Environmental Social Studies in Tamil - Jeywin
Environmental Social Studies in Tamil - Jeywin Environmental Social Studies in Tamil - Jeywin
Hÿ£mhx. {ımifl u¤{£∫ ¡∏©ı⁄¨Æ PƒÆ S¯”¡ı⁄ uıP C∏¢ux. ©UPŒfl ¡ıÃU¯Pz uµ¨Æ §flu[QØ |¯ª ∞˜ª˜Ø C∏¢ux. ˜©æÆ ©UP“ ˆuı¯P® ˆ£∏UPzuı¿ ˜¡¯ª∞fl¯© Hÿ£mhx. G⁄˜¡ 1947&BÆ Bsk _u¢vµÆ ˆ£ÿ”˜£ıx C¢vØı £ª ˆ£ı∏Õıuıµ® §µa\¯⁄P¯Õ Gv∫ˆPı“Õ ˜¡si∞∏¢ux. A®§µa\¯⁄P¯Õ }UQh C¢vØı vmhmh® ˆ£ı∏Õıuıµ ¡Õ∫a] ¨¯”∞¯⁄ ˜©ÿˆPıshx. vmhUS , 1950 : G¢uˆ¡ı∏ }sh Pıª A¿ªx S÷QØ Pıª S‘U˜Pı“P¯Õ≤Æ ˆ¡ÿ‘ˆ£”a ˆ\¥vh ˜¡skˆ©¤¿ ¨¯”Øı⁄ vmhh¿ A¡]Ø©ıQfl”x. {ımiÿPı⁄ Azu¯PØ vmhh¿ £o∞¯⁄® ∂¢vh ˜{∏¬fl Aµ_ 1950&BÆ Bsk ©ı∫a v[PŒ¿ vmhU S ¬¯⁄ A¯©zux. ˜{∏ Aufl u¯ª¡µıP ¬Õ[Q⁄ı∫. vmhU S ¬fl £oP“ : 1. I¢uıskz vmh[P¯Õ ¡Szu¿, 2. {ımiÿSz ˜u¯¡Øı⁄ ˆ£ı∏“, ≠ªu⁄, ©¤u¡Õ Buıµ[P¯Õ ©v®§ku¿, 3. |v JxURk x¯” P¯Õ |∫n∞zu¿, 4. {ımifl ˆ£ı∏Õıuıµ ¨fl˜⁄ÿ”z v¯⁄ AÕ¬h¿ ©ÿ÷Æ, 5. Aµ]fl ˆ£ı∏ÕıuıµU ˆPı“¯PP“, vmh[P“ ´uı⁄ B˜ªı\¯⁄P¯Õ ¡«[Su¿ BQØ⁄¡ıSÆ. 1952&BÆ Bsk {ımifl vmhmh® ˆ£ı∏Õıuıµ ¡Õ∫a]∞¯⁄ ¡æ®£kzu ˜u]Ø ¡Õ∫a]U S (National Development Council) G›Æ ©ÿˆ”ı∏ A¯©®Æ Hÿ£kzu®£mhx. C∆¡¯©®§¿ ©ı|ª[P“ £[˜Pÿ÷ {ımifl ˆ£ı∏Õıuıµ ¡Õ∫a]US Jzx¯«UQfl”⁄. vmhhºfl ˜{ıUP[P“ : C¢vØz vmhhºfl ¨UQØ ˜{ıUP[PÕıP (1) ˜u]Ø ¡∏¡ı¥, ©UPŒfl u¤{£∫ ¡∏¡ı¥ BQØ⁄¡ÿ¯” AvP∂UPa ˆ\¥u¿, 2. ©UPŒfl ¡ıÃU¯Pz uµzv¯⁄ EØ∫zxu¿, 3. ¡÷¯©¯Ø≤Æ, ˜¡¯ª ∞fl¯©¯Ø≤Æ S¯”zu¿ ©ÿ÷Æ, 4. A¯⁄¡∏USÆ \©® ˆ£ı∏Õıuıµ ¡ı¥®UP¯Õ ¡«[Qh¿ BQØ⁄ A¯©¢u⁄. Pª®® ˆ£ı∏ÕıuıµÆ : ˜{∏¬fl Aµ_ Pª®® ˆ£ı∏Õı uıµU (Mixed Economy) ˆPı“¯P∞¯⁄® §fl £ÿ‘Øx. Aufl 148
ˆ£ı∏“ Aµ_USa ˆ\ı¢u©ı⁄ (ˆ£ıx |÷¡⁄[P“) u¤Øı∏USa ˆ\ı¢u©ı⁄ (u¤Øı∫ |÷¡⁄[P“) Cµsk ˆuı»¿ |÷¡⁄[P–˜© {ımi¿ CØ[SÆ Gfl£uıSÆ. 1950&BÆ BskPŒ¿ ˆuı»¿ ¨fl˜⁄ÿ”zvfl ysP“ G⁄®£kÆ ]ª Ai®£¯h P⁄µPz ˆuı»ÿ\ı¯ªP¯Õ A¯©zvh ˆ£∏Æ ≠ªu⁄Æ ˜u¯¡®£mhx. Azu¯PØ ˆuı»¿P“ _©ı∫ 20&v¯⁄ 1948&BÆ Bsk, 1956&BÆ Bsk |¯”˜¡ÿ”®£mh Aµ]fl ˆuı»¿ ˆPı“¯Pz w∫©ı⁄[P“ A¯hØıÕÆ ˆ\¥u⁄. A¯¡P“ £ıxPı® ©ÿ÷Æ uÕ¡ıhz ˆuı»¿P“, ¬sˆ¡Œ Bµı¥a], Aq \Uv, ¡ı⁄≈∫v (Airways), P®£¿ Pmku¿, fl\ıµ® ˆ£ı∏mP“, ˆuıh∫ ¡siP“ (Railways), GLSz ˆuı»ÿ \ı¯ªP“, Gsˆn¥ ©ÿ÷Æ Gsˆn¥ ˆ£ı∏mP“ ©ÿ÷Æ fl Eÿ£zv ˜£ıfl” £ª ˆuı»¿PÕıSÆ. Cz ˆuı»¿PŒfl ¡Õ∫a]UPı⁄ {h¡iU¯PP¯Õ Aµ_ ˜©ÿˆPıshx. §fl⁄∫ ¡[QP–Æ, Pı®•mk (Insurance) |÷¡⁄[P–Æ Th Aµ]fl Pmk® £ımifl Rà ˆPısk ¡µ®£mh⁄. 1956&BÆ Bsk C¢vØ® £ıµı–©fl”Æ \©u∫© \¨uıØ A¯©®§¯⁄ |÷ƒ¡¯u Aµ]fl \≠P, ˆ£ı∏ÕıuıµU ˆPı“¯PPŒfl ˜{ıUP©ıP Hÿ÷U ˆPıshx. Aufl ˆ£ı∏“ {ımifl ˆ£ı∏Õıuıµa ˆ\Ø¿P“ ¯©Øz vmhh¿ ≠ªÆ {¯h ˆ£÷Æ Gfl£uıSÆ. AUˆPı“¯P≤Æ Th u¤Øı∫ ˆuı»ÿ\ı¯ªP“ ´x Aµ]fl Pmk®£ık AvP∂UP ¡»˜PıºØx. u¤Øı∫ x¯” Aµ]fl E∂©zxhfl (License) uıfl ˆuı»ÿ\ı¯ªP“ A¯©zvh A›©vUP®£mh⁄. xo Eÿ£zv, ]ˆ©sm, ˜©ımhı∫ ¡ıP⁄[P“, CØ¢vµz ˆuı»¿, ]÷ ˆuı»¿P“ ©ÿ÷Æ Si¯\z ˆuı»¿P“ BQØ⁄ u¤Øı∂fl ¨Øÿ]US ¬h®£mh⁄. B⁄ı¿ 1991&BÆ Bsiº∏¢x ˆuıh[QØ uıµıÕ ©Ø©ıu¿, u¤Øı∫ ©Ø©ıu¿ ©ÿ÷Æ 20&BÆ °ÿ”ısifl C÷v I¢x BskPŒ¿ Hÿ£mh EªP ©Ø©ıu¿ BQØ¡ÿ‘ÿS® §fl⁄∫ As¯©U Pıªzv¿ Pª®® ˆ£ı∏ÕıuıµU ˆPı“¯P ©ıÿ”zvÿS“ÕıQ E“Õx. 149
- Page 103 and 104: w¬µ ˜u]Ø¡ıvPŒfl ˜uıÿ”Æ
- Page 105 and 106: Gfl÷ £izu ¨ÏºÆP“ £ª∏Æ
- Page 107 and 108: A∆¡‘U¯P, C¢vØ∫ P-US® £i
- Page 109 and 110: _Ø ©v®•k I. \∂Øı⁄ ¬¯h
- Page 111 and 112: 7. C¯Õb∫P-US Cµıq¡® £∞ÿ
- Page 113 and 114: 13. u¡ıvP“ Øı∫? A¡∫PŒ¿
- Page 115 and 116: £ıhÆ & 6 C¢vØ ¬ku¯ª® ˜£
- Page 117 and 118: ˜£ı∂¿ ]”®UP u¯ª¡µıPz
- Page 119 and 120: ˆ\Õ∂ ˆ\Õµı |PÃa] & 1922 :
- Page 121 and 122: ©ıP H¯« ©UP“ PƒÆ £ıvUP®
- Page 123 and 124: Cªsh¤¿ {¯hˆ£ÿ” CµshıÆ
- Page 125 and 126: BPÏk {flˆPı¯h 1940 : CµshıÆ
- Page 127 and 128: £Sv∞¿ uÆ E∞¯µ C«¢u⁄∫
- Page 129 and 130: ¬ªUQ⁄ı∫. C¢vØı¬fl §µa\
- Page 131 and 132: _˜u\ Aµ_PŒfl C¯n® : C¢vØı _
- Page 133 and 134: 127
- Page 135 and 136: 8. ©ın¡∫ ªıT∫ ©ı{ık, BP
- Page 137 and 138: II. ˜Pıimh Ch[P¯Õ |µ®P 1. 191
- Page 139 and 140: 5. µıË §Pı∂ ˜£ıÏ Gfl£¡
- Page 141 and 142: £ıhÆ & 7 _u¢vµzvÿS® §fl C¢
- Page 143 and 144: ß∫¡©ıUQØx. Ca\mhÆ S«¢¯u
- Page 145 and 146: £mhx. 1999&¿ ©ıÿ”Æ ˆ\¥Ø
- Page 147 and 148: BQØ {h¡iU¯PP“ C¢vØı¬¿ J
- Page 149 and 150: u∏¡¯u ˜{ıUP©ıPU ˆPısi∏
- Page 151 and 152: 5. wshı¯©U Sÿ”a \mhÆ CØÿ
- Page 153: £ıhÆ & 8 C¢vØı¬¿ vmhmh® ˆ
- Page 157 and 158: 1949&50&BÆ Bsi¿ ˆ©ızu Enƒ uı
- Page 159 and 160: ¨UQØzx¡Æ ¡ı¥¢u ˆuı»¿P
- Page 161 and 162: P∏v⁄ı∫. G⁄˜¡ A¡µx Aµ_
- Page 163 and 164: xÆ£ı (¬UµÆ \ıµı£ı¥ ¬s
- Page 165 and 166: _Ø©v®•k I. \∂Øı⁄ ¬¯h¯
- Page 167 and 168: £ıhÆ & 9 C¢vØı¬fl ˆ¡Œ≤
- Page 169 and 170: ˆPı“¯P∞¿ Si˜Øÿ”U ˆPı
- Page 171 and 172: 6. Ao˜\µı¯© : "Ao˜\µı¯©'
- Page 173 and 174: 167
- Page 175 and 176: C¢vØı u⁄x E”¬¯⁄z xsizxU
- Page 177 and 178: ¡¢x“Õx. C¢vØı u⁄x GLSz ˆ
- Page 179 and 180: Si¯©∞Ø¿ AªS & I £ıhÆ & 1
- Page 181 and 182: £miغ¿ (Union List) S‘®§kQf
- Page 183 and 184: {ımk ¬¡Pıµ[PŒ¿ ¨µs£ıkP
- Page 185 and 186: £SvP¯Õ (Union Territories) ©zv
- Page 187 and 188: II. ˜Pıimh Ch[P¯Õ |µ®P 1. Aˆ
- Page 189 and 190: £ıhÆ & 2 C¢vØı¬fl ©zvØ Aµ
- Page 191 and 192: Siص_z u¯ª¡∫ : C¢vØU SiØ
- Page 193 and 194: Cµı‰Ø \£ı¬fl TmkU Tmhz¯uU
- Page 195 and 196: QØı¤ ˆ·∞¿][ 1982&1987 B∫.
- Page 197 and 198: 1947 & ¨u¿ C¢vØı¬fl §µu© A
- Page 199 and 200: Siص_z u¯ª¡∫ A¯©a\∫P-US
- Page 201 and 202: Cµı‰Ø \£ı E÷®§⁄µı¡u
- Page 203 and 204: |Ø©⁄Æ ˆ£” ¨i≤Æ : (1) J
Hÿ£mhx. {ımifl u¤{£∫ ¡∏©ı⁄¨Æ PƒÆ S¯”¡ı⁄<br />
uıP C∏¢ux. ©UPŒfl ¡ıÃU¯Pz uµ¨Æ §flu[QØ |¯ª<br />
∞˜ª˜Ø C∏¢ux. ˜©æÆ ©UP“ ˆuı¯P® ˆ£∏UPzuı¿<br />
˜¡¯ª∞fl¯© Hÿ£mhx. G⁄˜¡ 1947&BÆ Bsk _u¢vµÆ<br />
ˆ£ÿ”˜£ıx C¢vØı £ª ˆ£ı∏Õıuıµ® §µa\¯⁄P¯Õ<br />
Gv∫ˆPı“Õ ˜¡si∞∏¢ux. A®§µa\¯⁄P¯Õ }UQh<br />
C¢vØı vmhmh® ˆ£ı∏Õıuıµ ¡Õ∫a] ¨¯”∞¯⁄<br />
˜©ÿˆPıshx.<br />
vmhUS<br />
, 1950 : G¢uˆ¡ı∏ }sh Pıª A¿ªx S÷QØ<br />
Pıª S‘U˜Pı“P¯Õ≤Æ ˆ¡ÿ‘ˆ£”a ˆ\¥vh<br />
˜¡skˆ©¤¿ ¨¯”Øı⁄ vmhh¿ A¡]Ø©ıQfl”x.<br />
{ımiÿPı⁄ Azu¯PØ vmhh¿ £o∞¯⁄® ∂¢vh<br />
˜{∏¬fl Aµ_ 1950&BÆ Bsk ©ı∫a v[PŒ¿ vmhU<br />
S<br />
¬¯⁄ A¯©zux. ˜{∏ Aufl u¯ª¡µıP ¬Õ[Q⁄ı∫.<br />
vmhU S ¬fl £oP“ : 1. I¢uıskz vmh[P¯Õ<br />
¡Szu¿, 2. {ımiÿSz ˜u¯¡Øı⁄ ˆ£ı∏“, ≠ªu⁄,<br />
©¤u¡Õ Buıµ[P¯Õ ©v®§ku¿, 3. |v JxURk x¯”<br />
P¯Õ |∫n∞zu¿, 4. {ımifl ˆ£ı∏Õıuıµ ¨fl˜⁄ÿ”z<br />
v¯⁄ AÕ¬h¿ ©ÿ÷Æ, 5. Aµ]fl ˆ£ı∏ÕıuıµU<br />
ˆPı“¯PP“, vmh[P“ ´uı⁄ B˜ªı\¯⁄P¯Õ ¡«[Su¿<br />
BQØ⁄¡ıSÆ. 1952&BÆ Bsk {ımifl vmhmh®<br />
ˆ£ı∏Õıuıµ ¡Õ∫a]∞¯⁄ ¡æ®£kzu ˜u]Ø ¡Õ∫a]U<br />
S (National Development Council) G›Æ ©ÿˆ”ı∏ A¯©®Æ<br />
Hÿ£kzu®£mhx. C∆¡¯©®§¿ ©ı|ª[P“ £[˜Pÿ÷<br />
{ımifl ˆ£ı∏Õıuıµ ¡Õ∫a]US Jzx¯«UQfl”⁄.<br />
vmhhºfl ˜{ıUP[P“ : C¢vØz vmhhºfl ¨UQØ<br />
˜{ıUP[PÕıP (1) ˜u]Ø ¡∏¡ı¥, ©UPŒfl u¤{£∫<br />
¡∏¡ı¥ BQØ⁄¡ÿ¯” AvP∂UPa ˆ\¥u¿, 2. ©UPŒfl<br />
¡ıÃU¯Pz uµzv¯⁄ EØ∫zxu¿, 3. ¡÷¯©¯Ø≤Æ, ˜¡¯ª<br />
∞fl¯©¯Ø≤Æ S¯”zu¿ ©ÿ÷Æ, 4. A¯⁄¡∏USÆ \©®<br />
ˆ£ı∏Õıuıµ ¡ı¥®UP¯Õ ¡«[Qh¿ BQØ⁄ A¯©¢u⁄.<br />
Pª®® ˆ£ı∏ÕıuıµÆ : ˜{∏¬fl Aµ_ Pª®® ˆ£ı∏Õı<br />
uıµU (Mixed Economy) ˆPı“¯P∞¯⁄® §fl £ÿ‘Øx. Aufl<br />
148