Environmental Social Studies in Tamil - Jeywin
Environmental Social Studies in Tamil - Jeywin Environmental Social Studies in Tamil - Jeywin
J∆ˆ¡ı∏ ©ı|ª |∫¡ıP¨Æ B–{¯µ≤Æ, ¨uª¯©a\¯µz u¯ª¡µıPU ˆPısh A¯©a\µ¯¡¯Ø≤Æ E“ÕhUQØ uıSÆ. Aµ]ت¯©®a \mhzvfl£i ©ı|ª Aµ]fl u¯ª¡ µıP B–{∫ ˆ£ØµÕ¬¿ ˆ\Ø¿£kQ”ı∫. A¯©a\∫P˜Õ Es¯©Øı⁄ |∫¡ıP AvPıµ[P¯Õa ˆ\Ø¿£kzxQfl”⁄∫. G¤›Æ \mh®£i G¿ªı |∫¡ıP AvPıµ[P–Æ B–{∂h˜© E“Õ⁄. |∫¡ıP AvPıµ[P“ B–{∂fl ˆ£Ø∂˜ª˜Ø ˆ\Ø¿ £kzu®£kQfl”⁄. Aµ]ت¯©®a \mh ¬vP“ 151 ¨u¿ 160 ¡¯µ B–{∂fl |Ø©⁄Æ, uSvP“, AvPıµ[P“, £oP¯ÕU S‘®§kQfl”⁄. B–{¯µ C¢vØU Siص_z u¯ª¡∫ ©zvØ A¯©a\µ¯¡∞fl £∂¢x¯µ∞fl ˜£∂¿ |ØUQ”ı∫. J∏¡∫ B–{µıP |ØUP®£kÆ ¨fl ˆ£ıx¡ıP ©ı|ª ¨uª¯©a\∫ Pª¢uı˜ªı]UP®£kQ”ı∫. ˜©æÆ B–{∫, \Æ£¢u®£mh ©ı|ªzvÿS ˆ¡Œ∞º∏¢˜u |ØUP®£kQ”ı∫. Siص_z u¯ª¡∫ J∏ ©ı|ª B–{¯µ A∏Pı¯©∞æ“Õ ≥¤Øfl §µ˜u\zvfl Tku¿ |∫¡ıP® ˆ£ı÷®§¯⁄≤Æ P¡¤UP |Ø©⁄Æ ˆ\¥ØªıÆ. Euıµn©ıP uÃ{ık B–{∫P“ £ª ¨¯” xa˜\∂ (£ısia˜\∂) ≥¤Øfl §µ˜u\ |∫¡ıPz v¯⁄≤Æ P¡¤zx ¡¢x“Õ⁄∫. uSvP“, £u¬UPıªÆ, E∂¯©P“ : Aµ]ت¯©®a \mhÆ B–{∂fl uSv, £u¬UPıªÆ, E∂¯©P“ ©ÿ÷Æ §”¡ÿ¯”® £ÿ‘ ¬¡∂UQfl”x. Aufl£i (1) J∏¡∫ C¢vØU Si©P⁄ı¥ / Si©PÕı¥ C∏zu¿ ˜¡skÆ, (2) A¡∫ 35 ¡Øv¯⁄ |µÆ§Ø¡µı¥ C∏zu¿ ˜¡skÆ, (3) A¡∫ {ıhı–©fl”zv˜ªı A¿ªx ©ı|ª \mh©fl”zv˜ªı J∏ E÷®§⁄µı¥ C∏zu¿ Thıx. A∆¡ı÷ A¡∫ Huı¡ˆuı∏ \mh©fl” A¯¡∞¿ E÷®§⁄µı¥ C∏®£ı˜µØı⁄ı¿ B–{∫ £u¬˜ØÿSƘ£ıx A¡µx E÷®§⁄∫ £u¬ uı⁄ıP PıºØı⁄uıP® ˆ£ı∏“£kÆ, (4) A¡∫ FvØÆ ˆ£÷Æ G¢u® £u¬∞¯⁄≤Æ ¡Qzu¿ Thıx. B–{∂fl £u¬UPıªÆ ˆ£ıx¡ıP I¢x BskPÕıSÆ. B⁄ı¿ Siص_z u¯ª¡∫ ¬∏ÆÆ ¡¯µ∞¿ A¡∫ £u¬∞¿ }iUPªıÆ. Siص_z u¯ª¡∫ G¢u¬u Pıµnz¯u≤Æ S‘®§hı©¿ B–{¯µ® £u¬∞º∏¢x }UPªıÆ. 204
B–{∂fl AvPıµ[P–Æ £oP–Æ : B–{∫ §fl¡∏Æ AvPıµ[P¯Õ® ˆ£ÿ÷ £oP¯Õ® ∂Q”ı∫ : (1) |∫¡ıP AvPıµ[P“, (2) \mhzx¯” AvPıµ[P–Æ, £oP–Æ, (3) |v AvPıµÆ, (4) }v AvPıµÆ ©ÿ÷Æ, (5) ©ÿ” §” AvPıµ[P“. 1. |∫¡ıP AvPıµ[P“ : Aµ]ت¯©®a \mhzvfl£i ©ı|ª Aµ]fl |∫¡ıP AvPıµ[P“ A¯⁄zxÆ B–{∂h˜© E“Õ⁄. A¡∫ ©ı|ª \mh ©fl”zv¿ ˆ£∏Æ£ıfl¯© £ªÆ ˆPısh Pm]∞fl u¯ª¡¯µ ¨uª¯©a\µıPƒÆ A¡∂fl B˜ªı\¯⁄∞fl ˜£∂¿ ©ÿ” A¯©a\∫P¯Õ≤Æ |ØUQfl”ı∫. A¡∫ ©ı|ª Aµ]fl u¯ª¯© ¡«UP‘b¯µ≤Æ, Aµ_® £oØıÕ∫ ˜u∫ƒ B¯nØzvfl u¯ª¡∫, ©ÿ” E÷®§⁄∫ P¯Õ≤Æ, £¿P¯ªU P«P[PŒfl x¯n ˜¡¢u∫P¯Õ≤Æ |Ø©⁄Æ ˆ\¥Q”ı∫. B–{∏US, ©ı|ª Aµ]fl ˆ\Ø¿£ık S‘zx Siص_z u¯ª¡∏US A‘U¯PP“ A›®Æ, Aµ]ت¯©®a \mh®£iØı⁄ Ph¯© E“Õx. ©ı|ªzv¿ Siص_z u¯ª¡∫ Bm] voUP®£kÆ ˆ£ı x B–{∫ ©ı|ªz¯u ˜{∂¯hØıP Bm] ˆ\¥Q”ı∫. 2. \mh©fl” AvPıµ[P–Æ £oP–Æ : J∏ A¯¡ A¿ªx C∏ A¯¡P¯ÕU ˆPısh ©ı|ª \mh©fl”zv¿ B–{∏USÆ £[S Esk. A¡∫ ©ı|ª \mh ˜©ª¯¡ E÷®§⁄∫P“ 1/6 £Sv∞⁄¯µ |Ø©⁄Æ ˆ\¥Q”ı∫. ©ı|ªzvfl C∏ \mh©fl” A¯¡PŒæÆ A¿ªx \mh® ˜£µ¯¡∞¿ A¡∫ E¯µ |PÃzx¡ı∫. ©ı|ª \mh©fl”Æ |¯”˜¡ÿ÷Æ G¢uˆ¡ı∏ ©˜\ıuıƒÆ B–{∂fl C¯\ƒ ˆ£ÿ” §fl⁄˜µ \mh©ıSÆ. 3. |v AvPıµ[P“ : |v ©˜\ıuıUP“ \mh ©fl”zv¿ A‘¨PÆ ˆ\¥Ø®£k¡uÿS B–{∂fl A›©v ˜u¯¡®£k Qfl”x. B–{∂fl £∂¢x¯µ∞¿ªı©¿ ©ı¤Ø ˜Pı∂U¯P P¯Õ G ®£ ¨iØıx. ¡µƒ & ˆ\ªƒz vmhÆ \mh ©fl”zv¿ \©∫®§UP®£k¡¯u B–{∫ E÷v£kzu ˜¡skÆ. ©ı|ª Gv∫£ıµıa ˆ\ªƒ |v∞º∏¢x Gv∫£ıµıa ˆ\ªƒP¯Õa \©ıŒUP |v ¡«[Qh Aµ]ت¯©®a \mhÆ B–{∏US AvPıµÆ ¡«[Q≤“Õx. 205
- Page 159 and 160: ¨UQØzx¡Æ ¡ı¥¢u ˆuı»¿P
- Page 161 and 162: P∏v⁄ı∫. G⁄˜¡ A¡µx Aµ_
- Page 163 and 164: xÆ£ı (¬UµÆ \ıµı£ı¥ ¬s
- Page 165 and 166: _Ø©v®•k I. \∂Øı⁄ ¬¯h¯
- Page 167 and 168: £ıhÆ & 9 C¢vØı¬fl ˆ¡Œ≤
- Page 169 and 170: ˆPı“¯P∞¿ Si˜Øÿ”U ˆPı
- Page 171 and 172: 6. Ao˜\µı¯© : "Ao˜\µı¯©'
- Page 173 and 174: 167
- Page 175 and 176: C¢vØı u⁄x E”¬¯⁄z xsizxU
- Page 177 and 178: ¡¢x“Õx. C¢vØı u⁄x GLSz ˆ
- Page 179 and 180: Si¯©∞Ø¿ AªS & I £ıhÆ & 1
- Page 181 and 182: £miغ¿ (Union List) S‘®§kQf
- Page 183 and 184: {ımk ¬¡Pıµ[PŒ¿ ¨µs£ıkP
- Page 185 and 186: £SvP¯Õ (Union Territories) ©zv
- Page 187 and 188: II. ˜Pıimh Ch[P¯Õ |µ®P 1. Aˆ
- Page 189 and 190: £ıhÆ & 2 C¢vØı¬fl ©zvØ Aµ
- Page 191 and 192: Siص_z u¯ª¡∫ : C¢vØU SiØ
- Page 193 and 194: Cµı‰Ø \£ı¬fl TmkU Tmhz¯uU
- Page 195 and 196: QØı¤ ˆ·∞¿][ 1982&1987 B∫.
- Page 197 and 198: 1947 & ¨u¿ C¢vØı¬fl §µu© A
- Page 199 and 200: Siص_z u¯ª¡∫ A¯©a\∫P-US
- Page 201 and 202: Cµı‰Ø \£ı E÷®§⁄µı¡u
- Page 203 and 204: |Ø©⁄Æ ˆ£” ¨i≤Æ : (1) J
- Page 205 and 206: A. Ea\ }v©fl”Æ §”®§USÆ \m
- Page 207 and 208: 2. Siص_z u¯ª¡∫ ___________f
- Page 209: Pÿ”¿ ˜{ıUP[P“ £ıhÆ & 3
- Page 213 and 214: ©ı|ªa \mh ©fl”Æ B-{∫ ¨uª
- Page 215 and 216: ¨fl˜⁄ıiØıPz vPÃQ”ı∫. A
- Page 217 and 218: ØıPa ˆ\Ø¿£kQfl”⁄∫. ¨u
- Page 219 and 220: (Certiorari) G⁄® £ª }v©fl”
- Page 221 and 222: 3. ¨uª¯©a\¯µ |Ø®£¡∫ A.
- Page 223 and 224: AªS & II £ıhÆ & 4 C¢vØz ˜u
- Page 225 and 226: A. ˜u∫u¿ B¯nØ∫ |Ø©⁄Æ
- Page 227 and 228: Jfl‘Ø[P“, Qµı© Fµım]P“
- Page 229 and 230: £ıhÆ & 5 ˜u∫u¿P“ Pÿ”¿
- Page 231 and 232: 3. £¿˜¡÷ \ıvP“, \©Ø[P“,
- Page 233 and 234: 73&¡x Aµ]Ø¿ \mhzv∏zu \mhÆ J
- Page 235 and 236: P® ˆ£∂Ø ©ı{Pµım]U P«P[P
- Page 237 and 238: _Ø ©v®•k I. \∂Øı⁄ ¬¯h
- Page 239 and 240: Pÿ”¿ ˜{ıUP[P“ £ıhÆ & 6 S
- Page 241 and 242: G⁄ ¡«[P®£kQ”x. ˆ£ıx¡ıP
- Page 243 and 244: \ıu⁄[P“ £Øfl£kzu®£kQfl”
- Page 245 and 246: II. ˜Pıimh Ch[P¯Õ |µ®P 1. Si
- Page 247 and 248: ¬∞Ø¿ C¢vØı & K∫ A‘¨PÆ
- Page 249 and 250: A¯©¬hÆ : B]ØU Pshzvfl ˆufl£S
- Page 251 and 252: Hÿ£mh ]UP¿P¯Õz u¬∫UP 1956&B
- Page 253 and 254: ¡sn[P“ C¢vØ ¡ıÃU¯P ¨¯”
- Page 255 and 256: CØÿ¯P ¡mhıµ[P“ : |ª A¯©
- Page 257 and 258: 3. C¢vØı 8 o 4' ¡h Am\zvº∏¢
- Page 259 and 260: 1. w®£ı¯”P“, 2. £iƒ®£ı
B–{∂fl AvPıµ[P–Æ £oP–Æ : B–{∫ §fl¡∏Æ<br />
AvPıµ[P¯Õ® ˆ£ÿ÷ £oP¯Õ® ∂Q”ı∫ : (1) |∫¡ıP<br />
AvPıµ[P“, (2) \mhzx¯” AvPıµ[P–Æ, £oP–Æ,<br />
(3) |v AvPıµÆ, (4) }v AvPıµÆ ©ÿ÷Æ, (5) ©ÿ” §”<br />
AvPıµ[P“.<br />
1. |∫¡ıP AvPıµ[P“ : Aµ]ت¯©®a \mhzvfl£i<br />
©ı|ª Aµ]fl |∫¡ıP AvPıµ[P“ A¯⁄zxÆ B–{∂h˜©<br />
E“Õ⁄. A¡∫ ©ı|ª \mh ©fl”zv¿ ˆ£∏Æ£ıfl¯© £ªÆ<br />
ˆPısh Pm]∞fl u¯ª¡¯µ ¨uª¯©a\µıPƒÆ A¡∂fl<br />
B˜ªı\¯⁄∞fl ˜£∂¿ ©ÿ” A¯©a\∫P¯Õ≤Æ |ØUQfl”ı∫.<br />
A¡∫ ©ı|ª Aµ]fl u¯ª¯© ¡«UP‘b¯µ≤Æ, Aµ_®<br />
£oØıÕ∫ ˜u∫ƒ B¯nØzvfl u¯ª¡∫, ©ÿ” E÷®§⁄∫<br />
P¯Õ≤Æ, £¿P¯ªU P«P[PŒfl x¯n ˜¡¢u∫P¯Õ≤Æ<br />
|Ø©⁄Æ ˆ\¥Q”ı∫. B–{∏US, ©ı|ª Aµ]fl ˆ\Ø¿£ık<br />
S‘zx Siص_z u¯ª¡∏US A‘U¯PP“ A›®Æ,<br />
Aµ]ت¯©®a \mh®£iØı⁄ Ph¯© E“Õx. ©ı|ªzv¿<br />
Siص_z u¯ª¡∫ Bm] voUP®£kÆ ˆ£ı x B–{∫<br />
©ı|ªz¯u ˜{∂¯hØıP Bm] ˆ\¥Q”ı∫.<br />
2. \mh©fl” AvPıµ[P–Æ £oP–Æ : J∏ A¯¡ A¿ªx<br />
C∏ A¯¡P¯ÕU ˆPısh ©ı|ª \mh©fl”zv¿ B–{∏USÆ<br />
£[S Esk. A¡∫ ©ı|ª \mh ˜©ª¯¡ E÷®§⁄∫P“ 1/6<br />
£Sv∞⁄¯µ |Ø©⁄Æ ˆ\¥Q”ı∫. ©ı|ªzvfl C∏ \mh©fl”<br />
A¯¡PŒæÆ A¿ªx \mh® ˜£µ¯¡∞¿ A¡∫ E¯µ<br />
|PÃzx¡ı∫. ©ı|ª \mh©fl”Æ |¯”˜¡ÿ÷Æ G¢uˆ¡ı∏<br />
©˜\ıuıƒÆ B–{∂fl C¯\ƒ ˆ£ÿ” §fl⁄˜µ \mh©ıSÆ.<br />
3. |v AvPıµ[P“ : |v ©˜\ıuıUP“ \mh ©fl”zv¿<br />
A‘¨PÆ ˆ\¥Ø®£k¡uÿS B–{∂fl A›©v ˜u¯¡®£k<br />
Qfl”x. B–{∂fl £∂¢x¯µ∞¿ªı©¿ ©ı¤Ø ˜Pı∂U¯P<br />
P¯Õ G ®£ ¨iØıx. ¡µƒ & ˆ\ªƒz vmhÆ \mh<br />
©fl”zv¿ \©∫®§UP®£k¡¯u B–{∫ E÷v£kzu<br />
˜¡skÆ. ©ı|ª Gv∫£ıµıa ˆ\ªƒ |v∞º∏¢x Gv∫£ıµıa<br />
ˆ\ªƒP¯Õa \©ıŒUP |v ¡«[Qh Aµ]ت¯©®a<br />
\mhÆ B–{∏US AvPıµÆ ¡«[Q≤“Õx.<br />
205