Environmental Social Studies in Tamil - Jeywin

Environmental Social Studies in Tamil - Jeywin Environmental Social Studies in Tamil - Jeywin

13.03.2014 Views

Hÿ£mhx. {ımifl u¤{£∫ ¡∏©ı⁄¨Æ PƒÆ S¯”¡ı⁄ uıP C∏¢ux. ©UPŒfl ¡ıÃU¯Pz uµ¨Æ §flu[QØ |¯ª ∞˜ª˜Ø C∏¢ux. ˜©æÆ ©UP“ ˆuı¯P® ˆ£∏UPzuı¿ ˜¡¯ª∞fl¯© Hÿ£mhx. G⁄˜¡ 1947&BÆ Bsk _u¢vµÆ ˆ£ÿ”˜£ıx C¢vØı £ª ˆ£ı∏Õıuıµ® §µa\¯⁄P¯Õ Gv∫ˆPı“Õ ˜¡si∞∏¢ux. A®§µa\¯⁄P¯Õ }UQh C¢vØı vmhmh® ˆ£ı∏Õıuıµ ¡Õ∫a] ¨¯”∞¯⁄ ˜©ÿˆPıshx. vmhUS , 1950 : G¢uˆ¡ı∏ }sh Pıª A¿ªx S÷QØ Pıª S‘U˜Pı“P¯Õ≤Æ ˆ¡ÿ‘ˆ£”a ˆ\¥vh ˜¡skˆ©¤¿ ¨¯”Øı⁄ vmhh¿ A¡]Ø©ıQfl”x. {ımiÿPı⁄ Azu¯PØ vmhh¿ £o∞¯⁄® ∂¢vh ˜{∏¬fl Aµ_ 1950&BÆ Bsk ©ı∫a v[PŒ¿ vmhU S ¬¯⁄ A¯©zux. ˜{∏ Aufl u¯ª¡µıP ¬Õ[Q⁄ı∫. vmhU S ¬fl £oP“ : 1. I¢uıskz vmh[P¯Õ ¡Szu¿, 2. {ımiÿSz ˜u¯¡Øı⁄ ˆ£ı∏“, ≠ªu⁄, ©¤u¡Õ Buıµ[P¯Õ ©v®§ku¿, 3. |v JxURk x¯” P¯Õ |∫n∞zu¿, 4. {ımifl ˆ£ı∏Õıuıµ ¨fl˜⁄ÿ”z v¯⁄ AÕ¬h¿ ©ÿ÷Æ, 5. Aµ]fl ˆ£ı∏ÕıuıµU ˆPı“¯PP“, vmh[P“ ´uı⁄ B˜ªı\¯⁄P¯Õ ¡«[Su¿ BQØ⁄¡ıSÆ. 1952&BÆ Bsk {ımifl vmhmh® ˆ£ı∏Õıuıµ ¡Õ∫a]∞¯⁄ ¡æ®£kzu ˜u]Ø ¡Õ∫a]U S (National Development Council) G›Æ ©ÿˆ”ı∏ A¯©®Æ Hÿ£kzu®£mhx. C∆¡¯©®§¿ ©ı|ª[P“ £[˜Pÿ÷ {ımifl ˆ£ı∏Õıuıµ ¡Õ∫a]US Jzx¯«UQfl”⁄. vmhhºfl ˜{ıUP[P“ : C¢vØz vmhhºfl ¨UQØ ˜{ıUP[PÕıP (1) ˜u]Ø ¡∏¡ı¥, ©UPŒfl u¤{£∫ ¡∏¡ı¥ BQØ⁄¡ÿ¯” AvP∂UPa ˆ\¥u¿, 2. ©UPŒfl ¡ıÃU¯Pz uµzv¯⁄ EØ∫zxu¿, 3. ¡÷¯©¯Ø≤Æ, ˜¡¯ª ∞fl¯©¯Ø≤Æ S¯”zu¿ ©ÿ÷Æ, 4. A¯⁄¡∏USÆ \©® ˆ£ı∏Õıuıµ ¡ı¥®UP¯Õ ¡«[Qh¿ BQØ⁄ A¯©¢u⁄. Pª®® ˆ£ı∏ÕıuıµÆ : ˜{∏¬fl Aµ_ Pª®® ˆ£ı∏Õı uıµU (Mixed Economy) ˆPı“¯P∞¯⁄® §fl £ÿ‘Øx. Aufl 148

ˆ£ı∏“ Aµ_USa ˆ\ı¢u©ı⁄ (ˆ£ıx |÷¡⁄[P“) u¤Øı∏USa ˆ\ı¢u©ı⁄ (u¤Øı∫ |÷¡⁄[P“) Cµsk ˆuı»¿ |÷¡⁄[P–˜© {ımi¿ CØ[SÆ Gfl£uıSÆ. 1950&BÆ BskPŒ¿ ˆuı»¿ ¨fl˜⁄ÿ”zvfl ysP“ G⁄®£kÆ ]ª Ai®£¯h P⁄µPz ˆuı»ÿ\ı¯ªP¯Õ A¯©zvh ˆ£∏Æ ≠ªu⁄Æ ˜u¯¡®£mhx. Azu¯PØ ˆuı»¿P“ _©ı∫ 20&v¯⁄ 1948&BÆ Bsk, 1956&BÆ Bsk |¯”˜¡ÿ”®£mh Aµ]fl ˆuı»¿ ˆPı“¯Pz w∫©ı⁄[P“ A¯hØıÕÆ ˆ\¥u⁄. A¯¡P“ £ıxPı® ©ÿ÷Æ uÕ¡ıhz ˆuı»¿P“, ¬sˆ¡Œ Bµı¥a], Aq \Uv, ¡ı⁄≈∫v (Airways), P®£¿ Pmku¿, fl\ıµ® ˆ£ı∏mP“, ˆuıh∫ ¡siP“ (Railways), GLSz ˆuı»ÿ \ı¯ªP“, Gsˆn¥ ©ÿ÷Æ Gsˆn¥ ˆ£ı∏mP“ ©ÿ÷Æ fl Eÿ£zv ˜£ıfl” £ª ˆuı»¿PÕıSÆ. Cz ˆuı»¿PŒfl ¡Õ∫a]UPı⁄ {h¡iU¯PP¯Õ Aµ_ ˜©ÿˆPıshx. §fl⁄∫ ¡[QP–Æ, Pı®•mk (Insurance) |÷¡⁄[P–Æ Th Aµ]fl Pmk® £ımifl Rà ˆPısk ¡µ®£mh⁄. 1956&BÆ Bsk C¢vØ® £ıµı–©fl”Æ \©u∫© \¨uıØ A¯©®§¯⁄ |÷ƒ¡¯u Aµ]fl \≠P, ˆ£ı∏ÕıuıµU ˆPı“¯PPŒfl ˜{ıUP©ıP Hÿ÷U ˆPıshx. Aufl ˆ£ı∏“ {ımifl ˆ£ı∏Õıuıµa ˆ\Ø¿P“ ¯©Øz vmhh¿ ≠ªÆ {¯h ˆ£÷Æ Gfl£uıSÆ. AUˆPı“¯P≤Æ Th u¤Øı∫ ˆuı»ÿ\ı¯ªP“ ´x Aµ]fl Pmk®£ık AvP∂UP ¡»˜PıºØx. u¤Øı∫ x¯” Aµ]fl E∂©zxhfl (License) uıfl ˆuı»ÿ\ı¯ªP“ A¯©zvh A›©vUP®£mh⁄. xo Eÿ£zv, ]ˆ©sm, ˜©ımhı∫ ¡ıP⁄[P“, CØ¢vµz ˆuı»¿, ]÷ ˆuı»¿P“ ©ÿ÷Æ Si¯\z ˆuı»¿P“ BQØ⁄ u¤Øı∂fl ¨Øÿ]US ¬h®£mh⁄. B⁄ı¿ 1991&BÆ Bsiº∏¢x ˆuıh[QØ uıµıÕ ©Ø©ıu¿, u¤Øı∫ ©Ø©ıu¿ ©ÿ÷Æ 20&BÆ °ÿ”ısifl C÷v I¢x BskPŒ¿ Hÿ£mh EªP ©Ø©ıu¿ BQØ¡ÿ‘ÿS® §fl⁄∫ As¯©U Pıªzv¿ Pª®® ˆ£ı∏ÕıuıµU ˆPı“¯P ©ıÿ”zvÿS“ÕıQ E“Õx. 149

Hÿ£mhx. {ımifl u¤{£∫ ¡∏©ı⁄¨Æ PƒÆ S¯”¡ı⁄<br />

uıP C∏¢ux. ©UPŒfl ¡ıÃU¯Pz uµ¨Æ §flu[QØ |¯ª<br />

∞˜ª˜Ø C∏¢ux. ˜©æÆ ©UP“ ˆuı¯P® ˆ£∏UPzuı¿<br />

˜¡¯ª∞fl¯© Hÿ£mhx. G⁄˜¡ 1947&BÆ Bsk _u¢vµÆ<br />

ˆ£ÿ”˜£ıx C¢vØı £ª ˆ£ı∏Õıuıµ® §µa\¯⁄P¯Õ<br />

Gv∫ˆPı“Õ ˜¡si∞∏¢ux. A®§µa\¯⁄P¯Õ }UQh<br />

C¢vØı vmhmh® ˆ£ı∏Õıuıµ ¡Õ∫a] ¨¯”∞¯⁄<br />

˜©ÿˆPıshx.<br />

vmhUS<br />

, 1950 : G¢uˆ¡ı∏ }sh Pıª A¿ªx S÷QØ<br />

Pıª S‘U˜Pı“P¯Õ≤Æ ˆ¡ÿ‘ˆ£”a ˆ\¥vh<br />

˜¡skˆ©¤¿ ¨¯”Øı⁄ vmhh¿ A¡]Ø©ıQfl”x.<br />

{ımiÿPı⁄ Azu¯PØ vmhh¿ £o∞¯⁄® ∂¢vh<br />

˜{∏¬fl Aµ_ 1950&BÆ Bsk ©ı∫a v[PŒ¿ vmhU<br />

S<br />

¬¯⁄ A¯©zux. ˜{∏ Aufl u¯ª¡µıP ¬Õ[Q⁄ı∫.<br />

vmhU S ¬fl £oP“ : 1. I¢uıskz vmh[P¯Õ<br />

¡Szu¿, 2. {ımiÿSz ˜u¯¡Øı⁄ ˆ£ı∏“, ≠ªu⁄,<br />

©¤u¡Õ Buıµ[P¯Õ ©v®§ku¿, 3. |v JxURk x¯”<br />

P¯Õ |∫n∞zu¿, 4. {ımifl ˆ£ı∏Õıuıµ ¨fl˜⁄ÿ”z<br />

v¯⁄ AÕ¬h¿ ©ÿ÷Æ, 5. Aµ]fl ˆ£ı∏ÕıuıµU<br />

ˆPı“¯PP“, vmh[P“ ´uı⁄ B˜ªı\¯⁄P¯Õ ¡«[Su¿<br />

BQØ⁄¡ıSÆ. 1952&BÆ Bsk {ımifl vmhmh®<br />

ˆ£ı∏Õıuıµ ¡Õ∫a]∞¯⁄ ¡æ®£kzu ˜u]Ø ¡Õ∫a]U<br />

S (National Development Council) G›Æ ©ÿˆ”ı∏ A¯©®Æ<br />

Hÿ£kzu®£mhx. C∆¡¯©®§¿ ©ı|ª[P“ £[˜Pÿ÷<br />

{ımifl ˆ£ı∏Õıuıµ ¡Õ∫a]US Jzx¯«UQfl”⁄.<br />

vmhhºfl ˜{ıUP[P“ : C¢vØz vmhhºfl ¨UQØ<br />

˜{ıUP[PÕıP (1) ˜u]Ø ¡∏¡ı¥, ©UPŒfl u¤{£∫<br />

¡∏¡ı¥ BQØ⁄¡ÿ¯” AvP∂UPa ˆ\¥u¿, 2. ©UPŒfl<br />

¡ıÃU¯Pz uµzv¯⁄ EØ∫zxu¿, 3. ¡÷¯©¯Ø≤Æ, ˜¡¯ª<br />

∞fl¯©¯Ø≤Æ S¯”zu¿ ©ÿ÷Æ, 4. A¯⁄¡∏USÆ \©®<br />

ˆ£ı∏Õıuıµ ¡ı¥®UP¯Õ ¡«[Qh¿ BQØ⁄ A¯©¢u⁄.<br />

Pª®® ˆ£ı∏ÕıuıµÆ : ˜{∏¬fl Aµ_ Pª®® ˆ£ı∏Õı<br />

uıµU (Mixed Economy) ˆPı“¯P∞¯⁄® §fl £ÿ‘Øx. Aufl<br />

148

Hooray! Your file is uploaded and ready to be published.

Saved successfully!

Ooh no, something went wrong!