Environmental Social Studies in Tamil - Jeywin
Environmental Social Studies in Tamil - Jeywin Environmental Social Studies in Tamil - Jeywin
\≠P ¡Õ∫a]¯ØU ˆPısk¡µ E÷x¯n® ∂Qfl”x. 1951&BÆ Bsk C¢vØı¬¿ P¿¬ A‘ƒ ˆ£ÿ‘∏¢˜uı∂fl ¬ UPık 16.1 BSÆ. ˆ£sP“ P¿¬ P® §flu[QØ |¯ª∞¿ ”UPoUP®£mi∏¢ux. _u¢vµzvÿS® §fl⁄∫ P¿¬ ¡Õ∫a]US S¢u P¡⁄Æ ˆ\æzu®£mhx. C¢vØı¬¿ P¿¬¯Ø ˜©Æ£kzxÆ ˆ£ı÷® ©zvØ, ©ı|ª C∏ Aµ_P–¯hØx©ıSÆ. C¢vØ Aµ_ 1948&BÆ Bsk hıUh∫ \∫. CµıuıQ∏Ënfl A¡∫P“ u¯ª¯©∞¿ £¿P¯ªUP«PU P¿¬US ¬¯⁄ |Øzux. J∆ˆ¡ı∏ BskÆ hıUh∫ \∫. CµıuıQ∏Ënfl A¡∫PŒfl §”¢u {ıÕı⁄ ˆ\®hÆ£∫ 5 B]∂Ø∫ v⁄©ıPU ˆPıshıh®£kQ”x. A¡∫ u¯ª¯©∞ªı⁄ S AŒzu 1949&BÆ Bsk A‘U¯P∞fl Ai®£¯h∞¿ {©x {ımifl P¿¬ ¨¯” ©ıÿ‘د©UP®£mhx. 1953&BÆ Bsk hıUh∫ H. Cªm_©n \ı ¨uºØı∫ u¯ª¯©∞¿ ©ÿˆ”ı∏ P¿¬U S A¯©UP®£mhx. AUS £∂¢x¯µ∞fl£i £“ŒU P¿¬ Gfl£x Pÿ”æÆ ˆ\Ø¿£ıkÆ Gfl›Æ Ai®£¯h∞¿ A¯©¢ux. EªP, C¢vØ, ·⁄{ıØP Cªm]ØU Si©UP¯Õ E∏¡ıUS¡˜u EØ∫|¯ª® £“ŒU P¿¬∞fl ˜{ıUP©ıP A¯©Ø˜¡skˆ©⁄ AUS £∂¢x¯µzux. EØ∫|¯ª® £“Œ |¯ª∞¿ ]÷¡∫PŒfl Jmkˆ©ızu ¡Õ∫a]∞¯⁄U ˆPısk¡µ ˜¡skˆ©⁄ AUS ¡º≤÷zvØx. 1964&BÆ Bsk ˜Pızuı∂ P¿¬US A¿ªx ˜u]ØU P¿¬U S |ØUP®£mhx. AUS ¬fl 1966&BÆ Bsk £∂¢x¯µ A‘U¯P C¢vØı ¨ ¡xÆ J˜µ ©ıv∂Øı⁄ P¿¬ A¯©®§¯⁄U ˆPısk¡µ GsoØx. AUS ¬fl A‘U¯P ˆuı»¿, ˆuı»¿~m£, ˆ£ı‘∞Ø¿, ˜¡Õıs¯© ©ÿ÷Æ A‘¬Ø¿ P¿¬US ¨UQØzx¡Æ AŒzux. 1986&BÆ Bsifl vØ P¿¬U ˆPı“¯P≤Æ 1992&BÆ Bsifl ˆ\Ø¿ vmh¨Æ 21&BÆ °ÿ”ısk ˆuıh[SÆ ¨fl 14 ¡Øx¡¯µ E“Õ A¯⁄zx S«¢¯uP–USÆ |¯”ƒhfl TiØ uµ©ı⁄ P¿¬¯Øz 142
u∏¡¯u ˜{ıUP©ıPU ˆPısi∏¢u⁄. Czu¯PØ ¨Øÿ]PŒ ⁄ı¿ 1951&BÆ Bsk 42.6 ¬ UPıhıP C∏¢u ˆuıhUPU P¿¬ ˜\∫U¯P 1999&BÆ Bsk 94.9 ¬ UPık |¯ªUS EØ∫¢ux. EØ∫|¯ª® £“ŒU P¿¬, EØ∫ P¿¬ ©ÿ÷Æ £¿P¯ªUP«PU P¿¬USÆ \© ¨UQØzx¡Æ AŒUP®£mk ¡Õ∫a]≤ÿ”x. C¢vØı¬¿ 1.10 Cªm\zvÿSÆ ˜©ÿ£mh EØ∫|¯ª® £“Œ, ˜©¿|¯ª® £“Œ |÷¡⁄[P“ E“Õ⁄. A˜u ˜£ı¿ ˆ£ıx, ˆuı»¿~m£, ©∏zx¡ ©ÿ÷Æ ˜¡Õıs¯©U P¿¬US 12,350 P¿ø∂P“ E“Õ⁄. C¢vØı¬¿ 250USÆ ˜©ÿ£mh £¿P¯ªU P«P[P“ (Universities) ˆ\تıÿ‘ ¡∏Qfl”⁄. ˜\∫U¯P GsoU¯P AvP∂®§⁄ıæÆ |÷¡⁄[PŒfl GsoU¯P ¡Õ∫a]∞ ⁄ıæÆ 2000&BÆ Bsk C¢vØı¬¿ P¿¬ Pÿ˜”ı∂fl ¬ UPık 65 ¢vÿSÆ ˜©¿ EØ∫¢ux. 1947&BÆ BsiÿS® §fl⁄∫ C¢vØı¬¿ Hÿ£mh \≠P, P¿¬ ¨fl˜⁄ÿ”zvfl ¬¯Õ¡ıP S‘®§hzuUP \≠P ©ıÿ”Æ Hÿ£mk“Õx. \ıv A¯©®§¿ \∂ƒ Hÿ£mk“Õx. \≠P Ch®ˆ£Ø∫ƒ Hx¡ıQ≤“Õx (Social mobility), {√⁄ ©Ø©ıuº⁄ı¿ \¨uıØzvfl A¯⁄zx §∂ƒ ©UP–USÆ {fl¯©P“ ˆ\fl÷ ˜\∫Qfl”⁄. C¢vØı¬¿ \©zx¡ \¨uıØÆ ˜uıfl‘¡∏Qfl”x. Pÿ”¿ A¯hƒP“ 1. ©ın¡∫ ßuı⁄, \∫˜¡ıuØ CØUP[PŒfl ˜{ıUP[P¯Õ ¬ÕUP ¨i≤Æ. 2. ©ın¡∫ _u¢vµzvÿS® §fl⁄∫ C¢vØı¬¿ ˆ£sP“ ¨fl˜⁄ÿ”zv¯⁄ ¬¡∂UP ¨i≤Æ. 3. ©ın¡∫ JkUP®£mh §∂¬⁄∫, ]÷¡∫P“, ]÷£ıfl¯© ∞⁄∫ {ªflP–UPıP GkUP®£mh {h¡iU¯PP¯Õ ¬ÕUP ¨i≤Æ. 4. ©ın¡∫ 1947&BÆ BsiÿS® §”S Hÿ£mh P¿¬ ¨fl˜⁄ÿ”zv¯⁄ ¬¡∂UP ¨i≤Æ. 143
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