÆ, ˜©ÿS ¡[PıÕz¯u≤Æ •Pı¯µ≤Æ C¯nzx ©ÿˆ”ı∏ ©ıPın©ıPƒÆ A‘¬zuı∫. hıUPı Q«US ¡[PıÕzvfl u¯ª{PµıPƒÆ, ˆPı¿Pzuı ˜©ÿS ¡[PıÕzvfl u¯ª{PµıPƒÆ A‘¬UP®£mh⁄. Q«US ¡[PıÕzv¿ ¨_ºÆPŒfl GsoU¯P AvP©ıPƒÆ, ˜©ÿS ¡[PıÕzv¿ C¢xUPŒfl GsoU¯P AvP©ıPƒÆ C∏¢u⁄. P∫\¤fl Aaˆ\Ø¿ ¡[Pˆ©ı» ˜£]Ø ©UPŒfl Jÿ÷¯©¯Øa ^∫S¯ªzx ˜u]Ø CØUPzvfl ¡Õ∫a]¯Øz 92
uk®£¯u ¨UQØ ˜{ıUP©ıPU ˆPısi∏¢ux. A¡∫ C¢xUP“ ¨_ºÆP“ C¯h˜Ø £¯P¯©¯Ø Hÿ£kzu Gso⁄ı∫. B⁄ı¿ Aufl ¬¯Õƒ Gv∫©¯”ØıP A¯©¢ux. ¡[P ©UP“ A¯⁄¡∏Æ Jfl”ıPz vµsk Azvmhzv¯⁄ Gv∫zu⁄∫. ¨_ºÆP–Æ, u¡ıvP–Æ, w¬µ¡ıvP–Æ ¡[P® §∂¬¯⁄¯Øz ukUSÆ ¨Øÿ]∞¿ Jfl‘¯n¢x ˆ\Ø¿£mh⁄∫. A¡∫P“ ¡[P® §∂¬¯⁄¯Ø® §∂zuı–Æ ˆPı“¯P∞fl A‘¨PÆ G⁄ A¯«zu⁄∫. C¢vØ∫PŒfl w¬µ Gv∫®® ˜£ıµımhzv⁄ı¿ ¡[PıÕÆ ´skÆ 1911&BÆ Bsk J˜µ ©ı|ª©ı⁄x. C¢vØ ˜u]Ø CØUPzvfl ˜uıÿ”Æ : 1857&BÆ Bsk ˆ£∏Æ µm]US® §fl⁄µı⁄ PıªÆ S¢u H©ıÿ”©Œ®£uıP˜¡ C∏¢ux. ¬U˜hı∂Øı ˜£µµ]∞fl §µPh⁄zv¿ T”®£mh ¡ıUS÷vP“ GxƒÆ ¨ uıP |¯”˜¡ÿ”®£h¬¿¯ª. C¢vØı¬fl ˆ£ı∏Õıuıµ, Aµ]Ø¿ ©ÿ÷Æ £s£ımk ¡Õ∫a]US Afl¤Ø Bm]uıfl Es¯©Øı⁄ u¯h Gfl£¯u C¢vØ∫P“ En∫¢u⁄∫. CUPıªPmhzv¿ uıfl C¢vØ ˜u]ØÆ ¡Õµz ˆuıh[QØx. \©Ø, \≠P ^∫v∏zu CØUP[P“ Cz˜u]Ø En∫ƒ ¡Õµ ˜©æÆ Eu¬⁄. C¢vØ ˜u]Ø En∫ƒ ˜uıfl‘ØuÿPı⁄ PıµoP“ & Aµ]Ø¿ Jÿ÷¯© : B[Qª Bm]∞fl ¬¯Õ¡ı¿ C¢vØı¬¿ Aµ]Ø¿ Jÿ÷¯© Hÿ£mhx. Au⁄ı¿ C¢vØı J˜µ {ık Gfl” GsnÆ ©UPŒhÆ ¡Õ∫¢ux. \≠P, \©Øa ^∫v∏zu CØUP[P–Æ ©UPŒ¯h˜Ø ¬»®n∫¯¡ Hÿ£kzv A¡∫P¯Õ Jfl÷ ˜\∫zu⁄. B[Q˜ªØ∂fl ˆ£ı∏Õıuıµa _µsh¿ : C¢vØı¬fl ˆ\¿¡ ¡ÕÆ A¯⁄z¯u≤Æ uÆ {ımkUSa _µsia ˆ\¿¡˜u B[Q˜ªØ∂fl ˜{ıUP©ıP C∏¢ux. 19&BÆ °ÿ”ısifl C÷v∞¿ C¢vØı, B[Qª {ımiÿS ˜¡siØ Pa\ı® ˆ£ı∏mP¯Õ Hÿ÷©v ˆ\¥≤Æ {ıhıPƒÆ, A¢{ık Eÿ£zv ˆ\¥u ˆ£ı∏mP¯Õ ¬ÿ£¯⁄ ˆ\¥≤Æ \¢¯uØıPƒÆ ©ı‘Øx. ˜©æÆ B[Q˜ªØ∫ u[P“ ≠ªu⁄z¯u ¨uΩk ˆ\¥x Cªı£Æ A¯h≤Æ Ch©ıPƒÆ ©ı‘Øx. 93
- Page 49 and 50: 3. ªı ß∫hıfl⁄ı¥Ï §ˆµg
- Page 51 and 52: 18. ¡ı∂_ C«®U ˆPı“¯P RÃ
- Page 53 and 54: III. §fl¡∏¡⁄¡ÿ¯”® ˆ£
- Page 55 and 56: 19. x¯n®£¯hz vmhzv¿ ˜\∫¢u
- Page 57 and 58: £ıhÆ & 3 ¨u¿ C¢vØa _u¢vµ®
- Page 59 and 60: C∏¢uı∫. A®µm]UPı⁄ Pıµn
- Page 61 and 62: £u¬¯Ø C«UP ˜{∂mhx. Au⁄ı
- Page 63: £_ ©ÿ÷Æ £fl‘∞fl ˆPı ®,
- Page 66 and 67: Jÿ÷¯©∞fl¯© : µm]ØıÕ∫P
- Page 68 and 69: ˜£µ‘U¯P ˆ¡Œ∞h®£mhx. A
- Page 70 and 71: 8. ¡[PıÕzvº∏¢u £¯h√µ∫
- Page 72 and 73: 6. B∫.i. ˜©[P¿Ï (R.D. Mangles
- Page 74 and 75: ˜©ÿPzvØ P∏zxUPÕı⁄ £Szu
- Page 76 and 77: BQØ £ª \©Ø uzx¡[P¯Õ≤Æ P
- Page 78 and 79: ˜{ıUQa ˆ\¿'' (Go Back to The Ve
- Page 80 and 81: A¡∫ §µÆ©bı⁄ \¯£∞fl u
- Page 82 and 83: uıÃzu®£mh¡∫PŒfl ¡÷¯© AP
- Page 84 and 85: ¨¯”¯Ø® £µ®£ƒÆ C∏¡
- Page 86 and 87: 2. \≠P, \©Ø ^∫v∏zu CØUPzvf
- Page 88 and 89: III. §fl¡∏¡⁄¡ÿ¯”® ˆ£
- Page 91 and 92: AªS & III £ıhÆ & 5 C¢vØ ˜u]
- Page 93 and 94: ˆPısh¡∫. B⁄ı¿ |∫¡ıP ¨
- Page 95 and 96: Gfl÷ ¬∏Ƨ⁄ı∫. G⁄˜¡
- Page 97: ∂®£fl §µ u¯h∞¿ªı ¡ıoP
- Page 101 and 102: Cµ√¢vµ{ız uıT∫, _®§µ©o
- Page 103 and 104: w¬µ ˜u]Ø¡ıvPŒfl ˜uıÿ”Æ
- Page 105 and 106: Gfl÷ £izu ¨ÏºÆP“ £ª∏Æ
- Page 107 and 108: A∆¡‘U¯P, C¢vØ∫ P-US® £i
- Page 109 and 110: _Ø ©v®•k I. \∂Øı⁄ ¬¯h
- Page 111 and 112: 7. C¯Õb∫P-US Cµıq¡® £∞ÿ
- Page 113 and 114: 13. u¡ıvP“ Øı∫? A¡∫PŒ¿
- Page 115 and 116: £ıhÆ & 6 C¢vØ ¬ku¯ª® ˜£
- Page 117 and 118: ˜£ı∂¿ ]”®UP u¯ª¡µıPz
- Page 119 and 120: ˆ\Õ∂ ˆ\Õµı |PÃa] & 1922 :
- Page 121 and 122: ©ıP H¯« ©UP“ PƒÆ £ıvUP®
- Page 123 and 124: Cªsh¤¿ {¯hˆ£ÿ” CµshıÆ
- Page 125 and 126: BPÏk {flˆPı¯h 1940 : CµshıÆ
- Page 127 and 128: £Sv∞¿ uÆ E∞¯µ C«¢u⁄∫
- Page 129 and 130: ¬ªUQ⁄ı∫. C¢vØı¬fl §µa\
- Page 131 and 132: _˜u\ Aµ_PŒfl C¯n® : C¢vØı _
- Page 133 and 134: 127
- Page 135 and 136: 8. ©ın¡∫ ªıT∫ ©ı{ık, BP
- Page 137 and 138: II. ˜Pıimh Ch[P¯Õ |µ®P 1. 191
- Page 139 and 140: 5. µıË §Pı∂ ˜£ıÏ Gfl£¡
- Page 141 and 142: £ıhÆ & 7 _u¢vµzvÿS® §fl C¢
- Page 143 and 144: ß∫¡©ıUQØx. Ca\mhÆ S«¢¯u
- Page 145 and 146: £mhx. 1999&¿ ©ıÿ”Æ ˆ\¥Ø
- Page 147 and 148: BQØ {h¡iU¯PP“ C¢vØı¬¿ J
uk®£¯u ¨UQØ ˜{ıUP©ıPU ˆPısi∏¢ux. A¡∫<br />
C¢xUP“ ¨_ºÆP“ C¯h˜Ø £¯P¯©¯Ø Hÿ£kzu<br />
Gso⁄ı∫. B⁄ı¿ Aufl ¬¯Õƒ Gv∫©¯”ØıP<br />
A¯©¢ux. ¡[P ©UP“ A¯⁄¡∏Æ Jfl”ıPz vµsk<br />
Azvmhzv¯⁄ Gv∫zu⁄∫. ¨_ºÆP–Æ, u¡ıvP–Æ,<br />
w¬µ¡ıvP–Æ ¡[P® §∂¬¯⁄¯Øz ukUSÆ ¨Øÿ]∞¿<br />
Jfl‘¯n¢x ˆ\Ø¿£mh⁄∫. A¡∫P“ ¡[P®<br />
§∂¬¯⁄¯Ø® §∂zuı–Æ ˆPı“¯P∞fl A‘¨PÆ G⁄<br />
A¯«zu⁄∫. C¢vØ∫PŒfl w¬µ Gv∫®® ˜£ıµımhzv⁄ı¿<br />
¡[PıÕÆ ´skÆ 1911&BÆ Bsk J˜µ ©ı|ª©ı⁄x.<br />
C¢vØ ˜u]Ø CØUPzvfl ˜uıÿ”Æ : 1857&BÆ Bsk ˆ£∏Æ<br />
µm]US® §fl⁄µı⁄ PıªÆ S¢u H©ıÿ”©Œ®£uıP˜¡<br />
C∏¢ux. ¬U˜hı∂Øı ˜£µµ]∞fl §µPh⁄zv¿ T”®£mh<br />
¡ıUS÷vP“ GxƒÆ ¨ uıP |¯”˜¡ÿ”®£h¬¿¯ª.<br />
C¢vØı¬fl ˆ£ı∏Õıuıµ, Aµ]Ø¿ ©ÿ÷Æ £s£ımk<br />
¡Õ∫a]US Afl¤Ø Bm]uıfl Es¯©Øı⁄ u¯h Gfl£¯u<br />
C¢vØ∫P“ En∫¢u⁄∫. CUPıªPmhzv¿ uıfl C¢vØ<br />
˜u]ØÆ ¡Õµz ˆuıh[QØx. \©Ø, \≠P ^∫v∏zu<br />
CØUP[P“ Cz˜u]Ø En∫ƒ ¡Õµ ˜©æÆ Eu¬⁄.<br />
C¢vØ ˜u]Ø En∫ƒ ˜uıfl‘ØuÿPı⁄ PıµoP“ & Aµ]Ø¿<br />
Jÿ÷¯© : B[Qª Bm]∞fl ¬¯Õ¡ı¿ C¢vØı¬¿<br />
Aµ]Ø¿ Jÿ÷¯© Hÿ£mhx. Au⁄ı¿ C¢vØı J˜µ {ık<br />
Gfl” GsnÆ ©UPŒhÆ ¡Õ∫¢ux. \≠P, \©Øa ^∫v∏zu<br />
CØUP[P–Æ ©UPŒ¯h˜Ø ¬»®n∫¯¡ Hÿ£kzv<br />
A¡∫P¯Õ Jfl÷ ˜\∫zu⁄.<br />
B[Q˜ªØ∂fl ˆ£ı∏Õıuıµa _µsh¿ : C¢vØı¬fl ˆ\¿¡<br />
¡ÕÆ A¯⁄z¯u≤Æ uÆ {ımkUSa _µsia ˆ\¿¡˜u<br />
B[Q˜ªØ∂fl ˜{ıUP©ıP C∏¢ux. 19&BÆ °ÿ”ısifl<br />
C÷v∞¿ C¢vØı, B[Qª {ımiÿS ˜¡siØ Pa\ı®<br />
ˆ£ı∏mP¯Õ Hÿ÷©v ˆ\¥≤Æ {ıhıPƒÆ, A¢{ık Eÿ£zv<br />
ˆ\¥u ˆ£ı∏mP¯Õ ¬ÿ£¯⁄ ˆ\¥≤Æ \¢¯uØıPƒÆ<br />
©ı‘Øx. ˜©æÆ B[Q˜ªØ∫ u[P“ ≠ªu⁄z¯u ¨uΩk<br />
ˆ\¥x Cªı£Æ A¯h≤Æ Ch©ıPƒÆ ©ı‘Øx.<br />
93