Environmental Social Studies in Tamil - Jeywin
Environmental Social Studies in Tamil - Jeywin Environmental Social Studies in Tamil - Jeywin
ˆuı»¿ ˆPı“¯P∞¿ £ª©ı÷u¿P¯Õ≤Æ Hÿ£kzv⁄. Afl¤Ø Eu¬ AvP AÕ¬¿ ˜Pıµ®£mhx. 3. ≠fl”ı¡x I¢uıskz vmhÆ (1961 & 1966) : Cufl ˜{ıUPÆ {ık ufl¤¯”ƒ ˆ£÷¡xuıfl. B⁄ı¿ ˜u]Ø ¡Õz¯u® £Øfl£kzx¡v¿ Hÿ£mh ]UPªıæÆ ˆ£ı∏Õıuıµa ˆ\Ø¿ ¨¯”P“ Afl¤Ø ¨uΩm¯ha \ı∫¢x C∏¢uuıæÆ Gv∫£ı∫zu ˆ¡ÿ‘¯Ø® ˆ£”¬¿¯ª. 4. Bskz vmh[P“ (1966 & 67 & 68, 68 & 69) : ≠fl”ı¡x I¢uıskz vmh ˜uı¿¬∞⁄ı¿ S¢u ˆ{∏UPi¯Ø \©ıŒUP Bskz vmh[P“ ˜£ıh®£mh⁄. ˆuıh∫a] ØıP ≠fl÷ BskP“, Bskz vmh[P“ ©mk˜© vmhmk ˆ\Ø¿£kzu®£mh⁄. 5. {ıflPı¡x I¢uıskz vmhÆ (1969 & 1974) : Cufl ˜{ıUPÆ ˜¡P©ı⁄® ˆ£ı∏Õıuıµ ¡Õ∫a], ˜©æÆ \≠Pzvæ“Õ Hÿ”z uıÃP¯ÕU P¯Õ¡x, ¡ıÃU¯Pz uµz¯u EØ∫zx¡x BSÆ. Czvmhzv¿ §flu[QØ £SvP–US ¨fl›∂¯© AŒUP®£mhx. |¯ªØı⁄, ufl¤¯”ƒ A¯h¢u ˆ£ı∏Õıuıµz¯u® ˆ£”, Au¯⁄ ˜©Æ£kzx¡xuıfl Cufl S‘U˜Pı“. B⁄ı¿ £n √UP¨Æ, £ª ˜£ıµımh[P–Æ, \≠Pzv¿ Hÿ£mh S«®£[P–Æ, u¯hP–Æ Gv∫£ı∫zu ˆ¡ÿ‘¯Øz uµ¬¿¯ª. 6. I¢uı¡x I¢uıskz vmhÆ (1974 & 1979) : Hï©¯Ø }US¡x, }shPıª Ai®£¯h∞¿ 1974 & 75&º∏¢x 1985 & 86 ¡¯µ ˜£ıh®£mhx. §fl⁄∫ Bskz vmh[PÕıP ©ıÿ”®£mhx. _«¿ vmh[P“ E∏¡ıUQ §fl⁄∫ Au¯⁄≤Æ u“–£i ˆ\¥x¬mh⁄∫. 7. B”ı¡x I¢uıskz vmhÆ (1980 & 1985) : ˆ£ıx¡ı⁄ ¡Õ∫a]˜Ø Cufl S‘U˜PıÕıSÆ. I¢uısk vmh[PŒ ⁄ı¿ ©ıÿ”Æ Hÿ£mhx Gfl£x C¢u I¢uıskz vmhzv¿ C∏¢xuıfl ˆu∂Ø¡¢ux. 390 8. H«ı¡x I¢uıskz vmhÆ (1985 & 1990) : Enƒ uı¤Ø[PŒfl Eÿ£zv¯Ø® ˆ£∏US¡x ˜¡¯ª ¡ı¥® §¯⁄ AvP∂®£x ¨UQØU S‘U˜PıÕıSÆ. B⁄ı¿ ˆ£ıxzx¯” |÷¡⁄[P“ Gv∫£ı∫zu AÕ¬¿ ˆ\Ø¿£hıu Pıµnzuı¿ CzvmhÆ ˆ¡ÿ‘ ˆ£”¬¿¯ª. 9. Gmhı¡x I¢uıskz vmhÆ (1992 & 1997): 1990&91, 1991&92, BQØ ≠fl÷ BskP–US Bskz vmh[P“ wmh®£mh⁄. 1992 ¿ I¢uıskz vmhÆ wmh®£mhx. Cufl ¨UQØ ˜{ıUPÆ ©¤u¡Õ ˜©Æ£ık, u¤Øı∫ ©Ø©ıu¿, ˆ£ıxzx¯” |÷¡⁄[ P¯ÕU S¯”zu¿, ˆ£ı∏Õıuıµa ^µ¯©® ˆ\¥u¿ BQد¡ØıSÆ. Cx KµÕƒ ˆ¡ÿ‘ ˆ£ÿ” vmhÆ BSÆ. ˆ£ı∏Õıuıµ _u¢vµÆ ˆ©x¡ıP E∏¡ı⁄x. 10. Jfl£uı¡x I¢uıskzvmhÆ (1997 & 2002) : ©¤u¡Õ ˜©Æ£ık, u¤Øı∫©Ø©ıu¿, u¤Øı∫ x¯”US ¡ı¥®U ˆPıkzu¿ BQØ¡ÿ‘ÿS AvP ¨UQØzx¡Æ AŒUP® £mhx. ^µ¯©® ˆuıhµ®£mhx. EªP©Ø©ıuºfl Pıµn©ıP ˆ¡Œ{ımk ¨uΩkP“ C¢vØı¬¿ ¨uΩk ˆ\¥Ø®£mk ˆuı»ªP[P“ BµÆ§UP®£mh⁄. C¢vØ ©UPmˆuı¯P Eÿ£zv® ˆ£ı∏mP¯Õ ¬ÿP {¿ª \¢¯u Gfl£¯u |π§zux. 2001 ˆ\®hÆ£∫ 9/11 ¿ Hÿ£mh ]‘x uÕ∫a]US® §”S C¢vØı uP¡¿ ˆuı»¿ ~m£zv¿ (IT) ¨fl˜⁄‘ ¡∏Qfl”x. 11. £zuı¡x I¢uıskz vmh[P“ (2002 & 2007) : Enƒ uı¤Ø[P“, £∏® ¡¯PP“, Gsˆn¥ ¬zxUP“ BQد¡P“ Eÿ£zv AvP∂USÆ Gfl÷ Gv∫£ı∫UP®£kQ”x. AvP ©UP“ ˆuı¯P ˆ£∏UPzvæÆ S‘®§hzuUP AÕ¬¿ ¡÷¯©U ˜Pım iÿSURà E“Õ¡∫PŒfl GsoU¯P S¯”≤Æ Gfl” Gv∫£ı∫® E“Õx. 391
I¢uıskz vmh[PŒfl ≠ªÆ ˆuı»¿ ˜¡P©ıP ¡Õ∫¢ux. £sim ·¡Ì∫ªı¿ ˜{∏ C¢vØz ˆuı»¿PŒfl ¡Õ∫a]¯Ø I¢uıskz vmh[P“ ≠ªÆ ˆuıh[Q ¯¡zuı∫. ©ımk ¡siP“, C∏ \UPµ ¡ıP⁄[P“, v ¡siP“, ˜£∏¢xP“, Cµ∞¿ ˆ£miP“, ˆ£∂Ø ¬©ı⁄[ PŒfl Eÿ£zv ˆ£∏QØx. ˆ£ıxzx¯”, u¤Øı∫ x¯”∞¿ ¨fl˜⁄ÿ”Æ Hÿ£mk £ª P⁄µPz ˆuı»ªP[P–Æ, ˆ©flˆuı»ªP[P–Æ |÷¡®£mh⁄. ˆ£∂Ø, ]‘Ø ˆuı»ªP[PŒfl ¡Õ∫a] ˜¡P©ıUP®£mhx. ˆuı»ÿ ˜£m¯hP“ E∏¡ıUP® £mh⁄. C¢vØı¬fl ˜¡P©ı⁄ ¡Õ∫a]∞fl ¬¯Õ¡ıP £ªx¯”PŒ¿ Cfl÷ C¢vØı ¨fl⁄o∞¿ E“Õx. Aq\Uv, ¬sˆ¡Œ Bµı¥a], ˆ\Øÿ¯PU˜Pı“ Eÿ£zv, Au¯⁄ ¬sˆ¡Œ∞¿ A›®u¿, Po®ˆ£ı‘, ˆ©fl ˆ£ı∏“ Eÿ£zv ˜£ıfl”¡ÿ‘¿ S¢u ¡Õ∫a]دh¢x“Õx. ©¤uz v”¯©∞¿ C¢vØı EªQ¿ ≠fl”ı¡x Chz¯u® ˆ£÷Qfl”x. Ph¢u ≠fl”ıskPÕıP C¢vØı¬fl Hÿ÷©v AvP∂zx“Õx. £fl⁄ımk ≠ªu⁄[P“ C¢vØU P⁄µPz ˆuı»ÿ\ı¯ªP¯Õ≤Æ, ©ÿ” ˆuı»¯ª≤Æ FUS¬zu⁄. C¢vØ Aµ_Æ, u¤Øı∫, Aµ]fl ¨uΩmkU ˆPı“¯P∞¿ ^µ¯©®P¯Õ Hÿ£kzvØx. C¢vØı¬fl ˜{ıUPÆ C¢vØ ˆuı»ÿ\ı¯ªPŒfl Eÿ£zv® ˆ£ı∏mP¯Õ £fl⁄ımka \¢¯u¯Ø® §izx ˜u¯¡Øı⁄ Afl¤Ø ˆ\ª¡ıo¯Ø Dmk¡˜u BSÆ. ˜©æÆ ˜uı¿ ˆ£ı∏mP“, B¯hP“, uØı∂UP®£mh B¯hP“ Eÿ£zv∞æÆ P¡⁄Æ ˆ\æzx Qfl”x. ˜¡¯ª ¡ı¥®§¯⁄ Hÿ£kzv Hï©¯Ø ¬µmk¡˜u C¢vØz vmh[PŒfl ¨UQØU S‘U˜PıÕıSÆ. EªQfl ¨fl⁄o∞¿ E“Õ ¡ıP⁄[P“, ¡ıP⁄ Ev∂® £ıP[PŒfl Eÿ£zv |÷¡⁄[P“ C¢vØ 392 ˆuı»ªP[PŒ¿ ¨uΩk ˆ\¥x TmhıP Eÿ£zv¯Ø ˜©ÿˆPı“Qfl”⁄∫. C¢vØı¯¡z uÕ©ıPU ˆPısk Pı∫ ˆuı»ªP[P“ |¯”Ø BµÆ§UP®£mk“Õ⁄. ¡ıP⁄ F∫vz ˆuı»¿PŒ¿ AvP ©ıÿ”Æ Hÿ£mk“Õx. C¢vØı¬fl hımhı Pı∫ |÷¡⁄Æ, ˆ·∫©¤∞fl ˆ£flÏ |÷¡⁄zxhfl C¯n¢x Pı∫ uØı∂U Qfl”⁄∫. ˆuı»¿ ~m£® £Sv∞¿ C¢vØı P®ˆ£∂Ø ¡Õ∫a]¯Ø Gmi≤“Õx. ¬sˆ¡Œ Bµı¥a]∞¿ C¢vØı uÿ˜£ıx Aˆ©∂UP IUQØ {ımkhfl ˜£ımi∞kQfl”x. C¢vØı¬fl {√⁄ ¬sPªÆ IRS IC ¨ ¡xÆ C¢vØz ˆuı»¿~m£zuı¿, C¢vØı¬¿ uØı∂UP®£mhuıSÆ. Cx uıx¡Õ[P¯Õ ©v®§h P Eu¬ØıP E“Õx. ˜©æÆ, Cv¿ |÷¡®£mk“Õ \Uv ¡ı¥¢u ~m£©ıP £∂˜\ıvUSÆ P∏¬ (Sensor), ˆuı¯ª≤n∫ƒ® ˆ£ı∏mP“ ¡∫zuP ∑v∞æÆ ¡Õ∫a] ˆ£” EuƒQfl”x. ¬sPªÆ Bµı¥a] ©mkÆ A¿ªı©¿ ¬©ı⁄ |¯ªØÆ, x¯”¨PÆ, P®£¿ PmkÆ uÕÆ ˜£ıfl” ¨UQØ©ı⁄ Ch A¯©®PŒfl §Æ£[P¯Õ≤Æ ˆ£” ¡ı¥®“Õx. ¬sˆ¡Œ∞¿ S‘®§hzuUP ¡Õ∫a]¯Ø C¢vØı ˆ£ÿ÷“Õx (£hÆ 9.1). C¢vØ ¬sˆ¡Œ Bµı¥a] |÷¡⁄zvfl |ª {kU˜Pımk ¬sPª HƒuÕÆ (Equatorial Rocket Launching Station) v∏¡⁄¢uµÆ A∏Qæ“Õ xÆ£ı¬¿ |÷¡®£mk E“Õx. C¢|÷¡⁄Æ 1968&¿ IUQØ {ıkP“ \¯£UPıP HƒuÕz¯u A∫®£ozux. C¢vØ ¬sˆ¡Œ Bµı¥a] (ISRO) C¢vØ ¬sˆ¡Œ Bµı¥a]US ¯©Ø©ıP ¡Õ∫¢x“Õx. Áͺa]°ß uõUP® £ª x¯”PŒ¿ C¢vØı ¡Õ∫a] ˆ£ÿ÷“Õx. S‘®£ıP P¿¬, ©∏zx¡Æ BQØ¡ÿ‘¿ S¢u ¡Õ∫a]∞¯⁄® ˆ£ÿ÷“Õx. 1947&¿ C¢vØı _u¢vµÆ A¯h¢u˜£ıx C¢vØ∂fl \µı\∂ ¡ıÃU¯P 27 ¡∏h[PÕıSÆ. uÿ˜£ıx Ax 67 BP EØ∫¢x“Õx. 393
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- Page 281 and 282: AªS & III : uı¡µÆ ©ÿ÷Æ ©s
- Page 283 and 284: Pın®£kÆ. Cz uı¡µ[P¯ÕU ˆP
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- Page 291 and 292: Enƒ® £∞∫PŒfl ¡¯PP“ ©ı
- Page 293 and 294: (ADT 27), 50 (ADT 50) ˜£ıfl”
- Page 295 and 296: Pı®§, ˜u∞¯ªz u¬µ ˜¡÷
- Page 297 and 298: En∫˜¡ BSÆ. Cx {ımifl Enƒ Eÿ
- Page 299 and 300: ©UPŒfl Enƒ® ˆ£ı∏mPŒfl ˜u
- Page 301 and 302: III. §fl¡∏¡⁄¡ÿ¯”® ˆ£
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- Page 309 and 310: E[P-USz ˆu∂≤©ı? C¢vØı £
- Page 311 and 312: IV._∏UP©ıP ¬¯hØŒUPƒÆ 1. C
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- Page 345 and 346: AªS XI : PÕ®£o £ıhÆ 11 PÕ®
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