Environmental Social Studies in Tamil - Jeywin
Environmental Social Studies in Tamil - Jeywin Environmental Social Studies in Tamil - Jeywin
I˜µı®£ı¯¡a ˆ\fl”¯h¢u⁄. Q.§.1453&BÆ Bsk x∏UQØ∫ PıflÏhıfli ˜{ı§¯ÕU (x∏UQ∞æ“Õ uÿPıª CÏuıfl¿) ¯P®£ÿ‘Øuı¿ C®˜£ıUS¡µzvÿSz u¯hP“ Hÿ£mh⁄. G⁄˜¡ ¡»¡»ØıP, u¯µ≠ªÆ Q«US {ıkP–hfl I˜µı®£ı ˆ\¥x ¡¢u ¡oP¡» A¯h® £mhx. Au⁄ı¿ £ıvUP®£mh I˜µı®§Ø ¡oP∫P“ u[PU Q«US {ıkP“ (Golden East) Gfl÷ A¯«UP®£mh ^⁄ı ©ÿ÷Æ C¢vØı ¡µ vØ Ph¿¡»∞¯⁄U Psk§iUP ¨Øfl”⁄∫. ˜£ı∫a_UR]Ø∫P“ vØ Ph¿ ¡»∞¯⁄U Psk§iUP ˜£ı∫a_UP¿ ©ÿ÷Æ Ïˆ£∞fl {ımk Aµ\∫P“ uÆ {ımk ©ıæP¯Õ FUS¬zu⁄∫. G⁄˜¡ vØ Ph¿¡»U Psk§i®§¿ ˜£ı∫a_UR]Ø∫ ¨fl˜⁄ıiØıPz vPâu⁄∫. ˜£ı∫a_UR]Ø CÕ¡µ\fl ˆÌfl‘ ©ıæP¯Õ Bu∂zuı∫. A¡∫P–US® £∞ÿ]ØŒUP A‘¬Ø¿ ¨¯”∞¿ A¯©¢u £∞ÿ]®£“Œ Jfl¯” |÷¬⁄ı∫. Phÿ£ØnÆ ˜©ÿˆPı“£¡∫P–US ˜¡siØ BuµƒÆ AŒzuı∫. Ph¿ ¡»®£Ønzv¿ CÕ¡µ\∫ ˆÌfl‘ S¢u B∫¡Æ PımiØuıæÆ AuÿS Buµƒ AŒzuuıæÆ A¡∫ ©ıæ ˆÌfl‘ (Henry, the Navigator) G⁄ ¡µªıÿ‘¿ ¯⁄® ˆ£Ø∂mk A¯«UP®£kQ”ı∫. £ı∫zu˜ªı˜Øı hØÏ : 1487&BÆ Bsk £ı∫zu˜ªı˜Øı hØÏ B®§∂UPı¬fl ˜©ÿSU PhÿP¯µ Kµ©ıP® £ØnÆ ˆ\¥uı∫. A¡∫ B®§∂UPı¬fl ˆufl˜Pıi ¨¯⁄¯Ø A¯h¢uı∫. G¤›Æ Pk¯©Øı⁄ Ø¿ Pıµn©ıP A¡µı¿ ufl Phÿ£Ønz¯u ˜©ÿˆPısk ˆuıhµ ¨iج¿¯ª. B⁄ı¿ A¡∏¯hØ Phÿ£ØnÆ ©ıæP–US ˜©ÿ ˆPısk £ØnÆ ˆ\¥Ø ¨i≤Æ G⁄ {ƧU¯PØŒzux. G⁄˜¡ B®§∂UPı¬fl ˆufl˜Pıi ¨¯⁄¯Ø {fl⁄ƧU¯P ¨¯⁄ (Cape of Good Hope) Gfl÷ S‘®§mh⁄∫. 2
¡ıϘPıh Pı©ı : ¡ıϘPıh Pı©ı Gfl” ˜£ı∫a_UR]Ø ©ıæ vØ Ph¿¡»U Psk §i®§fl ˆ£ı∏mk £ı∫zu˜ªı˜Øı hØÏ ˜©ÿˆPısh ¡»∞˜ª˜Ø uı›Æ Phÿ £ØnÆ ˆ\¥uı∫. {fl⁄ƧU¯P ¨¯⁄¯Ø A¯h¢u A¡∫ §fl ˆ©ı\ıƧU¯Pa ˆ\fl”¯h¢uı∫. A[Q∏¢x ˆuıh∫¢x J∏ ©ıuÆ £ØnÆ ˆ\¥uı∫. A¡∫ 1498&BÆ ¡ıϘPıh Pı©ı Bsk ˜© ©ıuÆ 20&BÆ ˜uv ˜Pı»UTmiÿS A∏Q¿ (Calicut) ¡¢x C”[Q⁄ı∫. A®£Sv¯Ø Bm]∂¢u \ı©∂fl Gfl” Aµ\∫ A¡¯µ Aflhfl ¡µ˜¡ÿ”ı∫. ¡ıϘPıh Pı©ı A¡∂hÆ ]ª \æ¯PP¯Õ® ˆ£ÿ”ı∫. Aa\æ¯PP“ ˜©ÿS {ıkP“ C¢vØıƒhfl ¡oPz ˆuıh∫§¯⁄ Hÿ£kzvU ˆPı“Õ ¡»¡Szu⁄. ¡ıϘPıh Pı©ı C¢vØı¬¿ ≠fl÷ ©ıu[P“ u[Q∞∏¢uı∫. A¡∫ v∏Ƨa ˆ\¿¯P∞¿ ufl›hfl P®£º¿ HµıÕ©ı⁄ ¬¯ª≤Ø∫¢u ˆ£ı∏mP¯Õ Gkzxa ˆ\fl”ı∫. A®ˆ£ı∏mPÕı¿ P¡µ®£mh ©ÿ” I˜µı®§Ø {ımka ˆ\¿¡ ¡oP∫P“ C¢vØı¬ÿS ¡µ ¬∏Ƨ⁄∫. ¡ıϘPıh Pı©ı 1501&BÆ Bsk CµshıÆ ¨¯”ØıP C¢vØı ¡¢u˜£ıx Psnfi∫ Gfl›hzv¿ J∏ ¡oPzuªz¯u |÷¬⁄ı∫. {ıÕ¯h¬¿ ˜Pı»UTk (Calicut), ˆPıa]fl, Psnfi∫ BQØ Ch[P“ ˜£ı∫a_U R]Ø∂fl ¡∫zuPz uª[PÕıQ⁄. uı[P“ ˆ£ÿ÷ ¡¢u Cªı£z¯u, ˜£ı∫a_UR]Ø∫ A÷¡¯h ˆ\¥u¯u A˜µ§Ø∫ ¬∏Æ£¬¿¯ª. A¡∫P“ ˜Pı»UTm¯h Bsh \ı©∂fl ©fl⁄∏USÆ ˜£ı∫a_UR]Ø∏US¯h˜Ø £¯P¯©¯Ø Hÿ£kzv⁄∫. G⁄˜¡ ˆPıa]¤º∏¢u ˜£ı∫a_UR]دµ \ı©∂fl ©fl⁄∫ uıUQ⁄ı∫. B⁄ı¿ A¡∫ ˜uı¿¬¯Øz u ¡ ˜{∂mhx. A¢u ˆ¡ÿ‘US® §fl ˜£ı∫a_UR]Ø∫ u[P“ ˜©ªıs¯©¯Ø C¢vØı¬¿ |¯ª{ımi⁄∫. 3
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- Page 33 and 34: B[Q˜ªØ∏Æ ˜£ı∂¿ uıÆ ¯
- Page 35: uÕ£v Ïl¡∫k, uÕ£v Ìı∂Ï
- Page 38 and 39: S¯”P“ : (1) Czvmhzv¯⁄ Hÿ
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