Environmental Social Studies in Tamil - Jeywin

Environmental Social Studies in Tamil - Jeywin Environmental Social Studies in Tamil - Jeywin

13.03.2014 Views

˜£ÿ”ı∫. A¡∏US B[Qª® £¯hPŒfl ¨ufl¯©z u¯ª¯©® ˆ£ı÷®Æ ¡«[P®£mhx. A¡∫ ≠fl”ı¡x ¯©`∫ ˜£ı∂¿ v®ƒUS GvµıP® ˜£ı∂mhı∫. Pıµn[P“ : B[Q˜ªØ∫ |\ı¨h›Æ, ©µızvØ∏h›Æ u[P“ E”¯¡ ˜©Æ £kzv⁄∫. A˜u ˜{µzv¿ v® ufl ¡Õ[P¯Õ® ˆ£∏UQØxhfl §ˆµg_U Pıµ∫PŒfl Eu¬¯Ø≤Æ ˆ£ÿ”ı∫. v® 1789&BÆ Bsk B[Q˜ªØ∂fl {m {ıhı⁄ v∏¬uı[T¯µz (Travancore) uıUQ⁄ı∫. G⁄˜¡ Pıµfl¡ıºÏ 1790¿ v®¬fl ´x ˜£ı∫ A‘¬zuı∫. C∏ Pıµfl¡ıºÏ £¯hP–˜© ˆ¡ÿ‘z ˜uı¿¬P¯Õ ©ı‘ ©ı‘a \¢vzu⁄. A®˜£ı∫ 1792¿ ¨iƒÿ”x. ¬¯ÕƒP“ : v® B[Q˜ªØ∏hfl ^µ[P®£mi⁄ Ehfl £iU¯P¯Øa ˆ\¥x ˆPıshı∫. Aufl ¬¯Õ¡ıP ufl {ımifl £ıv¯Øz v® B[Q˜ªØ∏USU ˆPıkUP ˜{∂mhx. ©ª£ı∫, ShS®£Sv, vskUP¿, £ıµ©Pı¿ (uÿ ˜£ı¯uØ D˜µık, ˜\ªÆ) BQØ £SvP“ B[Q˜ªØ∏USU ˆPıkUP®£mh⁄. Ax ©mkfl‘ ≠fl÷ ˜Pıi π£ı¯Ø® ˜£ı∫ C«®•mkz ˆuı¯PØıPU ˆPıkUSÆ£i v® ¡ÿ÷zu®£mhı∫. A®ˆ£∏¢ˆuı¯P¯ØU ˆPıkUSÆ ¡¯µ v® uÆ C∏ u¿¡∫P¯Õ≤Æ §¯nU ¯PvPÕıP B[Q˜ªØ∂hÆ J®£¯hUSÆ£i ˜{∂mhx. {ıflPıÆ ¯©`∫ ˜£ı∫ (1799) & Pıµn[P“ : ^µ[P®£mi⁄Æ Ehfl£iU¯P∞⁄ı¿ v® ©ÿ÷Æ B[Q˜ªØ∂¯h˜Ø A¯©v Hÿ£h¬¿¯ª. v® ˆ¡¿ˆªÏº §µ¬fl x¯n®£¯hz vmhz¯u Hÿ÷U ˆPı“Õ ©÷zuı∫. A¡∫ B[Q˜ªØ¯µ® £»¡ı[P Gso⁄ı∫. G⁄˜¡ Pıß¿, PıflÏhıfli˜{ı§“, A˜µ§Øı ©ÿ÷Æ §µıfl_ BQØ {ıkP–USz ufl yx¡∫P¯Õ A›®§ v® Eu¬ ˜Pı∂⁄ı∫. v®¬fl {h¡iU¯PP¯Õ A‘¢u ˆ¡¿ˆªÏº §µ Eh⁄iØıP 1799¿ v®¬ÿˆPvµıP® ˜£ı∫ ˆuıkzuı∫. 28

uÕ£v Ïl¡∫k, uÕ£v Ìı∂Ï BQ˜Øıµı¿ v® ˜uı¿¬¯Øz u ¡ ˜¡siØuı∞ÿ÷. ˆ¡¿ˆªÏº ^µ[P®£mi⁄z¯u ¨ÿ÷¯P∞mh˜£ıx v® P √µ©ıP ˜£ı∂mkÆ ˜£ı∂¿ E∞∫ x”UP ˜{∂mhx. ¬¯ÕƒP“ : ¯©`∂fl ˆ£∏Æ£Sv¯Ø B[Q˜ªØ∫ uÆ Aµ_hfl C¯nzxU ˆPısh⁄∫. ¯©`∂fl ©zvØ®£Sv ¡ıiØı∫ ©µ¯£a ˜\∫¢u Q∏Ënµı·ıƒUS AŒUP®£mhx. v®¬fl SkÆ£Æ ^µ[P®£mi⁄zvº∏¢x APÿ”®£mk ˜¡ø∫a ]¯”US A›®£®£mhx. IV. x¯n®£¯hz vmh¨Æ B[Q˜ªØ∫ BvUP ¬∂¡ıUP¨Æ ˆ¡¿ˆªÏº §µ C¢vØı¬fl u¯ª¯© B–{µıP 1798&1805 ¡¯µ £u¬ ¡Qzuı∫. A¡∫ £¿˜¡÷ ˆPı“¯PP¯Õ® §fl£ÿ‘ ¡oP |÷¡⁄©ıP C∏¢u Q«US C¢vØ ¡oPU S ¯¡ C¢vØı¬fl P® ˆ£∏Æ ¡¿ª¯©a \UvØıP EØ∫zv ⁄ı∫. B[Q˜ªØ Bm]¯Ø ¬∂ƒ £kzu A¡∫ ≠fl÷ ¨¯”P¯ÕU ¯PØıshı∫. A¯¡P“ : (1) x¯n® £¯hz vmhÆ, (2) ˜£ı∂fl ≠ªÆ {ıkP¯ÕU ¯P®£ÿ÷u¿, (3) {ıkP¯Õ C¯nzu¿ BSÆ. C¡ÿ‘¿ x¯n®£¯hz vmhz¯u® £ÿ‘ C[S A‘¢x ˆPı“˜¡ıÆ. {m¨¯”∞¿ B[Q˜ªØ∏hfl Ehfl£iU¯Pa ˆ\¥x ˆPı“–©ı÷ C¢vØ Aµ_P¯Õ ˆ¡¿ˆªÏº ˜¡si⁄ı∫. A∆¡ı÷ Ehfl £iU¯P∞¿ ˜\∫¢u Aµ_P“ RÃUPsh |£¢u¯⁄P¯Õ® §fl£ÿ” ˜¡skˆ©⁄ ¡ÿ÷zu®£mh⁄. A¯¡P“ : 1. B[Q˜ªØ∂fl ˜©ªıs¯©¯Ø Hÿ÷U ˆPı“–u¿, 2. B[Q˜ªØ∂fl §µv|v J∏¡¯µ≤Æ B[Qªzx¯n® £¯h¯Ø≤Æ u[P“ £Sv∞¿ ¯¡zxU ˆPı“–u¿, 29 ˆ¡¿ˆªÏº §µ

˜£ÿ”ı∫. A¡∏US B[Qª® £¯hPŒfl ¨ufl¯©z<br />

u¯ª¯©® ˆ£ı÷®Æ ¡«[P®£mhx. A¡∫ ≠fl”ı¡x<br />

¯©`∫ ˜£ı∂¿ v®ƒUS GvµıP® ˜£ı∂mhı∫.<br />

Pıµn[P“ : B[Q˜ªØ∫ |\ı¨h›Æ,<br />

©µızvØ∏h›Æ u[P“ E”¯¡ ˜©Æ<br />

£kzv⁄∫. A˜u ˜{µzv¿ v® ufl<br />

¡Õ[P¯Õ® ˆ£∏UQØxhfl §ˆµg_U<br />

Pıµ∫PŒfl Eu¬¯Ø≤Æ ˆ£ÿ”ı∫. v®<br />

1789&BÆ Bsk B[Q˜ªØ∂fl {m<br />

{ıhı⁄<br />

v∏¬uı[T¯µz<br />

(Travancore)<br />

uıUQ⁄ı∫. G⁄˜¡ Pıµfl¡ıºÏ 1790¿<br />

v®¬fl ´x ˜£ı∫ A‘¬zuı∫. C∏<br />

Pıµfl¡ıºÏ<br />

£¯hP–˜© ˆ¡ÿ‘z ˜uı¿¬P¯Õ<br />

©ı‘ ©ı‘a \¢vzu⁄. A®˜£ı∫ 1792¿ ¨iƒÿ”x.<br />

¬¯ÕƒP“ : v® B[Q˜ªØ∏hfl ^µ[P®£mi⁄ Ehfl<br />

£iU¯P¯Øa ˆ\¥x ˆPıshı∫. Aufl ¬¯Õ¡ıP ufl<br />

{ımifl £ıv¯Øz v® B[Q˜ªØ∏USU ˆPıkUP<br />

˜{∂mhx. ©ª£ı∫, ShS®£Sv, vskUP¿, £ıµ©Pı¿ (uÿ<br />

˜£ı¯uØ D˜µık, ˜\ªÆ) BQØ £SvP“ B[Q˜ªØ∏USU<br />

ˆPıkUP®£mh⁄. Ax ©mkfl‘ ≠fl÷ ˜Pıi π£ı¯Ø®<br />

˜£ı∫ C«®•mkz ˆuı¯PØıPU ˆPıkUSÆ£i v®<br />

¡ÿ÷zu®£mhı∫. A®ˆ£∏¢ˆuı¯P¯ØU ˆPıkUSÆ ¡¯µ<br />

v® uÆ C∏ u¿¡∫P¯Õ≤Æ §¯nU ¯PvPÕıP<br />

B[Q˜ªØ∂hÆ J®£¯hUSÆ£i ˜{∂mhx.<br />

{ıflPıÆ ¯©`∫ ˜£ı∫ (1799) & Pıµn[P“ : ^µ[P®£mi⁄Æ<br />

Ehfl£iU¯P∞⁄ı¿ v® ©ÿ÷Æ B[Q˜ªØ∂¯h˜Ø<br />

A¯©v Hÿ£h¬¿¯ª. v® ˆ¡¿ˆªÏº §µ¬fl<br />

x¯n®£¯hz vmhz¯u Hÿ÷U ˆPı“Õ ©÷zuı∫. A¡∫<br />

B[Q˜ªØ¯µ® £»¡ı[P Gso⁄ı∫. G⁄˜¡ Pıß¿,<br />

PıflÏhıfli˜{ı§“, A˜µ§Øı ©ÿ÷Æ §µıfl_ BQØ<br />

{ıkP–USz ufl yx¡∫P¯Õ A›®§ v® Eu¬<br />

˜Pı∂⁄ı∫. v®¬fl {h¡iU¯PP¯Õ A‘¢u ˆ¡¿ˆªÏº<br />

§µ Eh⁄iØıP 1799¿ v®¬ÿˆPvµıP® ˜£ı∫ ˆuıkzuı∫.<br />

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