Environmental Social Studies in Tamil - Jeywin

Environmental Social Studies in Tamil - Jeywin Environmental Social Studies in Tamil - Jeywin

13.03.2014 Views

˜©˜ªı[Q |fl”⁄∫. C∆¬∏{ımi⁄∏Æ C¢vØı¬fl £ª Ch[PŒ¿ uÆ ¡oPz uª[P¯Õ |÷¬⁄∫. ˆ£∏Æ£ıªı⁄ A∆¡oPz uª[P“ PhÿP¯µ¯Ø JmiØ £SvPŒ¿ A¯©¢v∏¢u⁄. ¡oPzvfl ≠ªÆ Q¯hzu ˆ£∏Æ Cªı£Æ A∆¬∏{ımh¡∂¯h˜Ø ˜£ımi¯Ø≤Æ, ß\¯ª≤Æ E∏¡ıUQØx. Au⁄ı¿ A¡∫P–US“ AiUPi Pk¯©Øı⁄ \s¯hP–Æ Hÿ£mh⁄. A®˜£ı∫PŒ¿ B[Qª® §ˆµg_ Aµ_P“ uÆ {ımk ¡oPU S UP–US Buµƒ AŒzu⁄. 1707&BÆ Bsk JÕµ[P^®§fl ©¯”¬ÿS® §fl ¨PªıØ® ˜£µµ_ ]u÷shx. 1645 ¨u¿ ]¡ı‚∞fl ¬hı¨Øÿ]Øı¿ A¯©UP®£mh ©µızvØ® ˜£µµ_ •Ë¡ıUP“ u¯ª¯©∞¿ C¢vØı¬fl ˜©ÿS® £Sv∞¿ £µ¢x ¬∂¢ux. 1724&¿ |\ıÆ E¿¨¿U Gfl”¯«UP®£mh A\®·ı uUPın®£Sv∞¿ Iuµı£ız Aµ¯\ |÷¬⁄ı∫. 1740&¿ Aº¡∫vPıfl ¡[PıÕzvfl _u¢vµ {¡ı£ıPz ufl¯⁄ A‘¬zxU ˆPıshı∫. B∫UPım¯hz u¯ª{PµıPU ˆPısk \ıuzx¿ªı Pıfl (Saadatullah Khan, 1710 & 1732) P∫{ıhP® £Sv∞fl {¡ı£ı⁄ı∫. A¡∏US® §fl Bm] ˆ\¥u¡∏Æ A¡∏¯hØ ©∏©P›©ı⁄ ˜uıÏz Aº ©µızvØ∫PÕı¿ 1740&¿ {h¢u ˜£ı∂¿ ˆPı¿ª®£mhı∫. Iuµı£ız |\ı©ı⁄ A\®·ı v∏a]µı®£“Œ ¡¯µ ¡¢x Afl¡∏wflPıfl Gfl£ ¡¯µ B∫UPımifl {¡ı£ıP |Øzuı∫. A¡∫ ©UP“ ©zv∞¿ Pà ˆ£”¬¿¯ª. ©µızvØ∫PÕı¿ ]¯” ¯¡UP® £mh ˜uıÏz Aº∞fl ©∏©P⁄ı⁄, \¢uı\ıQ® 1748&¿ ¬k¬UP®£mk Afl¡∏w›USz ˆuı¿¯ª ˆPıkzx ¡¢uı∫. E“{ımk® £ı¯ÕØUPıµ∫P–Æ PªPzv¿ Dk£mh ⁄∫. A¢u |¯ªØÿ” Aµ]Ø¿ |¯ª¯© B[Q˜ªØ¯µ≤Æ, §ˆµg_U Pı∫P¯Õ≤Æ {Æ {ımk Aµ]Ø¿ ¬¡Pıµ[PŒ¿ u¯ª∞h ¯¡zux. I. P∫{ıhP® ˜£ı∫P“ ¨u¿ P∫{ıhP® ˜£ı∫ (1746 & 48) & Pıµn[P“ : I˜µı®§Ø ¡oPU S UPŒ¯h˜Ø Hÿ£mh ˜£ımi®£¯P 1742&¿ 18

i≥®˜Õ £ısia˜\∂∞fl B–{µıP |ØUP®£mhv º∏¢x w¬µ©¯h¢ux. §ˆµg_UPıµ∫PŒfl |¯ª¯Ø EØ∫zu i≥®˜Õ ¬∏Ƨ⁄ı∫. Aa\©ØÆ I˜µı®£ı¬¿ BÏv∂Ø ¡ı∂_∂¯©® ˜£ı∫ Hÿ£mhx. A®˜£ı∂¿ C[Qªı¢xÆ §µıfl_Æ Gv∫Gv∫ Ao∞¿ C∏¢u⁄. A®˜£ı∫ C¢vØı¬æÆ Gvˆµıºzux. 1746&BÆ Bsk B[Q˜ªØ∫ C¢vØı¬º∏¢u §ˆµg_UPıµ∫P“ ´x ˜£ı∫ ˆuıkzu⁄∫. ˜£ı∫ |PÃa]P“ : B[Q˜ªØ∫ u[P“ Phÿ£¯hz u¯ª¡∫ £ı∫ˆ⁄mifl Eu¬≤hfl C¢vØU Phº¿ C∏¢u §ˆµg_U P®£¿ P¯ÕU ¯P®£ÿ‘⁄∫. i≥®˜Õ ˆ©ı∑ÊØͺ∏¢u §ˆµg_ B–{µı⁄ ªı ß∫hıfl⁄ı¥¯\ (La- Bourdonnais) Eu¬US A¯«zuı∫. §ˆµg_U Phÿ£¯h ˆ\fl¯⁄z Cµı£∫m Q¯Õ∆ x¯” ¨Pz¯u ¨ÿ÷¯P∞mhx. i≥®˜Õ≤Æ ªı ß∫hıfl⁄ı¥_Æ C¯n¢x ˆ\fl¯⁄¯ØU ¯P®£ÿ‘⁄∫. ˆ\fl¯⁄¯Ø ´mP Afl¡∏wfl ©ıßÏPıfl u¯ª¯©∞¿ P®ˆ£∂Ø £¯h ˆØıfl¯” A›®§⁄ı∫. B⁄ı¿ A®ˆ£∏Æ £¯h¯ØU Pmk®£ık UP ]‘Ø §ˆµg_® £¯h A¯hØı‘¿ {h¢u \s¯h∞¿ ˜uıÿPizux. i≥®˜Õ B[Q˜ªØ∂fl ˆ\∞flm ˜h¬m ˜Pım¯h¯ØU ¯P®£ÿ” ˜©ÿˆPısh ¨Øÿ] ˜uı¿¬ A¯h¢ux. CuÿQ¯h∞¿ I˜µı®£ı¬¿ BÏv∂Ø ¡ı∂_∂¯©® ˜£ı∫ J∏ ¨iƒUS ¡¢ux. G⁄˜¡ C¢vØı¬æÆ B[Q˜ªØ∏Æ §ˆµg_UPıµ∫P–Æ uÆ \s¯h¯Ø |÷zvU ˆPısh⁄∫. ¬¯ÕƒP“ : 1748&BÆ Bsk A¥&ªı&\ı®˜£¿ (Aix-la- Chapelle) G›Æ Ehfl£iU¯P BÏv∂Ø ¡ı∂_∂¯©® ˜£ı∏US J∏ ¨ÿ÷®“Œ ¯¡zux. Azxhfl ¨u¿ P∫{ıhP® ˜£ı∏Æ J∏ ¨iƒUS ¡¢ux. A∆ƒhfl £iU¯P∞fl£i B[Q˜ªØ∫ ˆ\fl¯⁄¯Øz v∏Æ£® 19

i≥®˜Õ<br />

£ısia˜\∂∞fl<br />

B–{µıP<br />

|ØUP®£mhv<br />

º∏¢x w¬µ©¯h¢ux. §ˆµg_UPıµ∫PŒfl |¯ª¯Ø<br />

EØ∫zu i≥®˜Õ ¬∏Ƨ⁄ı∫. Aa\©ØÆ I˜µı®£ı¬¿<br />

BÏv∂Ø ¡ı∂_∂¯©® ˜£ı∫ Hÿ£mhx. A®˜£ı∂¿<br />

C[Qªı¢xÆ §µıfl_Æ Gv∫Gv∫ Ao∞¿ C∏¢u⁄.<br />

A®˜£ı∫ C¢vØı¬æÆ Gvˆµıºzux. 1746&BÆ Bsk<br />

B[Q˜ªØ∫ C¢vØı¬º∏¢u §ˆµg_UPıµ∫P“ ´x ˜£ı∫<br />

ˆuıkzu⁄∫.<br />

˜£ı∫ |PÃa]P“ : B[Q˜ªØ∫<br />

u[P“ Phÿ£¯hz u¯ª¡∫<br />

£ı∫ˆ⁄mifl Eu¬≤hfl C¢vØU<br />

Phº¿ C∏¢u §ˆµg_U P®£¿<br />

P¯ÕU ¯P®£ÿ‘⁄∫. i≥®˜Õ<br />

ˆ©ı∑ÊØͺ∏¢u §ˆµg_<br />

B–{µı⁄ ªı ß∫hıfl⁄ı¥¯\ (La-<br />

Bourdonnais) Eu¬US A¯«zuı∫.<br />

§ˆµg_U Phÿ£¯h ˆ\fl¯⁄z<br />

Cµı£∫m Q¯Õ∆<br />

x¯” ¨Pz¯u ¨ÿ÷¯P∞mhx.<br />

i≥®˜Õ≤Æ ªı ß∫hıfl⁄ı¥_Æ C¯n¢x ˆ\fl¯⁄¯ØU<br />

¯P®£ÿ‘⁄∫. ˆ\fl¯⁄¯Ø ´mP Afl¡∏wfl ©ıßÏPıfl<br />

u¯ª¯©∞¿ P®ˆ£∂Ø £¯h ˆØıfl¯” A›®§⁄ı∫.<br />

B⁄ı¿ A®ˆ£∏Æ £¯h¯ØU Pmk®£ık UP ]‘Ø<br />

§ˆµg_® £¯h A¯hØı‘¿ {h¢u \s¯h∞¿ ˜uıÿPizux.<br />

i≥®˜Õ B[Q˜ªØ∂fl ˆ\∞flm ˜h¬m ˜Pım¯h¯ØU<br />

¯P®£ÿ” ˜©ÿˆPısh ¨Øÿ] ˜uı¿¬ A¯h¢ux.<br />

CuÿQ¯h∞¿ I˜µı®£ı¬¿ BÏv∂Ø ¡ı∂_∂¯©® ˜£ı∫<br />

J∏ ¨iƒUS ¡¢ux. G⁄˜¡ C¢vØı¬æÆ B[Q˜ªØ∏Æ<br />

§ˆµg_UPıµ∫P–Æ uÆ \s¯h¯Ø |÷zvU ˆPısh⁄∫.<br />

¬¯ÕƒP“ : 1748&BÆ Bsk A¥&ªı&\ı®˜£¿ (Aix-la-<br />

Chapelle) G›Æ Ehfl£iU¯P BÏv∂Ø ¡ı∂_∂¯©®<br />

˜£ı∏US J∏ ¨ÿ÷®“Œ ¯¡zux. Azxhfl ¨u¿<br />

P∫{ıhP® ˜£ı∏Æ J∏ ¨iƒUS ¡¢ux. A∆ƒhfl<br />

£iU¯P∞fl£i B[Q˜ªØ∫ ˆ\fl¯⁄¯Øz<br />

v∏Æ£®<br />

19

Hooray! Your file is uploaded and ready to be published.

Saved successfully!

Ooh no, something went wrong!