Environmental Social Studies in Tamil - Jeywin
Environmental Social Studies in Tamil - Jeywin Environmental Social Studies in Tamil - Jeywin
1971&BÆ Bsk ©∏zx¡∑vØı⁄ P∏ P¯ª®a \mhÆ : P∏ƒÿ‘∏USÆ ˆ£sPŒfl Eh¿ ©ÿ÷Æ ©⁄ B˜µıUQ ØzvÿS F÷ ¬¯Õ¬USÆ P∏¯¡ P¯ªUSÆ E∂¯©¯Ø Ca\mhÆ ˆ£sP–US AŒUQfl”x. 1976&BÆ Bsk \© FvØa \mhÆ : Ca\mhÆ BsP–US |PµıP ˆ£sP–USÆ FvØÆ ¡«[S¡uÿS ¡»¡SU Qfl”x. £o ¬¡Pıµ[PŒ¿ £ı¿ Ai®£¯h∞ªı⁄ ˜¡÷ £ımi¯⁄ Ca\mhÆ ukUQfl”x. ©ÿ” \≠P, ˆ£ı∏Õıuıµz vmh[P“ : C¢vØ Aµ_ 1953&BÆ Bsk ©zvØ \≠P {ª ¡ı∂Øzv¯⁄ A¯©zux. A˜u ˜£ı¿ J∆ˆ¡ı∏ ©ı|ªzvæÆ ©ı|ªa \≠P {ª ¡ı∂Ø[P“ E“Õ⁄. A¯¡ ˆ£sP“, S«¢¯uP“ ©ÿ÷Æ GŒ˜Øı∂fl {ªflP¯Õ ˜©Æ£kzxQfl”⁄. F⁄¨ÿ” ˆ£sP“, ¬u¯¡P“, A⁄ı¯uP“, ¯P¬h®£mh ˆ£sP“ BQ˜Øı∂fl {ªflP¯Õ C∆¡ı∂Ø[P“ £ıxPıUQfl”⁄. 1990&BÆ Bsk ˜u]Ø ˆ£sP“ B¯nØa \mhÆ : Ca \mhzvfl£i 1992&BÆ Bsk ·⁄¡∂ 31&BÆ {ı“ ˜u]Ø ˆ£sP“ B¯nØÆ Jfl÷ Hÿ£kzu®£mhx. C∆ ¡ı¯nØzvÿS J∏ u¯ª¡∏Æ, ˆ\ت∏Æ, ©ÿ” E÷®§⁄∫P–Æ E“Õ⁄∫. C∆¡ı¯nØÆ ˆ£s E∂¯©P“ ©÷®, ˆPık¯©P“, A}vP“ ˜£ıfl” Pı∫P¯Õ ¬\ı∂zx A¯¡P¯ÕU P¯ÕØ {h¡iU¯PP¯Õ Gkzx ¡∏Qfl”x. CµıËi∂Ø ©QÕ ˜PıË A¿ªx ˆ£sP–UPı⁄ ˜u]Ø Phfl ¡«[SÆ |vØÆ : C¢|v |÷¡⁄ A¯©® 1993&BÆ Bsk ©ı∫a v[P“ 30&BÆ {ı“ Hÿ£kzu®£mhx. ˆuı»¿ A¿ªx ˜¡¯ª ¡ı¥® ¡\v∞¯⁄z ˆuıh[P H¯« ©ÿ÷Æ ˜u¯¡ UP ˆ£sPÕı¿ A¯©UP®£kÆ _Ø Eu¬U S UP–US (Self-Help Groups) C¢|vØzvº∏¢x |v Eu¬ ¡«[P®£kQ”x. £ıºPı \Æ∂v ˜Øı·⁄ı (Balika Samridhi Yojana) : CzvmhÆ 1997&BÆ Bsk AU˜hı£∫ v[P“ 2&BÆ {ı“ ˆuıh[P® 138
£mhx. 1999&¿ ©ıÿ”Æ ˆ\¥Ø®£mh CzvmhÆ ¡÷¯©U ˜PımiÿSU Rà (below poverty line) ¡ı Æ uı¥©ı∫P–US® §”USÆ ˆ£s S«¢¯uP–US® £Ø⁄ŒUPU TiØx. Azu¯PØ ˆ£s S«¢¯uP“ J∆ˆ¡ı∏¡∏Æ Ag\ªPÆ A¿ªx ¡[Q∞¿ π£ı¥ 500/& ¯¡®z ˆuı¯PØıP ˆ\æzu®£kQ”x. AUS«¢¯uP“ 18 ¡Øv¯⁄ |¯”ƒ ˆ\¥≤Æ ˆ£ı x Azˆuı¯P¯Ø P¿¬ A¿ªx v∏©n ˜{ıUPzvÿS® £Øfl£kzvU ˆPı“ÕªıÆ. Cx©mkfl‘ A¡∫P“ £zuıÆ ¡S®¡¯µ P¿¬ PÿP Eu¬z ˆuı¯P≤Æ ¡«[P®£kQ”x. _¡ & \Uv vmhÆ (Swa & Shakti Project) : CzvmhÆ 1998&BÆ Bsk AU˜hı£∫ v[P“ 16&BÆ {ı“ ¨u¿ ˆ\Ø¿£mk ¡∏Qfl”x. Czvmhzvfl ≠ªÆ 15 ¨u¿ 20 ˆ£sP¯ÕU ˆPısh _Ø Eu¬U S UPÕı¿ ˆuıh[P®£kÆ BUPß∫¡ £oUS Aµ_ |v Eu¬ AŒzx ¡∏Qfl”x. C¢vØı¬¿ ˆ£sP“ ¨fl˜⁄ÿ”zv¯⁄ ˜{ıUP©ıPU ˆPısk Aµ_ ©ÿ÷Æ Aµ_ \ıµı ˆuısk |÷¡⁄[P“ (Non- Governmental Organisations) ˜©æÆ £ª {h¡iU¯PP¯Õ Gkzx ¡∏Qfl”⁄. IUQØ {ıkP“ \¯£ (I.{ı. \¯£) 1978&BÆ Bsi¯⁄ \∫¡˜u\ ˆ£sP“ Bsk G⁄ A‘¬zux. uà {ımi¿ ˆ£sP–US 30 ¬ UPık ˜¡¯ª¡ı¥®§¿ Ch JxURk ˆ\¥Ø®£mk“Õx. E“Õım] A¯©®PŒ¿ ˆ£sP“ 33 ¬ UPık Ch JxURk ˆ£”z uSv≤¯hØ¡∫P“. ˆ£sP“ uÿ˜£ıx A桪∫PÕıPƒÆ, ©∏zx¡∫PÕıPƒÆ, ˆ£ı‘ØıÕ∫PÕıPƒÆ, Pı¡ª∫PÕıPƒÆ, \mh©fl” E÷®§⁄∫PÕıPƒÆ (M.L.A.) £ıµı–©fl” E÷®§⁄∫PÕıPƒÆ, (M.P.) E“Õ⁄∫. C¢vØı ˆ£s §µu©¯µ≤Æ, B–{∫P¯Õ≤Æ, ¨uª¯©a\∫P¯Õ≤Æ Psk E“Õx. C¯¡ _u¢vµzvÿS® §fl⁄∫ ˆ£sP“ |¯ª∞¿ Hÿ£mk“Õ ¨fl˜⁄ÿ”[P¯Õ≤Æ \≠P ¨fl˜⁄ÿ” \ıu¯⁄¯Ø≤Æ GkzvØÆQfl”⁄. ]”ı∫ {ªÆ : S«¢¯uz ˆuı»ªıÕ∫ §µa\¯⁄ C¢vØı¬¿ J∏ ˆ£∏Æ \≠P® §µa\¯⁄ØıSÆ. H¯«a ]÷¡∫P“ 139
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1971&BÆ Bsk ©∏zx¡∑vØı⁄ P∏ P¯ª®a \mhÆ :<br />
P∏ƒÿ‘∏USÆ ˆ£sPŒfl Eh¿ ©ÿ÷Æ ©⁄ B˜µıUQ<br />
ØzvÿS F÷ ¬¯Õ¬USÆ P∏¯¡ P¯ªUSÆ E∂¯©¯Ø<br />
Ca\mhÆ ˆ£sP–US AŒUQfl”x.<br />
1976&BÆ Bsk \© FvØa \mhÆ : Ca\mhÆ BsP–US<br />
|PµıP ˆ£sP–USÆ FvØÆ ¡«[S¡uÿS ¡»¡SU<br />
Qfl”x. £o ¬¡Pıµ[PŒ¿ £ı¿ Ai®£¯h∞ªı⁄ ˜¡÷<br />
£ımi¯⁄ Ca\mhÆ ukUQfl”x.<br />
©ÿ” \≠P, ˆ£ı∏Õıuıµz vmh[P“ : C¢vØ Aµ_<br />
1953&BÆ Bsk ©zvØ \≠P {ª ¡ı∂Øzv¯⁄ A¯©zux.<br />
A˜u ˜£ı¿ J∆ˆ¡ı∏ ©ı|ªzvæÆ ©ı|ªa \≠P {ª<br />
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GŒ˜Øı∂fl {ªflP¯Õ ˜©Æ£kzxQfl”⁄. F⁄¨ÿ”<br />
ˆ£sP“, ¬u¯¡P“, A⁄ı¯uP“, ¯P¬h®£mh ˆ£sP“<br />
BQ˜Øı∂fl {ªflP¯Õ C∆¡ı∂Ø[P“ £ıxPıUQfl”⁄.<br />
1990&BÆ Bsk ˜u]Ø ˆ£sP“ B¯nØa \mhÆ : Ca<br />
\mhzvfl£i 1992&BÆ Bsk ·⁄¡∂ 31&BÆ {ı“ ˜u]Ø<br />
ˆ£sP“ B¯nØÆ Jfl÷ Hÿ£kzu®£mhx. C∆<br />
¡ı¯nØzvÿS J∏ u¯ª¡∏Æ, ˆ\ت∏Æ, ©ÿ”<br />
E÷®§⁄∫P–Æ E“Õ⁄∫. C∆¡ı¯nØÆ ˆ£s E∂¯©P“<br />
©÷®, ˆPık¯©P“, A}vP“ ˜£ıfl” Pı∫P¯Õ ¬\ı∂zx<br />
A¯¡P¯ÕU P¯ÕØ {h¡iU¯PP¯Õ Gkzx ¡∏Qfl”x.<br />
CµıËi∂Ø ©QÕ ˜PıË A¿ªx ˆ£sP–UPı⁄ ˜u]Ø<br />
Phfl ¡«[SÆ |vØÆ : C¢|v |÷¡⁄ A¯©® 1993&BÆ<br />
Bsk ©ı∫a v[P“ 30&BÆ {ı“ Hÿ£kzu®£mhx. ˆuı»¿<br />
A¿ªx ˜¡¯ª ¡ı¥® ¡\v∞¯⁄z ˆuıh[P H¯« ©ÿ÷Æ<br />
˜u¯¡ UP ˆ£sPÕı¿ A¯©UP®£kÆ _Ø Eu¬U<br />
S UP–US (Self-Help Groups) C¢|vØzvº∏¢x |v Eu¬<br />
¡«[P®£kQ”x.<br />
£ıºPı \Æ∂v ˜Øı·⁄ı (Balika Samridhi Yojana) : CzvmhÆ<br />
1997&BÆ Bsk AU˜hı£∫ v[P“ 2&BÆ {ı“ ˆuıh[P®<br />
138