Environmental Social Studies in Tamil - Jeywin

Environmental Social Studies in Tamil - Jeywin Environmental Social Studies in Tamil - Jeywin

13.03.2014 Views

˜\ımhı {ıUß∫ •hß∞¿ uıx ¡Õ[P“ Q¯h®£ uı¿ uıx ¡Õ[P¯Õ Ai®£¯hØıPU ˆPısh ˆuı»¿P“ ¡Õ∫a] ˆ£ÿ÷“Õ⁄. Ax AvP ©UP“ Ah∫zv E“Õ £SvUS A∏Pı¯©∞¿ A¯©¢x“Õx. G⁄˜¡, ©UP“ Ah∫zv uıx¡Õ[PŒfl ufl¯©∞fl Ai®£¯h∞¿ £µ¬U Pın®£kQfl”x. ©ÿ” £SvPŒ¿ ©UP“ £µ¡¿ ]u”ªıPU Pın®£kQfl”x. SøÓ¢u ©UPÒ Ahºzv EÒÍ £SvPÒ ©¯ª®£SvP“ Sfl÷ £SvPŒ¿ ©UP“ ¡ıáuÿS Hÿ”a `«¿ C¿ªıu Pıµnzuı¿ ©UP“ Ah∫zv S¯”¡ıP E“Õx. w£Pÿ£ C¢vØı¬¿ ˜©ÿSz ˆuıh∫a] ©¯ªP“, Q«USz ˆuıh∫a] ©¯ª®£Sv PŒæÆ, ” w£Pÿ£ C¢vØı¬¿ C©Ø©¯ª®£Sv∞æÆ ©UP“ S¯”¢u GsoU¯P∞˜ª˜Ø ¡]UQfl”⁄∫. ©¯ª®£SvPŒ¿ Pın®£kÆ Pıª|¯ª, A[S“Õ CØÿ¯Pz uı¡µ[P“, ©s A∂® ˜£ıfl”¯¡P“ ©¤ua ˆ\Ø¿P–USz u¯hØıP E“Õ⁄. ˜©æÆ Enƒ uı¤Ø[P¯Õ® £∞∫ ˆ\¥Ø Hÿ” `«¿ C¿ªıu PıµnzuıæÆ \∂ƒPŒ¿ Pın®£kÆ ¡Õ©ÿ” ©s, ©s A∂® BQد¡ ˜¡Õıs ˆuı»æUSz u¯hPÕıP E“Õuı¿ ©UP“ ˆ{∏UPÆ S¯”¡ıPU Pın®£kQfl”x. B⁄ı¿ ©¯ª®£SvPŒ¿ Pın®£kÆ £“ÕzuıUSPŒ¿, S‘®£ıP C©Ø©¯ª∞¿ PıË´∫ £“ÕzuıUQ¿, ©UP“ Ah∫¢x Pın®£kQfl”⁄∫. C©Ø©¯ª∞¿ ·Æ¨ ©ÿ÷Æ PıË´∫ ©ı|ªÆ AvP ©UP“ £µ¡¯ªU ˆPısk“Õx. ©¯ª®§µ˜u\[PŒ¿ |ªƒÆ Pıª|¯ª, CØÿ¯P A«Qfl Pıµn©ıPa ]ª£SvP“ _ÿ÷ªı uª[PÕıP ¡Õ∫a] ˆ£ÿ÷“Õ⁄. w£Pÿ£ C¢vØı¬¿ ˜©ÿSz ˆuıh∫a] ©¯ªPŒ¿ E“Õ }ªQ∂, B¯⁄©¯ª, ˆPı¯hUPı⁄¿, £«¤ Sfl÷P–Æ, ” w£Pÿ£ C¢vØı¬¿ C©Ø©¯ª∞¿ A¯©¢x“Õ hı∫‚º[, ]ƪı, ˜hµılfl ˜£ıfl”¯¡ _ÿ÷ªız uª[PÕıPƒÆ, 380 ˜Pı¯h ¡ı»h[PÕıPƒÆ ¬Õ[S¡uı¿ KµÕƒ ©UP“ ˆ\‘¢x Pın®£kQfl”⁄∫. ¡hQ«US ©ı|ª[PÕı⁄ A∏nı\ª®§µ˜u\Æ, ©o®ß∫, A\ıÆ, ˜©PıªØı, v∂µı, {ıPıªı¢x BQØ £SvPŒ¿ PU S¯”¡ı⁄ ©UP“ Pın®£kQfl”⁄∫. A\ı¿ ˆ£m˜µıºØ ˆuı»ÿ\ı¯ª∞fl Pıµn©ıP ©UP“ ˆ{∏UPÆ ]‘x AvPÆ Pın®£kQfl”x. Cx u¬µ uªa`«¿ Pıµn©ıPƒÆ ©UP“ ˆuı¯P® £µ¡º¿ ©ı÷u¿P“ ˆu∂Qfl”⁄. ˜PµÕı |ª®£µ® S¯”¡ıPƒÆ, ˆ£∏Æ£µ® Ah∫¢u PıkPÕıPƒÆ PhÿP¯µ S÷PªıPƒÆ E“Õuı¿ ©UP“ ¡]UPUTiØ |ª®£µ® ]‘ØuıQfl”x. Cufl Pıµn©ıP, A[S ©UP“ ˆ{∏UPÆ Ah∫¢x Pın®£kQfl”x. ¡h˜©ÿS C¢vØı¬¿ uı∫® £ı¯ª¡⁄Æ ©UP“ ¡ı« Hÿ”u¿ª. Cµı·Ïuı¤fl ]ª £SvP“, S·µızvfl ]ª £SvP“, £g\ı§¿ J∏ £Sv BQد¡ C¢u® £ı¯ª ¡⁄zv¿ Ah[SÆ. J∂\ı¬fl ˆ£∏Æ£Sv A¯µ¡”sh £ı¯ªØıSÆ. C®£SvPŒ¿ ©UP“ ˆ{∏UPÆ PƒÆ S¯”¡ıP E“Õx. C¢vØı¬fl ˆh¿º ≥¤Øfl §µ˜u\z v¿ ©UP“ ˆ{∏UPÆ u©ı⁄uıP˜¡ E“Õx. C¢vØı¬fl ©UPmˆuı¯P®£µ¡¿ A[S |ªƒÆ uª A¯©®, Pıª|¯ª, ©s¡¯P, ˜¡Õıs |¯ª, ˆuı»¿ ¡Õ∫a], ˜\¯¡P“ ˜£ıfl”¡ÿ‘fl Ai®£¯h∞¿ A¯©Qfl”x. £õ¼Ú ÂQu® 2001&BÆ Bsifl ©UPmˆuı¯P PnUˆPk®§fl £i C¢vØı¬¿ 1,027 ¿ºØfl ©UP–Æ, A¡∫P–“ 523.8 ¿ºØfl BsP–Æ, 488.6 ¿ºØfl ˆ£sP–Æ E“Õ⁄∫. 1901&BÆ Bsi¿ 1,000 BsP–US 977 ˆ£sPÕıP C∏¢u ¬QuÆ Cfl÷ 929 ˆ£sPÕıPU S¯”¢x¬mhx. C¢vØı¬fl ˜PµÕı¬¿ ©mkÆuıfl BsP¯Õ¬h® ˆ£sP“ AvPÆ. Kµı∞µÆ BsP–US 950 USÆ AvP ˆ£sP¯ÕU ˆPısh 381

©ı|ª[P“ C©ı\ª® §µ˜u\Æ, B¢vµ® §µ˜u\Æ, ˜Pı¡ı, P∫{ıhPı, ©o®ß∫, J∂\ı, uÃ{ık, ©ÿ÷Æ \siPı∫. ©ÿ” ©ı|ª[PŒ¿ PU S¯”¢u ¬Quzv¿ ˆ£sP“ E“Õ⁄∫. Bs & ˆ£s ¬QuÆ S¯”¡¯uz ukUP Aµ_ £ª ¡»PŒ¿ ¨Øÿ] Gkzx ¡∏Qfl”x. ˆ£sP–USU P¿¬, \©E∂¯© AŒ®£xhfl P¿¬∞fl ≠ªÆ \≠P ©ıÿ”zvÿ Pı⁄ ¬»®n∫a]¯Ø≤Æ Hÿ£kzxQfl”x. C¢vØ Aµ_ Pk¯©Øı⁄ ¨Øÿ]¯Ø ˜©ÿˆPısk ˆ£sofl v∏©n ¡Ø¯u AvP∂®£x, SkÆ£ {ªzvmhz¯u® £µ®¡x, ˆ£ıxU P¿¬¯Ø AŒ®£ufl ≠ªÆ "]‘Ø SkÆ£Æ' Gfl” CªUQ¯⁄ A¯hØ® £ık£kQfl”x. Czvmh[P“ ©zvØ, ©ı|ª Aµ_PŒfl Tmk ¨Øÿ]∞¿ ˆ\Ø¿£kzu® £kQfl”⁄. ©Ûu ÁÍ ÷©®£õmiØPõÚ FUS¨¦PÒ 1996&BÆ Bsk ·¸¯ª 4 & 5 BÆ ˜uvPŒ¿ ˆh¿º∞¿ TiØ ¨uª¯©a\∫PŒfl ©ı{ımi¿ 2000 BsiÿS“ A¯hØ £ª CªUSP“ ¡SUP®£mh⁄. 1. Qµı©, {P∫®”[PŒ¿ 100 \u¬Qu _zu©ı⁄ Si}∫ ¡«[S¡x. 2. Qµı©, {P∫®”[PŒ¿ BµÆ£ ©∏zx¡ ¡\vP¯Õ |÷ƒ¡v¿ °÷ \u¬uÆ ¨ ¯© ˆ£÷¡x. 3. A¯⁄¡∏USÆ BµÆ£U P¿¬¯Ø AŒ®£x. 4. √i¿ªıu H¯« ©UP–US √kPmh |v≤u¬ AŒ®£x. 5. ©vØ Enƒz vmhz¯u G¿ªı Qµı©, {P∫®”, ˜\∂ ©UP–USÆ, §flu[QØ ©UP–USÆ ¬∂ƒ £kzx¡x. 6. G¿ªı Qµı©[P¯Õ≤Æ C¯n®£x. 7. ¡÷¯©U ˜PımiÿSÆ Rà E“Õ ©UP–US ˆ£ıx¬|˜ØıPz¯u J [S£kzx¡x. 382 ¡÷¯©¯Ø J»zx, Ai®£¯h ¡\vP¯Õ ©UP–US AŒzx ©UPŒfl ¡ıÃU¯Pz uµz¯u EØ∫zx¡xuıfl C∆¬ªUSPŒfl ˜{ıUPÆ. Cu¯⁄a ˆ\¥Øı¬mhı¿ G¢u J∏ |¯ªØı⁄ ¡Õ∫a]≤Æ Hÿ£hıx. ¡÷¯© G[Q∏¢uıæÆ Ax ¡Õ∫a]USz u¯h Gfl£uıP˜¡ C¢vØı ¨ ¯©ØıP {ÆQfl”x. ˆuıh∫a]Øı⁄ £fl⁄ımka ˆ\Ø¿¨¯”P“, EªP ©Ø©ıu¿ ˜£ıfl”¯¡PŒfl ≠ªÆ G¿ªı ©UPŒfl ¡ıÃU¯PzuµÆ EØ∏Æ Gfl” {ƧU¯P∞fl Ai®£¯h∞¿ IUQØ {ımka \¯£ ¬¡ıu[PŒ¿ AUP¯”≤hfl TiØ {¿ª {h¡iU¯PPŒ¿ {Æ{ık Dk£mk“Õx. A∆¡ı˜” IUQØ {ıkP“ \¯£∞fl ©ÿ” |÷¡⁄[P“ Aµ_P“ \ı∫¯hØ {h¡iU¯PPŒæÆ Dk£mk“Õ⁄. Gmhı¡x I¢uısk vmhzvfl (1992 & 97) ¨UQØ ˜{ıUPÆ ©¤u¡Õ ˜©Æ£ıhıSÆ. Cv¿ \≠P ¡Õ∫a] S‘®§hzuUP ¡¯P∞¿ ˜©Æ£mk“Õx. 1995 & 96 fl ˜u]Ø ¡Õ∫a] ¬QuÆ 7.1 ¬ UPıhıP E“Õx. A¢u ¡Õ∫a] ¬QuÆ |¯ª£kzu®£mk“Õx. ˜©æÆ u¯hØÿ” ¡ıo£¨Æ, EªP©Ø©ıuæÆ ¡Õ∫a]¯Ø FUS¬zx“Õ⁄ Gfl£u¯⁄z ˜u]Ø ¡Õ∫a] ¬QuÆ E÷v®£kzxQfl”x. Jfl£uı¡x I¢uıskz vmhÆ 1997 & 2002¿ C¢vØı _u¢vµÆ A¯h¢u 50 &Æ Bsk ˆuıh[P® £mhx. Cv¿ E“Õ vmh[P“. 1. £∞∫zˆuı»æUS ¨UQØzx¡Æ AŒzx Qµı© ¡Õ∫a]¯Ø ˜©Æ£kzx¡x; ˜£ıx©ı⁄ ˜¡¯ª ¡ı¥®§¯⁄ E∏¡ıUQ ¡÷¯©¯Ø J»®£x. 2. ˜¡P©ı⁄® ˆ£ı∏Õıuıµ ¡Õ∫a], |¯ªØı⁄ ¬¯ª¡ı], Enƒ®£ıxPı® ˜£ıfl”¡ÿ¯” S‘®£ıP PƒÆ §flu[QØ \≠Pzv⁄∏US ¡«[S¡x. 383

©ı|ª[P“ C©ı\ª® §µ˜u\Æ, B¢vµ® §µ˜u\Æ, ˜Pı¡ı,<br />

P∫{ıhPı, ©o®ß∫, J∂\ı, uÃ{ık, ©ÿ÷Æ \siPı∫.<br />

©ÿ” ©ı|ª[PŒ¿ PU S¯”¢u ¬Quzv¿ ˆ£sP“<br />

E“Õ⁄∫.<br />

Bs & ˆ£s ¬QuÆ S¯”¡¯uz ukUP Aµ_ £ª<br />

¡»PŒ¿ ¨Øÿ] Gkzx ¡∏Qfl”x. ˆ£sP–USU<br />

P¿¬, \©E∂¯© AŒ®£xhfl P¿¬∞fl ≠ªÆ \≠P<br />

©ıÿ”zvÿ Pı⁄ ¬»®n∫a]¯Ø≤Æ Hÿ£kzxQfl”x.<br />

C¢vØ Aµ_ Pk¯©Øı⁄ ¨Øÿ]¯Ø ˜©ÿˆPısk<br />

ˆ£sofl v∏©n ¡Ø¯u AvP∂®£x, SkÆ£<br />

{ªzvmhz¯u® £µ®¡x, ˆ£ıxU P¿¬¯Ø AŒ®£ufl<br />

≠ªÆ "]‘Ø SkÆ£Æ' Gfl” CªUQ¯⁄ A¯hØ®<br />

£ık£kQfl”x. Czvmh[P“ ©zvØ, ©ı|ª Aµ_PŒfl<br />

Tmk ¨Øÿ]∞¿ ˆ\Ø¿£kzu® £kQfl”⁄.<br />

©Ûu ÁÍ ÷©®£õmiØPõÚ FUS¨¦PÒ<br />

1996&BÆ Bsk ·¸¯ª 4 & 5 BÆ ˜uvPŒ¿<br />

ˆh¿º∞¿ TiØ ¨uª¯©a\∫PŒfl ©ı{ımi¿ 2000<br />

BsiÿS“ A¯hØ £ª CªUSP“ ¡SUP®£mh⁄.<br />

1. Qµı©, {P∫®”[PŒ¿ 100 \u¬Qu _zu©ı⁄<br />

Si}∫ ¡«[S¡x.<br />

2. Qµı©, {P∫®”[PŒ¿ BµÆ£ ©∏zx¡<br />

¡\vP¯Õ |÷ƒ¡v¿ °÷ \u¬uÆ ¨ ¯©<br />

ˆ£÷¡x.<br />

3. A¯⁄¡∏USÆ BµÆ£U P¿¬¯Ø AŒ®£x.<br />

4. √i¿ªıu H¯« ©UP–US √kPmh |v≤u¬<br />

AŒ®£x.<br />

5. ©vØ Enƒz vmhz¯u G¿ªı Qµı©, {P∫®”,<br />

˜\∂ ©UP–USÆ, §flu[QØ ©UP–USÆ ¬∂ƒ<br />

£kzx¡x.<br />

6. G¿ªı Qµı©[P¯Õ≤Æ C¯n®£x.<br />

7. ¡÷¯©U ˜PımiÿSÆ Rà E“Õ ©UP–US<br />

ˆ£ıx¬|˜ØıPz¯u J [S£kzx¡x.<br />

382<br />

¡÷¯©¯Ø J»zx, Ai®£¯h ¡\vP¯Õ<br />

©UP–US AŒzx ©UPŒfl ¡ıÃU¯Pz uµz¯u<br />

EØ∫zx¡xuıfl C∆¬ªUSPŒfl ˜{ıUPÆ. Cu¯⁄a<br />

ˆ\¥Øı¬mhı¿ G¢u J∏ |¯ªØı⁄ ¡Õ∫a]≤Æ<br />

Hÿ£hıx. ¡÷¯© G[Q∏¢uıæÆ Ax ¡Õ∫a]USz u¯h<br />

Gfl£uıP˜¡ C¢vØı ¨ ¯©ØıP {ÆQfl”x.<br />

ˆuıh∫a]Øı⁄ £fl⁄ımka ˆ\Ø¿¨¯”P“, EªP<br />

©Ø©ıu¿ ˜£ıfl”¯¡PŒfl ≠ªÆ G¿ªı ©UPŒfl<br />

¡ıÃU¯PzuµÆ EØ∏Æ Gfl” {ƧU¯P∞fl<br />

Ai®£¯h∞¿ IUQØ {ımka \¯£ ¬¡ıu[PŒ¿<br />

AUP¯”≤hfl TiØ {¿ª {h¡iU¯PPŒ¿ {Æ{ık<br />

Dk£mk“Õx. A∆¡ı˜” IUQØ {ıkP“ \¯£∞fl ©ÿ”<br />

|÷¡⁄[P“ Aµ_P“ \ı∫¯hØ {h¡iU¯PPŒæÆ<br />

Dk£mk“Õ⁄.<br />

Gmhı¡x I¢uısk vmhzvfl (1992 & 97) ¨UQØ<br />

˜{ıUPÆ ©¤u¡Õ ˜©Æ£ıhıSÆ. Cv¿ \≠P ¡Õ∫a]<br />

S‘®§hzuUP ¡¯P∞¿ ˜©Æ£mk“Õx. 1995 & 96 fl<br />

˜u]Ø ¡Õ∫a] ¬QuÆ 7.1 ¬ UPıhıP E“Õx. A¢u<br />

¡Õ∫a] ¬QuÆ |¯ª£kzu®£mk“Õx. ˜©æÆ<br />

u¯hØÿ” ¡ıo£¨Æ, EªP©Ø©ıuæÆ ¡Õ∫a]¯Ø<br />

FUS¬zx“Õ⁄ Gfl£u¯⁄z ˜u]Ø ¡Õ∫a] ¬QuÆ<br />

E÷v®£kzxQfl”x.<br />

Jfl£uı¡x I¢uıskz vmhÆ 1997 & 2002¿<br />

C¢vØı _u¢vµÆ A¯h¢u 50 &Æ Bsk ˆuıh[P®<br />

£mhx. Cv¿ E“Õ vmh[P“.<br />

1. £∞∫zˆuı»æUS ¨UQØzx¡Æ AŒzx Qµı©<br />

¡Õ∫a]¯Ø ˜©Æ£kzx¡x; ˜£ıx©ı⁄ ˜¡¯ª<br />

¡ı¥®§¯⁄ E∏¡ıUQ ¡÷¯©¯Ø J»®£x.<br />

2. ˜¡P©ı⁄® ˆ£ı∏Õıuıµ ¡Õ∫a], |¯ªØı⁄<br />

¬¯ª¡ı], Enƒ®£ıxPı® ˜£ıfl”¡ÿ¯”<br />

S‘®£ıP PƒÆ §flu[QØ \≠Pzv⁄∏US<br />

¡«[S¡x.<br />

383

Hooray! Your file is uploaded and ready to be published.

Saved successfully!

Ooh no, something went wrong!