Environmental Social Studies in Tamil - Jeywin
Environmental Social Studies in Tamil - Jeywin Environmental Social Studies in Tamil - Jeywin
S¯”P“ : (1) Czvmhzv¯⁄ Hÿ” _˜u\ Aµ_P“ u[P“ ©v®¯£≤Æ ˆ\¿¡ıU¯P≤Æ C«¢u⁄, (2) x¯n® £¯hz vmhzv¿ ˜\∫¢u C¢vØ ©fl⁄∫PŒhÆ C∏¢x ˜Pıµ®£mh Eu¬z ˆuı¯P A¡∫PÕx uSvUSÆ, ¡∏¡ı¥USÆ ˜©ªı⁄ uı¥ C∏¢ux. G⁄˜¡ A∆¡µ_P“ uÆ Si©UP“ ´x AvP ¡∂¯Øa _©zv⁄∫, (3) C¢vØ ©fl⁄∫P“ u[P“ £¯hP¯ÕU P¯ªUP ˜¡siØ PmhıØzvÿS E“Õı⁄ı∫P“. A∆¡ı÷ P¯ªUP®£mh £¯h√µ∫P“ {ıÕ¯h¬¿ uUP∫, §shı∂P“ ˜£ıfl” ˆPı“¯ÕØ∫P–hfl ˜\∫¢x ˆ£ıx©UP–USz ˆuı¿¯ª ˆPıkUPªı∞⁄∫, (4) x¯n® £¯hzvmhzv¿ ˜\∫¢u ©fl⁄∫PŒfl £ıxPı®§¿ B[Q˜ª Ø∫P“ AUP¯µ PımiØuı¿ _˜u\ Aµ\∫P“ ˆ£ı÷®£ÿ” ¡ıÃU¯P ¡ıâx u[P“ ©v®¯£≤Æ C«¢u⁄∫, (5) C¢vØ ©fl⁄∫P“ u©U Q¯h˜Ø ˜{∂¯hØıP® ˜£ı∫ ∂Ø A›©vUP®£h¬¿¯ª G¤›Æ, A¡∫P“ \v˜¡¯ªPŒ¿ Dk£mk® ˜£ı∫ BØzu[P¯Õa ˆ\¥Øªı∞⁄∫. ˆ¡¿ˆªÏº §µ¬fl {ık C¯n®U ˆPı“¯P Øı¿ B[Q˜ªØ∂fl Aµ]Ø¿ BvUPÆ P®ˆ£∂Ø AÕ¬¿ ¬∂ ¡¯h¢ux. G⁄˜¡ ]ª ¡µªıÿ÷ A‘b∫P“ ˆ¡¿ˆªÏº §µ¯¡ ""B[QªU Q«UQ¢vØ ¡oPU S ¬fl AU£∫'' Gfl÷ A¯«UQfl”⁄∫. V. ©µızvØ® ˜£ı∫P“ ¨u¿ ©µızvØ® ˜£ı∫ : ¡ıµfl˜ÌÏi[_ u¯ª¯© B–{ µıP |∏¡ıPÆ ˆ\¥u ˜£ıx (1772 & 1785) ¨u¿ ©µızvØ® ˜£ı∫ |Pâux. 1772¿ ©µızvØ Aµ]fl •Ë¡ı¡ı⁄ ©ıu¡µı∆ •Ë¡ı C”¢uı∫. A¡∏US ¡ı∂_ C¿¯ª. G⁄˜¡ A¡∏¯hØ C¯ÕØ \˜Pıuµ∫, {ıµıØnµı∆ •Ë¡ı B⁄ı∫. B⁄ı¿ A¡∏¯hØ ]‘Ø u¢¯u≤Æ ˜£µı¯\≤Æ S¢u, µ˜Pı£ı G⁄ A¯«UP®£mh, µS{ıuµı¡ı¿ A¡∫ ˆPı¯ª ˆ\¥Ø®£mhı∫. µS{ıu µı∆ ufl¯⁄® •Ë¡ı¡ıP A‘¬zxU ˆPıshı∫. B⁄ı¿ µ˜Pı£ı Bm]® ˆ£ı÷®˜£ÿ”¯u Aµ\ ¬_¡ı\Æ ˆPısh ≠zu ©µızvØ Aµ]Ø¿ u¯ª¡µı⁄ {ı⁄ı £m⁄ı¬Ï Gv∫zuı∫. A¡∫ ˆPı¯ª≤sh {ıµıØn µı¬fl ©P⁄ı⁄ ©ıu¡µı∆ {ıµıدn A∂دn∞¿ A©∫zu 32
¬∏Ƨ⁄ı∫. µ˜Pı£ı B[Q˜ªØ∂fl Eu¬¯Ø {ıi⁄ı∫. A¡∫ 1775¿ ¨Æ¯£ B–{∏hfl `µz Ehfl£iU¯P∞¿ ¯PˆØ zvmhı∫. A∆ƒhfl£iU¯P∞fl£i u⁄US® •Ë¡ı £u¬ Q¯h®£uÿS B[Q˜ªØ∫ Eu¬⁄ı¿ A¡∫P–USa \ı¿ˆ\m, £ÏÍfl BQØ wƒP¯Õ AŒUP µ˜Pı£ı J®U ˆPıshı∫. A∆ƒhfl£iU¯P B[Qªz u¯ª¯© B–{µı⁄ ¡ıµfl˜ÌÏiUSUSz ˆu∂Øı©¿ ˜©ÿˆPı“Õ®£mhuı¿ A¡∫ A¢u Ehfl£iU¯P¯Ø |µıP∂zuı∫. ¡[PıÕzvfl B–{∫, u¯ª¯© B–{∫ G⁄ƒÆ A¯«UP®£mhı∫. A¡∫ C¢vØı¬º∏¢u A¯⁄zx B[Q˜ªØ∫P–USÆ EØ∫ AvPı∂Øı¡ı∫. 1776&¿ {ı⁄ı £m⁄ı¬Ï B[Q˜ªØ∏hfl µ¢u∫ Ehfl £iU¯P ˆ\¥x ˆPıshı∫. {ı⁄ı£m⁄ı¬Ï A∆¡ı÷ ufl |¯ª¯Ø EØ∫zvU ˆPısk µ˜Pı£ı¯¡z ˜uıÿPizuı∫. A®˜£ı∫ 1782&BÆ Bsk Hÿ£mh \ı¿¯£ Ehfl£iU¯P ≤hfl ¨iƒUS ¡¢ux. ¬¯ÕƒP“ : ©ıu¡µı∆ {ıµıØs •Ë¡ı B⁄ı∫. B[Q˜ªØ∫ \ı¿ˆ\m w¯¡zu¬µ ©ÿ” £SvP¯Õz v∏®§ AŒzu⁄∫. µ˜Pı£ı¬ÿS Bsk K¥ƒ FvØ©ıP ≠fl÷ ªm\Æ π£ı¥ ¡«[P®£mhx. CµshıÆ ©µızvØ®˜£ı∫ 1803 & Pıµn[P“ : ≠zu ©µızvØ Aµ]Ø¿ u¯ª¡µı⁄ {ı⁄ı £m⁄ı¬Ï 1800&BÆ Bsk C”¢uı∫. A¡∏¯hØ ©¯”¬ÿS® §fl ©µızvØz u¯ª¡∫P Õı⁄ £ıflϘª, ]¢vØı BQ˜Øı∂¯h˜Ø ˜£ı∫ Hÿ£mhx. A®˜£ıx Bm]∂¢u •Ë¡ı CµshıÆ £ı‚µı∆ ¡º¯© Øÿ” Aµ\µı¥ ¬Õ[Q⁄ı∫. G⁄˜¡ A¡∫ ufl £ıxPı®§ÿS B[Q˜ªØ∂fl Eu¬¯Ø {ıi⁄ı∫. B[Q˜ªØ∫ £ıflϘª, ]¢vØı BQ˜Øı∂fl Jfl‘¯n¢u £¯hP¯Õz ˜uıÿ Pizu⁄∫. ¬¯ÕƒP“ : £ıflϘª≤Æ ]¢vØıƒÆ x¯n®£¯hz vmhzv¯⁄ Hÿ÷U ˆPısh⁄∫. {ıÕ¯h¬¿ ©µızvØ∫ u[P“ ¡º¯©¯Ø C«¢u⁄∫. ≠fl”ıÆ ©µızvØ® ˜£ı∫ (1817 & 1818) & Pıµn[P“ : 1817¿ •Ë¡ı CµshıÆ £ı‚µı∆ B[Q˜ªØ∏US GvµıP 33
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