Environmental Social Studies in Tamil - Jeywin

\≠P A‘¬Ø¿
(¡µªı÷ & Si¯©∞Ø¿ & ¬∞Ø¿)
£zuıÆ ¡S®
uÃ|ık Aµ_
Cª¡\® £ıh°¿ ¡«[SÆ
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(¬ÿ£¯⁄US Afl÷)
wshı¯© J∏ £ı¡a ˆ\Ø¿
wshı¯© J∏ ˆ£∏[Sÿ”Æ
wshı¯© ©¤uz ufl¯©Øÿ” ˆ\Ø¿.
uÃ{ımk®
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© uÃ{ık Aµ_
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©÷ £v® & 2006
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z u¯ª¡∫P“
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ˆ\fl¯⁄® £¿P¯ªU P«PÆ
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ˆ\fl¯⁄ & 600 005.
˜©ªı¥¡ıÕ∫P“
hıUh∫ ˆ£. \µ¡nfl
hıUh∫ ˆ·. E©ı
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£ıµv ˆ£sP“ Aµ]⁄∫ P¿ø∂
ˆ\fl¯⁄ & 600 030.
ˆ\fl¯⁄ & 600 108.
°ªı]∂Ø∫P“
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v∏©v. GÏ. ¡\¢uı
£mhuı∂ B]∂¯Ø (K¥ƒ)
˜ªi. GÆ.]i.GÆ. ˜©¿|¯ª® £“Œ
ˆ\fl¯⁄ & 600 084.
v∏. Cµı. Cµ¬¢vµ{ıufl
u¯ª¯© B]∂Ø∫ (K¥ƒ)
Aµ_ EØ∫ |¯ª® £“Œ
Aª¡ıU ˜Pım¯h (Ag\¿)
]¡P[¯P ©ı¡mhÆ
Si¯©∞Ø¿
hıUh∫ Cµı. ©ı¯uØfl
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Aµ]Ø¿ ©ÿ÷Æ ˆ£ıx |∏¡ıPz x¯”
ˆuı¯ªyµU P¿¬ |÷¡⁄Æ
ˆ\fl¯⁄® £¿P¯ªU P«PÆ
ˆ\fl¯⁄ & 600 005
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v∏. Gfl. _®§µ©oØfl
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v∏©v G. u⁄£ıUQØÆ
˜£µı]∂Ø∫
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£ıµv ˆ£sP“ Aµ]⁄∫ P¿ø∂
ˆ\fl¯⁄ & 600 108.
£ıh[P“ uØı∂® & uÃ{ık Aµ_UPıP
£“ŒUP¿¬ CØUPPÆ, uÃ{ık
C¢°¿ 60 ‚.GÏ.GÆ uıŒ¿ Aa]h®£mk“Õx

AªS & I
ˆ£ı∏ÕhUPÆ
¡µªı÷
£UPÆ
PıªU ˜Pık ... v
1. C¢vØı¬ÿS I˜µı®§Ø∫ ¡∏¯P ... 1
2. C¢vØı¬¿ B[Q˜ªØ∫ Bm] |÷¡®£kuæÆ
Aufl ¬∂¡ıUP¨Æ ... 17
3. ¨u¿ C¢vØa _u¢vµ® ˜£ı∫ (1857&BÆ
Bsk ˆ£∏Æ µm]) & B[QªU Q«UQ¢vØ
¡oPU S Bm]∞fl ¨iƒ ... 51
AªS & II
4. 19&BÆ °ÿ”ısifl \≠P, \©Øa
^∫v∏zu CØUP[P“ ... 67
AªS & III
5. C¢vØ ˜u]Ø CØUPzvfl ˜uıÿ”¨Æ ¡Õ∫a]≤Æ ... 85
6. C¢vØ ¬ku¯ª® ˜£ı∫ & Pı¢vØiP“ PıªÆ ... 109
AªS & IV
7. _u¢vµzvÿS® §fl C¢vØı (1947 & 2000)
\≠P ¨fl˜⁄ÿ”Æ ... 135
8. C¢vØı¬¿ vmhmh® ˆ£ı∏Õıuıµ
¨fl˜⁄ÿ”¨Æ A‘¬Ø¿ ©ÿ÷Æ ˆuı»¿
~m£ ¡Õ∫a]≤Æ ... 147
9. C¢vØı¬fl ˆ¡Œ≤”ƒU ˆPı“¯P ... 161

Si¯©∞Ø¿
AªS & I
1. Tmhım] Aµ_ A¯©® ... 173
2. C¢vØı¬fl ©zvØ Aµ_ ... 183
3. ©ı|ª Aµ_ ... 203
AªS & II
4. C¢vØz ˜u∫u¿ B¯nØÆ ... 217
5. ˜u∫u¿P“ ... 223
6. Si≤∂¯© ... 233
AªS & £ıhÆ
¬∞Ø¿
1. C¢vØı : ¡mhıµ® £fl¯© & C¢vØz x¯nUPshÆ ... 243
2. |ªz ˜uıÿ”Æ, ¡iPı¿ &
|ªz ˜uıÿ”¨Æ ¡iPıª¯©®Æ ... 261
3. C¢vØı¬fl Pıª|¯ª &
Pıª|¯ª≤Æ ©¯«}∫ A÷¡¯h≤Æ ... 283
4. uı¡µÆ ©ÿ÷Æ ©s & CØÿ¯Pz uı¡µ¨Æ ©sqÆ ... 303
5. C¢vØ® £∞∫P“ & £∞∫P“, Enƒ® £ıxPı® ... 319
6. ˆuı»ªP[P“ & C¢vØz ˆuı»ªP[P“ ... 341
7. Pmk©ı⁄[P–Æ, ˜\¯¡P–Æ &
Pmk©ı⁄[P–Æ ˜\¯¡P–Æ ... 359
8. C¢vØı¬fl ©UP“ ¡ÕÆ & ©¤u ¡Õ[P“ ... 375
9. ¡Õ∫¢x ¡∏Æ C¢vØı & G a]≤÷Æ C¢vØı ... 387
10. |ª¡¯µ®£h[P“, ¬ÕUP® £h[P“ & £µ¡¿
|ª¡¯µ® £h[P–Æ, ¬ÕUP® £h[P–Æ ... 399
11. PÕ®£o & PÕ®£o : P∏zxÆ, ¡«USÆ ... 417
12. £[˜Pÿ ©v®•k &
Av˜¡P ©ÿ÷Æ £[˜Pÿ ©v®•k. ... 435
iv

AªS & I
£ıhÆ & 1
C¢vØı¬ÿS I˜µı®§Ø∫ ¡∏¯P
Pÿ”¿ ˜{ıUP[P“
1. ©ın¡∫ I˜µı®§Ø∫PŒfl vØ Ph¿¡»U Psk§i®
C¢vØ ¡µªıÿ‘¿ J∏ v∏®¨¯⁄ØıP A¯©¢ux
Gfl£¯uU Pÿ÷n∫u¿.
2. ©ın¡∫ I˜µı®§Ø∂fl ¡∏¯P C¢vØı¬fl
Gv∫Pıªzv¿ Hÿ£kzvØ ˆ£∏Æ ©ıÿ”[P¯Õ® ∂¢x
ˆPı“–u¿.
3. ©ın¡∫ ˜£ı∫a_UR]Ø∫P“, ha_UPıµ∫P“, ˜h¤Ø∫P“,
B[Q˜ªØ∫P“ ©ÿ÷Æ §ˆµg_UPıµ∫P“ C¢vØı¬¿
uÆ ¡oP ¯©Ø[P¯Õ |÷¬ØxÆ A¯¡ ¡Õ∫¢u ¬uÆ
£ÿ‘Ø A‘¬¯⁄® ˆ£÷u¿.
I˜µı®§Ø∂fl C¢vØ ¡∏¯P {Æ{ımifl ¡µªıÿ‘¿
P ¨UQØ©ı⁄ J∏ |PÃa]ØıSÆ. C¢vØı¬fl ˆ£∏Æ
ˆ\¿¡ ¡Õz¯u® £ÿ‘ ˆ¡¤_ {Pµ ¡∫zuPµı⁄ ©ı∫U˜Pı
˜£ı˜ªı¬fl S‘®P“ ≠ªÆ I˜µı®§Ø∫ A‘¢v∏¢u⁄∫.
£«[Pıªzvº∏¢˜u C¢vØı ˜©¯ª{ıkP–hfl ¬Øı£ıµz
ˆuıh∫ ˆPısi∏¢ux. C¯hUPıªÆ ¨ ¡xÆ C¢vØ
¡oP® ˆ£ı∏mPÕı⁄ ¡ı\¯⁄z vµ¬Ø[P“, S‘®§mh
]ª ©∏¢x ¡¯PP“, E˜ªıP ˜¡¯ª®£ıkP“ ˆPısh
ˆ£ı∏mP“, £∏zv ©ÿ÷Æ £mk B¯hP“, u[PÆ, ˆ¡“Œ
©ÿ÷Æ ¬¯ª≤Ø∫¢u PÿP–US I˜µı®§Øa \¢¯uPŒ¿
S¢u ¡µ˜¡ÿ C∏¢ux.
C®ˆ£ı∏mP“ ˆ£∏Æ£ıæÆ |ª¡» ≠ª©ıP A¿ªx
J∏ £Sv |ª ¡»ØıPƒÆ ©ÿ” £Sv Ph¿ ¡»ØıPƒÆ
1

I˜µı®£ı¯¡a ˆ\fl”¯h¢u⁄. Q.§.1453&BÆ Bsk
x∏UQØ∫ PıflÏhıfli ˜{ı§¯ÕU (x∏UQ∞æ“Õ uÿPıª
CÏuıfl¿) ¯P®£ÿ‘Øuı¿ C®˜£ıUS¡µzvÿSz
u¯hP“ Hÿ£mh⁄. G⁄˜¡ ¡»¡»ØıP, u¯µ≠ªÆ Q«US
{ıkP–hfl I˜µı®£ı ˆ\¥x ¡¢u ¡oP¡» A¯h®
£mhx. Au⁄ı¿ £ıvUP®£mh I˜µı®§Ø ¡oP∫P“ u[PU
Q«US {ıkP“ (Golden East) Gfl÷ A¯«UP®£mh ^⁄ı
©ÿ÷Æ C¢vØı ¡µ vØ Ph¿¡»∞¯⁄U Psk§iUP
¨Øfl”⁄∫.
˜£ı∫a_UR]Ø∫P“
vØ Ph¿ ¡»∞¯⁄U Psk§iUP ˜£ı∫a_UP¿
©ÿ÷Æ Ïˆ£∞fl {ımk Aµ\∫P“ uÆ {ımk ©ıæP¯Õ
FUS¬zu⁄∫. G⁄˜¡ vØ Ph¿¡»U Psk§i®§¿
˜£ı∫a_UR]Ø∫ ¨fl˜⁄ıiØıPz vPâu⁄∫. ˜£ı∫a_UR]Ø
CÕ¡µ\fl ˆÌfl‘ ©ıæP¯Õ Bu∂zuı∫. A¡∫P–US®
£∞ÿ]ØŒUP A‘¬Ø¿ ¨¯”∞¿ A¯©¢u £∞ÿ]®£“Œ
Jfl¯” |÷¬⁄ı∫. Phÿ£ØnÆ ˜©ÿˆPı“£¡∫P–US
˜¡siØ BuµƒÆ AŒzuı∫.
Ph¿ ¡»®£Ønzv¿ CÕ¡µ\∫ ˆÌfl‘ S¢u
B∫¡Æ PımiØuıæÆ AuÿS Buµƒ AŒzuuıæÆ
A¡∫ ©ıæ ˆÌfl‘ (Henry, the Navigator) G⁄
¡µªıÿ‘¿ ¯⁄® ˆ£Ø∂mk A¯«UP®£kQ”ı∫.
£ı∫zu˜ªı˜Øı hØÏ : 1487&BÆ Bsk £ı∫zu˜ªı˜Øı
hØÏ B®§∂UPı¬fl ˜©ÿSU PhÿP¯µ Kµ©ıP® £ØnÆ
ˆ\¥uı∫. A¡∫ B®§∂UPı¬fl ˆufl˜Pıi ¨¯⁄¯Ø
A¯h¢uı∫. G¤›Æ Pk¯©Øı⁄ Ø¿ Pıµn©ıP A¡µı¿
ufl Phÿ£Ønz¯u ˜©ÿˆPısk ˆuıhµ ¨iج¿¯ª.
B⁄ı¿ A¡∏¯hØ Phÿ£ØnÆ ©ıæP–US ˜©ÿ
ˆPısk £ØnÆ ˆ\¥Ø ¨i≤Æ G⁄ {ƧU¯PØŒzux.
G⁄˜¡ B®§∂UPı¬fl ˆufl˜Pıi ¨¯⁄¯Ø {fl⁄ƧU¯P
¨¯⁄ (Cape of Good Hope) Gfl÷ S‘®§mh⁄∫.
2

¡ıϘPıh Pı©ı : ¡ıϘPıh Pı©ı
Gfl” ˜£ı∫a_UR]Ø ©ıæ vØ
Ph¿¡»U Psk §i®§fl
ˆ£ı∏mk £ı∫zu˜ªı˜Øı hØÏ
˜©ÿˆPısh ¡»∞˜ª˜Ø uı›Æ
Phÿ £ØnÆ ˆ\¥uı∫. {fl⁄ƧU¯P
¨¯⁄¯Ø A¯h¢u A¡∫ §fl
ˆ©ı\ıƧU¯Pa ˆ\fl”¯h¢uı∫.
A[Q∏¢x ˆuıh∫¢x J∏ ©ıuÆ
£ØnÆ ˆ\¥uı∫. A¡∫ 1498&BÆ
¡ıϘPıh Pı©ı Bsk ˜© ©ıuÆ 20&BÆ ˜uv
˜Pı»UTmiÿS A∏Q¿ (Calicut)
¡¢x C”[Q⁄ı∫. A®£Sv¯Ø Bm]∂¢u \ı©∂fl Gfl”
Aµ\∫ A¡¯µ Aflhfl ¡µ˜¡ÿ”ı∫. ¡ıϘPıh Pı©ı
A¡∂hÆ ]ª \æ¯PP¯Õ® ˆ£ÿ”ı∫. Aa\æ¯PP“ ˜©ÿS
{ıkP“ C¢vØıƒhfl ¡oPz ˆuıh∫§¯⁄ Hÿ£kzvU
ˆPı“Õ ¡»¡Szu⁄.
¡ıϘPıh Pı©ı C¢vØı¬¿ ≠fl÷ ©ıu[P“
u[Q∞∏¢uı∫. A¡∫ v∏Ƨa ˆ\¿¯P∞¿ ufl›hfl
P®£º¿ HµıÕ©ı⁄ ¬¯ª≤Ø∫¢u ˆ£ı∏mP¯Õ
Gkzxa ˆ\fl”ı∫. A®ˆ£ı∏mPÕı¿ P¡µ®£mh ©ÿ”
I˜µı®§Ø {ımka ˆ\¿¡ ¡oP∫P“ C¢vØı¬ÿS ¡µ
¬∏Ƨ⁄∫.
¡ıϘPıh Pı©ı 1501&BÆ Bsk CµshıÆ
¨¯”ØıP C¢vØı ¡¢u˜£ıx Psnfi∫ Gfl›hzv¿
J∏ ¡oPzuªz¯u |÷¬⁄ı∫. {ıÕ¯h¬¿ ˜Pı»UTk
(Calicut), ˆPıa]fl, Psnfi∫ BQØ Ch[P“ ˜£ı∫a_U
R]Ø∂fl ¡∫zuPz uª[PÕıQ⁄. uı[P“ ˆ£ÿ÷ ¡¢u
Cªı£z¯u, ˜£ı∫a_UR]Ø∫ A÷¡¯h ˆ\¥u¯u A˜µ§Ø∫
¬∏Æ£¬¿¯ª. A¡∫P“ ˜Pı»UTm¯h Bsh \ı©∂fl
©fl⁄∏USÆ ˜£ı∫a_UR]Ø∏US¯h˜Ø £¯P¯©¯Ø
Hÿ£kzv⁄∫. G⁄˜¡ ˆPıa]¤º∏¢u ˜£ı∫a_UR]دµ
\ı©∂fl ©fl⁄∫ uıUQ⁄ı∫. B⁄ı¿ A¡∫ ˜uı¿¬¯Øz u ¡
˜{∂mhx. A¢u ˆ¡ÿ‘US® §fl ˜£ı∫a_UR]Ø∫ u[P“
˜©ªıs¯©¯Ø C¢vØı¬¿ |¯ª{ımi⁄∫.
3

§µıfl]ϘPı i A¿ˆ©¥hı (1505&1509) : 1505&BÆ Bsk
§µıfl]ϘPı i A¿ˆ©¥hı C¢vØı ¡¢uı∫. A¡∫uıfl
C¢vØı¬¿ C∏¢u ˜£ı∫a_UR]Ø® £SvPŒfl ¨u¿
B–{∫ B¡ı∫. A¡∫ C¢vØı¬º∏¢u ˜£ı∫a_UR] Ø∂fl
Ph¿ ¡º¯©¯Ø ˜©Æ£kzx¡¯uz u©x ˜{ıUP©ıPU
ˆPısi∏¢uı∫. ˜©æÆ, C¢x ©PıUPhº¿ ˜£ı∫a_UR]Ø∫
BvUPÆ ˆ£ÿ”¡∫PÕı¥ ¬Õ[P ˜¡skˆ©⁄ƒÆ A¡∫
Gso⁄ı∫. A¡∫ §fl£ÿ‘Ø ˆPı“¯P }ªUPh¿ ˆPı“¯P
(Blue Water Policy) G⁄ A¯«UP®£mhx.
A¿˜£ıfl˜\ı&i&A¿P∫US (1509 & 1515) : C¢vØı¬¿
˜£ı∫a_UR]Ø∂fl ˆ\¿¡ıUS ¡Õµ Es¯©Øı⁄ AizuÕ
mh¡∫ A¿˜£ıfl˜\ı&i&A¿P∫US B¡ı∫. A¡∫
1510&BÆ Bsk •·®ß∫ ©fl⁄∂h∏¢x ˜Pı¡ı¯¡U ¯P®
£ÿ‘⁄ı∫. Aufl §fl ˜Pı¡ı ˜£ı∫a_UR]Ø∂fl u¯ª¯©∞h
©ıP A¯©¢ux. ˜©æÆ A¡∫ ¬\Ø{Pµ® ˜£µµ_hfl u⁄x
E”¬¯⁄ ¡æ®£kzvU ˆPıshı∫. A¡∫ 1511&BÆ Bsk
©ªıUPı¯¡U ¯P®£ÿ‘⁄ı∫. 1515&BÆ Bsk £ıµ^P ¡¯Õ
Shı¬¿ B∫©_ (Port Ormuz) x¯”¨Pz¯u E∏¡ıUQ⁄ı∫.
A¿P∫US J∏ ]”¢u |∫¡ıQØıP C∏¢u˜£ıvæÆ A¡∂fl
\©ØU ˆPı“¯P∞fl Pıµn©ıP C_ªıØ∫ A¡¯µ
©vUP¬¿¯ª. A¡∫ C¢xUP¯Õ {¿ª¬u©ıP {hzv⁄ı∫.
A¿P∫US C¢xUPŒfl P¿¬UPıP® £ª £“ŒP¯Õz
v”¢uı∫. A¡∫ C¢vØ∫P“ ˜£ı∫a_UR]Ø∂¯h˜Ø v∏©n
E”ƒP¯Õ FUS¬zuı∫.
A¿P∫US \v Gfl” EhflPm¯h H÷Æ £«UPz
¯uz ukUP {h¡iU¯P ˜©ÿˆPıshı∫. G⁄˜¡, A¡∫
¬¿ºØÆ ˆ£fli[ §µ¬fl ¨fl˜⁄ıiØı¡ı∫.
A¿P∫Qfl {ÿ£sP“ A¡∏US C¢vØ∂fl
©v®¯£® ˆ£ÿ÷z u¢u⁄. 16&BÆ °ÿ”ısifl C÷vUS“
˜£ı∫a_UR]Ø∫ ˜Pı¡ı, ¯h≥, hı©fl, \ı¿ˆ\m ˜©æÆ
A®£SvP¯Õa _ÿ‘∞∏¢u ˆ£∏Æ |ª®£SvP¯Õz
uÆ¡\Æ ˆPısk ¡¢u⁄∫. G¤›Æ A¡∫PÕx AvPıµÆ
4

PU S÷QØ Pıª˜© }izux. ©ÿ” I˜µı®§Ø ¡oP∫PŒfl
¡∏¯PØı¿ A¡∫P“ |¯ª ©ı‘Øx.
˜£ı∫a_UR]Ø∂fl √Ãa]UPı⁄ Pıµn[P“ : 1.
˜£ı∫a_UP¿ Pa ]‘Ø {ık. C¢vØı ˜£ıfl” P®ˆ£∂Ø
{ım¯h A¢{ımi⁄ı¿ Pmk®£kzu ¨iج¿¯ª. Ph¿
Ph¢x Si˜Øÿ” {ıkP¯Õ A¯©UPz ˜u¯¡Øı⁄ £n£ª˜©ı
£¯h¡º¯©˜Øı A¢{ımihÆ C¿¯ª, 2. ˜£ı∫a_U
R]Ø∂fl Bm] ¨¯”∞¿ F«¿ Hÿ£hz ˆuıh[QØx.
˜£ı∫a_UR]Ø ¡oP∫P“ ˜{∫¯©≤hfl ˆ\Ø¿£hz u¡‘⁄∫,
3. ˜£ı∫a_UR]Ø∫ §fl£ÿ‘Ø \©ØU ˆPı“¯P C_ªıØ∂fl
¬˜µıuz¯u E∏¡ıUQØx. ˜£ı∫a_UR]Ø∫ C¢vØ∫P¯ÕU
PmhıØ ©u©ıÿ”Æ ˆ\¥u¯©¯Ø C¢xUP–Æ ¬∏Æ£
¬¿¯ª, 4. ˜£ı∫a_UR]Ø∫ C¢vØ ¡oP∫P–US GvµıP
AiUPi PhÿˆPı“¯Õ∞¿ Dk£mh⁄∫, 5. ˜Pı¡ı¬fl
ˆ\»® ¬\Ø{Pµ® ˜£µµ]fl u¯ª{P¯µa \ı∫¢˜u C∏¢ux.
1565&BÆ Bsk Hÿ£mh ¬\Ø{Pµ® ˜£µ]fl √Ãa]
˜£ı∫a_UR]Ø∏US® ˆ£∏Æ AiØıP A¯©¢ux, 6. AU£∫
©ÿ÷Æ A¡∏US® §fl Bm]® ˆ£ı÷®˜£ÿ˜”ı∂fl RÃ
¨PªıØ® ˜£µµ_ G a]≤ÿ”¯©Øı¿ ˜£ı∫a_UR]Ø∂fl
AvPıµÆ ¬∂¡¯hØ ¨iØı©¿ ˜£ı⁄x, 7. C÷vØıP
C¢vØı ¡¢u ha_, B[Qª ¡oPU S UP“ ˜£ı∫a_U
R]Ø∫PŒfl ¡º¯© ¡ı¥¢u ˜£ımiØıÕ∫PÕıP ©ı‘⁄∫.
C¯¡ Pıµn©ıP C¢vØı¬¿ ˜£ı∫a_UR]Ø∂fl AvPıµÆ
√Ãa]≤ÿ”x.
ha_UPıµ∫P“
PhÿP¯µ¯Ø JmiØ £SvPŒ¿ ¡ıâu ha_UPıµ∫P“
xoƒÆ, GŒ¯©≤Æ, √µaˆ\Ø¿PŒ¿ B∫¡¨Æ E¯hØ
©UPÕı¥ ¬Õ[Q⁄∫. 1602&BÆ Bsk Jfl‘¯n¢u
ˆ{u∫ªı¢x Q«UQ¢vØU Pƈ£¤¯Ø Ìıª¢x {ımi¿
ˆuıh[Q⁄∫. C¡∫P“ ¨uº¿ C¢˜uı˜⁄]Øz wƒPŒ¿
u[P“ Si˜Øÿ”[P¯Õ A¯©zxU ˆPısh⁄∫. §fl⁄∫
u[P“ P¡⁄z¯u C¢vØı¬fl ´x v∏®§⁄∫. 1605&BÆ
Bsk ©`º®£mi⁄zv¿ u[P“ ¡oPz uªz¯u
6

A¯©zu⁄∫. ˆ\fl¯⁄US A∏Q¿ E“Õ £«˜¡ÿPık
Gfl›hzv¿ u[P“ ¨u¿ ˜Pım¯h¯ØU Pmi⁄∫.
˜£ı∫a_UR]Ø∂h∏¢x {ıP®£mi⁄z¯uU ¯P®£ÿ‘⁄∫.
BUµı, `µz, ©`º®£mi⁄Æ, ¡[PıÕzv¿ E“Õ ]fl_µı
BQØ Ch[P¯Õz u[P“ ¡oPz uª[PÕıUQU
ˆPısh⁄∫.
ha_UPıµ∫P“ C¢vØı¬¿ u[P“ Aµ¯\ |÷¡ ¬∏Æ£
¬¿¯ª. ¡oP˜© A¡∫P–¯hØ ¨UQØ ˜{ıUP©ıP
A¯©¢ux. uÆ xo¢u ¨Øÿ]∞fl ≠ªÆ ¡oPzv¿
Q¯hzu ˆ£∏Æ ªı£zv¿ ©QÃa]دh¢u⁄∫. ˜©æÆ
{÷©n® ˆ£ı∏mP“ AvPÆ Q¯hUSÆ C¢˜uı˜⁄]Øz
wƒPŒ¿ u[P“ P¡⁄z¯ua ˆ\æzv⁄∫. "˜PıØfl' (Coen)
©ÿ÷Æ ¡ıfliˆ©fl (Van Diemen) BQ˜Øı∫ Q«US® £Sv
PŒ¿ ha_UPıµ∫PŒfl ˆ¡ÿ‘USU Pıµn©ıPz vPâu⁄∫.
ha_UPıµ∫PŒfl √Ãa]UPı⁄ Pıµn[P“ : 1. ha_UPıµ∫
P–USÆ B[Q˜ªØ∫P–USÆ C¯h˜Ø Hÿ£mh ˜£ımi
¨ÿ‘ 1623&BÆ Bsk ha_UPıµ∫P“ B[Q˜ªØ¯µ AÆ£ı∞
⁄ı¬¿ £kˆPı¯ª ˆ\¥u⁄∫. Aufl Pıµn©ıP B[Q˜ªØ∫
C¢˜uı˜⁄]Øı¬º∏¢x ˆ¡Œ˜Ø” ˜¡siØ |¯ª
Hÿ£mhx. B[Q˜ªØ∫ C¢vØı¬ÿSz v∏Ƨ⁄∫, 2. ha_U
Pıµ∫P“ C¢vØı¬¿ uÆ ˆ\¿¡ıUQ¯⁄ B[Q˜ªØ∏US
¬mkU ˆPıkUP ˜¡siØ |¯ª Hÿ£mhx. ha_UPıµ∫P“
C¢vØı¯¡ ¬h C¢˜uı˜⁄]Øı¬¿ ¡oPÆ ˆ\¥¡v
˜ª˜Ø AvP Dk£ık ˆPısh⁄∫ ©ÿ÷Æ 3. BµÆ£ ¨u˜ª
C¢vØı¬¿ ha_UPıµ∫PŒfl |¯ª¯© ¨UQØzx¡Æ
¡ı¥¢uuıP A¯©Ø¬¿¯ª.
˜h¤Ø∫P“
˜h¤Ø∫PŒfl Si˜Øÿ”[P“ : ˜h¤ØU Q«US C¢vØ
¡oPU S (Company) 1616&¿ ˆhfl©ı∫UQ¿ |÷¡®£mhx.
˜h¤Ø∫P“ ˆufl¤¢vØı¬¿ uµ[PÆ£ıi Gfl›hzv¿
7

1620&¿ u[P“ ¡oPz uªz¯u A¯©zu⁄∫. ˜©æÆ
P¿Pzuı¬ÿS (ˆPı¿Pzuı) A∏Qæ“Õ ˆ\µıÆß∫
Gfl›hzvæÆ u[P“ Si˜Øÿ”[P¯Õ Hÿ£kzv⁄∫.
˜h¤Ø \©Ø® £µ®£ıÕ∫P¯Õz u¬µ A¢{ımk ¡oP∫P“
ˆ£∏ÆPà A¯hج¿¯ª. G⁄˜¡ A¡∫P“ u[P“ ¡oPz
uª[P¯Õ 1845&BÆ Bsk B[Q˜ªØ∏US ¬ÿ÷¬mh⁄∫.
B[Q˜ªØ∫P“
©ÿ” I˜µı®§Ø∫P¯Õ® ˜£ıª˜¡ B[Q˜ªØ∫P–Æ
C¢vØ ¡oP® ˆ£ı∏mP¯Õ ¬∏Ƨ⁄∫. G⁄˜¡ C¢vØı
ƒhfl ˜{µiØıP ¡oPz ˆuıh∫ ˆPı“Õ Gso⁄∫.
1600&BÆ Bsk C[Qªı¢x Aµ]Øı⁄ Gº\ˆ£z ©Pıµıo
Cªsh¤º∏¢u °÷ ¬Øı£ı∂P“ ˆPısh ¡oPU S
Jfl÷US, Q«US {ıkP–hfl ¡oPÆ ˆ\¥Ø A›©v
¡«[Q⁄ı∫. §fl⁄∫ A¡∫P“ B[QªU Q«UQ¢vØ ¡oPU
S
¯¡ |÷¬⁄∫.
Q«UQ¢vØ ¡oPU S `µz {P∂¿ J∏ ¡oPz uªÆ
A¯©UP A›©v ˆ£” 1609&BÆ Bsk \∫ ¬¿ºØÆ
ÌıUQflÏ Gfl£¡¯µ ¨PªıØ® ˜£µµ\∫ ·Pı[R∂fl
Aµ\¯¡US A›®§ ¯¡zux. B⁄ı¿ ˜£ı∫a_UR]Ø∂fl
ˆ\¿¡ıUS Pıµn©ıP ¨PªıØ∫ B[Q˜ªØ∫P–US A›©v
AŒUP¬¿¯ª. 1613&BÆ Bsk uıfl `µz {P∂¿
B[Q˜ªØ∫ ¡oPz uªÆ A¯©UP A›©vUP®£mh⁄∫.
\∫ uı©Ï ˜µı Gfl” ©ÿˆ”ı∏ B[Qª ¡∫zuP∫ 1615&BÆ
Bsk ·Pı[R∂fl Aµ\¯¡US ¡¢uı∫. A¡∫ C¢vØı¬¿
≠fl÷ BskP“ u[Q BUµı, `µz, AP©uı£ız ©ÿ÷Æ
˜µıa BQØ Ch[PŒ¿ B[Qª ¡oPz uª[P“ A¯©UP
A›©v ˆ£÷¡v¿ ˆ¡ÿ‘ ˆ£ÿ”ı∫. 1639&BÆ Bsk
§µıfl]Ï ˜h Gfl” B[Qª ¡oP∫ \¢vµQ∂ ©fl⁄∂fl RÃ
CØ[QØ ˆ\fl¯⁄® £Sv∞fl {ıØUP∂h∏¢x ©uµı]¯⁄
¬¯ªUS ¡ı[Q⁄ı∫. §ÿPıªzv¿ ˆ\fl¯⁄ Gfl”¯«UP®
8

£mh A¢u Chzv¿ B[Qª ¡oPz uª©ı⁄ ˆ\∞flm
·ı∫‰ Gfl” ˜Pım¯h¯ØU Pmi⁄ı∫. A˜u ˜£ı¿
ˆPı¿Pzuı A∏Q¿ 1651&BÆ Bsk ̸UŒ∞¿
J∏
¡oPz uªÆ A¯©UP®£mhx. C[Qªı¢x ©fl⁄∫
CµshıÆ \ı∫ªÏ 1661&BÆ Bsk Szu¯PØıP £Æ£ı¯Ø
(¨Æ¯£) B[QªU Q«UQ¢vØ ¡oPU S ¬ÿS AŒzuı∫.
\ı∫ªÏ ˜£ı∫a_UR]Ø CÕ¡µ]¯Ø ©n¢x £Æ£ı¯Øa
^u⁄©ıP® ˆ£ÿ”ı∫.
A¢{ımPŒ¿ £Æ£ı∞fl J∏ ¡∏h ¡ıh¯P £ 10
©mk˜© Gfl£¯u E[PÕı¿ {Æ£ ¨iQ”uı? \ÿ˜””U
S¯”Ø π. 700 (£ƒsm (Pound) C[Qªı¢x {ınØÆ).
ˆPı¿Pzuı¬¿ J∏ ¡oPz uªÆ A¯©UP 1690&BÆ
Bsk B[Q˜ªØ∫ JÕµ[P^®§h∏¢x A›©v
ˆ£ÿ”⁄∫. A[S 1696&BÆ Bsk A¯©UP®£mh ˜Pım¯h
¬¿ºØÆ ˜Pım¯h Gfl÷ A¯«UP®£mhx.
B[Qª ©∏zx¡µı⁄ ¬¿ºØÆ Ìı¿hfl
¡[PıÕ Bm]ØıÕ∂fl E”¬⁄∫ J∏¡¯µ ˜{ı∞º∏¢x
Sn®£kzvØufl £Ø⁄ıP B[Q˜ªØ∫ ̸UŒ
{vUP¯µ∞¿ ¡oPz uªÆ Jfl‘¯⁄ A¯©UP A›©v
ˆ£ÿ”⁄∫.
B[QªU Q«UQ¢vØ ¡oPU S C¢vØı¬¿
1857&BÆ Bsk ¡¯µ ufl ˆ\¿¡ıU¯P ¬∂ƒ£kzv
¡º¯©Øı⁄ AizuÕÆ A¯©zux. 1857&BÆ Bsk B[Qª
¡oPUS Bm]US GvµıP {h¢u ˆ£∏Æ µm]∞fl
¬¯Õ¡ıP ¬U˜hı∂Øı ©Pıµıo C¢vØı¬fl |∫¡ıP®
ˆ£ı÷®§¯⁄ Hÿ”ı∫.
§ˆµg_UPıµ∫P“
C¢vØı¬¿ B[Q˜ªØ∏US GvµıP PkÆ ˜£ımi
∞mh¡∫P“ §ˆµg_UPıµ∫P˜Õ. §ˆµg_U Q«UQ¢vØ
9

¡oPU S 1664&BÆ Bsk 14&BÆ ø∞ ©fl⁄∂fl
ˆ£ı∏Õıuıµ B˜ª\Pµı⁄ Pı¿£∫m Gfl£¡∂fl v”flS
u¯ª¯©∞fl Rà A¯©UP®£mhx. CUPƈ£¤∞fl ˆ£ıx
CØUS{µıP |ØUP®£mh §µıfl]Ï P˜µıfl Gfl£¡µı¿
1667&BÆ Bsk `µz {P∂¿ ¨u¿ §ˆµg_ ¡oPzuªÆ
A¯©UP®£mhx. 1669&BÆ Bsk i\Æ£∫ v[PŒ¿
©`º®£mi⁄zv¿ Cflˆ⁄ı∏ §ˆµg_ ¡oPzuªÆ
|÷¡®£mhx.
§µıfl]Ï P˜µı›US® §fl §µıfl]Ï ©ı∫ifl Gfl£¡∫
|ØUP®£mhı∫. C¡∫ •·®ß∫ _¿uı⁄ı⁄ ˆÂ∫Pıfl
˜ªıi∞h∏¢x A›©v ˆ£ÿ÷ 1674&BÆ Bsk £ısia
˜\∂¯Ø (Pondicherry) A¯©zuı∫. £ısia˜\∂ §ˆµg_U
Pıµ∫PŒfl u¯ª¯©∞h©ı⁄x. §fl⁄∫ §ˆµg_UPıµ∫P“
A¯uz ˆuıh∫¢x \¢vµ{ıT∫, £ª˜\ı∫ (Balasore), Pı]Æ
£\ı∫ BQØ Ch[PŒ¿ u[P“ Si˜Øÿ”[P¯Õ A¯©zu⁄∫.
1725&BÆ Bsk ©ª£ı∫ PhÿP¯µ∞¿ ©ıÓ¯Ø≤Æ 1739&BÆ
Bsk ˜\ı« ©shªU PhÿP¯µ∞¿ Pı¯µUPı¯ª≤Æ
§ˆµg_U Si˜Øÿ”[PÕıP A¯©zu⁄∫.
C¢vØı¬º∏¢u §ˆµg_®
£SvPŒfl B–{µıP 1735&BÆ Bsk
¨u¿ 1741 ¡¯µ l©ıÏ ¬Õ[Q⁄ı∫.
A¡∏US® §fl ¡¢u i≥®˜Õ
(Dupleix) J∏ ]”¢u Cµı· u¢v∂
Øı¡ı∫. A¡∫ C¢vØı¬¿ §ˆµg_®
˜£µµ_ Jfl¯” |÷¡ Gso⁄ı∫.
§ˆµg_ BvUPÆ C¢vØı¬¿ |¯ª
ˆ£” A¡∫ £ª ˜£ı∫PŒ¿ Dk£mhı∫.
i≥®˜Õ
G¤›Æ §ˆµg_UPıµ∫P“ £ısia
˜\∂, ©ıÓ, \¢vµ{ıT∫, Pı¯µUPı¿, H⁄ıÆ
BQØ
£SvP¯Õ ©mk˜© uUP ¯¡zxU ˆPı“Õ ¨i¢ux.
C¢vØı¬¿ Bm]¯Ø |÷ƒ¡v¿ §ˆµg_UPıµ∫P¯Õ® §fl
u“Œ B[Q˜ªØ∫P“ ˆ¡ÿ‘ ˆPısh⁄∫.
11

Pÿ”¿ A¯hƒP“
1. ©ın¡∫ I˜µı®§Ø∂fl C¢vØ ¡∏¯P¯Ø® £ÿ‘ ¬ÕUP
¨i≤Æ.
2. ©ın¡∫ ˜£ı∫a_UR]Ø∂fl Si˜Øÿ”[P¯Õ® £ÿ‘
¬¡∂UP ¨i≤Æ.
3. ©ın¡∫ ha_UPıµ∫PŒfl C¢vØU Si˜Øÿ”[P¯Õa
_miUPımh CØæÆ.
4. ©ın¡∫ C¢vØı¬¿ B[Q˜ªØ∫ ©ÿ÷Æ §ˆµg_U
Si˜Øÿ”[P¯Õ® £ÿ‘Ø ¬¡µ[P¯ÕU ˆPıkUP
CØæÆ.
_Ø©v®•k
I. \∂Øı⁄ ¬¯h¯Øz ˜u∫¢ˆukUPƒÆ
1. Q.§.1453&BÆ Bsk PıflÏhıfli˜{ı§¯ÕU
¯P®£ÿ‘Ø¡∫P“
A. x∏UQØ∫P“ B. ha_UPıµ∫P“
C. §ˆµg_UPıµ∫P“ D. B[Q˜ªØ∫P“
2. RÃUPsh {ıkP¯Õa ˜\∫¢u Aµ\∫P“ ©ıæP¯Õ
FUS¬zu⁄∫
A. C[Qªı¢x, §µıfl_ B. §µıfl_, ψ£∞fl
C. ψ£∞fl, ˜£ı∫a_UP¿ D. ˜£ı∫a_UP¿, C[Qªı¢x
3. ¡ıϘPıh Pı©ı ˜Pı»UTk £Sv∞¿ C”[P A›©v
AŒzu Aµ\∫
A. •·®ß∫ _¿uıfl B. ¬\Ø {Pµ Aµ\∫
C. ©fl⁄∫ \ı©∂fl D. \¢vµ{ıT∂fl ©fl⁄∫
4. ˜Pı¡ı¯¡U ¯P®£ÿ‘Ø¡∫
A. A¿hı B. ¡ıϘPıh Pı©ı
C. A¿P∫US D. \ı©∂fl
12

5. \∫ ¬¿ºØÆ ÌıUQflÏ C¢{ım¯ha ˜\∫¢u¡∫
A. ˜£ı∫a_UP¿ B. ψ£∞fl
C. C[Qªı¢x D. §µıfl_
6. £Æ£ı¯Øz v∏©n® £∂\ıP® ˆ£ÿ” CµshıÆ \ı∫ªÏ
©n¢u CÕ¡µ]∞fl {ık
A. §µıfl_ B. ψ£∞fl
C. C[Qªı¢x D. ˜£ı∫a_UP¿
7. ¬¿ºØÆ ÌıUQflÏ J∏
A. B]∂Ø∫ B. ¬Øı£ı∂
C. ©∏zx¡∫ D. £¯h√µ∫
8. B[QªU Q«UQ¢vØ ¡oPUS £Æ£ı¥US (¨Æ¯£)
AŒzu ¡∏h Szu¯P
A. £ 10 B. £ 20
C. £ 30 D. £ 40
9. §ˆµg_U Q«UQ¢vØ ¡oPU S C¡∂fl u¯ª¯©∞fl
Rà A¯©UP®£mhx
A. §µıfl]Ï P˜µıfl B. Pı¿£∫m
C. i≥®˜Õ D. C¡∫PŒ¿ G¡∏Æ C¿¯ª
10. ©ª£ı∫ PhÿP¯µ∞¿ E“Õ ©ıӯخ §ˆµg_UPıµ∫P“
ˆ£ÿ” Bsk
A. 1725 B. 1735
C. 1715 D. 1745
II. ˜Pıimh Ch[P¯Õ |µ®P
1. I˜µı®§Ø∫P“ _______________ ¡µ vØ Ph¿¡»∞¯⁄U
Psk§iUP ¨Øfl”⁄∫.
13

2. vØ Ph¿ ¡»P“ Psk§i®£v¿ ¨fl˜⁄ıiØıPz
vPâu¡∫ ____________ B¡ı∫P“.
3. C¢vØı¬¿ ¨u¿ ˜£ı∫a_UR]Ø B–{µıP ¬Õ[QØ¡∫
____________.
4. ¬\Ø{Pµ Aµ_hfl ufl E”¯¡® £ª®£kzvØ¡∫ _________
B¡∫.
5. \v J»®§¿ A¿˜£ıfl\ı A¿P∫US ____________
§µ¬ÿS ¨fl˜⁄ıiØıPz vPâuı∫.
6. 1609&BÆ Bsk ____________ Gfl›hzv¿ ha_UPıµ∫
PŒfl ¨u¿ ˜Pım¯h Pmh®£mhx.
7. \∫ uı©Ï ˜µı ____________ ©fl⁄∂fl Aµ\¯¡∞¿ ≠fl÷
BskP“ u[Q⁄ı∫.
8. ˆ\∞flm ·ı∫‰ ˜Pım¯h ____________ Gfl›hzv¿
Pmh®£mhx.
9. £v⁄ıflPıÆ ø∞∞fl ˆ£ı∏Õıuıµ B˜ªı\P∫ ____________
B¡ı∫.
10. `µzv¿ ¨u¿ §ˆµg_ ¡oPzuªzv¯⁄ A¯©zu¡∫
____________ B¡ı∫.
III. §fl¡∏¡⁄¡ÿ¯”® ˆ£ı∏zxP
A
1. ©ı∫U˜Pı ˜£ı˜ªı &--& }ªUPh¿ ˆPı“¯P
2. \ı©∂fl && C¢vØı¬ÿSU Ph¿¡»
3. §µıfl]ϘPı i A¿hı && £ıµ^P ¡¯ÕShı
4. B∫©_ x¯”¨PÆ && ˆ¡¤_ ¡∫zuP∫
5. ¡ıϘPıh Pı©ı && ˜Pı»UTmifl Aµ\∫
14

B
1. ha_UPıµ∫ && ˜£ı∫a_UR]Ø CÕ¡µ]
2. CµshıÆ \ı∫ªÏ && ¡ı\¯⁄® ˆ£ı∏“ wƒP“
3. AÆ£ı∞⁄ı £kˆPı¯ª && P¡∫⁄∫ & ˆ·⁄µ¿
4. §µıfl]Ï P˜µıfl && §ˆµg_ u¯ª¯©∞hÆ
5. £ısia˜\∂ && 1623
IV. _∏UP©ıP ¬¯hØŒUPƒÆ
1. I˜µı®§Ø \¢¯uPŒ¿ ˆ£∂xÆ ˜u¯¡®£mh C¢vØ
¡oP® ˆ£ı∏mPŒfl ˆ£Ø∫P¯ÕU S‘®§kP.
2. PıflÏhıfli˜{ı§Œfl √Ãa] I˜µı®§Ø ¡oP∫P¯Õ
G∆¬uÆ £ıvzux?
3. CÕ¡µ\∫ ˆÌfl‘ ""©ıæ ˆÌfl‘'' G⁄ A¯«UP®
£k¡˜ufl?
4. £ı∫zu˜ªı˜Øı hØÏ £ÿ‘ J∏ S‘®z u∏P.
5. \ı©∂fl ˜£ı∫a_UR]دµ Hfl uıUQ⁄ı∫?
6. }ªUPh¿ ˆPı“¯P Gfl”ı¿ Gfl⁄?
7. C¢vØı¬¿ ˜£ı∫a_UR]Ø ¡oPz uª[PŒfl ˆ£Ø∫P¯ÕU
S‘®§kP.
8. ha_UPıµ∫PŒfl ¨UQØ ˜{ıUP[P“ Øı¯¡?
9. ha_UPıµ∫PŒfl ¡oPz uª[P¯ÕU S‘®§kP.
10. ha_UPıµ∫PŒfl √Ãa]UPı⁄ Pıµn[P“ Øı¯¡?
11. "§µıfl]Ï ˜h'' £ÿ‘ ]÷ S‘®z u∏P.
12. C¢vØı¬º∏¢u B[Q˜ªØ∂fl ¡oPz uª[P¯ÕU
S‘®§kP.
15

13. C¢vØı¬¿ B[Q˜ªØ∫ A¯©zu ¨UQØ ˜Pım¯hPŒfl
ˆ£Ø∫P¯ÕU S‘®§kP.
14. £ısia˜\∂ G∆¬uÆ §ˆµg_UPıµ∫PŒfl u¯ª¯©∞h
©ıQØx?
15. i≥®˜Õ £ÿ‘ E©US Gfl⁄ ˆu∂≤Æ?
V. ¬∂¡ı⁄ ¬¯h u∏P
1. ˜£ı∫a_UR]Ø∫ C¢vØı¬¿ u©x ¡oPzuª[P¯Õ
G∆¡ı÷ A¯©zxU ˆPısh⁄∫?
2. A¿˜£ıfl\ı i A¿P∫US ˜£ı∫a_UP¿æUSÆ C¢vØ∫
P–USÆ Bÿ‘Ø ˆuısi¯⁄U S‘®§kP.
3. C¢vØı¬¿ ˜£ı∫a_UR]Ø∂fl BvUPÆ √Ãa]دhØU
Pıµn[P“ Øı¯¡?
4. B[Q˜ªØ∫ C¢vØı¬¿ G∆¬uÆ uÆ ¡oPzuª[P¯Õ
|÷¬⁄∫?
VI. ˆ\¥¨¯”® £∞ÿ]
1. C¢vØ ¡¯µ£hzv¿ ˜£ı∫a_UR]Ø∫, ha_UPıµ∫,
B[Q˜ªØ∫ ©ÿ÷Æ §ˆµg_UPıµ∫ BQ˜Øı∂fl ¡oP
¯©Ø[P¯ÕU S‘UPƒÆ.
2. ¡ıϘPıh Pı©ı C¢vØı¬ÿS ¡¢u Ph¿¡»
©ı∫UPz¯u EªP®£hzv¿ S‘®§mkU PımhƒÆ.
16

£ıhÆ & 2
C¢vØı¬¿ B[Q˜ªØ∫ Bm]
|÷¡®£kuæÆ Aufl ¬∂¡ıUP¨Æ
Pÿ”¿ ˜{ıUP[P“
1. ©ın¡∫ C¢vØı¬¿ B[Q˜ªØ∏USÆ §ˆµg_UPıµ∫
P–USÆ 18&BÆ °ÿ”ısi¿ {h¢u ˜©ıu¿P¯ÕU
Pÿ”¿.
2. ©ın¡∫ C¢vØı¬¿ B[Q˜ªØ∫ BvUPÆ ¡Õ∫¢u
¬uÆ £ÿ‘Ø A‘¬¯⁄® ˆ£÷u¿.
3. ©ın¡∫ P∫{ıhP, ¯©`∫ ©ÿ÷Æ ©µızvØ® ˜£ı∫PŒfl
Pıµn[P“, A®˜£ı∫PŒfl ¬¯ÕƒP“ £ÿ‘ Aª_u¿.
4. ©ın¡∫ ¡[PıÕzv¿ B[Q˜ªØ∫ BvUPÆ ¡Õ∫¢u¯uz
ˆu∂¢x ˆPı“–u¿.
5. ©ın¡∫ C¢vØı¬¿ B[Q˜ªØ∫ BvUPÆ
¬∂¡¯h¢u¯u® ∂¢x ˆPı“–u¿.
6. ©ın¡∫ ˆ¡¿ˆªÏº §µ¬fl x¯n®£¯hz
vmhz¯u® £ÿ‘Ø A‘¬¯⁄® ˆ£”¿.
7. ©ın¡∫ ˆ£fli[ §µ¬fl \≠Pa ^∫v∏zu[P¯Õ®
£ÿ‘U Pÿ”¿.
8. ©ın¡∫ h¿ˆÌÕ] §µ¬fl ¡ı∂_ C«®U ˆPı“¯P
(Doctorine of Lapse) G∆¬uÆ B[Qª Aµ]fl
¬∂¡ıUPzvÿS Eu¬Øx Gfl£¯u A‘u¿.
18&BÆ °ÿ”ısi¿ B[Q˜ªØ∏Æ, §ˆµg_UPıµ∫
P–Æ, ˜£ı∫a_UR]دµ≤Æ ha_UPıµ∫P¯Õ≤Æ C¢vØı¬¿
C∏¢x ˆ¡Œ˜Øÿ÷¡v¿ ˆ¡ÿ‘ Psh⁄∫. I˜µı®§Ø∏hfl
B⁄ C¢vØ ¡oPzv¿ B[Q˜ªØ∏Æ §ˆµg_UPıµ∫P–Æ
17

˜©˜ªı[Q |fl”⁄∫. C∆¬∏{ımi⁄∏Æ C¢vØı¬fl £ª
Ch[PŒ¿ uÆ ¡oPz uª[P¯Õ |÷¬⁄∫. ˆ£∏Æ£ıªı⁄
A∆¡oPz uª[P“ PhÿP¯µ¯Ø JmiØ £SvPŒ¿
A¯©¢v∏¢u⁄. ¡oPzvfl ≠ªÆ Q¯hzu ˆ£∏Æ Cªı£Æ
A∆¬∏{ımh¡∂¯h˜Ø ˜£ımi¯Ø≤Æ, ß\¯ª≤Æ
E∏¡ıUQØx. Au⁄ı¿ A¡∫P–US“ AiUPi Pk¯©Øı⁄
\s¯hP–Æ Hÿ£mh⁄. A®˜£ı∫PŒ¿ B[Qª® §ˆµg_
Aµ_P“ uÆ {ımk ¡oPU S UP–US Buµƒ AŒzu⁄.
1707&BÆ Bsk JÕµ[P^®§fl ©¯”¬ÿS® §fl
¨PªıØ® ˜£µµ_ ]u÷shx. 1645 ¨u¿ ]¡ı‚∞fl
¬hı¨Øÿ]Øı¿ A¯©UP®£mh ©µızvØ® ˜£µµ_
•Ë¡ıUP“ u¯ª¯©∞¿ C¢vØı¬fl ˜©ÿS® £Sv∞¿
£µ¢x ¬∂¢ux. 1724&¿ |\ıÆ E¿¨¿U Gfl”¯«UP®£mh
A\®·ı uUPın®£Sv∞¿ Iuµı£ız Aµ¯\ |÷¬⁄ı∫.
1740&¿ Aº¡∫vPıfl ¡[PıÕzvfl _u¢vµ {¡ı£ıPz ufl¯⁄
A‘¬zxU ˆPıshı∫. B∫UPım¯hz u¯ª{PµıPU ˆPısk
\ıuzx¿ªı Pıfl (Saadatullah Khan, 1710 & 1732) P∫{ıhP®
£Sv∞fl {¡ı£ı⁄ı∫. A¡∏US® §fl Bm] ˆ\¥u¡∏Æ
A¡∏¯hØ ©∏©P›©ı⁄ ˜uıÏz Aº ©µızvØ∫PÕı¿
1740&¿ {h¢u ˜£ı∂¿ ˆPı¿ª®£mhı∫. Iuµı£ız |\ı©ı⁄
A\®·ı v∏a]µı®£“Œ ¡¯µ ¡¢x Afl¡∏wflPıfl Gfl£
¡¯µ B∫UPımifl {¡ı£ıP |Øzuı∫. A¡∫ ©UP“
©zv∞¿ Pà ˆ£”¬¿¯ª. ©µızvØ∫PÕı¿ ]¯” ¯¡UP®
£mh ˜uıÏz Aº∞fl ©∏©P⁄ı⁄,
\¢uı\ıQ® 1748&¿
¬k¬UP®£mk Afl¡∏w›USz ˆuı¿¯ª ˆPıkzx
¡¢uı∫. E“{ımk® £ı¯ÕØUPıµ∫P–Æ PªPzv¿ Dk£mh
⁄∫. A¢u |¯ªØÿ” Aµ]Ø¿ |¯ª¯© B[Q˜ªØ¯µ≤Æ,
§ˆµg_U Pı∫P¯Õ≤Æ {Æ {ımk Aµ]Ø¿ ¬¡Pıµ[PŒ¿
u¯ª∞h ¯¡zux.
I. P∫{ıhP® ˜£ı∫P“
¨u¿ P∫{ıhP® ˜£ı∫ (1746 & 48) & Pıµn[P“ : I˜µı®§Ø
¡oPU S UPŒ¯h˜Ø Hÿ£mh ˜£ımi®£¯P 1742&¿
18

i≥®˜Õ
£ısia˜\∂∞fl
B–{µıP
|ØUP®£mhv
º∏¢x w¬µ©¯h¢ux. §ˆµg_UPıµ∫PŒfl |¯ª¯Ø
EØ∫zu i≥®˜Õ ¬∏Ƨ⁄ı∫. Aa\©ØÆ I˜µı®£ı¬¿
BÏv∂Ø ¡ı∂_∂¯©® ˜£ı∫ Hÿ£mhx. A®˜£ı∂¿
C[Qªı¢xÆ §µıfl_Æ Gv∫Gv∫ Ao∞¿ C∏¢u⁄.
A®˜£ı∫ C¢vØı¬æÆ Gvˆµıºzux. 1746&BÆ Bsk
B[Q˜ªØ∫ C¢vØı¬º∏¢u §ˆµg_UPıµ∫P“ ´x ˜£ı∫
ˆuıkzu⁄∫.
˜£ı∫ |PÃa]P“ : B[Q˜ªØ∫
u[P“ Phÿ£¯hz u¯ª¡∫
£ı∫ˆ⁄mifl Eu¬≤hfl C¢vØU
Phº¿ C∏¢u §ˆµg_U P®£¿
P¯ÕU ¯P®£ÿ‘⁄∫. i≥®˜Õ
ˆ©ı∑ÊØͺ∏¢u §ˆµg_
B–{µı⁄ ªı ß∫hıfl⁄ı¥¯\ (La-
Bourdonnais) Eu¬US A¯«zuı∫.
§ˆµg_U Phÿ£¯h ˆ\fl¯⁄z
Cµı£∫m Q¯Õ∆
x¯” ¨Pz¯u ¨ÿ÷¯P∞mhx.
i≥®˜Õ≤Æ ªı ß∫hıfl⁄ı¥_Æ C¯n¢x ˆ\fl¯⁄¯ØU
¯P®£ÿ‘⁄∫. ˆ\fl¯⁄¯Ø ´mP Afl¡∏wfl ©ıßÏPıfl
u¯ª¯©∞¿ P®ˆ£∂Ø £¯h ˆØıfl¯” A›®§⁄ı∫.
B⁄ı¿ A®ˆ£∏Æ £¯h¯ØU Pmk®£ık UP ]‘Ø
§ˆµg_® £¯h A¯hØı‘¿ {h¢u \s¯h∞¿ ˜uıÿPizux.
i≥®˜Õ B[Q˜ªØ∂fl ˆ\∞flm ˜h¬m ˜Pım¯h¯ØU
¯P®£ÿ” ˜©ÿˆPısh ¨Øÿ] ˜uı¿¬ A¯h¢ux.
CuÿQ¯h∞¿ I˜µı®£ı¬¿ BÏv∂Ø ¡ı∂_∂¯©® ˜£ı∫
J∏ ¨iƒUS ¡¢ux. G⁄˜¡ C¢vØı¬æÆ B[Q˜ªØ∏Æ
§ˆµg_UPıµ∫P–Æ uÆ \s¯h¯Ø |÷zvU ˆPısh⁄∫.
¬¯ÕƒP“ : 1748&BÆ Bsk A¥&ªı&\ı®˜£¿ (Aix-la-
Chapelle) G›Æ Ehfl£iU¯P BÏv∂Ø ¡ı∂_∂¯©®
˜£ı∏US J∏ ¨ÿ÷®“Œ ¯¡zux. Azxhfl ¨u¿
P∫{ıhP® ˜£ı∏Æ J∏ ¨iƒUS ¡¢ux. A∆ƒhfl
£iU¯P∞fl£i B[Q˜ªØ∫ ˆ\fl¯⁄¯Øz
v∏Æ£®
19

ˆ£ÿ”⁄∫. AuÿS® £vªıP A¡∫P“ ¡h Aˆ©∂UPı¬¿
C∏¢u ø∞Ï£∫U (Louisburg)¯P §µıfl]ÿS u¢u⁄∫.
Pmk®£ımkhfl ¨¯”ØıP \Æ£ÕÆ ˆ£ÿ÷
I˜µı®£ı¬¿ vuı¥ E∏¡ıUP®£mh •µ[QP¯ÕU
ˆPısk S¯”¢u GsoU¯P∞ªı⁄ £¯h√µ∫P“ Th
C¢vØ Aµ\∫PŒfl P® ˆ£∂Ø £¯h¯Ø≤Æ ˆ¡ÿ‘
ˆPı“Õ ¨i≤Æ Gfl£¯u ¨u¿ P∫{ıhP® ˜£ı∫
ˆ¡Œ®£kzvØx.
CµshıÆ P∫{ıhP® ˜£ı∫ (1748 & 1754) : C[Qªı¢x,
§µıfl_ BQØ {ıkPŒ¯h˜Ø C∏¢u £¯P≤n∫a]
I˜µı®£ı¬¿ ¨iƒUS ¡¢uıæÆ, C¢vØı¬¿ A∆¬∏
{ımk ¡oPU S UPŒ¯h˜Ø |ª¬Ø ˜£ımiz ˆuıh∫¢ux.
P∫{ıhP {¡ı®§fl £¯hP–US GvµıP i≥®˜Õ ˆ£ÿ”
ˆ¡ÿ‘ A¡∏US S¢u {ƧU¯P¯Ø≤Æ ˜£µı¯\¯Ø≤Æ
ˆPıkzux. §ˆµg_UPıµ∫PŒfl |¯ª¯Ø EØ∫zx¡˜u
i≥®˜Õ∞fl ˜{ıUP©ıP C∏¢ux. A¡∫ C¢vØ ©fl⁄∫P¯Õ
J∏¡˜µık J∏¡∫ ˜©ıu¬mhı∫. §ˆµg_UPıµ∫PŒfl
ˆ\¿¡ıUS ¡Õ∫a] ˆ£ÿ”¯uU Psh B[Q˜ªØ∫
Ga\∂U¯P≤Æ Aa\¨Æ ˆPısh⁄∫.
Pıµn[P“ : 1748&¿ Iuµı£ızvfl |\ıÆ Pıª©ı⁄ı∫.
Au¯⁄z ˆuıh∫¢x A¡∏¯hØ Cµshı¡x ©P⁄ı⁄
{ı]∫·[QÿSÆ, ˜£µ⁄ı⁄ ¨\ı£∫ ·[QÿSÆ C¯h˜Ø
¡ı∂_∂¯©® ˜£ı∫ Hÿ£mhx. P∫{ıhPzv¿ ˜uıÏz
Aº∞fl ©∏©P⁄ı⁄ \¢uı\ıQ® Afl¡∏w›US GvµıP
B∫UPık A∂دn¯Ø A¯hØ ¬∏Ƨ⁄ı∫. \¢uı
\ıQ®Æ, ¨\ı£∫·[SÆ ˜\∫¢xˆPısk §ˆµg_UPıµ∫
PŒfl Eu¬¯Ø {ıi⁄∫. G⁄˜¡ Afl¡∏w›Æ, {ı]∫·[SÆ
B[Q˜ªØ∂fl Eu¬¯Ø® ˆ£ÿ”⁄∫. Iuµı£ız ©ÿ÷Æ
B∫UPık A∂دnP¯ÕU ¯P®£ÿ÷¡v¿ Hÿ£mh \a\µ˜¡
˜£ı∏USU Pıµn©ıQØx.
˜£ı∂fl ˜£ıUS : 1749&¿ §ˆµg_® £¯hP“, \ı¢u\ıQ®
©ÿ÷Æ ¨\ı£∫·[ BQ˜Øı∂fl £¯hP–hfl C¯n¢x
20

BÆß∫ Gfl›hzv¿ Afl¡ı∏w¯⁄z ˜uıÿPizu⁄∫.
A®˜£ı∂¿ Afl¡ı∏wfl E∞∂«¢uı∫. A¡∏¯hØ ©Pfl
¨P©x Aº uÿPı®§ÿPıP v∏a]µı®£“ŒUSz u®§
Ki⁄ı∫. A[S A¡∫ B[Q˜ªØ∂hÆ \µn¯h¢uı∫.
\¢uı\ıQ® P∫{ıhP {¡ı£ı⁄ı∫. A¡∫ i≥®˜Õ∞fl
Eu¬USU ¯P©ı”ıP ¡ uıfi∫, ¬¿ºØfi∫
©ÿ÷Æ
£ısia˜\∂US A∏Qæ“Õ £ıT∫ BQØ Ch[P¯Õ®
§ˆµg_UPıµ∫P–US AŒzuı∫. §fl ¨P©x Aº¯Ø®
§i®£uÿPıP v∏a]µı® £“Œ¯Ø ˜{ıUQ® £¯hˆØkzuı∫.
B[Q˜ªØ∫ ¨P©x Aº∞fl Eu¬US ¡¢u⁄∫. B[QªU
Q«UQ¢vØ ¡oPU S ¬fl £¯hz u¯ª¡∫PŒ¿
J∏¡µı⁄ Cµı£∫m Q¯Õ∆ B∫UPım¯hz uıUS¡uÿS J∏
vmhÆ wmi⁄ı∫. Au¯⁄ B–{∫ \ısh∫Ï (SauVders)
Hÿ÷U ˆPıshı∫. A¡∫ Q¯Õ∆ ©ÿ÷Æ ˜©·∫ ªıµfl]fl
u¯ª¯©∞¿ £¯h Jfl¯” A›®§⁄ı∫. 1751¿ Q¯Õ∆
B∫UPım¯h AvP Gv∫®§fl‘ ¯P®£ÿ‘⁄ı∫. §ˆµg_®
£¯hP¯Õ≤Æ, \¢uı\ıQ®¯£≤Æ A¡∫ Bµo, Pı˜¡∂®
£ıUPÆ BQØ Ch[PŒ¿ ˜uıÿPizuı∫. B[Q˜ªØ∂hÆ
\µn¯h¢u \¢uı\ı§fl u¯ª xsiUP®£mhx (1752).
i≥®˜Õ¡ı¿ v∏a]µı®£“Œ¯ØU ¯P®£ÿ” ¨iج¿¯ª.
1754&BÆ Bsk §µıfl_ A¡¯µz v∏Æ£z ufl {ımkUS
A¯«zxU ˆPıshx. A¡∫ ˆ\fl”§fl CµshıÆ P∫{ıhP®
˜£ı∫ ¨i¡¯h¢ux.
G¤›Æ Iuµı£ızv¿ §ˆµg_UPıµ∫PŒfl |¯ª¯©
¡º¯©≤¯hØuıP˜¡ C∏¢ux. 1750¿ {ı]∫·[ ˆPı¯ª
≤shı∫. ¨\ı£∫ ·[ |·ı©ıP® ˆ£ı÷®˜£ÿ÷® §ˆµg_U
Pıµ∫P–US HµıÕ©ı⁄ \æ¯PP¯Õ ¡«[Q⁄ı∫. P∫{ıhP®
˜£ı∂¿ B∫UPım¯hU ¯P®£ÿ‘Øx B[Q˜ªØ∂fl P®
ˆ£∂Ø \ıu¯⁄ØıSÆ. G⁄˜¡ Q¯Õ∆ B∫UPımk √µ∫ Gfl÷
P«®£mhı∫.
¬¯ÕƒP“ : 1755¿ £ısia˜\∂ Ehfl£iU¯P ¯PˆØ z
uı∞ÿ÷. Aufl£i §ˆµg_UPıµ∫PŒfl £SvP“ A¡∫P–USz
v∏®§ AŒUP®£mh⁄. P∫{ıhP®£SvPŒ¿ B[Q˜ªØ∫
ˆ¡ÿ‘دh¢u⁄∫. Iuµı£ızv¿ ˆ·µ⁄¿ ÏÍ (General
Bussy) §ˆµg_a ˆ\¿¡ıU¯P® £ıxPızx ¡¢uı∫.
21

≠fl”ıÆ P∫{ıhP® ˜£ı∫ (1756 & 1763) Pıµn[P“ :
I˜µı®£ı¬¿ ˆ¡izu H«ısk® ˜£ı˜µ ≠fl”ıÆ P∫{ıhP®
˜£ı∏US Eh⁄iU Pıµn©ıP A¯©¢ux. C¢vØı¬¿
§ˆµg_® £SvPŒfl B–{µıPƒÆ ¨ufl¯©® £¯hz
uÕ£vØıPƒÆ Pƒsm&i&ªıº (Count-de-Lally) Gfl£¡¯µ,
§µıfl_ {ımk Aµ_ C¢vØıƒUS A›®§ ¯¡zux. A¡∫
C¢vØı ¡¢uƒhfl ˆ\∞flm ˜h¬m ˜Pım¯h¯Øz
uıUQ Au¯⁄U ¯P®£ÿ‘⁄ı∫. ˆ\fl¯⁄¯ØU ¯P®£ÿ”z
vmhmh A¡∫ Iuµı£ızvº∏¢u §ˆµg_z uÕ£v
ÏͯØz x¯nUS A¯«zuı∫. Ax P® ˆ£∂Ø u¡”ıP
¨i¢ux. ÏÍ Iuµı£ızvº∏¢x ˆ¡Œ˜Ø‘؃hfl
B[Q˜ªØ∫ ¡h \∫UPı∫ £SvP¯Õ ˆ¡fl÷ ¯P®£ÿ‘⁄ı∫.
Iuµı£ızvfl |\ıÆ \ªı£z ·[ B[Q˜ªØ∏hfl
˜\µ˜¡siØ PmhıØ |¯ªUSz u“Õ®£mhı∫. Au⁄ı¿
Iuµı£ızv¿ §ˆµg_UPıµ∫P“ uÆ Aµ]Ø¿ ˆ\¿¡ıU¯P
C«¢u⁄∫. §ˆµg_z uÕ£vPÕı⁄ ªıº¯Ø≤Æ,
ÏͯØ≤Æ B[Q˜ªØ∫ £k˜uı¿¬ A¯hØa ˆ\¥u⁄∫.
1761&BÆ Bsk £ısia˜\∂¯Ø≤Æ Th §ˆµg_UPıµ∫P“
B[Q˜ªØ∂hÆ J®£¯hzu⁄∫.
¬¯ÕƒP“ : ≠fl”ıÆ P∫{ıhP® ˜£ı∫ 1763&BÆ Bsk £ı∂_
Ehfl£iU¯P ≠ªÆ ¨iƒUS ¡¢ux. Aufl£i §ˆµg_U
Pıµ∫P“ C¤ ˜Pım¯hP¯Õ® £ª®£kzuUThıx Gfl”
|£¢u¯⁄∞fl ˜£∂¿ £ısia˜\∂, Pı¯µUPı¿ ©ÿ÷Æ
§ˆµg_UPıµ∫P–USa ˆ\ı¢u©ı⁄ Cuµ £SvP“ ´skÆ
A¡∫PŒhÆ J®£¯hUP®£mh⁄. C¢vØı¬¿ §ˆµg_U
Pıµ∫PŒfl ˜£µ¡ı¬ÿS ≠fl”ıÆ P∫{ıhP® ˜£ı∫ J∏
¨ÿ÷®“Œ ¯¡zux.
B[Q˜ªØ∂fl ˆ¡ÿ‘UPı⁄ Pıµn[P“ : (1) §ˆµg_UPıµ∫
P–hfl J®§k¯P∞¿ B[Q˜ªØ∂fl |v |¯ª¯©
˜©fl¯©≤¯hØuıPU Pın®£mhx, (2) §∂miË Aµ_ u©x
¡oPU S ¬ÿS® ˜£ıx©ı⁄ Eu¬¯Ø AŒzux˜£ı¿
§ˆµg_ Aµ_ AŒUP¬¿¯ª, (3) §ˆµg_UPıµ∫P¯Õ ¬h
B[Q˜ªØ∫P“ ]”®£ı⁄ ¡oP ¡\vP¯Õ® ˆ£ÿ‘∏¢u⁄∫,
(4) C[Qªı¢x §µıfl¯\ ¬h P EØ∫¢u Ph¿ ¡º¯©
22

¯Ø® ˆ£ÿ‘∏¢ux, (5) B[Qª® £¯hzuÕ£vPŒ¯h˜Ø
{¿ª Jÿ÷¯© |ª¬Øx, (6) C[Qªı¢v¿ A¯©v
|ª¬Øuı¿ B[Q˜ªØ∫ C¢vØ ¬¡Pıµ[PŒ¿ ¨ U
P¡⁄z¯u≤Æ ˆ\æzv⁄∫, (7) ]”¢u B–{µı⁄ i≥®˜Õ∞fl
˜\¯¡ C¢vØı¬¿ ˜u¯¡®£mh PıªPmhzv¿ A¡∫
v∏Æ£ A¯«UP®£mhxÆ A¡∏US® §fl ¡¢u¡∫
i≥®˜Õ¯Ø® ˜£ı¿ v”¯©≤¯hØ¡µıP ¬Õ[PıuxÆ
§ˆµg_UPıµ∫PŒfl ˜uı¿¬USU Pıµn[PÕıP A¯©¢u⁄.
II. ¡[PıÕzv¿ B[Q˜ªØ∫ BvUP ¡Õ∫a]
Aº¡∫vPıfl 1740¿ ufl›¯hØ _u¢vµzv¯⁄ A‘¬z
uı∫. A¡∫ ¡[PıÕzvfl {¡ı® B⁄ı∫. 1756¿ Aº¡∫vPıfl
©¯”ƒUS® §fl A¡∏¯hØ ˜£µfl ]µı‰&Ez&ˆuÕªı
ufl›¯hØ 24¡x ¡Øv¿ ¡[PıÕzvfl {¡ı® B⁄ı∫. A¡∫
Bm]US ¡¢u ]‘x PıªzvÿS“ÕıP˜¡ ¡[PıÕzv¿
A¡∏USÆ B[Q˜ªØ∏USÆ C¯h˜Ø \a\µƒP“ ˜uıfl‘⁄.
§Õı]®˜£ı∫ & Pıµn[P“ : B[Q˜ªØ∫ ¡[PıÕzvº∏¢u
¬¿ºØÆ ˜Pım¯h¯Ø® £ª®£kzx¡¯u |÷zx©ı÷
]µı‰&Ez&ˆuÕªı Ezuµ¬mhı∫. B⁄ı¿ B[Q˜ªØ∫
˜Pım¯h¯Ø® x®§zu¿ £o¯Ø |÷zu ©÷zu⁄∫. G⁄˜¡
{¡ı® Pı]Æ£·ı∂º∏¢u B[Qª ¡oPz uªzv¯⁄z
uıUQ⁄ı∫. §fl ¬¿ºØÆ ˜Pım¯h¯ØU ¯P®£ÿ‘⁄ı∫.
¨UQØ©ı⁄ B[Qª A桪∫ £ª∫ E∞∫ u®§⁄∫. G¤›Æ
146 ˜£∫P“ ¯PvPÕıP ]¯”§iUP®£mh⁄∫. A¡∫P“
A¯⁄¡¯µ≤Æ ]µı‰ Pa]‘Ø A¯” Jfl‘¿ ¯¡zx
A¯hUP®£mhuıPU T”®£kQ”x. 1756&BÆ ¡∏hÆ ·¸fl
©ıuÆ 20&BÆ {ı“ A¡∫PŒ¿ 123 ˜£∫ ≠a_zvn‘
C”¢uuıPƒÆ 23 ˜£∫ ©mk˜© E∞∫ §¯«zuuıPƒÆ
T”®£kQ”x. C¢u |PÃa] C∏mh¯” xصa \Æ£¡Æ (Black
Hole Tragedy) Gfl÷ B[Qª ¡µªıÿ÷ A‘b∫PÕı¿
¡∫oUP®£kQ”x.
Aa\Æ£¡zv¯⁄U ˜P“¬≤ÿ” ˆ\fl¯⁄∞º∏¢u
B[Q˜ªØ∫, Cµı£∫m Q¯Õ∆ ©ÿ÷Æ Phÿ£¯hz uÕ£v
23

¡ım\fl (Admiral Watson) BQ˜Øı∫ u¯ª¯©∞¿, J∏ Eu¬®
£¯h¯Ø ¡[PıÕzvÿS A›®§ ¯¡zu⁄∫. ]µı‰&Ez&
ˆuÕªı¬fl ¨ufl¯©® £¯hzuÕ£vØı⁄ ´∫ ·ı£∏hfl
Q¯Õ∆ J∏ CµP]Ø Ehfl£iU¯P¯Øa ˆ\¥x ˆPısk
{¡ı¯£ Gv∫ˆPı“Õz uØıµı⁄ı∫.
|PÃa]P“ : 1757&BÆ Bsk ·¸fl ©ıuÆ 23&BÆ {ı“
{¡ı§fl u¯ª{Pµı⁄ ¨∫Êuı£ızxUS A∏Q¿ C∏¢u
§Õı]¯Ø ˜{ıUQ Q¯Õ∆ ¨fl˜⁄‘⁄ı∫. u¯ª¯©z
uÕ£vØı⁄ ´∫ ·ı£∏hfl Q¯Õ∆ ˆ\¥x ˆPısh CµP]Ø
Ehfl£iU¯P∞fl£i A¡∫ B[Q˜ªØ∏US GvµıP ˜£ı∂¿
Dk£h¬¿¯ª. {¡ı®§fl £¯h√µ∫P“ ˜£ı∫UPÕzvº∏¢x
u®§ Ki⁄∫. §fl⁄∫ {¡ıÆ ˆPı¿ª®£mhı∫. Q¯Õ¬fl
¡ıUS÷v∞fl£i ´∫·ı£∫ ¡[PıÕzv¿ {¡ı® B⁄ı∫.
§Õı]∞¿ {h¢ux J∏ ]÷ ¯PPª®˜£ u¬µ Ax J∏ ˜£ı∫
A¿ª. G¤›Æ ¬¯ÕƒP¯Õ® ˆ£ı÷zu¡¯µ C¢vØ
¡µªıÿ‘¿ §Õı]®˜£ı∫ S¢u ¨UQØzx¡Æ ˆ£ÿ”uıPU
P∏u®£kQ”x. Hˆ⁄¤¿ C¢vØı¬¿ B[Q˜ªØ∫ Bm]
Pı¿ Ffl” A®˜£ı∫ ¡»¡Szux.
¬¯ÕƒP“
: vØ {¡ı§h∏¢x B[Q˜ªØ∫ ˆ£∏Æ
ˆuı¯P¯Ø® ˆ£ÿ”⁄∫. B[Qª ¡oPU S 24 £∫Pı⁄ıU
P¯Õ≤Æ ˆ£ÿ”x. ´∫·ı£∫ Q¯Õ∆¬fl ¯P®ˆ£ıƯ©ØıP
©ı‘⁄ı∫. A¡∂hÆ G¢u AvPıµ¨Æ C¿¯ª. {ıÕ¯h¬¿
A¡µı¿ B[Q˜ªØ∂fl ˜u¯¡P¯Õ® ß∫zv ˆ\¥ØƒÆ
¨iج¿¯ª. G⁄˜¡ 1760¿ A¡∫ £u¬∞º∏¢x ¬ªSÆ
£i PmhıØ®£kzu®£mhı∫. §fl A¡∏¯hØ ©∏©P⁄ı⁄
´∫Pı]Æ ¡[PıÕzvfl vØ {¡ı£ıP |ØUP®£mhı∫.
ˆ¡S¬¯µ¬¿ ´∫Pı]©ıæÆ B[Q˜ªØ∂fl ˆ£∏Q ¡¢uz
˜u¯¡P¯Õ® ß∫zv ˆ\¥Ø Cتı©¿ ˜£ı⁄x.
£U\ı∫ ˜£ı∫ (1764) Pıµn[P“ : ´∫Pı]Æ CÕ¯©≤Æ,
xi®Æ, ˜£µı∫¡¨Æ E¯hØ Bm]ØıÕ∫. A¡∫ _u¢vµ
©ıPa ˆ\Ø¿£h ¬∏Ƨ⁄ı∫. ufl u¯ª{P¯µU ˆPı¿Pzuı¬¿
C∏¢x ˆ¡S ˆuı¯ª¬º∏¢u ©ı[R∫ (Manghir) Gfl›Æ
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24

ˆ¡Œ{ımk® £∞ÿ]ØıÕ∫P¯Õ ˜¡¯ªUS A©∫zv⁄ı∫.
G⁄˜¡ B[Q˜ªØ∏USÆ {¡ıUS¯h˜Ø \a\µƒ
Hÿ£mhx. B[Q˜ªØ∫ A¡¯µ® £u¬∞º∏¢x C”UP
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A¯h¢u⁄∫.
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£U\ı∫ ˜£ı∫ J∏ ¨iƒUS ¡¢ux. A∆ƒhfl£iU¯P∞fl£i
A˜Øızv, _·ı&Ez&ˆuÕªı¬ÿSz v∏®§ AŒUP®£mhx.
B⁄ı¿ A¡∫ ˜£ı∫ C«®•mkz ˆuı¯PØıP 50 ªm\Æ π£ı¥
B[Q˜ªØ∏US AŒUP˜¡si∞∏¢ux. B[Qª®£¯h
Jfl¯” A˜Øızv∞fl £ıxPı®§ÿPıP |÷zu ˜¡siØ
PmhıØzvÿS _·ı&Ez&ˆuÕªı E“ÕıUP®£mhı∫. ˜Pıµı,
AªPı£ız BQØ ©ı¡mh[P“ Âı BªzvÿS AŒUP®
£mh⁄. A¡∫ ¡[PıÕÆ, •Pı∫, K∂\ı BQØ £SvPŒ¿
C∏¢x |ª¡∂ ¡`¿ ˆ\¥≤Æ E∂¯©¯Ø (v¡ı¤ E∂¯©)
B[Q˜ªØ∏US AŒzuı∫. AuÿS DhıP A¡∫ BskUS 26
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¡[PıÕzv¿ ˆ£ÿ” ˆ¡ÿ‘∞⁄ı¿ Q¯Õ∆
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A¡∫ B[Qª Bm]¯Ø ¡[PıÕzvæÆ uUPınzvæÆ
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¡[PıÕzvfl |∫¡ıP® ˆ£ı÷® {¡ı§h¨Æ AvPıµÆ
B[Q˜ªØ∂hzvæÆ C∏¢ux. G¢u AvPıµ¨Æ C¿ªıu
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25

III. ¯©`∫ ˜£ı∫P“
Iu∫ Aº : Iu∫ Aº 1721&BÆ Bsk §”¢uı∫. A¡∏¯hØ
u¢¯u ¯©`∫ Aµ\∂fl £¯h®§∂ƒ u¯ª¡µı¡ı∫ (˜£‰uı∫
Faujdar).
Iu∫ Aº ufl ¡ıÃU¯P¯Ø J∏ \ıuıµn® £¯h
√µµıPz ˆuıh[Q⁄ı∫. Iu∫ £i®£‘¡ÿ”¡ˆµ¤›Æ E÷v≤Æ
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¯©`∂fl ©fl⁄∫ C”¢u˜£ıx Iu∫ ufl¯⁄ {ımifl
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¨u¿ ¯©`∫ ˜£ı∫ (1767 & 1769) &
Pıµn[P“ : Iu∫ Aº ufl £¯h∞¿
§ˆµg_ √µ∫P¯Õ≤Æ ˜\∫zx® £¯h
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C¢vØı¬fl £ª £SvP¯ÕU ¯P®£ÿ‘
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Aº∞fl ˜¡P©ı⁄ ¡Õ∫a] ©µızvØ∫,
Iuµı£ız |\ıÆ ©ÿ÷Æ B[Q˜ªØ∂fl
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A¯©zx Iu∫ Aº ´x ˜£ı∫
Iu∫ Aº
A‘¬zu⁄∫. Iu∫ u⁄x v”¯©Øı¿
©µızvدµ≤Æ |\ı¯©≤Æ ˆ¡ÿ‘ ˆPıshı∫. B⁄ı¿ 1767¿
Ïz (Smith) Gfl” B[Qª® £¯hz uÕ£vØı¿ Iu∫ ˆ\[PÆ
©ÿ÷Æ v∏¡snı©¯ª∞¿ ˜uıÿPiUP®£mhı∫. A˜u
˜{µzv¿ Iu∫ Aº∞fl ©P⁄ı⁄ v® _¿uıfl ufl
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B[Q˜ªØ∫ \©ıuı⁄ Ehfl£iU¯P∞¯⁄a ˆ\¥x ˆPı“Õ
˜¡siØuı∞ÿ÷.
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: 1769¿ Hÿ£mh ©uµı_ (ˆ\fl¯⁄) Ehfl
£iU¯P≤hfl ˜£ı∫ ¨i¡¯h¢ux. Aufl£i Iu∏Æ
26

B[Q˜ªØ∏Æ ˜£ı∂¿ uıÆ ¯P®£ÿ‘Ø Ch[P¯Õz v∏®§
AŒzu⁄∫. Iu∫ Aº∞fl Gv∂PÕı⁄ |\ı¨Æ, ©µızvØ∫
P–Æ ¯©`¯µz uıUQ⁄ı¿ Iu∏US Euƒ¡uıP B[Q˜ªØ∫
J®U ˆPısh⁄∫.
CµshıÆ ¯©`∫ ˜£ı∫ (1780 & 1784) & Pıµn[P“ : 1771¿
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£iU¯P∞fl£i B[Q˜ªØ∫ Iu∫ Aº∞fl Eu¬US ¡µ
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دµz uıUS¡uÿPı⁄ \¢u∫®£z¯u Gv∫˜{ıUQ∞∏¢uı∫.
Iu∫ Aº∞fl £Sv∞º∏¢u §ˆµg_USa ˆ\ı¢u©ı⁄
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Bsk B[Q˜ªØ∫ ´x ˜£ı∫ A‘¬zuı∫. A¡∫
P∫{ıhPzv¿ B[Qª®£¯h¯Øz ˜uıÿPizuı∫. A®£Sv
A¡∂hÆ \µn¯h¢ux. P∫{ıhPzvfl ˆ£∏Æ £Sv¯Ø Iu∫
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Bsk Iu∫ Aº ÿ÷˜{ıØı¿ ©µn©¯h¢uı∫. B⁄ı¿
A¡µx ©Pfl v® _¿uıfl Akzu C∏ ¡∏h[P“
B[Q˜ªØ∏hfl ˆuıh∫¢x ˜£ı∂mhı∫.
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©[P—∫ Ehfl£iU¯P ≠ªÆ A®
˜£ı∫ ¨i¡¯h¢ux. A®˜£ı∂¿
C∏uµ®§⁄∏Æ uıÆ ¯P®£ÿ‘Ø
Ch[P¯Õz v∏Æ£® ˆ£ÿ÷U
ˆPı“¡x G⁄ƒÆ ]¯”§iUP®£mh
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G∆¬u ¬¯ÕƒP–Æ Cfl‘
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v® _¿uıfl
≠fl”ı¡x ¯©`∫ ˜£ı∫ : Pıµfl ¡ıºÏ §µ (1786 & 1793)
¡[PıÕzvfl u¯ª¯© B–⁄µıP 1786&BÆ Bsk ˆ£ı÷®
27

˜£ÿ”ı∫. A¡∏US B[Qª® £¯hPŒfl ¨ufl¯©z
u¯ª¯©® ˆ£ı÷®Æ ¡«[P®£mhx. A¡∫ ≠fl”ı¡x
¯©`∫ ˜£ı∂¿ v®ƒUS GvµıP® ˜£ı∂mhı∫.
Pıµn[P“ : B[Q˜ªØ∫ |\ı¨h›Æ,
©µızvØ∏h›Æ u[P“ E”¯¡ ˜©Æ
£kzv⁄∫. A˜u ˜{µzv¿ v® ufl
¡Õ[P¯Õ® ˆ£∏UQØxhfl §ˆµg_U
Pıµ∫PŒfl Eu¬¯Ø≤Æ ˆ£ÿ”ı∫. v®
1789&BÆ Bsk B[Q˜ªØ∂fl {m
{ıhı⁄
v∏¬uı[T¯µz
(Travancore)
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Pıµfl¡ıºÏ
£¯hP–˜© ˆ¡ÿ‘z ˜uı¿¬P¯Õ
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¬¯ÕƒP“ : v® B[Q˜ªØ∏hfl ^µ[P®£mi⁄ Ehfl
£iU¯P¯Øa ˆ\¥x ˆPıshı∫. Aufl ¬¯Õ¡ıP ufl
{ımifl £ıv¯Øz v® B[Q˜ªØ∏USU ˆPıkUP
˜{∂mhx. ©ª£ı∫, ShS®£Sv, vskUP¿, £ıµ©Pı¿ (uÿ
˜£ı¯uØ D˜µık, ˜\ªÆ) BQØ £SvP“ B[Q˜ªØ∏USU
ˆPıkUP®£mh⁄. Ax ©mkfl‘ ≠fl÷ ˜Pıi π£ı¯Ø®
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v® uÆ C∏ u¿¡∫P¯Õ≤Æ §¯nU ¯PvPÕıP
B[Q˜ªØ∂hÆ J®£¯hUSÆ£i ˜{∂mhx.
{ıflPıÆ ¯©`∫ ˜£ı∫ (1799) & Pıµn[P“ : ^µ[P®£mi⁄Æ
Ehfl£iU¯P∞⁄ı¿ v® ©ÿ÷Æ B[Q˜ªØ∂¯h˜Ø
A¯©v Hÿ£h¬¿¯ª. v® ˆ¡¿ˆªÏº §µ¬fl
x¯n®£¯hz vmhz¯u Hÿ÷U ˆPı“Õ ©÷zuı∫. A¡∫
B[Q˜ªØ¯µ® £»¡ı[P Gso⁄ı∫. G⁄˜¡ Pıß¿,
PıflÏhıfli˜{ı§“, A˜µ§Øı ©ÿ÷Æ §µıfl_ BQØ
{ıkP–USz ufl yx¡∫P¯Õ A›®§ v® Eu¬
˜Pı∂⁄ı∫. v®¬fl {h¡iU¯PP¯Õ A‘¢u ˆ¡¿ˆªÏº
§µ Eh⁄iØıP 1799¿ v®¬ÿˆPvµıP® ˜£ı∫ ˆuıkzuı∫.
28

uÕ£v Ïl¡∫k, uÕ£v Ìı∂Ï BQ˜Øıµı¿ v®
˜uı¿¬¯Øz u ¡ ˜¡siØuı∞ÿ÷. ˆ¡¿ˆªÏº
^µ[P®£mi⁄z¯u ¨ÿ÷¯P∞mh˜£ıx v® P √µ©ıP
˜£ı∂mkÆ ˜£ı∂¿ E∞∫ x”UP ˜{∂mhx.
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Aµ_hfl C¯nzxU ˆPısh⁄∫. ¯©`∂fl ©zvØ®£Sv
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v®¬fl SkÆ£Æ ^µ[P®£mi⁄zvº∏¢x APÿ”®£mk
˜¡ø∫a ]¯”US A›®£®£mhx.
IV. x¯n®£¯hz vmh¨Æ
B[Q˜ªØ∫ BvUP ¬∂¡ıUP¨Æ
ˆ¡¿ˆªÏº §µ C¢vØı¬fl
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|÷¡⁄©ıP C∏¢u Q«US C¢vØ
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£kzu A¡∫ ≠fl÷ ¨¯”P¯ÕU
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£¯hz vmhÆ, (2) ˜£ı∂fl ≠ªÆ {ıkP¯ÕU ¯P®£ÿ÷u¿,
(3) {ıkP¯Õ C¯nzu¿ BSÆ. C¡ÿ‘¿ x¯n®£¯hz
vmhz¯u® £ÿ‘ C[S A‘¢x ˆPı“˜¡ıÆ. {m¨¯”∞¿
B[Q˜ªØ∏hfl Ehfl£iU¯Pa ˆ\¥x ˆPı“–©ı÷ C¢vØ
Aµ_P¯Õ ˆ¡¿ˆªÏº ˜¡si⁄ı∫. A∆¡ı÷ Ehfl
£iU¯P∞¿ ˜\∫¢u Aµ_P“ RÃUPsh |£¢u¯⁄P¯Õ®
§fl£ÿ” ˜¡skˆ©⁄ ¡ÿ÷zu®£mh⁄. A¯¡P“ :
1. B[Q˜ªØ∂fl ˜©ªıs¯©¯Ø Hÿ÷U ˆPı“–u¿,
2. B[Q˜ªØ∂fl §µv|v J∏¡¯µ≤Æ B[Qªzx¯n®
£¯h¯Ø≤Æ u[P“ £Sv∞¿ ¯¡zxU ˆPı“–u¿,
29
ˆ¡¿ˆªÏº §µ

3. x¯n®£¯hP¯Õ® £µı©∂UP A∆¡µ_P“ ]ª
£SvP¯Õ B[Qª ¡oPU S ƒUSU ˆPıkzu¿,
4. x¯n®£¯hz vmhzv¿ ˜\∏Æ Aµ\∫P“ B[Q˜ª
دµz u¬µ ˜¡÷ G¢u I˜µı®§Ø∏h›Æ ˆuıh∫
¯¡zxU ˆPı“Õıv∏zu¿,
5. B[Qªz u¯ª¯© B–{∂fl A›©v∞fl‘ A∆
¡µ_P“ ©ÿ” Aµ_P–hfl G∆¬u ˜£a_¡ı∫z¯u∞æÆ
Dk£ku¿ Thıx,
6. C¢|£¢u¯⁄P–US Em£mh Aµ_P¯Õ ˆ¡Œz
uıUSuºº∏¢x B[Q˜ªØ∫ £ıxPı®£uıPƒÆ A¯¡
PŒfl E“ ¬¡Pıµ[PŒ¿ u¯ª∞k¡v¿¯ª G⁄ƒÆ
E÷vØŒzu⁄∫.
x¯n®£¯hz vmhzv¿ ˜\∫¢u {ıkP“ : 1. Iuµı£ız |\ıÆ
x¯n®£¯hz vmhz¯u ¨ufl ¨uº¿ Hÿ”ı∫. A¡∫
Ph®¯£, ˆ£¿ªı∂, A⁄¢u®ß∫ ©ÿ÷Æ P∫°¿ BQØ £Sv
P¯Õ B[Q˜ªØ∂hÆ J®£¯hzuı∫. (2) v® _¿uıfl
C”¢u §fl ¯©`∂fl Bm]¯Øz v∏Æ£® ˆ£ÿ” Q∏Ën
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Czvmhz¯u Hÿ÷ ˜µıÓ¿ Psm ©ÿ÷Æ ˜uı B® £Sv∞fl
ˆufl©ı¡mh[P¯Õ AŒzuı∫, (4) •Ë¡ı CµshıÆ £ı‚
µı∆ ©ÿ÷Æ A˜{P Cµı\zvµ ©fl⁄∫P–Æ x¯n®£¯hz
vmhz¯u Hÿ÷U ˆPısh⁄∫.
Czvmhzvfl ]”®P“ : (1) Czvmhzv⁄ı¿ B[Q˜ªØ∫
C¢vØı¬¿ ˜©ªıvUPÆ ˆ£ÿ”⁄∫, (2) B[Q˜ªØ∂fl
¡Õ¨Æ ˆ\¿¡ıUSÆ S¢u AÕ¬¿ ˆ£∏QØx, (3) C¢vØ
©fl⁄∫P¯Õ B[Q˜ªØ∫ uÆ Pmk®£ımifl Rà ¯¡zv∏UP
CzvmhÆ Eu¬Øx, (4) C¢vØ Aµ_PŒfl ˆ\ª¬¿
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CzvmhÆ Eu¬Øx, (5) Czvmhzv¯⁄ Hÿ” £ª C¢vØ
Aµ_P“ u[P“ {ımifl £ª £SvP¯Õ B[Q˜ªØ∏US
AŒzuuı¿ B[Qª® ˜£µµ]fl G¿¯ªP“ ¬∂¡¯h¢u⁄.
31

S¯”P“ : (1) Czvmhzv¯⁄ Hÿ” _˜u\ Aµ_P“ u[P“
©v®¯£≤Æ ˆ\¿¡ıU¯P≤Æ C«¢u⁄, (2) x¯n® £¯hz
vmhzv¿ ˜\∫¢u C¢vØ ©fl⁄∫PŒhÆ C∏¢x ˜Pıµ®£mh
Eu¬z ˆuı¯P A¡∫PÕx uSvUSÆ, ¡∏¡ı¥USÆ ˜©ªı⁄
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P¯ªUP ˜¡siØ PmhıØzvÿS E“Õı⁄ı∫P“. A∆¡ı÷
P¯ªUP®£mh £¯h√µ∫P“ {ıÕ¯h¬¿ uUP∫, §shı∂P“
˜£ıfl” ˆPı“¯ÕØ∫P–hfl ˜\∫¢x ˆ£ıx©UP–USz
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PımiØuı¿ _˜u\ Aµ\∫P“ ˆ£ı÷®£ÿ” ¡ıÃU¯P ¡ıâx
u[P“ ©v®¯£≤Æ C«¢u⁄∫, (5) C¢vØ ©fl⁄∫P“ u©U
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G¤›Æ, A¡∫P“ \v˜¡¯ªPŒ¿ Dk£mk® ˜£ı∫
BØzu[P¯Õa ˆ\¥Øªı∞⁄∫.
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S ¬fl AU£∫'' Gfl÷ A¯«UQfl”⁄∫.
V. ©µızvØ® ˜£ı∫P“
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µıP |∏¡ıPÆ ˆ\¥u ˜£ıx (1772 & 1785) ¨u¿ ©µızvØ®
˜£ı∫ |Pâux. 1772¿ ©µızvØ Aµ]fl •Ë¡ı¡ı⁄
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A¡∏¯hØ C¯ÕØ \˜Pıuµ∫, {ıµıØnµı∆ •Ë¡ı B⁄ı∫.
B⁄ı¿ A¡∏¯hØ ]‘Ø u¢¯u≤Æ ˜£µı¯\≤Æ S¢u,
µ˜Pı£ı G⁄ A¯«UP®£mh, µS{ıuµı¡ı¿ A¡∫ ˆPı¯ª
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ˆPıshı∫. B⁄ı¿ µ˜Pı£ı Bm]® ˆ£ı÷®˜£ÿ”¯u Aµ\
¬_¡ı\Æ ˆPısh ≠zu ©µızvØ Aµ]Ø¿ u¯ª¡µı⁄
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µı¬fl ©P⁄ı⁄ ©ıu¡µı∆ {ıµıدn A∂دn∞¿ A©∫zu
32

¬∏Ƨ⁄ı∫. µ˜Pı£ı B[Q˜ªØ∂fl Eu¬¯Ø {ıi⁄ı∫.
A¡∫ 1775¿ ¨Æ¯£ B–{∏hfl `µz Ehfl£iU¯P∞¿
¯PˆØ zvmhı∫. A∆ƒhfl£iU¯P∞fl£i u⁄US® •Ë¡ı
£u¬ Q¯h®£uÿS B[Q˜ªØ∫ Eu¬⁄ı¿ A¡∫P–USa
\ı¿ˆ\m, £ÏÍfl BQØ wƒP¯Õ AŒUP µ˜Pı£ı J®U
ˆPıshı∫. A∆ƒhfl£iU¯P B[Qªz u¯ª¯© B–{µı⁄
¡ıµfl˜ÌÏiUSUSz ˆu∂Øı©¿ ˜©ÿˆPı“Õ®£mhuı¿
A¡∫ A¢u Ehfl£iU¯P¯Ø |µıP∂zuı∫.
¡[PıÕzvfl B–{∫, u¯ª¯© B–{∫ G⁄ƒÆ
A¯«UP®£mhı∫. A¡∫ C¢vØı¬º∏¢u A¯⁄zx
B[Q˜ªØ∫P–USÆ EØ∫ AvPı∂Øı¡ı∫.
1776&¿ {ı⁄ı £m⁄ı¬Ï B[Q˜ªØ∏hfl µ¢u∫ Ehfl
£iU¯P ˆ\¥x ˆPıshı∫. {ı⁄ı£m⁄ı¬Ï A∆¡ı÷ ufl
|¯ª¯Ø EØ∫zvU ˆPısk µ˜Pı£ı¯¡z ˜uıÿPizuı∫.
A®˜£ı∫ 1782&BÆ Bsk Hÿ£mh \ı¿¯£ Ehfl£iU¯P
≤hfl ¨iƒUS ¡¢ux.
¬¯ÕƒP“ : ©ıu¡µı∆ {ıµıØs •Ë¡ı B⁄ı∫.
B[Q˜ªØ∫ \ı¿ˆ\m w¯¡zu¬µ ©ÿ” £SvP¯Õz v∏®§
AŒzu⁄∫. µ˜Pı£ı¬ÿS Bsk K¥ƒ FvØ©ıP ≠fl÷
ªm\Æ π£ı¥ ¡«[P®£mhx.
CµshıÆ ©µızvØ®˜£ı∫ 1803 & Pıµn[P“ : ≠zu ©µızvØ
Aµ]Ø¿ u¯ª¡µı⁄ {ı⁄ı £m⁄ı¬Ï 1800&BÆ Bsk
C”¢uı∫. A¡∏¯hØ ©¯”¬ÿS® §fl ©µızvØz u¯ª¡∫P
Õı⁄ £ıflϘª, ]¢vØı BQ˜Øı∂¯h˜Ø ˜£ı∫ Hÿ£mhx.
A®˜£ıx Bm]∂¢u •Ë¡ı CµshıÆ £ı‚µı∆ ¡º¯©
Øÿ” Aµ\µı¥ ¬Õ[Q⁄ı∫. G⁄˜¡ A¡∫ ufl £ıxPı®§ÿS
B[Q˜ªØ∂fl Eu¬¯Ø {ıi⁄ı∫. B[Q˜ªØ∫ £ıflϘª,
]¢vØı BQ˜Øı∂fl Jfl‘¯n¢u £¯hP¯Õz ˜uıÿ
Pizu⁄∫.
¬¯ÕƒP“ : £ıflϘª≤Æ ]¢vØıƒÆ x¯n®£¯hz
vmhzv¯⁄ Hÿ÷U ˆPısh⁄∫. {ıÕ¯h¬¿ ©µızvØ∫
u[P“ ¡º¯©¯Ø C«¢u⁄∫.
≠fl”ıÆ ©µızvØ® ˜£ı∫ (1817 & 1818) & Pıµn[P“ : 1817¿
•Ë¡ı CµshıÆ £ı‚µı∆ B[Q˜ªØ∏US GvµıP
33

©µızvØ u¯ª¡∫PŒfl Tmh¯©® Jfl‘¯⁄ E∏¡ıUP
¨Øÿ] ˆ\¥uı∫. Aa\©Øzv¿ •Ë¡ı¬fl A¯©a\∫
J∏¡µı¿ B[Q˜ªØ∂fl {s£µı⁄ £˜µıhı ¨uª¯©a\∫
ˆPı¯ªa ˆ\¥Ø®£mhı∫. Aufl ¬¯Õ¡ıP B[Q˜ªØµı¿
•Ë¡ı CµshıÆ £ı‚µı∆ C»¡ı⁄ J∏ Ehfl£iU¯P∞¿
¯PˆØ zvk©ı÷ ¡ÿ÷zu®£mhı∫. AuÿS Ehfl£h
©÷zuxhfl •Ë¡ı B[Q˜ªØ∫ ´x ˜£ı¯µ≤Æ ˆuıkzuı∫.
B⁄ı¿ A¡∫ B[Q˜ªØµı¿ ˜uıÿPiUP®£mhı∫. A∆
ˆ¡ÿ‘∞¯⁄z ˆuıh∫¢x u¯ª¯© B–{µı⁄ ˜ÌÏi[_®
§µ C¢vØı¬¿ B[Q˜ªØ∂fl BvUPz¯u |¯ª
{ımi⁄ı∫.
¬¯ÕƒP“ : •Ë¡ı¬fl AvPıµÆ E∞∫zˆu«ıu¡ı÷
]¯uUP®£mhx. ©µızvØz u¯ª¡∫PŒfl £ª¨Æ
S¯”¢ux. A¡∫P“ B[Q˜ªØ∫PŒfl Rà Bm] ˆ\¥≤Æ
|¯ªUS ¡¢u⁄∫. C¢vØı¯¡ B[Q˜ªØ∫PŒh∏¢x
Pı®£ıÿ” ©µızvØ∫ ˜©ÿˆPısh ¨Øÿ]P“ ˜uı¿¬
≤ÿ”⁄. •Ë¡ı CµshıÆ £ı‚µı¬ÿS ¡∏h K¥≈vØ©ıP
π£ı¥ 8 ªm\Æ AŒUP®£mhx. ©µızvØ® £SvP¯ÕU
ˆPıskuıfl ¨Æ£ı¥ (£Æ£ı¥) ©ı|ªÆ E∏¡ıQØx.
©ı∫ËÏ©ıfl (Marshman) Gfl” ¡µªıÿ”ı]∂Ø∂fl
P∏zx®£i ©µızvØ® ˜£ı∫PŒfl ¬¯Õ¡ı¿ _˜u\
Cµıq¡Æ ©mkfl‘ _˜u\ ©⁄|¯ª≤Æ Ai¯©®
£kzu®£mhx.
B[Q˜ªØ∫ \zµ£v ]¡ı‚∞fl ©µ§¿ ¡¢u §µuı®
][¯P \uıµı¬fl ©fl⁄µıUQ⁄∫. A¡∫ B[Qª Bm]USU
Rî£i¢u ]ÿ”µ\ıP ¬Õ[Q⁄ı∫.
©µızvØ∫PŒfl √Ãa]UPı⁄ Pıµn[P“ : A¯¡P“
(1) ©µızvØ∂fl £ª√⁄Æ, (2) Aµ]Ø¿ ¡¿ª¯©∞fl¯©,
(3) v”¯©Øÿ” u¯ª¯©, (4) |ª©ıflØ A¯©®,
(5) ©µızvØ∂fl \≠P A¯©®§¿ Pın®£mh S¯”£ıkP“,
(6) Aµ]fl ˆ£ı∏Õıuıµ ¬¡Pıµ[PŒfl ”UPo®,
(7) B[Q˜ªØ∂fl ]”¢u Cµı·u¢vµ v”›Æ, Jÿ”∫
A¯©®Æ BSÆ.
34

VI. ¬¿ºØÆ ˆ£fli[ §µ¬fl
Rà C¢vØ∫ {ªÆ
¬¿ºØÆ ˆ£fli[ §µ (1828
& 1835) u¯ª¯© B–{µıP 1828&BÆ
Bsk |ØUP®£mhı∫. A¡∫
S¢u v”›Æ, {¿ˆªsn¨Æ,
©v~m£¨Æ ¡ı¥¢u |∫¡ıQ.
Aµ]fl {ªfl BÕ®£kÆ ©UPŒfl
{ª¯⁄ Ai®£¯hØıPU ˆPıshx
Gfl” ˆPı“¯P≤hfl ˆ\تıÿ‘Ø
A‘¡ı∫¢u ¨u¿ u¯ª¯© B–{∫
A¡˜µ.
¬¿ºØÆ ˆ£fli[ §µ
A¡∫ ©UP–US {fl¯©ØŒUSÆ ]ª ^∫v∏zu[P¯Õ
{¯h¨¯”®£kzv |∫¡ıPzv¿ u⁄x ¨zv¯µ¯Ø®
£vzxa ˆ\fl”ı∫. A¡∏¯hØ ^∫v∏zu[P¯Õ ≠fl÷
u¯ª®PŒ¿ ¡¯P®£kzuªıÆ. A¯¡ : (1) ˆ£ı∏Õıuıµ
^∫v∏zu[P“, (2) |∫¡ıP ^∫v∏zu[P“, (3) \≠P
^∫v∏zu[P“ BQØ⁄¡ıSÆ.
C®£Sv∞¿ A¡∏¯hØ \≠P ^∫v∏zu[P¯Õ® £ÿ‘
A‘تıÆ. £zˆuıfl£uıÆ °ÿ”ısk C¢vØı¬¿, "\v'
G⁄®£kÆ EhflPm¯h H÷u¿, £ªuıµ ©nÆ, S«¢¯uz
v∏©nÆ, ˆ£s]_U ˆPı¯ª, ˆ£sP¯Õ ¬ÿ£¯⁄
ˆ\¥≤Æ £«UPÆ, Pn¡¯⁄ C«¢u ¬u¯¡® ˆ£sPŒfl
£∂uı£ |¯ª ˜£ıfl” \≠PU ˆPık¯©P“ |ª¬∞∏¢u⁄.
Azu¯PØ ˆPıiØ £«UP[P“ B«©ıP ˜¡πfl‘ C¢vØ®
£s£ımi¯⁄≤Æ, C¢vØ Jÿ÷¯©¯Ø≤Æ £ıvzu⁄. A¡ÿ‘¿
]ª w¯©P¯Õ® ˆ£fli[ §µ APÿ” ¨Øÿ]zuı∫.
\v J»® : \v G›Æ EhflPm¯h H÷u¿ C¢xUPŒ¯h˜Ø
Pın®£mh PU ˆPıiØ £«UP[PŒ¿ Jfl”ıSÆ. Aufl£i
Pn¡¯⁄ C«¢u ©¯⁄¬ ufl Pn¡fl Eh¯ª G∂®£uÿPıP
≠mh®£mh ]¯u∞¿ uı›Æ E∞∏hfl G∂¢x ufl E∞¯µ
©ı¥zxU ˆPı“Õ ˜¡skÆ. ˆuıhUPzv¿ xUPÆ uı[Pı©¿
35

uı⁄ıP A∆¡ı÷ ˆ\¥u⁄∫. B⁄ı¿ {ıÕ¯h¬¿ ¬u¯¡P“
E”¬⁄∫PŒfl ¡ÿ÷zuªı¿ E∞¯µ ©ı¥zxU ˆPı“ÕU
PmhıØ®£kzu®£mh⁄∫. ˆ£sP–US C¯«UP®£mh
©¤uzufl¯©Øÿ” Aaˆ\دª® ˆ£fli[ §µ¡ı¿ \QzxU
ˆPı“Õ ¨iج¿¯ª. G⁄˜¡ 1829¿ A¡µx Aµ_ J∏
\mhÆ CØÿ‘Øx. Aa\mhÆ EhflPm¯h H÷u¿ \mh
¬˜µıu©ı⁄ Sÿ”Æ G⁄ A‘¬zux. ˆ£sP¯Õ Ehfl
Pm¯h H÷Æ£i ¡ÿ÷zxÆ G¡∏USÆ ©µnush¯⁄
AŒUP®£kÆ Gfl÷ Aa\mhÆ T‘Øx. Aa\mhÆ |¯”˜¡”
¡[PıÕzvfl PÃUP \≠P ^∫v∏zu¡ıvPÕı⁄ Cµı\ıµıÆ
˜©ıPflµı¥ ©ÿ÷Æ ˜u˜¡¢vµ{ıu uıT∫ BQ˜Øı∫
Buµ¬¯⁄ ˆ£fli[ ˆ£ÿ”ı∫.
E∞∫ £º∞ku¿ ©ÿ÷Æ ˆ£s ]_UˆPı¯ª J»® :
PhƒÕ¯µz v∏®v®£kzu ©¤u E∞∫P¯Õ® £ºˆPıkUSÆ
¡«UPÆ C¢vØı¬¿ J∏]ª S‘®§mh C⁄zu¡∂hÆ
Pın®£mhx. ˜©æÆ ˆ£s ]_UˆPı¯ª G⁄®£kÆ
§”¢uƒh˜⁄˜Ø ˆ£s S«¢¯uP¯ÕU ˆPı¿æÆ £«UPÆ
S‘®£ıP Cµı·Ïuı⁄Æ, ˜©ÿS, ¯©Ø C¢vØı¬fl ]ª
£SvPŒ¿ Pın®£mhx. Cµı\zvµ∫PŒ¿ ˆ£∏Æ£ıfl¯©
Øı⁄ C¯Õb∫P“ £ª ˜£ı∫PŒ¿ Dk£mk C”¢uuı¿
A¡∫PŒfl GsoU¯P PU S¯”¢ux. ˜©æÆ £ı¯ª¡⁄®
£SvPŒ¿ ˆ£sPŒfl ¡ıÃU¯P ¨¯” PU Pi⁄©ıP
C∏¢uxÆ, ©ÿ” £SvPŒ¿ ¡µum\¯n ¨¯” §fl£ÿ”®
£mhxÆ AuÿSU Pıµn©ıP A¯©¢u⁄. A∆¬∏ £«UP[
P–Æ \mh¬˜µıu©ı⁄¯¡ Gfl÷Æ A¯u ´÷˜¡ı∫ Pk¯©
Øı⁄ ush¯⁄US E“Õı¡ı∫P“ Gfl÷Æ ˆ£fli[ §µ
A‘¬zuı∫.
uUP∫P¯Õ AhUSu¿ : uUP∫P“ Gfl” ˆPı“¯ÕU TmhÆ
Jfl÷©‘Øı £ØoP¯Õ≤Æ, ¡oP® £ØoP¯Õ≤Æ uıUQ
A¡∫PŒh∏¢x ˆ£ı∏mP¯Õ® £‘zx ¡¢ux. A®
§µa\¯⁄ ©zvØ C¢vØı¬¿ |ª¬Øx. uUP∫P“ Pık
PŒæÆ ©UP“ {h©ımhÆ S¯”¢u £SvPŒæÆ ¡]zx
¡¢u⁄∫. ¡oP® £ØoP“ ¡»®£‘ ˆ\¥Ø®£mhuı¿,
36

£ØnÆ ˆ\¥¡x PƒÆ A£ıØPµ©ı⁄uıQØx. Aa \≠P
¬˜µıu ˆ\Ø¿P–US ˆ£fli[ §µ ¨iƒPmh
¬∏Ƨ⁄ı∫. G⁄˜¡ A¡∫ ˜©·∫ ÏΩˆ©fl (Major Sleeman)
Gfl£¡∂fl u¯ª¯©∞¿ J∏ vØ x¯”¯Ø Hÿ£kzv⁄ı∫.
uUP∫P“ ˆ£∏Æ AÕ¬¿ ]¯” §iUP®£mh⁄∫.
A¡∫P–US ©µn ush¯⁄˜Øı A¿ªx PU Pk¯©Øı⁄
ush¯⁄P˜Õı AŒUP®£mh⁄. uUP∫PŒfl S«¢¯uP“
^∫v∏zu vmh[P“ ≠ªÆ ©÷¡ıà ˆ£” ¡¯P ˆ\¥Ø®
£mhx. A¡∫P“ ¯Pzˆuı»º¿ £∞ÿ] ˆ£”, ˆuı»ÿ
£∞ÿ]®£“Œ Jfl÷ ˆuıh[P®£mhx. C∆¡ı÷ uUP∫PŒfl
B£zx ¨ ¡xÆ }UP®£mhx.
P¿¬a ^∫v∏zu[P“ : ˆ£fli[ §µ u¯ª¯© B–{∫
£u¬∞¿ C∏¢u˜£ıx £“ŒPŒæÆ, P¿ø∂PŒæÆ
B[QªÆ £∞ÿ÷ ˆ©ı»ØıP Szu®£mhx. u¯ª¯©
B–{∂fl \mh B˜ªı\Pµı⁄ ˆ©UPı˜ª §µ Gfl£¡∫
AuÿSU Pıµn©ı¡ı∫. A¡∫ 1835¿ J∏ w∫©ı⁄z¯u |¯”
˜¡ÿ‘⁄ı∫. Aufl£i ˆ£fli[ §µ B[Qªˆ©ı»¯Ø
C¢vØı¬fl A桪P ˆ©ı»ØıP ©ıÿ‘⁄ı∫. ˜©æÆ A¡∫
Q‘zx¡ \©Ø®£µ®ß»Ø∫P“ £“ŒP¯Õ≤Æ, P¿ø∂P¯Õ
≤Æ |÷¡ FUS¬zuı∫. Ax ¨uÿˆPısk C¢vØı¬fl
{kzuµ EØ∫Si ©UPŒ¯h˜Ø ˜©ÿPzvØ P¿¬¨¯” £µ¡
BµÆ§zux.
VII. ¡ı∂_ C«®U ˆPı“¯P≤Æ
B[Q˜ªØ∫ BvUPÆ ¬∂¡¯huæÆ
h¿ˆÌÕ] §µ (1848 & 1856) C¢vØı¯¡ Bm]
ˆ\¥u PÃUP B–{∫PŒ¿ J∏¡µı¡ı∫. A¡∫ HµıÕ©ı⁄®
£SvP¯Õ B[Q˜ªØ Bm]≤hfl C¯nzuı∫. ˜£ı∫P“
≠ªÆ {ıkP¯Õ C¯nUSÆ ˆPı“¯P¯Ø® §fl£ÿ‘⁄ı∫.
£g\ı¯£≤Æ, Rà £∫©ı¯¡≤Æ, ˜£ı∫P“ ≠ªÆ C¯nzxU
ˆPıshı∫. B[Qª HPıv£zvØz¯u C¢vØı¬¿ |¯ª
{ımh ¡ı∂_ C«®U ˆPı“¯P¯Ø® §fl£ÿ‘⁄ı∫. A˜u
˜{µzv¿ C¢vØı {√⁄©Ø©ıUP® £k¡uÿPı⁄ AizuÕz
v¯⁄≤Æ A¡∫ A¯©zuı∫.
37

h¿ˆÌÕ]∞fl ¡ıÃU¯P ¡µªıÿ¯” G vØ \∫
h§“≥. h§“≥. Ìsh∫ (Sir W.W. Hunter) Gfl£¡∫
C¢vØı¬¿ h¿ˆÌÕ]∞fl £oP¯Õa _∏UP©ıP
≠fl˜” ≠fl÷ ¡ı∫z¯uPŒ¿ ¬ÕUSQ”ı∫. ˆ¡ÿ‘
ˆPı“–u¿, J∏[Q¯nzu¿, ¨fl˜⁄÷u¿ BQØ⁄
G⁄UT÷Q”ı∫.
¡ı∂_ C«®U ˆPı“¯P (Doctrine of Lapse) (B[Q˜ª
Ø∂fl ¡\©ıu¿) : C¢xUP“ u[P–US ¡ı∂_ C¿ªı©¿
C∏¢uı¿ Bs §“¯Õ¯Øz uzx GkzxU ˆPı“–Æ
E∂¯©¯Ø® ˆ£ÿ‘∏¢u⁄∫. A∆¡ı÷ uzx GkUP®£mh
©P›US G¿ªı E∂¯©P–Æ, Ph¯©P–Æ Esk.
uzˆukUP®£mh¡∏Æ CØÿ¯P ¡ı∂_P¯Õ® ˜£ıª
u¢¯u∞fl ˆ£ı÷®P¯Õ® £Q∫¢x ˆPısh⁄∫. ¨uº¿
_˜u\ ©fl⁄∫PŒfl uzˆukUSÆ E∂¯©¯Ø B[Q˜ªØ∫
Gzu¯PØ uØUP¨Æ Cfl‘ J®U ˆPısh⁄∫.
h¿ˆÌÕ] u¯ª¯© B–{µıP® £u¬ Hÿ”§fl
B[Qª Bm]¯Ø ¬∂ƒ£kzu ¡ı∂_ C«®U ˆPı“¯P
¯Ø® §fl£ÿ‘⁄ı∫. A¡µx £u¬UPıªzv¿ B[Q˜ªØ∫P
Õı¿ E∏¡ıUP®£mh Aµ_P“, A¡∫P¯Õa \ı∫¢v∏¢u
Aµ_P“, _u¢vµ Aµ_P“ G⁄ ≠¡¯PØı⁄ C¢vØ Aµ_P“
C¢vØı¬¿ C∏¢u⁄.
1. B[Q˜ªØµı¿ E∏¡ıUP®£mh Aµ_P“ :
C∆¡µ_P¯Õ B[Q˜ªØ∫ E∏¡ıUQ⁄∫. C¢{ıkPŒfl
Aµ\∫P“ u[PŒfl C”®§ÿS® §fl A∂دnUS
¡ı∂_P¯Õz uzx GkUP A›©vUP®£h¬¿¯ª.
2. B[Q˜ªØ¯µa \ı∫¢v∏¢u {ıkP“ : C∆¡µ_P“
B[Qª BvUPzv¯⁄a \ı∫¢v∏¢u⁄. C¢u {ıkPŒfl
Aµ\∫P“ uzˆukUP ˜¡skˆ©¤¿ B[Q˜ªØ∂fl
A›©v¯Ø® ˆ£” ˜¡si∞∏¢ux. A¡∫P–US
B[Q˜ªØ∫ A›©v AŒUPªıÆ A¿ªx ©÷UPªıÆ.
3. _u¢vµ Aµ_P“ : C∆¡µ_PŒfl ©fl⁄∫P“ uzˆukU
SÆ _u¢vµÆ ˆ£ÿ‘∏¢u⁄∫. B⁄ı¿ uzˆukUP®
38

£mh¡∫P“ ©¯”¢u Aµ\∂fl ˆ\ı¢u ˆ\ızxUP–US
©mk˜© ¡ı∂\ıP ¨i≤˜©Øfl‘ A∂دn¯Ø® ˆ£”
¨iØıx. A∂دnUS ¡ı∂_∂¯©¯Ø B[Q˜ªØ∂fl
A›©v≤hfluıfl ˆ£”¨i≤Æ.
¡ı∂_ C«®U ˆPı“¯P ≠ªÆ C¯nUP®£mh {ıkP“
: CUˆPı“¯P∞fl ≠ªÆ h¿ˆÌÕ] \uıµı, ˆ·¥zß∫,
\Æ£¿ß∫, EuØß∫, ·ıfl] ©ÿ÷Æ {ıUß∫ BQØ £SvP¯Õ
B[Qª® ˜£µµ_hfl C¯nzxU ˆPıshı∫. A¡ÿ‘¿
\uıµı, {ıUß∫, ·ıfl] BQØ {ıkPŒfl C¯n® \ÿ÷Æ
|ØıØ©ÿ”uıSÆ. 1857¿ {h¢u ˆ£∏Æ µm]∞¿ ·ıfl]
µıo Cªm_£ı¥ ufl¯⁄ Gv∫zu J∆ˆ¡ı∏ B[Qª
√µ¯⁄≤Æ ˆPıfl÷ S¬zx ufl {ım¯h® £‘zu
B[Q˜ªØ¯µ® £»w∫zxU ˆPıshı∫.
¡ı∂_ C«®U ˆPı“¯P∞fl ¬¯ÕƒP“ : CUˆPı“¯P∞
⁄ı¿ £ıvUP®£mh ©fl⁄∫PŒfl ˆ¡÷®US B[Q˜ªØ∫
BÕı∞⁄∫. A¡∫P“ B[Q˜ªØ∂fl w¬µ Gv∂PÕıP ©ı‘⁄∫.
˜©æÆ 1857&BÆ Bsk {h¢u ˆ£∏[PªPzvÿPı⁄ ¨UQØ
Pıµn[PŒ¿ CUˆPı“¯P≤Æ Jfl”ıSÆ. B[Q˜ªØ∫ ´x,
©UPŒfl ˆ¡÷® A¯ª √\ ¡ı∂_ C«®U ˆPı“¯P
Pıµn©ı∞ÿ÷. u[P“ {ıkP–Æ B[Qª Bm]≤hfl
C¯nUP®£mk¬k˜©ı Gfl” £Ø En∫ƒ C¢vØ
Aµ\∫PŒhÆ ˆuıh∫¢x Pın®£mhx. ©UP–Æ B[Qª
Bm]¯Ø ˆ¡÷zu⁄∫. ©UP“ _˜u\ ©fl⁄∫PÕı¿ Bm]
ˆ\¥Ø®£k¡¯u˜Ø ¬∏Ƨ⁄∫. uzˆuk®£¯u A›©vzu
C¢xa \mhzvÿS ¨µnı⁄uıP ¡ı∂_ C«®U ˆPı“¯PU
P∏u®£mhx.
h¿ˆÌÕ]∞fl {√⁄ ©Ø©ıUP¿ {h¡iU¯PP“ :
h¿ˆÌÕ] £ª ^∫v∏zu[P¯Õ A‘¨P®£kzv⁄ı∫.
C∏®® £ı¯u ˜£ıUS¡µzx, u¢v ¨¯”, ©º¡ı⁄ u£ı¿
¨¯” BQØ⁄ A¡∏¯hØ Pıªzv¿ A‘¨P®£kzu®
£mh¯¡PŒ¿ ©”UP ¨iØıu¯¡ BSÆ.
C∏®®£ı¯u ˜£ıUS¡µzx : C¢vØı¬¿ ¨ufl¨uªıP
1853&BÆ Bsk ¨Æ¯£∞º∏¢x uı⁄ı ¡¯µ 20 ¯©¿
(36 Q.´.) yµzvÿS C∏®®£ı¯u A¯©UP®£mhx. 1854¿
39

ˆÌÕµı¬º∏¢x µıoPga Gfl›hÆ¡¯µ C∏®®
£ı¯u A¯©UP®£mhx. 1856¿ ˆ\fl¯⁄∞º∏¢x
AµU˜PınÆ ¡¯µ∞ªı⁄ C∏®®£ı¯u A¯©UP®£mhx.
G⁄˜¡ h¿ˆÌÕ] C¢vØ C∏®®£ı¯u vmhzvfl
u¢¯u Gfl÷ A¯«UP®£kQ”ı∫.
ˆ£ıx® £ozx¯” : x \ı¯ªP“ A¯©zu¿, Pı¿¡ı¥P“
ˆ¡mku¿, £ıª[P“ Pmku¿ BQØ £oP–UPıP ˆ£ıx®
£ozx¯” E∏¡ıUP®£mhx. Azx¯” HÿP⁄˜¡ «UPzv
º∏¢u¡ÿ¯”a ^µ¯©USÆ £o∞æÆ Dk£mhx. A¡∫
£u¬U Pıªzv¿ P[¯PU Pı¿¡ı¥ ˆ¡mh®£mhx.
ˆPı¿Pzuı¯¡≤Æ ˆ£Âı¡¯µ≤Æ C¯nzu "Qµısm
iµ[U' (Grand Trunk) G⁄®£kÆ ˆ£∏ ¡»a \ı¯ª≤Æ,
A¡∏¯hØ Pıªzv¿ A¯©UP®£mhx.
u£ı¿ u¢v ¨¯” : h¿ˆÌÕ] A¯µAnı (3 ¯£\ı) u£ı¿
¨¯”¯Ø≤Æ A‘¨P®£kzv⁄ı∫. A˜u ˜£ı¿ u¢v
¨¯”¯Ø≤Æ A‘¨P®£kzv⁄ı∫. 1853 & 1856 ¡¯µ∞ªı⁄
Pıª Pmhzv¿ _©ı∫ 4000 ¯©¿ (6400 Q.´.) yµzvÿSz u¢v
C¯n®P“ ˆPı¿Pzuı, ˆ£Âı¡∫, ¨Æ¯£, ˆ\fl¯⁄
BQØ {Pµ[P¯Õ C¯nUSÆ ¬u©ıP A¯©UP®£mh⁄.
A¡ÿ‘fl Cµıq¡ ¨UQØzx¡Æ 1857¿ {h¢u µm]∞fl
˜£ıx Enµ®£mhx.
P¿¬ : 1854¿ \∫ \ı∫ªÏ Em (Sir Charles Wood's Despatch of
1854) A‘U¯P∞fl Ai®£¯h∞¿ h¿ˆÌÕ] P¿¬z
x¯”∞¿ ]ª ©ıÿ”[P¯ÕU ˆPısk ¡¢uı∫. J∆ˆ¡ı∏
©ıPınzvæÆ ˆ£ıxUP¿¬zx¯” (Department of Public
Instruction DPI) Jfl÷ Hÿ£kzu®£mhx. ¨Æ¯£,
ˆPı¿Pzuı, ˆ\fl¯⁄ BQØ Ch[PŒ¿ £¿P¯ªU
P«P[P“ |÷¡ ¨Øÿ]P“ ˜©ÿˆPı“Õ®£mh⁄. A¯¡
1857¿ v”UP® £mh⁄.
uı¥ˆ©ı» ≠ªÆ £∞ÿ÷¬zuæUS ¨UQØzx¡Æ
AŒUP®£mhx. u¤Øı∫ P¿¬ |÷¡⁄[P¯Õ FUS¬UP
©ı¤ØÆ (Grants-in-aid) ¡«[SÆ ¨¯” A‘¨P®£kzu®
£mhx.
40

h¿ˆÌÕ]∞fl Azu¯PØ ^∫v∏zu[P“ C¢vØı¯¡
{√⁄©Ø©ıUQh Cmka ˆ\fl”⁄.
Pÿ”¿ A¯hƒP“
1. ©ın¡∫ B[Q˜ªØ∂fl Bm] C¢vØı¬¿ |÷¡®
£mh¯u≤Æ Aufl ¬∂¡ıUPÆ £ÿ‘≤Æ ¬ÕUP ¨i≤Æ.
2. ©ın¡∫ P∫{ıhP, ¯©`∫ ©ÿ÷Æ ©µızvØ® ˜£ı∫P–U
Pı⁄ Pıµn[P“, A¡ÿ‘fl ¬¯ÕƒP“ £ÿ‘ S‘®§h
¨i≤Æ.
3. ©ın¡∫ §Õı], £U\ı∫ ˜£ı∫P¯Õ≤Æ A¡ÿ‘fl
¨iƒP“ £ÿ‘≤Æ |¯⁄ƒTµ CØæÆ.
4. ©ın¡∫ x¯n®£¯hzvmhÆ Aufl |¯”, S¯” £ÿ‘
¬¡∂UP ¨i≤Æ.
5. ©ın¡∫ ¬¿ºØÆ ˆ£fli[ §µ¬fl ^∫v∏zu[P¯Õ®
£ÿ‘ ©v®§h ¨i≤Æ.
6. ©ın¡∫ h¿ˆÌÕ]∞fl {ık ¬∂¡ıUSÆ ˆPı“¯P
£ÿ‘≤Æ, A¡∏¯hØ ^∫v∏zu[P“ £ÿ‘≤Æ
Gkzx¯µUP ¨i≤Æ.
_Ø©v®•k
I. \∂Øı⁄ ¬¯h¯Øz ˜u∫¢ˆukUPƒÆ
1. BÏv∂Ø ¡ı∂_∂¯©® ˜£ı∫ {¯hˆ£ÿ” £Sv
A. Aˆ©∂UPı B. B®§∂UPı
C. I˜µı®£ı D. B]Øı
2. P∫{ıhP {¡ı®§fl u¯ª{PµÆ
A. ˆ\fl¯⁄ B. £ısia˜\∂
C. B∫UPık D. Pı¯µUPı¿
42

3. ªı ß∫hıfl⁄ı¥Ï §ˆµg_ B–{µıP £u¬ ¡Qzu ChÆ
A. ˆ\fl¯⁄ B. ˆ©ı∑ÊØÏ
C. ˆPı¿Pzuı D. ¨Æ¯£
4. \¢uı \ıQ® C¡∏¯hØ ©∏©Pfl
A. Afl¡∏wfl B. ¨\ı£∫ ·[
C. ˜uıÏz Aº D. ¨P©x Aº
5. 1757&BÆ Bsk ¡[PıÕz¯u Bm] ˆ\¥u¡∫
A. ½·ı&Ez&ˆuÕªı B. ]µı‰&Ez&ˆuÕªı
C. ´∫Pı]Æ D. ´∫·ı£∫
6. §Õı]® ˜£ı∫ {¯hˆ£ÿ” Bsk
A. 1757 B. 1764
C. 1765 D. 1771
7. £U\ı∫ ˜£ı∂¿ C¢vØ ©fl⁄∫P¯Õz ˜uıÿPizu B[Qª
B–{∫
A. P∫⁄¿ Ïz B. ˜©·∫ ©fl˜”ı
C. Q¯Õ∆ §µ D. Amµ¿ ¡ım\fl
8. Iu∫ Aº∞fl u¢¯u J∏
A. Aµ\∫ B. £ı‰uı∫
C. A¯©a\∫ D. ¡oP∫
9. ¨u¿ ¯©`∫ ˜£ı∂¿ Iu∫ Aº ˜uıÿPiUP®£mh ChÆ
A. ˆ\[PÆ B. ug\ı≈∫
C. ©ıÓ D. £ısia˜\∂
10. 1781¿ \∫ AØ∫ Tm Iu∫ Aº¯Øz ˜uıÿPizu ChÆ
A. ˜£ı∫˜hı ˜{ı¡ı B. ˆ\fl¯⁄
C. v∏¡ı[T∫ D. ¯©`∫
43

11. ¨u¿ ©µızvØ® ˜£ı∫ RÃUPsh u¯ª¯© B–{∫
Pıªzv¿ {¯hˆ£ÿ”x.
A. Cµı£∫m Q¯Õ∆ B. h¿ˆÌÕ]
C. ¡ıµfl ˜ÌÏi[ D. ˆ£fli[ §µ
12. Iu∫ Aº ©µn©¯h¢ux
A. |˜©ı¤Øı¡ı¿ B. ÿ÷˜{ıØı¿
C. A¿\∫ (Sh¿ s) D. Eh¿ {ªfl¯©Øı¿
13. ˆ¡¿ˆªÏº §µ RÃUPsh¡ı÷ P«®£kQ”ı∫
A. ¡oPU S ¬fl ][PÆ B. {ım¯h E∏¡ıUQØ¡∫
C. ¡oPU S ¬fl AU£∫ D. ¡oPU S ¬fl u¯ª¡∫
14. ˆ·⁄µ¿ Ïk˜¡∫k £[˜Pÿ” ˜£ı∫
A. ¨u¿ ¯©`∫ ˜£ı∫ B. CµshıÆ ¯©`∫ ˜£ı∫
C. {ıflPı¡x ¯©`∫ ˜£ı∫ D. ¨u¿ ©µızvØ®˜£ı∫
15. uUP∫P“ ˆ\Ø¿£mh ChÆ
A. C©ıªØ® £Sv B. P[¯Pa \©ˆ¡Œ
C. ©zvØ C¢vØı D. ˆufl C¢vØı
16. \v J»UP®£mh Bsk
A. 1828 B. 1829
C. 1835 D. 1838
17. 1835¿ ¬¿ºØÆ ˆ£fli[ C¢vØı¬fl A桪P
ˆ©ı»ØıP A‘¬zu ˆ©ı»
A. §ˆµg_ B. B[QªÆ
C. E∏x D. C¢v
44

18. ¡ı∂_ C«®U ˆPı“¯P RÃUPsh \mhzvÿS
¨µs£ıhı⁄uıPU P∏u®£mhx.
A. C¢x \mhÆ B. ¨P©vØ \mhÆ
C. Q‘zx¡a \mhÆ D. ˜µı©ı¤Øa \mhÆ
19. 1856¿ C®£SvP–UQ¯h∞¿ C∏®® £ı¯u A¯©UP®
£mhx.
A. ¨Æ¯£∞º∏¢x uı⁄ı B. uı⁄ı¬º∏¢x ß⁄ı
C. ˆ\fl¯⁄∞º∏¢x D. ˆÌÕµı¬º∏¢x
AµU˜PınÆ
µıoPga.
II. ˜Pıimh Ch[P¯Õ® ß∫zv ˆ\¥P
1. i≥®˜Õ _____________ ∞fl B–{µı¡ı∫.
2. B[Q˜ªØ∫ _____________ Gfl” Phÿ£¯hz u¯ª¡∂fl
Eu¬≤hfl §ˆµg_U P®£¿P¯ÕU ¯P®£ÿ‘⁄∫.
3. ≠fl”ıÆ P∫{ıhP® ˜£ı∏UPı⁄ Eh⁄iUPıµnÆ I˜µı®£ı
¬¿ Hÿ£mh _____________ ˜£ıµıSÆ.
4. §ˆµg_ B–{∫ Pƒsm&i&ªıº ¯P®£ÿ‘Ø ˜Pım¯h
_____________ BSÆ.
5. ]µı‰&Ez&ˆuÕªı¬fl ¨ufl¯©® £¯hzu¯ª¡∫
_____________ B¡ı∫.
6. £ı∂_ Ehfl£iU¯P∞fl£i _____________ ©ÿ÷Æ
_________ BQØ Ch[P“ §ˆµg_UPıµ∫P–US v∏®§
AŒUP®£mh⁄.
7. Iu∫ Aº¯Øz ˜uıÿPizu B[Qªz uÕ£v _________
B¡ı∫.
8. ¡[PıÕzv¿ Cµm¯h Bm] ¨¯”¯Ø A‘¨P®
£kzvØ¡∫ _____________B¡ı∫.
45

9. 1776&BÆ Bsk {ı⁄ı £m⁄ı¬Ï _____________ Ehfl
£iU¯P∞¿ ¯PˆØ zvmhı∫.
10. µ˜Pı£ı _____________ Gfl£¡∂fl ]‘Ø u¢¯u B¡ı∫.
11. `µz Ehfl£iU¯P∞fl ≠ªÆ B[Q˜ªØ∫ _____________
©ÿ÷Æ _____________ BQØ Ch[P¯Õ µ˜Pı£ı¬h
∏¢x ˆ£ÿ”⁄∫.
12. Iu∫ Aº ufl £Sv∞º∏¢u §ˆµg_USa ˆ\ı¢u©ı⁄
_____________ uıUP®£mhuı¿ B[Q˜ªØ∫ ´x ˜£ı∫
A‘¬zuı∫.
13. Iu∫ Aº∞fl ©Pfl _____________ B¡ı∫.
14. v® _¿uıfl B[Q˜ªØ∂fl {m {ıhı⁄_____________
¯µz uıUQ⁄ı∫.
15. v® _¿uıfl C”¢u §fl ¯©`∫ Aµ_ _____________
©fl⁄∏US AŒUP®£mhx.
16. v® _¿uıfl Eu¬ ˜Pı∂_____________, _____________
©ÿ÷Æ _____________ BQØ {ıkP–US ufl yx¡∫P¯Õ
A›®§⁄ı∫.
17. ˆ£s ]_UˆPı¯ª AvPÆ Pın®£mh ChÆ ___________
BSÆ.
18. C¢vØı¬¿ ¨ufl¨uº¿ C∏®®£ı¯u ____________
¬º∏¢x _____________ ¡¯µ A¯©UP®£mhx.
19. h¿ˆÌÕ] _____________ u£ı¿ ¨¯”¯Ø A‘¨P®
£kzv⁄ı∫.
20. h¿ˆÌÕ] _____________ A‘U¯P∞fl Ai®£¯h∞¿
]ª P¿¬a ^∫v∏zu[P¯Õ A‘¨P®£kzv⁄ı∫.
46

III. §fl¡∏¡⁄¡ÿ¯”® ˆ£ı∏zxP
A
1. ¬¿ºØÆ ˜Pım¯h && B–{∫
2. \ısh∫Ï && ˆPı¿Pzuı
3. Cµı£∫m Q¯Õ∆ && ¨PªıØ® ˜£µµ\∫
4. ©ı[R∫ && Cµıq¡ A桪∫
5. Âı BªÆ && u¯ª{P∫
B
1. {ı⁄ı £m⁄ı¬Ï && 1776
2. \ı¿ˆ\m && 1782
3. µ¢u∫ Ehfl£iU¯P && u¯ª¯© B–{∫
4. \ı¿¯£ Ehfl£iU¯P && wƒ
5. ¡ıµfl ˜ÌÏi[_ && ≠zu Aµ]Ø¿ u¯ª¡∫
C
1. A¥&ªı&\ı˜£¿
Ehfl£iU¯P
&& ≠fl”ıÆ P∫{ıhP® ˜£ı∫
2. £ısia˜\∂
Ehfl£iU¯P
&& ¨u¿ ¯©`∫ ˜£ı∫
3. £ı∂_ Ehfl£iU¯P && £U\ı∫ ˜£ı∫
4. AªPı£ız Ehfl£iU¯P && CµshıÆ P∫{ıhP® ˜£ı∫
5. ˆ\fl¯⁄ Ehfl£iU¯P && ¨u¿ P∫{ıhP® ˜£ı∫
D
1. µıo Cªm_£ı¥ && \v J»®
2. ¬¿ºØÆ ˆ£fli[ && u¯ª¯© B–{∫
S ¬fl \mh E÷®§⁄∫
3. ˜©·∫ ÏΩˆ©fl && u£ı¿ ¨¯”
4. ˆ©UPı˜ª §µ && uUP∫P“
5. h¿ˆÌÕ] §µ && ·ıfl] µıo
47

IV. _∏UP©ıP ¬¯hØŒUPƒÆ
1. ¨u¿ P∫{ıhP® ˜£ı∏UPı⁄ Pıµn[P¯Õ ˆ¡Œ®£kzxP.
2. ¨u¿ P∫{ıhP® ˜£ı∂fl ¬¯Õƒ Øıx?
3. CµshıÆ P∫{ıhP® ˜£ı∏UPı⁄ Pıµn[P“ Øı¯¡?
4. CµshıÆ P∫{ıhP® ˜£ı∂fl ¬¯ÕƒP¯ÕU S‘®§kP.
5. B∫UPımk √µ∫ Gfl÷ A¯«UP®£k£¡∫ Øı∫? Hfl
A∆¡ı÷ A¯«UP®£kQ”ı∫?
6. §ˆµg_ B–{∫ Pƒsm&i&ªıº ˆ\¥u P®ˆ£∂Ø u¡÷
Øıx?
7. ≠fl”ıÆ P∫{ıhP® ˜£ı∂fl ¬¯ÕƒP¯ÕU T÷P.
8. "C∏mh¯”z xصÆ' £ÿ‘ ]÷S‘®z u∏P.
9. §Õı]® ˜£ı∏US® §fl B[Q˜ªØ∫ A¯h¢u {fl¯©P“
Øı¯¡?
10. £U\ı∫ ˜£ı∏UPı⁄ Pıµn[P¯ÕU S‘®§kP.
11. Iu∫ Aº G∆¡ı÷ ¯©`∂fl _¿uıfl B⁄ı∫?
12. ¨u¿ ¯©`∫ ˜£ı∏UPı⁄ Pıµn[P“ Øı¯¡?
13. 1790¿ Pıµfl¡ıº_ v®¬fl ´x Hfl ˜£ı∫ A‘¬zuı∫?
14. ≠fl”ıÆ ¯©`∫ ˜£ı∂fl ¨iƒP¯Õ ˆ¡Œ®£kzxP.
15. {ı⁄ı £m⁄ı¬Ï £ÿ‘ ]÷ S‘® u∏P.
16. ≠fl”ıÆ ©µızvØ® ˜£ı∂fl ¬¯ÕƒP¯Õ ˆ¡Œ®£kzxP.
17. ©µızvØ∂fl √Ãa]UPı⁄ Pıµn[P¯ÕU S‘®§kP.
18. B[Qª BvUPÆ C¢vØı¬¿ ¬∂¡¯hØ ˆ¡¿ˆªÏº
˜©ÿˆPısh {h¡iU¯PP“ Øı¯¡?
48

19. x¯n®£¯hz vmhzv¿ ˜\∫¢u {ıkPŒfl ˆ£Ø∫P¯ÕU
S‘®§kP.
20. uUP∫P“ £ÿ‘ E©US Gfl⁄ ˆu∂≤Æ?
21. ¡ı∂_ C«®U ˆPı“¯P ≠ªÆ h¿ˆÌÕ] C¯nzu
{ıkP“ G¯¡?
22. µıo Cªm_£ı¥ B[Q˜ªØ∫ ´x G∆¬uÆ £»w∫zxU
ˆPıshı∫?
23. C¢vØ C∏®®£ı¯u∞fl u¢¯u Gfl÷ A¯«UP®£k£¡∫
Øı∫? Hfl?
24. P¿¬zx¯”∞¿ h¿ˆÌÕ] ˆ\¥u ^∫v∏zu[P¯ÕU
S‘®§kP.
V. ¬∂¡ı⁄ ¬¯h u∏P
1. ¨u¿ P∫{ıhP® ˜£ı∏UPı⁄ Pıµn[P“ Øı¯¡? ˜£ı∂fl
¬¯ÕƒP¯Õ ˆ¡Œ®£kzxP.
2. CµshıÆ P∫{ıhP® ˜£ı∫ £ÿ‘ J∏ Pmk¯µ G xP.
3. P∫{ıhP® ˜£ı∫PŒ¿ B[Q˜ªØ∫ ˆ¡ÿ‘ ˆ£ÿ”uÿPı⁄
Pıµn[P¯Õ ¬ÕUPƒÆ.
4. ¡[PıÕzv¿ B[Q˜ªØ∫ G∆¡ı÷ BvUPÆ ˆ£ÿ”⁄∫?
5. CµshıÆ ¯©`∫ ˜£ı¯µ®£ÿ‘ J∏ Pmk¯µz u∏P.
6. ¨u¿ ©µızvØ® ˜£ı∂fl Pıµn[P“, |PÃP“ ©ÿ÷Æ
¬¯ÕƒP¯Õ ¬ÕUSP.
7. C¢vØı¬¿ B[Qª ¡oPU S ¬⁄∂fl BvUPz¯u
ˆ¡¿ˆªÏº §µ G∆¡ı÷ ¬∂¡ıUQ⁄ı∫?
x¯n®£¯hzvmhzvfl |¯”, S¯”P¯Õ ¬ÕUSP.
8. ¬¿ºØÆ ˆ£fli[ §µ¬fl \≠Pa ^∫v∏zu[P“ £ÿ‘ J∏
Pmk¯µ ¡¯µP.
49

9. C¢vØı¬¿ B[Qª® ˜£µµ_ ¬∂¡¯hØ h¿ˆÌÕ]
§fl£ÿ‘Ø ˆPı“¯P¯Ø ¬¡∂UPƒÆ.
10. C¢vØı¯¡ {√⁄®£kzu h¿ˆÌÕ] ˜©ÿˆPısh
{h¡iU¯PP¯Õ ¡∂¯\®£kzxP.
VI. ˆ\¥¨¯”®£∞ÿ]
1. C¢vØ ¡¯µ£hzv¿ RÃUPsh¡ÿ¯”U S‘UPƒÆ :
A. ˆ¡¿ˆªÏº Pıªzv¿ B[Qª® £Sv¯ØU
S‘®§mk Av¿ §fl¡∏Æ Ch[P¯Õa _miU
PımhƒÆ & P∫{ıhPÆ, ¡h\∫UPı∫, ¡[PıÕÆ, •Pı∫,
A˜Øızv.
B. h¿ˆÌÕ] Pıª B[Qª® £SvP¯Õ ¡¯µ¢x Av¿
§fl¡∏Æ Ch[P¯Õa _miUPımhƒÆ & ·ıfl],
\uıµı, A˜Øızv, {ıUß∫, Eu¥ß∫, ¨Æ¯£, uı⁄ı,
ˆ\fl¯⁄, ˆPı¿Pzuı.
50

£ıhÆ & 3
¨u¿ C¢vØa _u¢vµ®˜£ı∫
(1857&BÆ Bsk ˆ£∏Ƶm]) & B[QªU
Q«UQ¢vØ ¡oPU S Bm]∞fl ¨iƒ
Pÿ”¿ ˜{ıUP[P“
1. ©ın¡∫ B[Q˜ªØ∫ Bm]¯Ø Gv∫zx {¯hˆ£ÿ”
¨¢¯uØ µm]P¯Õ® £ÿ‘Ø (Early revolts) P∏zv¯⁄®
ˆ£÷u¿.
2. ©ın¡∫ 1857¿ Hÿ£mh µm]UPı⁄ Aµ]Ø¿, |∏¡ıP,
ˆ£ı∏Õıuıµ, \≠P, \©Ø, ©ÿ÷Æ Cµıq¡U Pıµn[P“
£ÿ‘Ø A‘¬¯⁄® ˆ£÷u¿.
3. ©ın¡∫ ˆ£∏Æ µm] ˜uı¿¬ A¯h¢uuÿPı⁄
Pıµn[P¯Õ≤Æ Aufl ¬¯ÕƒP¯Õ≤Æ £ÿ‘ ∂¢x
ˆPı“–u¿.
4. ©ın¡∫ ¬U˜hı∂Øı ˜£µµ] §µPh⁄zvfl
¨UQØzx¡z¯uz ˆu∂¢x ˆPı“–u¿.
§Õı]® ˜£ı∏US® §fl⁄∫ Q«UQ¢vØ ¡oPU S
C¢vØı¬fl ˆ\¿¡zv¯⁄≤Æ, ¡Õ[P¯Õ≤Æ _µsi
¡¢ux. B[Q˜ªØ∫ C¢vØ∫P¯Õ Ai¯©PÕıP {hzv⁄∫.
A¡∫P“ C¢vØı¬¿ Aµ]Ø¿, \mhÆ, ©ÿ÷Æ ˆ£ı∏Õı
uıµÆ BQØ x¯”PŒ¿ vØ A¯©®P¯Õ® Szv⁄∫.
A¯¡ 18&BÆ °ÿ”ısi¿ {Æ {ımi¿ ¡«UQ¿ C∏¢u⁄
¡ÿ‘ÿS ¨ÿ‘æÆ ©ı÷£mh¯¡PÕıP C∏¢u⁄. B[Q˜ª
Ø∫PŒfl Aµ]Ø¿ ©ÿ÷Æ ˆ£ı∏ÕıuıµU ˆPı“¯PPÕı¿
£ªuµ®£mh ©UP–Æ £ıv®§ÿS“Õı∞⁄∫. A¡∫P“
A¯⁄¡∏Æ ©QÃa]∞«¢u⁄∫. ˆ£∏Q¡¢u ©UPŒfl
ˆ¡÷®hfl ©fl⁄∫P“, £¯h√µ∫PŒfl S¯”P–Æ ˜\∫¢x
51

ˆPısh⁄. Cu⁄ı¿ ]ª Ch[PŒ¿ PªP[P–Æ, Gv∫®
P–Æ Hÿ£mh⁄. A¡ÿ‘¿ 1857&BÆ Bsk Hÿ£mh ˆ£∏Æ
µm] (Great Revolt) P ¨UQØ©ı⁄uıSÆ.
£siu ·¡Ì∫ªı¿ ˜{∏ ufl›¯hØ iÏP¡∂
BL® C¢vØı (Discovery of India) Gfl” PÈ£ÿ” °º¿
""£«Æ ˆ£∏¯© ˆPısh J∏ {ım¯h, G[Q∏¢˜uı J∏
w¬º∏¢x ¡¢u ]÷ TmhÆ Bm] ˆ\¥¡x Gfl¯⁄
S¢u Bzvµ ©¯hØa ˆ\¥Q”x'' Gfl÷ G v≤“Õı∫.
AUPıª Pmhzv¿ C˜u En∫a]uıfl C¢vØı ¨ ¡xÆ
£µ¬∞∏¢ux.
B[Qª Bm]US Gvµı⁄ ¨¢¯uØ µm]P“ (1765 & 1856)
: C¢vØı¬fl Q«US® £SvPŒ¿, C¢x \fl¤Øı]P–Æ,
C_ªıØ x”¬P–Æ B[Q˜ªØ¯µ® ˆ£ıx¡ıP Gv∫zu⁄∫.
ˆufl C¢vØı¬¿ £ı¯ÕØUPıµ∫P“ u[P“ £Sv∞¿
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{h¡iU¯PP“ G¿ªı¡ÿ¯”≤Æ C¢vØ∫P“ ˆ£ı÷zxU
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µm] : C¢vØ® £¯h√µ∫P“ 1857&BÆ Bsk B[QªU
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A¯u B[Qª ¡µªıÿ÷ B]∂Ø∫P“ £¯h√µ∫ PªPÆ Gfl÷
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52

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Aµ]Ø¿, |∫¡ıP, ˆ£ı∏Õıuıµ, \≠P, \©Ø, Cµıq¡
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Aµ]Ø¿ Pıµn[P“ : B[Q˜ªØ∂fl {ık C¯n®U
ˆPı“¯P P ¨UQØ Pıµn[PŒ¿ Jfl”ıSÆ. ˆ¡¿ˆªÏº
§µ £ª C¢vØ ©fl⁄∫P–hfl ˆ\¥x ˆPısh x¯n®
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©mk˜© Aufl |£¢u¯⁄P“ ©vUP®£mh⁄. ©ÿ” \©Ø[
PŒ¿ A¯¡P“ ”UPoUP®£mh⁄. h¿ˆÌÕ]∞fl ¡ı∂_
C«®U ˆPı“¯P ≠ªÆ Gmk {ıkP“ G∆¬u |Øıب
fl‘ B[Qª® ˜£µµ_hfl C¯nUP®£mh⁄. {ı⁄ı\ıQ®
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B[Q˜ªØ∫US GvµıPa ˆ\Ø¿£mh⁄∫. A¡∫P“ Aa_u¢vµ
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£mh⁄∫. A˜Øızv {¡ı® ¡]z AºÂı¯¡ £u¬∞º∏¢x
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PŒfl Aµs©¯⁄¯Ø≤Æ, ˆ\[˜Pım¯h¯Ø≤Æ Gv∫
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u[P“ Aµ]Ø¿ AvPıµz¯u C«¢uuıPU P∏v⁄∫.
|∫¡ıPU Pıµn[P“ : C¢vØ∫P–US B[Q˜ªØ
Bm]∞fl ´x {ƧU¯P∞fl¯©≤Æ, ˆ¡÷®Æ Hÿ£mh⁄.
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CØ¢vµz ufl¯©≤¯hØuıPƒÆ (Mechanical) Pıªzuı©u
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53

£o¢x ¡¢u \ıuıµn ©UP–Æ u[P“ ´x ¡«USz
ˆuık®£uÿS A¢}v¨¯” \ıuP©ıP C∏¢uuı¿ ¡\v
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A¯¡PŒ¿ PƒÆ AvP©ıP £ıv®§¯⁄ Hÿ£kzvØx
|ª¡∂ ¨¯”ØıSÆ. B[Q˜ªØ Bm]∞fl Rà |ª®§µU
P–Æ SiØı⁄¡∫P–Æ \©©ıP˜¡ xfl£z¯u A›£¬z
u⁄∫. SiØı⁄¡∫P“ P AvP©ı⁄ |ª¡∂ ˆ\æzu
˜¡si∞∏¢ux. |ª®§µUPŒfl \æ¯PP“ £‘UP®
£mh⁄. C¢vØ∫P–US Aµ]غæÆ Cµıq¡zvæÆ EØ∫
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{¿ª ˜¡¯ª Q¯hUSˆ©fl÷ Gv∫£ı∫zu £izu C¢vØ
C¯Õb∫P–Æ H©ıÿ”©¯h¢u⁄∫.
ˆ£ı∏ÕıuıµU Pıµn[P“ : {ımifl ˆ£ı∏Õıuıµa _µshº
⁄ıæÆ, HµıÕ©ı⁄ ˆ\¿¡Æ ˆ¡Œ˜Øÿ”®£mhuıæÆ,
C¢vØz ˆuı»¿PŒfl A»¬⁄ıæÆ C¢vØ ©UPŒfl
ˆ£ı∏Õıuıµ ¡ıÃU¯P ^∫S¯ª¢ux. B[Q˜ªØ∫ C¢vØ∫
PŒfl ˆuı»¿P¯Õ≤Æ, Eÿ£zv¯Ø≤Æ ¨hUQ⁄∫. C¢vØ®
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B[Qª® ˆ£ı∏mP–US C¢vØı¬¿ PU S¯”¢u C”US©v
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£mh HµıÕ©ı⁄ B[Qª {ımk® ˆ£ı∏mP“ C¢vØ
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∂¢u C¢vØU ¯P¬¯⁄b∫P–Æ, ¯P¬¯⁄U P¯ªb∫P–Æ
Buµƒ C«¢u⁄∫. ˆ{\¡ıÕ∫P–Æ, ¯P¬¯⁄b∫P–Æ
B[Qª A桪∫PŒfl ¬∏®£zvÿ˜Pÿ£ ˆuı»¿ ∂≤©ı÷
PmhıØ® £kzu®£mh⁄∫. AuÿS A¡∫P–US PU
S¯”¢u Tº˜Ø Q¯hzux. G⁄˜¡ A¡∫PŒfl ˆuı»¿
Dk£ık S¯”¢ux. Au⁄ı¿ P®ˆ£∂Ø AÕ¬æÆ
P®£Ø›Æ E¯hØuıP ¬Õ[QØ C¢vØı¬fl ˆ{\ƒz
ˆuı»¿ {º¡¯h¢ux. A˜u ˜£ı¿ C¢vØ Aµ\∫PŒhÆ
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54

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©UPŒfl ¡ıÃU¯P≤Æ £ıv®§ÿS“Õı⁄x. Szu¯Pa
_u¢vµÆ ˆPısh |ª[P¯Õ ˆ£fli[ §µ Aµ]fl
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\≠PU Pıµn[P“ : B[Q˜ªØ∫ C¢vدµ uƯ©¬hz
uıâu¡∫PÕıP {hzv⁄∫. C¢vØ∏hfl ˆuıh∫ ˆPısh
˜£ıˆu¿ªıÆ u[P“ C⁄ C÷©ı®¯£ ˆ¡Œ®£kzv⁄∫.
C¢vØ∫P“ ˆuıh∫ ¡siPŒ¿ ¨u¿ ¡S®§¿ £ØnÆ
ˆ\¥Ø A›©vUP®£h¬¿¯ª. A¡∫P“ G¿ªı \≠P
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A¡∫P“ B[Q˜ªØ∏hfl ˜\∫¢x £«P A›©vUP®£h
¬¿¯ª. ˜¡P©ıP® £µ¬Ø ˜©¿{ımk £s£ıkÆ, B[QªU
P¿¬ ¨¯”≤Æ C¢vØ® £«¯© ¡ıvP¯Õ® •vدhØa
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]_U ˆPı¯ª uk®, ¬u¯¡P“ ©÷©nÆ FUS¬UP®
£mhx. Q‘zx¡∫PÕıP ©ı‘Ø¡∫P–Æ ˆ\ızx∂¯©
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u[P“ \©Øz¯u® £µ®¡v¿ w¬µ©ıP Dk£mi∏¢u⁄∫.
A¡∫PŒfl ˆ\Ø¿£ıkP“ C¢vØ∂¯h˜Ø J∏¬u £Øz¯u
Hÿ£kzv⁄. B[Q˜ªØ∫ C¢vØ∂fl \©Ø[P¯Õ Ai˜Øık
A»zx C¢vØı¯¡U Q‘zx¡ {ıhıP ©ıÿ” ¨Øÿ]®£uıPa
\¢˜uP®£mh⁄∫.
B[Qª® £ıµı–©fl” E÷®§⁄µı⁄
B∫.i.˜©[P¿Ï (R.D. Mangles) Gfl£¡∫, ""J∆ˆ¡ı∏
B[Q˜ªØ∏Æ J∏ C¢vدµØı¡x Q‘zx¡a
\©ØzvÿS ©ıÿ” w¬µ ¨Øÿ] GkUP ˜¡skÆ.
˜©æÆ Q‘zx¬fl £uı¯P C¢vØı¬fl J∏ ¨¯⁄∞¿
C∏¢x ©÷ ¨¯⁄¡¯µ ˆ¡ÿ‘Pµ©ıP £”UP
˜¡skÆ'' Gfl÷ ˆ¡Œ®£¯hØıP A‘¬zuı∫.
55

A¢u A‘¬® C¢vØ ©UPŒ¯h˜Ø S¢u
˜Pı£z¯u≤Æ B[Q˜ªØ∫ Bm]∞fl´x ˆ¡÷®¯£≤Æ
Hÿ£kzv⁄. ˜Pı∞¿P–USÆ, ©`vP–USÆ ˆ\ı¢u©ı⁄
|ª[PŒfl ´x B[Q˜ªØ∫ ¬vzu ¡∂ ©UPŒfl \©Ø
En∫¬¯⁄z ysiØx. C¢x \©Ø S∏©ı∫P–Æ, ¨P©vØ
ˆ©Õ¿¬P–Æ B[Q˜ªØ Bm]∞fl ´x Av∏®v
A¯h¢u⁄∫. Azu¯PØ ˆ\Ø¿P“ ≠ªÆ B[Q˜ªØ∫ uÆ
©v®¯£ C«¢u⁄∫.
Cµıq¡U Pıµn[P“ : C¢vØ® £¯h√µ∫P“ ]®£ı¥P“
G⁄ A¯«UP®£mh⁄∫. C¢vØı¬º∏¢u B[Qª Cµıq¡®
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C∏¢u⁄∫. Es¯©∞¿ T” ˜¡sk©ı⁄ı¿, C¢vØa
]®£ı¥PŒfl ¬_¡ı\zvæÆ A¡∫PŒfl E÷v∞fl
Ai®£¯h∞æÆ uıfl B[Q˜ªØ∂fl AvPıµÆ C∏¢ux.
B⁄ı¿ C¢vØa ]®£ı¥P¯Õ B[Q˜ªØ∫ C»¡ıPƒÆ,
uıáıPƒÆ {hzv⁄∫. C¢vØa ]®£ı¥P–US A¡∫P¯Õ®
˜£ıfl” B[Qªa ]®£ı¥P¯Õ¬h S¯”¡ı⁄ \Æ£Õ˜©
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Q¯hØıx. C¢vØa ]®£ı¥P“ u[P“ \©ØÆ ©ÿ÷Æ
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ukUP®£mh⁄∫. 1856¿ Pı¤[ §µ¬fl Aµ_, ˆ£ıx
Cµıq¡® £oØıÕ∫ \mhÆ (The General Services Enlistment
Act) Jfl¯” |¯”˜¡ÿ‘Øx. ˜u¯¡ Hÿ£mhı¿ C¢vØa
]®£ı¥P“ Ph¿ Ph¢x ˆ\fl÷Æ £oØıÿ” ˜¡skÆ Gfl÷
Aa\mhÆ PmhıØ®£kzvØx. Au⁄ı¿ C¢vØa ]®£ı¥P“
B[Q˜ªØ∫ ´x ˆ¡÷®U ˆPısh⁄∫.
Eh⁄iU PıµnÆ : C¢vØ Cµıq¡zv¿ B[Q˜ªØµı¿
vØ Gfl•¿k µP x®£ıUQP“ A‘¨P®£kzu®£mhx uıfl
µm]US Eh⁄iU Pıµn©ıP A¯©¢ux. Azx®£ıUQPŒfl
˜uımhıUPŒ¿ ∏PU ˆPı ® uh¡®£mi∏¢ux. Az
˜uımhıUP¯Õ E£˜ØıQ®£uÿS ¨fl Aufl Pi⁄©ı⁄
˜©æ¯”P¯Õ® £ÿPÕı¿ Pizxz v”UP ˜¡si∞∏¢ux.
56

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C∏¢uuıPU P∏vØ C¢x, C_ªıØ £¯h √µ∫P“
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P¯Õ E£˜ØıQ®£x uÆ \©ØU ˜Pım£ımiÿS Gvµı⁄x
Gfl÷ C∏ \©Øzv⁄∏Æ P∏v⁄∫. 1857&BÆ Bsk ©ı∫a
©ıuÆ 29&BÆ ˜uv ˆPı¿Pzuı¬ÿS A∏Q¿ ˜£µUß∫
Gfl›hzv¿ ¡[PıÕ® £¯h®§∂¯¡a ˜\∫¢u ©[P“
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ˆPıfl”ı∫. Au⁄ı¿ A¡∫ ¯Px ˆ\¥Ø®£mk, }v
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£SvPŒ¿ µm]¯Øz ˆuıh[Q⁄∫.
µm]∞fl ˜£ıUS : 1857&BÆ Bsk H®µ¿ ©ıuÆ ´µm
{P∂¿ £¯h√µ∫P“ ˆ¡Œ®£¯hØıP µm]∞¿ Dk
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£kzu®£mk 10 BskP“ Pk[Pı¡¿ ush¯⁄ ˆ£ÿ”⁄∫.
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10&BÆ {ı“ µm]∞¿ Dk£mh⁄∫. A¡∫P“ ]¯”a
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Pmk®£ımifl Rà ˆPısk ¡¢u⁄∫. ˆh¿º∞fl ¨fl⁄ı“
Aµ\∫ CµshıÆ £Py∫ Âı uØUPÆ ˆPısh ˜£ıxÆ
A¡¯µ® ˜£µµ\∫ G⁄® §µPh⁄®£kzv⁄∫.
Pıflß∂¿ {¯hˆ£ÿ” µm]¯Ø •Ë¡ı CµshıÆ
£ı‚µı¬fl uzx®§“¯Õ≤Æ B[Q˜ªØ∂hÆ S¢u
Av∏®v≤Æ ˆPısh {ı⁄ı\ıQ® ¡» {hzv⁄ı∫.
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√µ¨Æ ˆ£ı∏¢vØ £¯hzuÕ£v u¯ª¯©® ˆ£ı÷®
57

˜£ÿ”ı∫. ªU˜⁄ı¬¿ A˜Øızv∞fl Aµ] Ìϵz©Pı¿
˜£PÆ µm]¯Ø ¡» {hzv⁄ı∫. ©zvØ C¢vØı¬fl
·ıfl] Cµıo Cªm_£ı¥ µm]® £¯hP–USz
u¯ª¯© uı[Q⁄ı∫. A¡∫ Pa]”¢u C¢vØ ˜u\
£Uu∫PŒ¿ J∏¡µı¡ı∫. Bs E¯h u∂zx Dk C¯nØÿ”
√µzxh›Æ Cµıq¡ u¢vµzxh›Æ J∏ Es¯©Øı⁄
√µ¯⁄® ˜£ı¿ µm]∞¿ Dk£mhı∫. A¡∫ S¡ıºØ∫
{P¯µU ¯P® £ÿ‘⁄ı∫. \ıSÆ¡¯µ P √µ©ıP ˜£ı∂mh
Cµıo Cªm_£ı¥ 1858&BÆ Bsk ·¸fl v[PŒ¿
{¯hˆ£ÿ” \s¯h∞¿ ˆPı¿ª®£mhı∫.
µm] {h¢u \©ØÆ C¢vØı¬¿ C∏¢u B[Qª
¡µªıÿ÷ B]∂Ø∫PŒfl Tÿ÷®£i 1857¿ {h¢u µm]∞¿
Dk£mh C¢vØz u¯ª¡∫PŒ¿ Pa]”¢u¡µıPƒÆ, √µ
UP¡µıPƒÆ vPâu¡∫ Cµıo Cªm_£ı¥ B¡ı∫.
˜µıQ¿Psifl u¯ª{Pµı⁄ £ˆµ¥º∞¿ £¯h√µ∫P“
µm]∞Ωk£mh⁄∫. A¡∫P“ ˜µıQ¿ªı £Sv∞fl u¯ª
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Pa]”¢u Cµıq¡z uÕ£vØıPz vPâuı∫.
u¯ª¡∫P–hfl ˜\∫¢x Pz ¯u∂Øzxhfl µm]∞¿
Dk£mh B∞µUPnUPı⁄ £¯h √µ∫P–Æ, ¬¡\ı∞P–Æ
©ÿ÷Æ ¯P¬¯⁄b∫P–Æuıfl C®µm]∞fl Puı{ıØP∫P“.
A¡∫P“ S¢u √µzxhfl ¯u∂Ø©ıP® ˜£ıµıi⁄∫. ]ª
Ch[PŒ¿ \ıuıµn ©UP–Æ µm]∞¿ Dk£mh⁄∫.
Es¯©∞¿ ˆ\ı¿ª® ˜£ı⁄ı¿ ¬¡\ı∞P“, ¯P
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ˆ£ÿ”uı¿ A®µm]US AvP ¡º¯© QmiØx. Au⁄ı¿
µm] ©UP“ µm]ØıP PÈ£ÿ”x. G¤›Æ
B[Q˜ªØ∂fl w¬µ AhUS ¨¯”Øı¿ A®µm]
ˆ¡ÿ‘ˆ£” ¨iØı©¿ ˜uı¿¬≤ÿ”x.
µm]∞fl ˜uı¿¬UPı⁄ Pıµn[P“ : 1857&BÆ Bsk
µm] £¿˜¡÷ Pıµn[PÕı¿ ˜uı¿¬Ø¯h¢ux.
59

Jÿ÷¯©∞fl¯© : µm]ØıÕ∫PŒ¯h˜Ø Jÿ÷¯©∞¿¯ª.
˜u]ØÆ, Jÿ÷¯© ˜£ıfl” P∏zxUP“ ¡Õ∫a]دhØ
¬¿¯ª. µm]ØıÕ∫P“ ˆ£ıx¡ı⁄ ˜{ıUPzv¯⁄U
ˆPısi∏UP¬¿¯ª. ¡[PıÕ £¯h√µ∫P“ C¯hUPıª
¨PªıØ® P¯« ´skÆ ˆPısk¡µ Gso⁄∫. {ı⁄ı
\ıQ®Æ, uı¢vØı ˜uı®Æ ©µızvØa ˆ\¿¡ıU¯P ´skÆ
|÷¡ ¨Øÿ]zu⁄∫. Cµıo Cªm_£ı¥ C«¢u ufl
{ım¯h ´mP® ˜£ıµıi⁄ı∫. Akzx, C®µm] {ıˆh[SÆ
£µ¡¬¿¯ª. C¢vØı¬fl ¡hUS ©ÿ÷Æ ©zvØ £SvPŒ¿
©mk˜© µm] {¯hˆ£ÿ”x. ¨Æ¯£, £g\ı®, ]¢x,
Cµı·Ïuıfl ©ÿ÷Æ ˆufl¤¢vØı ˜£ıfl” £SvPŒ¿
A¯©v |ª¬Øx. B[Q˜ªØ∫ ^UQØ∫P“, B®Pı¤Ø∫P“
©ÿ÷Æ T∫UPıUP“ ˆPısh £¯h®§∂¬⁄∂fl ¬_¡ı\z
¯u® ˆ£ÿ”⁄∫. T∫UPı §∂ƒ µm]¯Ø AhUP B[Q˜ª
Ø∏US Eu¬ØıPa ˆ\Ø¿£mhx.
{√⁄ P∏¬P“ & ˆuı»¿ ~m£ ¨¯”PŒ¿ S¯”£ık :
µm]∞¿ £[˜Pÿ”¿ A¿ªx √µa ˆ\Ø¿ ∂u¿ BQØ⁄
B[Q˜ªØ∂fl {√⁄ ˜£ı∫UP∏¬P–US DhıP¬¿¯ª.
µm]∞¿ £[˜Pÿ” ˆ£ıx©UPŒfl Buµƒhfl ˜£ıµıiØ
C¢vØ® £¯h√µ∫PÕı¿ {flS vmhh®£mk J [Shfl
ˆ\تıÿ‘Ø B[Qª Cµıq¡zv¯⁄ Gv∫ˆPı“Õ ¨iØ
¬¿¯ª. £∞ÿ] ˆ£ÿ” £¯h√µ∫P–Æ, ˜u¯¡Øı⁄ ˜£ı∫U
P∏¬P–Æ uS¢u ˜{µzv¿ Q¯hUPı©¿ ˜£ı⁄uı¿ £ª
\©Ø[PŒ¿ µm]ØıÕ∫P“ u[P“ ¨Øÿ]P¯ÕU ¯P¬h
˜¡siØ |¯ª Hÿ£mhx. B[Q˜ªØ∂fl ¬¯µ¡ı⁄ ˆ\Ø¿
£ıkP–USz u¢v ¨¯”≤Æ Ag\¿ uP¡¿ ¨¯”≤Æ
ˆ£∂xÆ Eu¬⁄.
u¯ª¯©® ˆ£ı÷® : C¢vØ∫PŒ¯h˜Ø uSvØı⁄
u¯ª¡∫P“ Pın®£h¬¿¯ª. A¡∫P“ G∆¬u A¯©®
§¯⁄≤Æ vmhzv¯⁄≤Æ ˆ£ÿ‘∏UP¬¿¯ª. ˜©æÆ
µm]∞fl u¯ª¡∫P“ B[Qª® £¯hzuÕ£vP–US
Dhı⁄¡∫P–Æ A¿ª. Cµıo Cªm_£ı≤Æ uı¢vØı
˜uı®Æ, {ı⁄ı \ıQ®Æ √µzv¿ ]”¢u¡∫P˜ÕØfl‘ {¿ª
60

uÕ£vP“ A¿ª. C÷vØıP B[Q˜ªØ∂fl Ph¿ ¡º¯©
uS¢u ˜{µzv¿ A¡∫PÕı¿ C[Qªı¢vº∏¢x £¯h Eu¬
ˆ£” Hx¡ıP A¯©¢v∏¢ux.
µm]∞fl ¬¯ÕƒP“ : 1. µm]US®§fl B[QªU
Q«UQ¢vØ ¡oPU S ¬fl Bm] ¨iƒUS ¡¢ux,
2. C¢vØı¯¡ |∫¡QUSÆ ˆ£ı÷®§¯⁄ B[Qª Aµ˜\
˜©ÿˆPıshx, 3. J∏ ]”®a \mhzvfl ≠ªÆ CØUS{∫
S ƒÆ (Board of Directors) Pmk®£ımkU S ƒÆ (Board of
Control) P¯ªUP®£mh⁄. A¡ÿ‘ÿS® £vªıP C¢vØa
ˆ\ت∫ (Secretary of State for India) J∏¡∫ |ØUP®£mhı∫.
A¡∏US Eu¬h 15 E÷®§⁄∫P¯ÕU ˆPısh C¢vØU S
Jfl÷ A¯©UP®£mhx, 4. C¢vØ Cµıq¡Æ ¨ ¡x©ıP
^µ¯©UP®£mhx, 5. CµUP©ÿ” ¨¯”∞¿ C¢vØ {ıkP¯Õ
C¯nzxU ˆPı“–Æ ˆPı“¯P ¯P¬h®£mhx. C¢vØ
Aµ_P¯Õ® £¯PzxU ˆPısh u¡”ı⁄ ˆ\¥¯P¯Ø
B[Q˜ªØ∫ En∫¢u⁄∫.
B[QªU Q«UQ¢vØ ¡oPUS Bm]∞fl ¨iƒ :
1858¿ µm] AhUP®£mhƒhfl C¢vØı¬¿ B[Qª Bm]
¡µªıÿ‘¿ J∏ vØ PmhÆ E∏¡ı⁄x. C¢vØı
ˆuıh∫£ı⁄ B[QªU ˆPı“¯P∞¿ ¨UQØ ©ı÷u¿P“
Hÿ£mh⁄. |∫¡ıP A¯©®§æÆTh £ª ©ı÷u¿P“
Hÿ£mh⁄.
1858&BÆ ¡∏h \mh¨Æ ¬U˜hı∂Øı ˜£µµ]∞fl
§µPh⁄¨Æ : 1858&BÆ Bsk BPÏk ©ıuÆ C[Qªı¢x®
£ıµı–©fl”Æ J∏ \mhzv¯⁄ CØÿ‘Øx. Aufl£i
B[QªU Q«UQ¢vØ ¡oPU S ¬fl Bm] ¨iƒUS
¡¢ux. C¢vØ |∫¡ıPzv¯⁄ B[Qª Aµ_ ˜©ÿˆPıshx.
C¢vØı¬fl u¯ª¯© B–{∫ ¯¡]µı¥
G⁄ƒÆ
A¯«UP®£mhı∫. ¯¡]µı¥ Gfl£uÿS Aµ\®§µv|v Gfl÷
ˆ£ı∏“ BSÆ.
Aa\mhÆ CØÿ”®£mh˜£ıx C[Qªı¢¯u Bm]
ˆ\¥u¡∫ ¬U˜hı∂Øı ©PıµıoØı¡ı∫. A¡µx ˆ£Ø∂¿ J∏
61

˜£µ‘U¯P ˆ¡Œ∞h®£mhx. A¯u 1858&BÆ Bsk
{¡Æ£∫ ©ıuÆ ¨u¿ ˜uv C¢vØı¬fl u¯ª¯© B–{µı⁄
Pı¤[ §µ AªPı£ızv¿ {h¢u u∫£ı∂¿ (TmhÆ)
ˆ¡Œ∞mhı∫. ˜£µµ]∞fl §µPh⁄Æ A¿ªx ˜£µ‘U¯P G⁄
A¯«UP®£mh A∆¡‘U¯P C¢vØ ©UPŒfl ©Pı\ı\⁄Æ
Gfl÷Æ P∏u®£mhx. C¢u A‘U¯P C¢vØ∫P–USa ]ª
\æ¯PP¯Õ ¡«[QØx. Aufl£i B[QªU Q«UQ¢vØ
¡oPUS C¢vØ Aµ\∫P–hfl ˆPısi∏¢u Ehfl
£iU¯PP“ E÷vØıUP®£mh⁄. A∆¡‘U¯P C¢vØı¬fl
£«¯©Øı⁄ £s£ık, £«UP ¡«UP[P“ ©vUP®£kÆ G⁄
E÷vØŒzux. C¢vØ ©fl⁄∫P–USz uzx GkzxU
ˆPı“–Æ E∂¯© ¡«[P®£mhx. {ıi¯n®U ˆPı“¯P
¯P¬h®£mhx. A∆¡‘U¯P A¯⁄zx C¢vØ∫P–Æ C⁄,
ˆPı“¯P ˜¡÷£ıifl‘ P¿¬, v”¯©∞fl Ai®£¯h∞¿
Aµ_ |∫¡ıP® £oPŒ¿ ~¯«Øz uSv≤¯hØ¡∫P“
G⁄ƒÆ A‘¬zux. ˜©æÆ µm]∞fl˜£ıx B[Q˜ªØ∂fl
©µnzvÿSU Pıµn©ıP C∏¢u¡∫P“ u¬µ ©ÿ”
A¯⁄¡∏USÆ |£¢u¯⁄Øÿ” ©fl¤®Æ ¡«[P®£mhx.
Pÿ”¿ A¯hƒP“
1. ©ın¡∫ B[Q˜ªØ∫US GvµıP {h¢u ¨¢¯uØ
µm]P¯Õa _miUPımh ¨i≤Æ.
2. ©ın¡∫ 1857&BÆ Bsk ˆ£∏Ƶm]UPı⁄ Aµ]Ø¿,
|∫¡ıP, ˆ£ı∏Õıuıµ, \≠P, \©Ø, Cµıq¡ ©ÿ÷Æ
Eh⁄iU Pıµn[P¯Õ |¯⁄ƒTµ ¨i≤Æ.
3. ©ın¡∫ µm]∞fl ˜£ıUQ¯⁄ ¬ÕUP ¨i≤Æ.
4. ©ın¡∫ ˆ£∏Ƶm]∞fl ˜uı¿¬UPı⁄ Pıµn[P¯Õ
¬ÕUP ¨i≤Æ.
5. ©ın¡∫ µm]∞fl ¬¯ÕƒP¯Õ ¬ÕUP ¨i≤Æ.
6. ©ın¡∫ ˜£µµ]∞fl §µPh⁄z¯u ¬ÕUP ¨i≤Æ.
62

_Ø ©v®•k
I. \∂Øı⁄ ¬¯h¯Øz ˜u∫¢ˆukUPƒÆ
1. ˆufl¤¢vØı¬¿ {h¢u µm]∞¿ £ı¯ÕØUPıµ∫P–USz
u¯ª¯© Hÿ”¡∫
A. Cµıo Cªm_£ı¥ B. {ı⁄ı \ıQ®
C. ©∏x \˜Pıuµ∫P“ D. uı¢vØı ˜uı®
2. 1857¿ {h¢u µm]¯Ø® £ÿ‘ B[Qª ¡µªıÿ÷ B]∂Ø∫P“
¬¡∂USÆ ¬uÆ
A. ]®£ı¥ PªPÆ B. ˆ£∏[PªPÆ
C. _u¢vµ®˜£ı∫ D. ¬ku¯ª® ˜£ıµımhÆ
3. C¢vØ® ˆ£∏Ƶm]∞fl ˜£ıx C¢vØı¬fl u¯ª¯©
B–{µıP C∏¢u¡∫
A. ˆ¡¿ˆªÏº B. h¿ˆÌÕ]
C. Pı¤[ D. Q¯Õ∆
4. CØ¢vµ[PÕı¿ Eÿ£zva ˆ\¥Ø®£mh B[Qª {ımk®
ˆ£ı∏mP“ |µÆ§ ¡»¢u ChÆ
A. B[Qª {ımka \¢¯u B. C¢vØ {ımka \¢¯u
C. A˜µ§Ø {ımka \¢¯u D. Aˆ©∂UP {ımka \¢¯u
5. ˆ£ıx Cµıq¡® £oØıÕ∫ \mhÆ ˆ¡Œ¡¢u Bsk
A. 1856 B. 1857
C. 1858 D. 1859
6. Pıflß∂¿ µm]USz u¯ª¯© uı[QØ¡∫
A. {ı⁄ı\ıQ® B. Cµıo Cªm_£ı¥
C. ©[P“ £ıs˜h D. •Ë¡ı ¨uªıÆ £ı‚µı∆
7. Pfl¡∫][ J∏
A. B]∂Ø∫ B. ]®£ı¥
C. |ª®§µ D. ¯P¬¯⁄U P¯ªb∫
63

8. ¡[PıÕzvº∏¢u £¯h√µ∫P“ RÃUPsh¡∫PŒfl
C¯hUPıª P»¯⁄z v∏Æ£ƒÆ ˆPısk¡µ Gso⁄∫
A. ©µızvØ∫ B. ¨PªıØ∫
C. ^UQØ∫ D. C¢xUP“
9. Cµıo Cªm_£ı¥ µm]∞¿ Dk£mh ChÆ
A. Pıflß∫ B. ©zvØ C¢vØı
C. ªU˜⁄ı D. ˆh¿º
10. ¯¡]µı¥ Gfl£ufl ˆ£ı∏“
A. Aµ\®§µv|v B. P®£¿ u¯ª¡∫
C. £¯hzuÕ£v D. \©Øz u¯ª¡∫
II. ˜Pıimh Ch[P¯Õ |µ®P
1. £ı¯ÕØUPıµ∫P“ _____________ ©ÿ÷Æ _____________
BQØ Sn[PŒ¿ ]”¢x ¬Õ[Q⁄∫.
2. 1857¿ {h¢u µm]¯Ø C¢vØ ¡µªıÿ÷ B]∂Ø∫P“
_____________ Gfl÷ ¡∏oUQfl”⁄∫.
3. 1857¿ {h¢u µm]∞¿ Pa ]”¢u √µ∫PÕıP_____________
©ÿ÷Æ _____________ BQ˜Øı∫ P∏u®£mh⁄∫.
4. C¢vØ® £¯h√µ∫P–USz u[P“ \©ØÆ ©ÿ÷Æ £s£ımk
¡«UPzvfl£i _____________,_____________ ©ÿ÷Æ
_____________ BQØ¡ÿ¯”a ˆ\¥Ø u¯h ¬vUP®£mhx.
5. Cµıq¡® ˆ£ıx®£oØıÕ∫ \mhÆ C¢vØ £¯h√µ∫P“
_____________ Ph¢x £oØıÿ”z uØıµıP C∏UP
˜¡skÆ Gfl÷ ¡ÿ÷zvØx.
6. {ı⁄ı\ıQ§fl £¯hP¯Õ ¡»{hzva ˆ\fl”¡∫
_____________ B¡ı∫.
7. ©µızvØ∫ Bm]¯Ø ´skÆ |¯ª{ımh ¬∏ƧØ
u¯ª¡∫P“ ____________ ©ÿ÷Æ ___________ B¡ı∫P“.
8. ˆ£∏Æ µm]¯Ø AhUP B[Q˜ªØ∫US Eu¬ ˆ\¥u
£¯h®§∂ƒ _____________ BSÆ.
64

9. µm]∞fl˜£ıx B[Q˜ªØ∂fl ¬¯µ¡ı⁄ ˆ\Ø¿£ık
P–US _____________ ©ÿ÷Æ ___________ ¨¯”P“ P
Eu¬ØıP C∏¢u⁄.
10. ¬U˜hı∂Øı ˜£µµ]∞fl A‘U¯P¯Ø _____________ §µ
_____________ u∫£ı∂¿ ¡ı]zuı∫.
III. §fl¡∏¡⁄¡ÿ¯”® ˆ£ı∏zxP
A
1. ˜¡ø∫ ]®£ı¥ PªPÆ && 1857
2. ˜£µUß∫ PªPÆ && ˜£µµ\∫
3. ˆ£∏Ƶm] && ·ıfl]
4. CµshıÆ £Py∫Âı && 1824
5. Cµıo Cªm_£ı¥ && 1806
B
1. ©[P“ £ıs˜h && Pıflß∫
2. CµshıÆ £Py∫Âı && A˜Øızv
3. {ı⁄ı \ıQ® && ©zvØ C¢vØı
4. ˜£PÆ Ìϵz ©Pı¿ && ˆh¿º
5. Cªm_£ı¥ && ˜£µUß∫
IV. _∏UP©ıP ¬¯hØŒUPƒÆ
1. £ı¯ÕØUPıµ∫P¯Õ® £ÿ‘ E©US Gfl⁄ ˆu∂≤Æ?
A¡∫PŒ¿ ]ª∫ ˆ£Ø¯µU S‘®§kP.
2. ˆ£∏Ƶm] Hÿ£h B[Q˜ªØ∂fl {ık C¯n®U
ˆPı“¯P G∆¬uÆ Pıµn©ı∞ÿ÷?
3. B[Qª Aµ]fl ´x C_ªıØ∫ Av∏®v A¯h¢u˜ufl?
4. C¢vØı¬fl ˆuı»¿P¯Õ B[Q˜ªØ∫ G∆¬uÆ
¨hUQ⁄∫?
5. C¢vØı¬¿ ˆ{\ƒz ˆuı»¿ ©¯”ØU Pıµn[P“ Øı¯¡?
65

6. B∫.i. ˜©[P¿Ï (R.D. Mangles) A‘U¯P¯Ø® £ÿ‘ J∏
S‘® u∏P.
7. 1857&BÆ Bsk {h¢u µm]∞fl Eh⁄iU PıµnÆ Øıx?
8. ´µm µm]∞fl ¬¯ÕƒP¯Õ ˆ¡Œ®£kzxP.
9. ˆ£∏Ƶm]∞¿ Cµıo Cªm_£ı∞fl £[S Øıx?
10. Pfl¡∫][Qfl \ıu¯⁄¯ØU S‘®§kP.
11. µm] Hfl C¢vØı ¨ ¡xÆ £µ¡¬¿¯ª?
12. 1857¿ {h¢u µm]∞¿ £[S ˆ£ÿ” u¯ª¡∫PŒ¯h˜Ø
ˆ£ıx ˜{ıUPÆ Pın®£h¬¿¯ª Gfl£¯u |π§?
13. ¬U˜hı∂Øı ˜£µµ]∞fl A‘U¯P∞fl ¨UQØzx¡Æ Øıx?
V. ¬∂¡ı⁄ ¬¯h u∏P
1. 1857&BÆ Bsk {¯hˆ£ÿ” ˆ£∏Ƶm]UPı⁄ Pıµn[P“
Øı¯¡?
2. µm] Hfl C¢vØı¬fl ¡hUS ©ÿ÷Æ ©zvØ® £SvPŒ¿
©mkÆ £µ¬Øx?
3. 1857&BÆ Bsk ˆ£∏Ƶm] ˜uı¿¬Ø¯h¢uuÿPı⁄
Pıµn[P¯Õ ¡∂¯\®£kzxP.
4. 1857&BÆ Bsk µm]∞fl ¬¯ÕƒP¯Õ G xP.
VI. ˆ\¥¨¯”® £∞ÿ]
1. C¢vØ ¡¯µ£hzv¿ µm] {h¢u RÃUPsh ¯©Ø[
P¯ÕU S‘UPƒÆ :
ˆh¿º, Pıflß∫, ªU˜⁄ı, ´µm, ˜£µUß∫, £ˆµ¥º,
S¡ıºØ∫, AªPı£ız.
66

AªS & II
£ıhÆ & 4
19&BÆ °ÿ”ısifl \≠P,
\©Øa ^∫v∏zu CØUP[P“
Pÿ”¿ ˜{ıUP[P“
1. ©ın¡∫ C¢vØı¬¿ \≠P, \©Øa ^∫v∏zu CØUP[P“
˜uıfl‘ØuÿPı⁄ Pıµn[P“ £ÿ‘Ø A‘¬¯⁄® ˆ£”¿.
2. ©ın¡∫ §µÆ© \©ı·Æ, B∂Ø \©ı·Æ ©ÿ÷Æ Cµı©
Q∏Ën CØUPÆ BQØ¡ÿ‘fl ˜{ıUP[P“, A¡ÿ‘fl
£oP“ £ÿ‘Ø A‘¬¯⁄® ˆ£”¿.
3. ©ın¡∫ §µÆ© bı⁄\¯£ ˜uıÿ÷¬UP®£mh ¬uÆ
£ÿ‘≤Æ, hıUh∫ Afl¤ˆ£\flm C¢vØ \¨uıØzvÿS
Bÿ‘Ø ˆuıskP“ £ÿ‘≤Æ ∂¢x ˆPı“–u¿.
4. ©ın¡∫ ¨_ºÆ ^∫v∏zu CØUP[P“ £ÿ‘≤Æ ¯\Øx
AP©xPı¤fl £oP“ £ÿ‘≤Æ Pÿ”¿.
5. ©ın¡∫ £ı∫], ^UQØ∫ ^∫v∏zu CØUP[P“ £ÿ‘
ˆu∂¢x ˆPı“–u¿.
6. ©ın¡∫ \≠P, \©Øa ^∫v∏zu CØUP[PŒfl ¬¯Õƒ
P¯Õ® £ÿ‘ ∂¢x ˆPı“–u¿.
£zˆuıfl£uıÆ °ÿ”ısk, C¢vØı¬¿ \≠PÆ ©ÿ÷Æ
\©Øzv¿ £ª ^∫v∏zu {h¡iU¯PP“ ˜©ÿˆPı“Õ®
£mh⁄. \©ØzvæÆ, \≠PzvæÆ S¢u w¯©P¯Õ≤Æ
˜PkP¯Õ≤Æ }US¡uÿS® £izu C¯Õb∫P“ £ª∫
¨Øfl”⁄∫.
67

˜©ÿPzvØ P∏zxUPÕı⁄ £Szu‘u¿, \©zx¡Æ,
_u¢vµÆ ©ÿ÷Æ ©¤uz ufl¯© ˜£ıfl”¯¡ A¡∫P¯ÕU
P¡∫¢u⁄. G⁄˜¡ A¡∫P“ u[P“ £s£ımi¿ C∏¢u
S¯”P¯Õ }UP ¨Øfl”⁄∫. A¡∫P“ C¢vØ® £s£ımi¯⁄
´skÆ zx∞∫ ˆ£”aˆ\¥Ø ¬∏Ƨ⁄∫. BP˜¡ 19&BÆ
°ÿ”ısi¿ Hÿ£mh \≠P, \©Øa ^∫v∏zu[P¯Õ C¢vØ
©÷©ª∫a] CØUPÆ Gfl÷ {ıÆ A¯«UQfl˜”ıÆ. Cµı·ı
µıƘ©ıPfl µı¥ A∆¬ØUPzvfl ¨fl˜⁄ıiØıPz vPâuı∫.
\≠P, \©Ø CØUP[P“ ˜uıfl÷¡uÿPı⁄ Pıµn[P“ &
Aµ]Ø¿ Jÿ÷¯© : B[Q˜ªØ Bm]∞fl ¬∂¡ıUPÆ,
J∏[Q¯n®U ˆPı“¯PØı¿ C¢vØı Aµ]Ø¿ ∑v∞¿
Jfl÷£kzu®£mhx. Au⁄ı¿ C¢vØ∫PŒ¯h˜Ø |ª¬Ø®
ˆ£ıx®§µa\¯⁄P“ A¯⁄¡µıæÆ ∂¢x ˆPı“Õ®£mh⁄.
B[Q˜ªØ Bm]∞fl ufl¯©Øı⁄x £ª C¢vØ C¯Õb∫
P¯Õz u[PÕx xfl£zvÿSÆ C»|¯ªUS©ı⁄ Pıµn[
P¯Õ A‘Øz ysiØx.
Q‘zx¡ \©Ø®£µ®ß»Ø∫PŒfl §µa\ıµzvÿS Gv∫® :
Q‘zx¡ \©Ø®£µ®ß»Ø∫P“ S‘®£ıP, H¯«, JkUP®
£mh¡∫P“, ©zv∞¿ u[P“ ©uz¯u® £µ®£ G¿ªı
¨Øÿ]P¯Õ≤Æ ˜©ÿˆPısh⁄∫. P¿¬U Th[P“, ©∏zx¡
©¯⁄P“, Cª¡\a ˜\¯¡P“ ©ÿ÷Æ Aµ]fl Buµƒ
BQد¡ Th A¢˜{ıUPzvÿS® £Øfl£kzu®£mhx.
G⁄˜¡ C¢xUP–Æ, C_ªıØ∫P–Æ u[P“ \©Ø[P¯ÕU
Pı®£ıÿ” G¿ªı ¨Øÿ]P¯Õ≤Æ ˜©ÿˆPısh⁄∫.
AØ¿{ımk A‘b∫PŒfl £[PŒ® : ˜©ÿPzvØ A‘b∫P
Õı⁄ ©ıUϨ¿ª∫ ©ÿ÷Æ ¬¿ºØÆ ˜·ıflÏ BQ˜Øı∫
C¢vØı¬fl £«Æˆ£∏¯©¯Ø ˆ¡ŒUˆPın∫¢u⁄∫.
A¡∫P“ £s¯hØ C¢vØı¬fl ª¯©UP °¿P¯Õ
Bâx £izu⁄∫. Aufl ¬¯Õ¡ıP ˜©ÿPzvØ®
£s£ım¯h ¬h P EØ∫¢u C¢vØ® £s£ımka
ˆ\∂¬¯⁄ ˆ¡Œa\zvÿSU ˆPısk ¡¢u⁄∫. A¡∫P“ £ª
CªUQØ, \©Ø °¿P¯Õ ˆ©ı»ˆ£Ø∫zu⁄∫. A¢°¿P“
68

EªP® Pà ˆ£ÿ”⁄. Au⁄ı¿ £izu C¢vØ∫PŒ¯h˜Ø
u[P“ £s£ımi¿ {ƧU¯P ¡Õ∫¢ux. G⁄˜¡ A¡∫P“
˜©ÿPzvØ® £s£ım¯h ¬h C¢vØ® £s£ık
˜©Æ£mhx Gfl£¯u |¯ª{ımh Gso⁄∫.
C¢vØa ˆ\¥vz uı“P“ : I˜µı®§Ø∫P“ C¢vØı¬¿ Aa_U
Th[P¯Õ A‘¨P®£kzv⁄∫. Au⁄ı¿ {ıŒuÃP–Æ,
£∏¡ CuÃP–Æ ˆ¡Œ¡µz ˆuıh[Q⁄. £¿˜¡÷ C¢vØ
ˆ©ı»PŒ¿ £ª zuP[P–Æ ˆ¡Œ∞h®£mh⁄. A¡ÿ‘¿
ˆ£∏Æ£ıæÆ C¢vØ {ım¯h® £ÿ‘Ø P∏zxUP“ ChÆ
ˆ£ÿ‘∏¢u⁄. A¯¡ {Æ{ımifl £ıµÆ£∂Øz¯u≤Æ
˜©fl¯©¯Ø≤Æ £izu C¢vØ∫P“ A‘¢x ˆPı“Õ Eu¬⁄.
G⁄˜¡ A¡∫P“ C¢vØ® £s£ımk ©÷©ª∫a]US®
£oØıÿ‘hz ˆuıh[Q⁄∫.
˜©⁄ımkU P¿¬ : ˜©⁄ımkU P¿¬∞⁄ı¿ ˜©¯ªU
P∏zxUPÕı⁄ ©UPÕım], _u¢vµÆ, \©zx¡Æ ©ÿ÷Æ
˜u]ØÆ BQد¡ C¢vØı¬¿ £µ¬⁄. ˜©ÿPzvØ {ık
P–USa ˆ\fl” C¢vØ∫P“ AUP∏zxUP“ A[S ˆ\Ø¿£kÆ
¬uÆ £ÿ‘ ˜{µiØıP A‘¢x ˆPısh⁄∫. uı¥{ık v∏ƧØ
A¡∫P“ C¢vØ∫PŒ¯h˜Ø A¯¡ £ÿ‘Ø ¬»®n∫a]
C¿ªı©¿ C∏®£¯uU Psk ©⁄Æ ¡∏¢v⁄∫. AU
P∏zxUP“ C¢vØı¬¿ £µ¡ A¡∫P“ ˜u¯¡Øı⁄ Ai®
£¯ha ˆ\Ø¿PŒ¿ Dk£mh⁄∫.
£¿˜¡÷ x¯”PŒ¿ B[QªU P¿¬ ˆ£ÿ”
C¢vØ∫PÕı¿uıfl C¢vØ ˜u]Ø En∫ƒÆ, {√⁄
]¢u¯⁄≤Æ ˆ£∏©Õ¬¿ ¡Õ∫a] ˆ£ÿ”x Gfl£x ©÷UP
¨iØıu Es¯©ØıSÆ.
§µÆ© \©ı·Æ & 1828 : §µÆ© \©ı·Æ 1828&BÆ Bsk
Cµı·ı µıƘ©ıPflµı¥ Gfl£¡µı¿ ˆuıh[P®£mhx. A¡∫
¡[PıÕzv¿ K∫ A¢un∫ SkÆ£zv¿ §”¢uı∫. A¡∫ Aµı§,
\©ÏQ∏uÆ, £ıµ^PÆ, B[QªÆ, §ˆµg_, Cªzwfl,
Q˜µUPÆ ©ÿ÷Æ Ô®∏ ˜£ıfl” £ª ˆ©ı»P¯ÕU
Pÿ÷n∫¢uı∫. ˜©æÆ C¢x, C_ªıÆ, Q‘zx¡Æ ©ÿ÷Æ `§
69

BQØ £ª \©Ø uzx¡[P¯Õ≤Æ
Pÿ”ı∫. C¢x \≠Pz¯u≤Æ \©Øz
¯u≤Æ ^∫v∏zx¡x A¡∂fl
¨UQØ ˜{ıUP©ıP C∏¢ux. A¡∫
¡[PıÕÆ, C¢v, \©ÏQ∏uÆ,
£ıµ^PÆ ©ÿ÷Æ B[Qª ˆ©ı»
PŒ¿ £ª°¿P“ G v≤“Õı∫.
H_ Q‘Ïx¬fl Pmh¯ÕP“
(Precepts of Jesus Christ),
A¯©vUSÆ ©QÃa]USÆ ¡»
(The Guide to Peace and Happiness)
BQØ⁄ A¡ÿ‘¿ ]ª. A¡∫
¡[PıÕ ˆ©ı»∞æÆ £ıµ^P
Cµı·ı µıƘ©ıPflµı¥
ˆ©ı»∞æÆ ˆ\¥vzuı“P¯Õ
BµÆ§zuı∫. ¨PªıØ® ˜£µµ\µı⁄ CµshıÆ AU£∫
CµıƘ©ıP›US Cµı·ı Gfl” £mhz¯u AŒzx A¡¯µz
u⁄x yx¡µıP C[Qªı¢xUS A›®§ ¯¡zuı∫.
J˜µ Phƒ“ Gfl” ˆPı“¯P∞fl Ai®£¯h∞ªı⁄
ˆ£ıxa\©Øzv¿ {ƧU¯PU ˆPısh¡∫PŒfl \¯£ØıP
§µÆ© \©ı·Æ C∏¢ux. E∏¡ ¡»£ık, \©Ø ¬vP“,
\h[SP“ BQØ¡ÿ¯” Cµı·ıµıƘ©ıPflµı¥ Psizuı∫.
B⁄ı¿ A¡∫ C¢x \©ØzvæÆ, ˜¡u[PŒæÆ ˆPısi∏¢u
{ƧU¯P¯Ø C«UP¬¿¯ª. §µÆ© \©ı·Æ \ıv¨¯”,
wshı¯©, \v G›Æ EhflPm¯h H÷u¿, E∏¡ ¡»£ık
BQØ¡ÿ¯”U Psizux.
ˆ£sPŒfl |¯ª∞¯⁄ EØ∫zu Cµı·ıµıÆ
˜©ıPflµı≤Æ ¬¿ºØÆ ˆ£fli[ §µƒÆ \v Gfl›Æ
EhflPm¯h H÷Æ £«UPz¯u J»UP ¨Øÿ]zu⁄∫.
1829&BÆ Bsk ˆ£fli[ §µ EhflPm¯h H÷Æ £«UPÆ
\mhzvÿS® ”Æ£ı⁄x Gfl÷Æ, A¯u FUS¬®£¡∏US
©µnush¯⁄ ¡«[P®£kÆ Gfl÷Æ A‘¬zuı∫.
CUˆPıiØ £«UPzvÿS GvµıP CµıƘ©ıP¯⁄
©ıÿ‘Ø |PÃa] Gx Gfl÷ E[P–USz ˆu∂≤©ı?
CµıƘ©ıPfl ]÷¡⁄ı¥ C∏¢u˜£ıx uÆhÆ PƒÆ
70

AflPımiØ u⁄x ≠zu Asn¤fl ©¯⁄¬¯ØU
Pn¡fl C”¢uƒhfl, u©x E”¬⁄∫P“ EhflPm¯h H”
¡ÿ÷zv C”¢u¯uU Pshı∫. A¡∏¯hØ CÕÆ
ˆ{g]¿ A¢u |PÃa] B”ıu ˆ£∂Ø ¡k¡ıP C∏¢ux.
G⁄˜¡ CÕÆ ¡Øv˜ª˜Ø AUˆPıiØ £«UPz¯u
Ai˜Øık }UP ˜¡skÆ G⁄ ©⁄v¿ E÷vˆPıshı∫.
§µÆ© \©ı·Æ S«¢¯uz v∏©nz¯u≤Æ, £ªuıµ
©nz¯u≤Æ Gv∫zux. ˜©æÆ ¬u¯¡P“ ©÷©nz¯u
Bu∂zux. §µÆ© \©ı·zvfl u¯ª¡∫PŒ¿ J∏¡µı⁄ ˜P\¡
\¢vµ ˆ\fl¤fl ¨Øÿ]Øı¿ 1872&BÆ Bsk J∏ \mhÆ
ˆPısk¡µ®£mhx. Aufl£i S«¢¯uz v∏©n¨Æ,
£ªuıµ ©n¨Æ J»UP®£mh⁄. Aa\mhÆ Pª®z
v∏©nz¯u≤Æ, ¬u¯¡P“ ©÷©nz¯u≤Æ Bu∂zux.
Cµı·ıµıƘ©ıPflµı∞fl ©¯”¬ÿS® §fl §µÆ©
\©ı·zvfl £oP¯Õ® PÃUP ˜P\¡ \¢vµ ˆ\fl›Æ
˜u˜¡¢vµ {ız uıT∏Æ ˜©ÿˆPısk {hzv⁄∫.
B∂Ø \©ı·Æ & 1875 : B∂Ø \©ı·z
v¯⁄, _¡ı uØı⁄¢u \µÏ¡v
1875&BÆ Bsk ˆuıh[Q⁄ı∫.
A¡∫ S·µızv¿ C∏¢u J∏ ]÷
{Pµzv¿ £«¯©∞¿ F‘Ø
A¢un∫ Sªzv¿ §”¢uı∫. A¡∫
CÕ¯©U Pıªzv¿ ≠¿ \[P∫
Gfl÷ A¯«UP®£mhı∫. A¡∫
_¡ı
¡µı‰⁄¢u∫
(Vrajanand)
Gfl£¡¯µ ©xµı¬¿ \¢vzuı∫.
A¡∂fl ^hµıQ ˜¡u[P¯ÕU
_¡ı uØı⁄¢u \µÏ¡v
Pÿ”ı∫. ˜¡u[P¯Õ® £µ®¡v¿
A¡∫ ufl ¡ıÃ{ı“ ¨ ¡¯u≤Æ
ˆ\ª¬mhı∫. A¡∫ C¢x \≠Pz¯ua ^∫v∏zu Gso⁄ı∫.
uØı⁄¢u \µÏ¡v∞fl P∏zx®£i ˜¡u[P“ G¿ªı
Es¯©P¯Õ≤Æ E“ÕhUQ≤“Õ⁄. G⁄˜¡ ""˜¡u[P¯Õ
71

˜{ıUQa ˆ\¿'' (Go Back to The Vedas) Gfl£x A¡µx ¨«UP
©ı⁄x. ˜¡u[P¯Õ® £ÿ‘Ø A¡∏¯hØ P∏zxUP“
\zØı∫zu §µPıË (Sathyartha Prakash) Gfl” A¡∫ G vØ
°º¿ Pın®£kQfl”⁄.
\©Øz¯u® ˆ£ı÷zu¡¯µ∞¿ B∂Ø \©ı·Æ E∏¡
¡»£ık, \©Øa \h[SP“, ∏P[P¯Õ® £º∞h¿,
ˆ\ı∫UPÆ, {µPÆ ©ÿ÷Æ u¯ª¬v ˜£ıfl” ˜Pım£ıkP¯Õ
Gv∫zux. ©uÆ ©ı‘ ©ÿ” ©u[PŒ¿ ˜\∫¢u C¢x \©Ø
©UP¯Õz v∏Æ£ƒÆ C¢x \©ØzvÿSU ˆPısk¡µ
uØı⁄¢u \µÏ¡v _zv CØUPÆ (Suddhi Movement) Gfl”
CØUPz¯u BµÆ§zuı∫. Aufl ¬¯Õ¡ıP HµıÕ©ı⁄¡∫P“
v∏Æ£ƒÆ C¢x \©Øzv¯⁄® §fl£ÿ” BµÆ§zu⁄∫.
uØı⁄¢u \µÏ¡v C¢x \©Øzvfl ©ı∫ifl øu∫
Gfl÷ A¯«UP®£kQ”ı∫. ©ı∫ifl øu∫ ˆ·∫ˆ©¤¯Øa
˜\∫¢u ]”¢u \©Øa ^∫v∏zu¡ıvØı¡ı∫.
B∂Ø \©ı·Æ C¢x \≠PzvÿS® £Ø›“Õ £ª
£oP¯Õ® ∂¢x“Õx. A∆¡¯©® S«¢¯uz v∏©nÆ,
£ªuıµ©nÆ, £∫uı G›Æ ¨Pzv¯µ Ao≤Æ ¨¯”,
\ıv¨¯” ©ÿ÷Æ EhflPm¯h H÷u¿ BQØ¡ÿ¯”
Gv∫zux. \©ı·Æ ˆ£sP¿¬, uıÃzu®£mh ©UPŒfl
¨fl˜⁄ÿ”Æ BQØ¡ÿ¯” ¡ÿ÷zvØx. Pª®z v∏©nÆ,
\©£¢v Enƒ Esn¿ (interdining) BQØ¡ÿ¯” FUS¬zux.
B∂Ø \©ı·Æ C¢vØı¬¿ S‘®£ıP ¡h C¢vØı¬¿ HµıÕ
©ı⁄ P¿¬ |÷¡⁄[P¯Õ |÷¬≤“Õx. S∏Sª[P–Æ
©PŒ∫ S∏Sª[P–Æ \©ÏQ∏u ˆ©ı»∞¿ ˜¡u[P¯Õ≤Æ
B≤∫˜¡uzv¯⁄≤Æ Pÿ§UQfl”⁄. uØı⁄¢u∫ B[Qª ˜¡u
£“ŒPŒæÆ (DAV Schools — Dayanand Anglo-Vedic Schools)
P¿ø∂PŒæÆ {√⁄U P¿¬, ©¤u £ıh[P“, A‘¬Ø¿
BQØ⁄ Pÿ§UP®£kQfl”⁄. uØı⁄¢u∂fl ^h∫PÕı⁄ ªıªı
ª·£vµı¥, ªıªı Ìflϵı‰, £siu S∏uz BQ˜Øı∫
B∂Ø \©ı·U ˆPı“¯PP¯Õ® £µ®§⁄∫. C¢vØ ˜u]Øz
u¯ª¡∫PÕı⁄ £ıªP[Pıuµ vªP∫, ˜Pı£ıª Q∏Ën
72

˜PıP˜ª BQ˜Øı∫ B∂Ø \©ı·zvfl uzx¡[PŒæÆ
˜Pım£ıkPŒæÆ S¢u Dk£ık ˆPısk C∏¢u⁄∫.
"_˜u\Æ' "C¢vØı C¢vØ∏U˜P' ˜£ıfl” {ÿP∏zxU
P¯Õ ¨ufl¨uº¿ T‘Ø¡∫ uØı⁄¢u \µÏ¡vØıPzuıfl
C∏UP ˜¡skÆ. A¡∏¯hØ ©ÿ” S‘U˜Pı“ ¡ı\PÆ
(Motto) "¡ı¥¯©˜Ø ˆ¡¿æÆ ˆ£ı¥¯© A¿ª' Gfl÷
ˆ£ı∏“£kÆ. "\zؘ©¡ ˆ·Ø˜u', "{ı Afl∂uÆ' (Satyam
Eva Jayate', 'Na Anritam') Gfl£uıSÆ.
§µÆ© bı⁄ \¯£ & 1875 (Theosophical Society) v˜Øı\ı§
Gfl” ˆ\ı¿ C∏ Q˜µUPa ˆ\ıÿPŒfl C¯n® BSÆ.
v˜ØıÏ Gfl”ı¿ Phƒ“ Gfl÷Æ ˜\ı£ıÏ Gfl”ı¿ A‘ƒ
Gfl÷Æ ˆ£ı∏“£kÆ. G⁄˜¡ v˜Øı\ı§ Gfl”ı¿ Phƒ¯Õ®
£ÿ‘Ø A‘ƒ Gfl÷ ˆ£ı∏“£kÆ. Cx \©ÏQ∏u ˆ©ı»∞¿
§µÆ©bı⁄Æ Gfl÷ A¯«UP®£kQ”x. Ca\¯£ ¨ufl
¨uº¿
§Õı¡ımÏQ Gfl” ˆ£s©oØıæÆ, P∫⁄¿
Ga.GÏ. B¿Pım Gfl£¡µıæÆ 1875&BÆ Bsk Aˆ©∂UP
IUQØ {ıkPŒ¿ A¯©UP®£mhx.
C¢vØı¬fl ]¢u¯⁄≤Æ £s£ıkÆ A¡∫P¯Õ
D∫zu⁄. G⁄˜¡ A¡∫P“ §fl⁄∫ Aa\¯£∞fl u¯ª¯©
Chz¯u ˆ\fl¯⁄∞æ“Õ A¯hØı÷US ©ıÿ‘⁄∫.
§µÆ©bı⁄ \¯£∞fl ¨UQØU ˆPı“¯PP“ : Ca\¯£∞fl
ˆPı“¯PPÕı¡⁄ :
1. \˜Pıuµzx¡z¯u Ai®£¯hØıPU ˆPısh
A¯⁄zx ©UPŒfl A¯©® Jfl¯” E∏¡ıUSu¿,
2. £s¯hØ \©ØÆ, uzx¡Æ, A‘¬Ø¿ £ÿ‘ Pÿ”¿,
©ÿ÷Æ
3. CØÿ¯P∞fl |ØvP¯Õ A‘¢x ©¤u¤hÆ
ˆu¥√P \UvP¯Õ ¡Õ∫zuæÆ BSÆ.
Ca\¯£∞fl ]”®UP A[Pzv⁄ıµı⁄ v∏©v.
Afl¤ˆ£\flm AƯ©Øı∫ 1893&BÆ Bsk C¢vØı ¡¢uı∫.
73

A¡∫ §µÆ©bı⁄ \¯£∞fl u¯ª¯©® ˆ£ı÷®§¯⁄
Hÿ”ı∫. A¡∫ C¢x \©Ø ©÷©ª∫a]USz ufl¯⁄ A∫®
£ozxU ˆPıshı∫. P¿¬z x¯”∞¿ A¡∫ Bÿ‘Ø £oP“
P ¨UQØ©ı⁄¯¡ØıSÆ. A¡∫ £⁄ıµ]¿
(Pı])
ˆuıh[QØ ©zvØ C¢xU P¿ø∂ C÷v∞¿ £⁄ıµ_ C¢x
£¿P¯ªU P«Pzxhfl C¯nUP®£mhx. A¡∫ {hzvØ
ˆ\¥vzuıÕı⁄ |≥ C¢vØı (New India) §µÆ©bı⁄U
ˆPı“¯PP¯Õ® £µ®§Øx. §fl⁄∫ A¡∫ BµÆ§zu
ufl⁄ım] CØUPÆ (Home Rule Movement) C¢vØz ˜u]Ø
CØUPzvÿS Ez˜¡PÆ AŒzux.
Cµı©Q∏Ën CØUPÆ 1897 :
19&BÆ °ÿ”ısifl ©ÿˆ”ı∏
¨UQØ©ı⁄ ^∫v∏zu¡ıv Cµı©
Q∏Ën £µ©ÌÆ\∫ B¡ı∫. A¡∫
P¿Pzuı¬ÿS A∏Q¿ E“Õ
um]˜n_¡µzvº∏¢u
PıŒ
˜Pı∞ºfl ß\ı∂ØıP C∏¢uı∫.
A¡∫ ¨¯”ØıPU P¿¬ PÿP
¬¿¯ª. G¤›Æ ufl›¯hØ
GŒ¯©Øı⁄ CØ¿PÕıæÆ
Es¯©Øı⁄ A‘¬⁄ıæÆ
Cµı©Q∏Ën £µ©ÌÆ\∫
ufl¯⁄a _ÿ‘ C∏¢u¡∫PŒfl
Afl§¯⁄® ˆ£ÿ”ı∫. G¿ªı \©Ø[PŒfl Ai®£¯h
Es¯©PŒæÆ A¡∏US Bâu {ƧU¯P C∏¢ux. A¡∫
A¯⁄zxa \©Ø[PŒfl Jÿ÷¯©¯Ø® ˜£ıvzuı∫. A¡∫
˜¡u[PŒæÆ E£|hu[PŒæÆ Pın®£kÆ EØ∂Ø P∏zxU
P¯Õ P GŒ¯©Øı⁄ ¨¯”∞¿ }vUP¯uP“ (Parables)
≠ªÆ Gkzx¯µzuı∫. ©UP“ A¯⁄¡∏Æ PhƒŒfl J∏
£Sv˜Ø Gfl÷ ¡º≤÷zv⁄ı∫. A¡¯µ® ˆ£ı∏zu¡¯µ
""©¤u∏USa ˆ\¥≤Æ £o Phƒ–USa ˆ\¥¡uıSÆ.''
Cµı©Q∏Ën∂fl ˆPı“¯PP¯Õ® £µ®§Ø® ˆ£∏¯©
A¡∏¯hØ ¨UQØ ^hµı⁄ ¬˜¡Pı⁄¢u¯µ˜Ø
˜\∏Æ.
¬˜¡Pı⁄¢u∂fl CÕ¯©® ˆ£Ø∫ {˜µ¢vµ{ız Gfl£uıSÆ.
74

A¡∫ B[Qª® £“ŒPŒ¿ uÆ
£“Œ®£i®¯£ ¨izu§fl EØ∫
P¿¬® ˆ£ÿ”ı∫. A¡∫ ˜©¯ª
{ımkz uzx¡ bı¤PŒfl
°¿P¯Õ® £izuı∫. J∏ ¨¯”
PıŒ ˜Pı¬æUSa ˆ\fl” A¡∫
Cµı©Q∏Ën¯µa \¢vzuı∫.
{˜µ¢vµ∫ A¡µı¿ D∫UP®£mhı∫.
Ax ¨u¿ A¡∫ Cµı©Q∏Ën
£µ©ÌÆ\∂hÆ P ˆ{∏UP©ıP®
£«P BµÆ§zuı∫. Cµı©
_¡ı ¬˜¡Pı⁄¢u∫
Q∏Ën∂fl ©¯”¬ÿS® §fl
¬˜¡Pı⁄¢u∫ uÆ B\ı¤fl
ˆPı“¯PP¯Õ C¢vØı ¨ ¡xÆ £µ®§⁄ı∫. A¡∏¯hØ
˜£a_zv”›Æ, ˜uıÿ”¨Æ Aµ\∫P¯Õ≤Æ, \ıuıµn
SiØı⁄¡∫P¯Õ≤Æ A¡∫£ı¿ P¡∫¢u⁄. ¬˜¡Pı⁄¢u¯µ®
ˆ£ı÷zu¡¯µ ""H¯«P–USÆ, uıÃzu® £mh¡∫P–USÆ
ˆ\¥≤Æ £o˜Ø Phƒ–USa ˆ\¥≤Æ P®ˆ£∂Ø
£oØıSÆ''. Ax˜¡ A¡∏¯hØ S‘U˜PıÕı∞ÿ÷.
¬˜¡Pı⁄¢u∫ 1893&BÆ Bsk Aˆ©∂UPı¬¿ E“Õ
]UPı˜Pı {P∂¿ {¯hˆ£ÿ” EªPa \©Ø ©ı{ımi¿ £[S
ˆ£ÿ”ı∫. A[S S ∞∏¢u¡∫P¯Õ ˜{ıUQ A¡∫ uÆ
E¯µ¯Ø ""C∆ƒªPa \˜Pıuµ, \˜Pıu∂P˜Õ'' (Brothers and
Sisters of this Universe) Gfl÷ ˆuıh[Q⁄ı∫. ¬˜¡Pı⁄¢u∫
EªP® £ı∫¯¡∞¿ C¢vØ∂fl £s£ımi¯⁄≤Æ, C¢x
\©Øzvfl ˜©fl¯©¯Ø≤Æ EØ∫zv⁄ı∫. ]UPı˜Pı¬æÆ,
Aˆ©∂UPı¬fl Cuµ £SvPŒæÆ ©ÿ÷Æ C[Qªı¢væÆ
A¡∫ Bÿ‘Ø E¯µPÕı¿ A¡∏US® P Æ {s£∫P–Æ
Qmi⁄∫.
Cµı©Q∏Ën©hÆ 1897&BÆ Bsk _¡ı
¬˜¡Pı⁄¢uµı¿ ˆPı¿Pzuı¬ÿP∏Qæ“Õ ˜£ø∂¿
|÷¡®£mhx. Cµı©Q∏Ën ©hzvfl Q¯ÕP“ C¢vØı
¬¿ ©mkfl‘ EªQfl £ª £SvPŒæÆ E“Õ⁄. ""©¤u
C⁄zvÿSa ˜\¯¡ ˆ\¥¡˜u'' C∆¬ØUPzvfl S‘U
˜PıÕıSÆ. P¿¬, ˆ£sPŒfl ˜©Æ£ık, H¯«P“ ©ÿ÷Æ
75

uıÃzu®£mh¡∫PŒfl ¡÷¯© APÿ”¿ BQØ¡ÿ‘ÿPı⁄
£ª˜\¯¡P¯Õ C¢|÷¡⁄Æ ˆ\¥x ¡∏Qfl”x. C∆
¬ØUPÆ £ª £“ŒP¯Õ≤Æ, ˆuı»¿~m£ |÷¡⁄[
P¯Õ≤Æ, A⁄ı¯u C¿ª[P¯Õ≤Æ, ©∏zx¡©¯⁄P¯Õ≤Æ
|÷¬≤“Õx. ˜©æÆ CØÿ¯Pz xص[PÕı⁄ ˆ¡“ÕÆ,
£g\Æ ˜£ıfl”¯¡PŒfl £ıv®§ÿS“Õı⁄ ©UPŒfl xØ∫
}UPƒÆ, C¢|÷¡⁄Æ £oØıÿ‘≤“Õx.
_¡ı ¬˜¡Pı⁄¢u∫ C¢x \©ØÆ, £s£ık, \≠PÆ,
C¢vØ ˜u]ØÆ BQØ¡ÿ‘ÿS® ˆ£∏Æ ˆuısk Bÿ‘
≤“Õı∫. Au⁄ı¿ Cµı©Q∏Ën CØUPÆ P ¡º¯©
¡ı¥¢uuıP ©ı‘Øx. Cfl⁄¨Æ C¢ |÷¡⁄Æ C¢vØ
\≠PzvÿS® £Ø⁄ŒUSÆ £oP¯Õz ˆuıh∫¢x ˆ\¥x
¡∏Qfl”x.
¨_ºÆ CØUP[P“ : ¨_ºÆP“ }shPıª©ıP ˜©⁄ımkU
P¿¬ ©ÿ÷Æ B[Q˜ªØ Bm]∞fl uıUPzvº∏¢x
¬ªQ˜Ø C∏¢u⁄∫. 19&BÆ °ÿ”ısifl §ÿ£Sv∞¿uıfl
¨_ºÆ \≠Pzv⁄∂¯h˜Ø ^∫v∏zu CØUP[P“ ˜uıfl‘⁄.
{√⁄U P¿¬ ¨¯”¯Ø® £µ®¡xÆ, ¨_ºÆ \¨uıØzv¿
Pın®£mh £∫uı ¨¯”, £ªuıµ ©nÆ ˜£ıfl”¯¡P¯ÕU
P¯Õ¡xÆ A¡ÿ‘fl ˜{ıUP©ıP C∏¢u⁄. 1863&BÆ Bsk
ˆPı¿Pzuı¬¿ ¨P©vØ∫ CªUQØUP«PÆ (Mohammeden
Literacy Society) Gfl” A¯©®¯£ {¡ı® A®x¿ ªzw®
BµÆ§zuı∫. AUP«PÆ C_ªıØ∂¯h˜Ø P¿¬¯Ø®
£µ®¡v¿ ¨UQØ® £[Q¯⁄ Bÿ‘Øxhfl ¡[PıÕzv¿
£ª £“ŒP¯Õz ˆuıh[QØx.
¯\Øx AP©x Pı›Æ AºPı∫ CØUP¨Æ : ¨_ºÆ
PŒ¯h˜Ø {√⁄U P¿¬¯Ø≤Æ, \≠Pa ^∫v∏zu[P¯Õ≤Æ
£µ®§Ø P ¨UQØ©ı⁄ AºPı∫ CØUPz¯u \∫ ¯\Øx
AP©xPıfl ˆuıh[Q⁄ı∫. A¡∫ B[Qª Aµ\ı[Pzv¿
}vzx¯”∞¿ A桪µıP® £oØıÿ‘Ø¡∫. A¡∫ 1857&¿
{h¢u ˆ£∏Æ µm]∞fl˜£ıx B[Q˜ªØ∏US ¬_¡ı\©ıP
C∏¢uı∫. ˜©æÆ B[Qª Aµ_hfl ¨_ºÆP“ Jzx¯«UP
˜¡skÆ Gfl÷ ¡ÿ÷zv⁄ı∫. G⁄˜¡ A¡∫ C¢vØ
76

˜u]ØU Pı[Qµ¯\ Gv∫z uı∫.
˜©æÆ B[Q˜ªØ∏US GvµıP
¨_ºÆP“ Aµ]Ø¿ ˜£ıµımhzv¿
Dk£k¡x A¡∫PÕx {ªflP¯Õ®
£ıvUSÆ G⁄ A¡∫ {Ƨ⁄ı∫.
¯\Øx AP©xPıfl C¢vØ
˜u]ØU Pı[Qµ¯\ Gv∫zuıæÆ
C¢x ¨_ºÆ Jÿ÷¯©¯Ø A¡∫
¡º≤÷zv ¡¢uı∫. C¢xUP“,
¨_ºÆP“ BQØ C∏¡∏Æ J˜µ
{ım¯ha ˜\∫¢u¡∫P“ Gfl÷Æ,
\∫ ¯\Øx AP©xPıfl
A¡∫PŒfl Jÿ÷¯©∞¿uıfl
{ımifl ¨fl˜⁄ÿ”Æ E“Õx
Gfl÷Æ P∏v⁄ı∫.
1864&BÆ Bsk \∫ ¯\Øx AP©xPıfl Pı]ß∂¿ £“Œ
Jfl¯”z ˆuıh[Q⁄ı∫. §fl⁄ımPŒ¿ Ax A‘¬Ø¿
P«PÆ (Scientific Society) Gfl÷ A¯«UP®£mhx. AUP«PÆ
£ª A‘¬Ø¿ °¿P¯Õ E∏x ˆ©ı»∞¿, ˆ©ı»ˆ£Ø∫zx
ˆ¡Œ∞mhx. A¡∂fl P®ˆ£∂Ø \ıu¯⁄ 1875&BÆ Bsk
AºPı∂¿ ¨P©vØfl B[Q˜ªı K∂Øsh¿ P¿ø∂¯Ø
(MAO) |÷¬ØuıSÆ. CUP¿ø∂ {ıÕ¯h¬¿ C¢vØ
¨_ºÆPŒfl P ¨UQØ©ı⁄ P¿¬ |÷¡⁄©ıP ©ı‘Øx.
§fl⁄∫ A¢|÷¡⁄Æ AºPı∫ ¨_ºÆ £¿P¯ªU P«P©ıP
¡Õ∫¢ux. \∫ ¯\Øx AP©x Pı⁄ı¿ ˆuıh[P®£mh
CØUPÆ AºPı∫ CØUPÆ Gfl÷ A¯«UP®£mhx. A¡∫
ˆ£sP“ ¨Pzv¯µ Ao¡¯u }UPƒÆ ˆ£sP¿¬ ¡ÕµƒÆ
\ıuP©ıPa ˆ\Ø¿£mhı∫. A¡∫ uıfl {hzvØ uıapple¨¿&Ez&
AUªıU (Thazil-ud-Akhlag) (J UPa ^∫v∏zuÆ) Gfl”
£zv∂¯P∞fl ¡ı∞ªıPz uÆ P∏zxUP¯Õ® £µ®§⁄ı∫.
¨_ºÆ \≠Pzv⁄∏US® £oØıÿ‘h® £ª ˜\¯¡U
P«P[P“ ˆuıh[P®£mh⁄.
£ı∫] ©ÿ÷Æ ^UQØ ^∫v∏zu CØUP[P“ : £ı∫] C⁄
©UPŒ¯h˜Ø \©Ø, \≠Pa ^∫v∏zuzv¯⁄® Szx¡v¿
¨fl˜⁄ıiØıP ¬Õ[QØ¡∫P“ uıuı£ı¥ ˆ{Õ˜µı‚≤Æ,
ˆ{Õ˜µı‚ £L∫kfl‚≤Æ (Navoroji Furdoonji) B¡ı∫. ˆ£s
PŒfl ¨fl˜⁄ÿ”zvÿPıPƒÆ, A¡∫PŒ¯h˜Ø {√⁄ P¿¬
77

¨¯”¯Ø® £µ®£ƒÆ C∏¡∏©ıP C¯n¢x µıÏz
˜Pı®uı∫ (Rast Goftar) Gfl” £zv∂¯P¯Ø BµÆ§zu⁄∫.
©ÿ÷ˆ©ı∏ ¨UQØ £ı∫] C⁄ ^∫v∏zu¡ıv ˜\ıµ®‚
ˆ£[Pıº (Sorabji Bengali) Gfl£¡µı¡ı∫.
^UQØ∫ ©zv∞¿ ^∫v∏zu CØUPÆ ][ \£ıUPÕı¿
(Singh Sabhas) ˆuıh[P®£mhx. A¯¡ ªıT∂æÆ A∫u
\µ]æÆ BµÆ§UP®£mh⁄. A∆¬∏ \£ıUP–Æ C¯n¢x
P¿¬¯Ø® £µ®¡v¿ ¨UQØ®£[S ¡Qzu⁄. 1892&¿
A∫u\µ]¿ Pı¿\ı P¿ø∂ (Khalsa College) BµÆ§UP®
£mhx. ˜©æÆ £ª P¿¬ |÷¡⁄[P–Æ ˆuıh[P®
£mh⁄.
C∏£uıÆ °ÿ”ısifl BµÆ£zv¿ ^UQØ∂fl ¡»
£ımkz uª[PÕı⁄ S∏zx¡ıµıUP“ ß\ı∂PÕıæÆ ©P¢xU
PÕıæÆ (Mahants) Pmk®£kzu®£mk ¡¢u⁄. A¡∫P“ A¢u
¡»£ımkz uª[P¯Õz u[PŒfl ˆ\ı¢ua ˆ\ızxUPÕıPU
P∏v⁄∫. ]˜µıfl©o S∏zx¡ıµı §µ£¢uU Pmi≤Æ
APıºuÕU Pm]≤Æ AUS∏zx¡ıµıUP¯Õ ^UQØ C⁄®
§µv|vPŒhÆ J®£¯hUP ˜{ıUPÆ ˆPısh⁄. _u¢vµ
CØUPz u¯ª¡∫P–Æ A¯u Bu∂zu⁄∫. 1925&BÆ Bsk
J∏ \mhÆ CØÿ”®£mk Aa\mhÆ S∏zx¡ıµıUP¯Õ
|∫¡QUSÆ ˆ£ı÷®§¯⁄ ]˜µıfl©o S∏zx¡ıµı
§µ£¢uU Pmi∞hÆ J®£¯hzux.
^∫v∏zu CØUP[PŒ⁄ı¿ Hÿ£mh ¬¯ÕƒP“ : 1. ^∫v∏zu
CØUP[P“ \≠PzvæÆ, \©ØzvæÆ S‘®§hzuUP
©ı÷u¿P¯ÕU ˆPısk ¡¢u⁄. ˆuıhUPzv¿ S‘®§mh
]ª Ch[PŒ¿ Hÿ£mh ˆ£∏Æ ©ıÿ”[P“ {ıÕ¯h¬¿
A¯⁄zx® §∂ƒ ©UPŒ¯h˜Ø≤Æ £µ¬⁄, 2. ^∫v∏zu
CØUP[P“ C¢x ¨_ºÆ \©Ø[P¯Õ E÷v≤¯hØ⁄
BUQØxhfl Aa\©Øzv⁄∂¯h˜Ø |ª¬Ø \≠PU
ˆPık¯©P¯Õ }UPƒÆ ¨Øÿ]zu⁄, 3. Pÿ” C¢vØ∫P“
£Szu‘ƒhfl ]¢vUPz u¯ª®£mh⁄∫, 4. ^∫v∏zu
CØUP[P“ Ph¢uPıª P»¯⁄ ´skÆ x®§UP Eu¬⁄.
˜©æÆ C¢vØı¯¡ {√⁄® £kzuƒÆ Aa^∫v∏zu
CØUP[P“ x¯n ∂¢u⁄, 5. ¡mhıµ ˆ©ı»PŒfl CªUQØ
¡Õ∫a]USÆ A¯¡ Cmka ˆ\fl”⁄, 6. \≠Pzvfl ´v∏¢u
\ıv¨¯”∞fl Pmk®£ık uÕµz ˆuıh[QØx, 7. ˆ£s
78

¬ku¯ª∞¿ S‘®§hzuUP \ıu¯⁄ Hÿ£mhx. A¡∫PŒfl
|¯ª∞¯⁄ EØ∫zvh ]ª {h¡iU¯PP“ A‘¨P® £kzu®
£mh⁄, 8. £ı¡a ˆ\تıPU P∏u®£mh AØ¿{ımk®
£ØnÆ ©UPÕı¿ Hÿ÷U ˆPı“Õ® £mhx, 9. £ª x¯”PŒ¿
C¢vØı ¨fl˜⁄” E÷x¯nØıP ¬Õ[QØ B]∂Ø∫P“,
©∏zx¡∫P“, ¡«UP‘b∫P“, ¬gbı¤P“ ©ÿ÷Æ
£zv∂¯PØıÕ∫P“ Ah[QØ {kzuµ ©UP“ ˜uıfl” C∆
¬ØUP[P“ Pıµn©ı∞⁄, 10. ^∫v∏zua ˆ\Ø¿PÕı¿
£¿˜¡÷ £Sv∞¿ ¡ıâu C¢vØ ©UP“ Jfl÷˜\∫¢u⁄∫.
^∫v∏zu CØUP[P“ Jÿ÷¯© En∫¯¡ E∏¡ıUQ C¢vØ
˜u]ØÆ ¡Õ∫a] ˆ£” ˆuıshıÿ‘⁄.
Pÿ”¿ A¯hƒP“
1. ©ın¡∫ 19&BÆ °ÿ”ısifl \≠P, \©Øa ^∫v∏zu
CØUP[P“ ˜uıfl‘ØuÿPı⁄ Pıµn[P“ £ÿ‘ ¬ÕUP
¨i≤Æ.
2. ©ın¡∫ Cµı·ıµıƘ©ıPflµı¥ ©ÿ÷Æ uØı⁄¢u
\µÏ¡v BQ˜Øı∂fl £oP¯Õ ¬¡∂UP ¨i≤Æ.
3. ©ın¡∫ Cµı©Q∏Ën £µ©ÌÆ\∫, ¬˜¡Pı⁄¢u∫
©ÿ÷Æ Afl¤ˆ£\flm AƯ©Øı∫ BQ˜Øı∫ C¢vØ
\¨uıØzvÿS Bÿ‘Ø ˆuıskP¯Õ |¯⁄ƒTµ
CØæÆ.
4. ©ın¡∫ AºPı∫ CØUPzvfl G a] £ÿ‘≤Æ, \∫ ¯\Øx
AP©zPı¤fl £oP“ £ÿ‘≤Æ ¬¡∂UP ¨i≤Æ.
5. ©ın¡∫ £ı∫] ©ÿ÷Æ ^UQØ∫ CØUP[P¯Õ® £ÿ‘Ø
A‘¬¯⁄® ˆ£” CØæÆ.
6. ©ın¡∫ \≠P, \©Øa ^∫v∏zu CØUP[PŒfl uıUP[P¯Õ®
£ÿ‘ ©v®•k ˆ\¥Ø ¨i≤Æ.
_Ø ©v®•k
I. \∂Øı⁄ ¬¯h¯Øz ˜u∫¢ˆukUPƒÆ
1. 19&BÆ °ÿ”ısi¿ \≠Pzv¿ |ª¬Ø w¯©P¯Õ≤Æ,
˜PkP¯Õ≤Æ P¯ÕØ ¨Øÿ]zu¡∫P“
A. C¢vØ® £¯h√µ∫P“ B. £izu C¢vØ∫P“
C. £iUPıu C¢vØ∫P“ D. |ª®§µUP“
79

2. \≠P, \©Ø ^∫v∏zu CØUPzvfl ¨fl˜⁄ıiØıPz
vPâu¡∫
A. CµıƘ©ıPfl µı¥ B. uØı⁄¢u \µÏ¡v
C. Afl¤ ˆ£\flm D. ¬˜¡Pı⁄¢u∫
3. §µÆ© \©ı·z¯uz ˜uıÿ÷¬zu¡∫
A. uØı⁄¢u \µÏ¡v B. Cµı·ı µıƘ©ıPflµı¥
C. \∫ ¯\Øx AP©zPıfl D. hıUh∫ Afl¤ˆ£\flm
4. Cµı·ıµıƘ©ıPflµı¥ RÃUPsh ˆ©ı»PŒ¿ C∏
£zv∂U¯PP¯Õ BµÆ§zuı∫
A. B[QªÆ, ¡[PıÕÆ B. ¡[PıÕÆ, £ıµ^PÆ
C. £ıµ^PÆ, C¢v D. C¢v, B[QªÆ
5. _¡ı uØı⁄¢u \µÏ¡v∞fl CÕ¯©U Pıª®ˆ£Ø∫
A. {˜µ¢u∫ B. ≠¿\[P∫
C. uØı⁄¢u∫ D. \¢vµˆ\fl
6. v˜Øı\ı§P¿ Gfl” ˆ\ı¿ RÃUPsh ˆ©ı»∞º∏¢x ˆ£”®
£mhx
A. B[Qªˆ©ı» B. Q˜µUPˆ©ı»
C. £ıµ^P ˆ©ı» D. E∏x ˆ©ı»
7. §µÆ©bı⁄ \¯£∞fl u¯ª¯©ØPÆ A¯©¢x“Õ ChÆ
A. ˆ\fl¯⁄ B. ˆPı¿Pzuı
C. ˆh¿º D. ¨Æ¯£
8. 1893&BÆ Bsk EªPa \©Ø ©ı{ık {¯hˆ£ÿ” ChÆ
A. ªshfl B. ]UPı˜Pı
C. ˆPı¿Pzuı D. GQ®x
9. µıÏz ˜Pı®uı∫ Gfl£x J∏
A. {PµÆ B. £zv∂¯P
C. Aµ\∫ D. ^∫v∏zu CØUPÆ
10. \∫ ¯\Øx ¨P©x Pıfl ufl P∏zxUP¯Õ® £µ®£
£Øfl£kzvØ £zv∂U¯P
A. ˆ©mµıÏ ˆ©∞¿ B. v ©µızuı
C. uıapple¿&Ez&AUªıU D. v C¢x
(Tahzil-ud-Akhleg)
80

II. ˜Pıimh Ch[P¯Õ |µ®P
1. 19&BÆ °ÿ”ısk C¢vØı¬fl _____________ ©ÿ÷Æ
_________ BQØ¡ÿ‘¿ ^∫v∏zu {h¡iU¯PP“ ˜uıfl‘⁄.
2. £s¯hØ C¢vØ CªUQØ[P¯ÕU Pÿ” PÃUP ˜©¿
{ımk A‘b∫P“ _____________©ÿ÷Æ ___________ B¡∫.
3. \©Ø® £µ®ß»Ø∫P“ C¢vØ∫PŒ¿ A˜{PÆ ˜£¯µz u[P“
\©Ø©ı⁄ _____________US ©ıÿ” ¨Øfl”⁄∫.
4. 19&BÆ °ÿ”ısifl C¢vØı¬¿ £µ¬Ø ˜©ÿPzvØ {ımk®
ˆ£ıxUP∏zxUP“ __________ ©ÿ÷Æ ___________ BSÆ.
5. Cµı·ı µıƘ©ıPflµı¥ G vØ zuP[P“ _____________
©ÿ÷Æ_____________ BSÆ.
6. Cµı·ı µıƘ©ıPflµı∞fl ¨UQØ ˜{ıUPÆ _____________
\≠Pz¯u ˜©Æ£kzx¡uıSÆ.
7. ≠¿\[P∫ ________ Gfl£¡∂fl ^hµıQ ˜¡u[P¯ÕU Pÿ”ı∫.
8. uØı⁄¢u \µÏ¡v∞fl ¨«UP©ıP ¬Õ[QØ ˆ\ıÿˆ”ıh∫
_____________ BSÆ.
9. B∂Ø \©ı·zvfl ˆPı“¯PPÕı¿ uıUPÆ ˆ£ÿ” C¢vØ
˜u]Øz u¯ª¡∫P“ ___________ ©ÿ÷Æ__________ B¡∫.
10. \©ÏQ∏u ˆ©ı»∞¿ v˜Øı\ı§ Gfl£x _____________
Gfl÷ A¯«UP®£kQ”x.
11. §µÆ©bı⁄ \¯£¯Øz ˜uıÿ÷¬zu¡∫P“ _____________
©ÿ÷Æ _____________ B¡∫.
12. ¬˜¡Pı⁄¢u¯µ® ˆ£ı÷zu¡¯µ _____________ ©ÿ÷Æ
____________ BQ˜Øı∏USa ˆ\¥≤Æ ˆuısk Phƒ–USa
ˆ\¥≤Æ Pa ]”¢u ˆuıshıSÆ.
13. ¨_ºÆ \≠Pzv⁄∂hÆ _____________ ©ÿ÷Æ
___________ BQØ \≠PU ˆPık¯©P“ |ª¬⁄.
14. £ı∫] C⁄zu¡∂hÆ \≠P ^∫v∏zu[P¯Õ ¨uº¿
SzvØ¡∫P“ _____________ ©ÿ÷Æ ____________ B¡∫.
15. 1892&BÆ Bsk A∫u\µ]¿ _________ P¿ø∂ ˆuıh[P®
£mhx.
81

III. §fl¡∏¡⁄¡ÿ¯”® ˆ£ı∏zxP
A
1. §µÆ© \©ı·Æ &-& £ıª P[Pıuµ vªP∫
2. \zvØı∫zu §µPıË && {√⁄U P¿¬
3. ˜u]Øzu¯ª¡∫ && ˜¡u[P–Æ E£|hu[P–Æ
4. DAV £“ŒP“ && _¡ı uØı⁄¢u \µÏ¡v
5. S∏SªÆ && ˜u˜¡¢vµ{ız uıT∫
B
1. Cµı·ı µıƘ©ıPfl µı¥ && B∂Ø \©ı·Æ
2. _¡ı uØı⁄¢u \µÏ¡v && Cµı©Q∏Ën £µ©ÌÆ\∫
3. hıUh∫ Afl¤ˆ£\flm && §µÆ© \©ı·Æ
4. _¡ı ¬˜¡Pı⁄¢u∫ && AºPı∫ CØUPÆ
5. \∫ ¯\Øx AP©xPıfl && §µÆ© bı⁄\¯£
IV. _∏UP©ıP ¬¯hØŒUPƒÆ
1. uÆ £s£ımi¿ Pın®£mh S¯”P¯ÕU P¯ÕØ ¬∏ƧØ
C¢vØ∫P¯ÕU P¡∫¢u ˜©¿{ımk P∏zxUP¯ÕU S‘®§kP.
2. C¢vØ∫P¯Õz v∏®v®£kzvØ, vØ ]¢u¯⁄PŒfl
¬¯ÕƒP¯Õ ˆ¡ŒU ˆPın∫P.
3. Q‘zx¡ \©Ø® £µ®ß»Ø∫PŒh∏¢x C¢xUP–Æ
¨_ºÆP–Æ u©x \©Ø[P¯Õ® £ıxPıUP ˜¡siØufl
A¡]ØÆ Hfl Hÿ£mhx?
4. ˜©ÿPzvØ A‘b∫P“ {Æ CªUQØzvÿS Bÿ‘Ø £oP“
Øı¯¡?
5. 19&BÆ °ÿ”ısifl \≠P, \©Øa ^∫v∏zu CØUPzvfl
¡Õ∫a]US C¢vØa ˆ\¥vzuı“PŒfl £[S £ÿ‘
S‘®§kP.
6. ˆ£sPŒfl ¨fl˜⁄ÿ”zvÿS CµıƘ©ıPflµı¥ Bÿ‘Ø
£oP¯Õ ¬ÕUSP.
7. ˜P\∆ \¢vµˆ\fl £ÿ‘ ]÷ S‘®z u∏P.
8. C¢x \©Øzvfl ©ı∫ifl øu∫ Gfl÷ A¯«UP®£k£¡∫
Øı∫? Hfl?
82

9. C¢x \¨uıØzvÿS B∂Ø \©ı·Æ Bÿ‘Ø £oP¯ÕU
S‘®§kP.
10. _¡ı uØı⁄¢u \µÏ¡v¯Ø® §fl£ÿ‘Ø¡∫PŒ¿ ]ª∂fl
ˆ£Ø∫P¯ÕU S‘®§kP.
11. §µÆ©bı⁄ \¯£ (v˜Øı\ı§P¿ ˆ\ı¯Èmi) G®˜£ıx,
G[˜P, Øıµı¿ A¯©UP®£mhx?
12. §µÆ©bı⁄ \¯£∞fl ¨UQØ ˜{ıUP[P“ Øı¯¡?
13. §µÆ©bı⁄ \¯£∞fl ˆPı“¯PP¯Õ hıUh∫
Afl¤ˆ£\flm G∆¬uÆ £µ®§⁄ı∫?
14. ˇ Cµı©Q∏Ën £µ©ÌÆ\∫ ©UP–US G∆¬uÆ
˜£ıvzuı∫?
15. 1893&BÆ Bsk ]UPı˜Pı¬¿ {¯hˆ£ÿ” EªP \©Ø
©ı{ım¯h® £ÿ‘ ]÷ S‘®z u∏P.
16. Cµı©Q∏Ën ©hzvfl £oP¯Õ ˆ¡ŒUˆPın∫P.
17. ¨P©vØ∫ CªUQØU P«Pzvfl ¨UQØU S‘U˜Pı“ Øıx?
18. \∫ ¯\Øx AP©zPıfl C¢vØ ˜u]ØU Pı[Qµ¯\ Hfl
Gv∫zuı∫.
19. S∏zx¡ıµıUP“ G∆¡ı÷ ^UQØ C⁄®§µv|vP“
Pmk®£ımifl Rà ¡¢u⁄?
IV. ¬∂¡ı⁄ ¬¯h u∏P.
1. C¢vØı¬¿ \≠P, \©Øa ^∫zv∏zu CØUP[P“
˜uıfl÷¡uÿPı⁄ Pıµn[P¯Õ ˆ¡ŒU ˆPın∫P.
2. C¢x \¨uıØz¯ua ^∫v∏zx¡v¿ Cµı·ı µıƘ©ıPfl µı¥
©ÿ÷Æ §µÆ© \©ı·zvfl £[Q¯⁄ ¬¡ıv.
3. ¨_ºÆ ^∫v∏zu CØUP[P¯Õ® £ÿ‘ J∏ Pmk¯µz u∏P.
4. 19&BÆ °ÿ”ısk \≠P, \©Øa ^∫v∏zu CØUP[PÕı¿
Hÿ£mh ¬¯ÕƒP¯Õ ¡∂¯\®£kzxP.
VI. ˆ\¥¨¯” £∞ÿ]
1. ^∫v∏zu¡ıvPŒfl ¡ıÃU¯P ©ÿ÷Æ A¡∫P–¯hØ
£oP“ £ÿ‘Ø zuP[P¯Õ® £iUPƒÆ.
2. Cµı©Q∏Ën ©hzvfl \≠Pa ˜\¯¡ ¯©Ø[PŒfl
A[Pzv⁄∫ ˜£ı¿ §”∫US® £o ˆ\¥¡v¿ Efl¯⁄
Dk£kzvU ˆPı“P.
83

AªS & III
£ıhÆ & 5
C¢vØ ˜u]Ø CØUPzvfl
˜uıÿ”¨Æ ¡Õ∫a]≤Æ
Pÿ”¿ ˜{ıUP[P“
1. ©ın¡∫ ºmhfl §µ¬fl |∏¡ıP {h¡iU¯PP“
G∆¡ı÷ C¢vØ∫PŒfl {ªflP–US Gvµı⁄¯¡
Gfl£¯u® ∂¢x ˆPı“–u¿.
2. ©ın¡∫ ∂®£fl §µ, P∫\fl §µ BQ˜Øı∂fl
^∫v∏zu[P¯Õ® £ÿ‘ A‘¢x ˆPı“–u¿.
3. ©ın¡∫ C¢vØ ˜u]Øzvfl ˜uıÿ”Æ, Aufl ¡Õ∫a]
BQØ¡ÿ‘ÿPı⁄ Pıµn[P¯ÕU Pÿ”¿.
4. ©ın¡∫ C¢vØ ˜u]ØU Pı[Qµ]fl ˜{ıUP[P¯Õ®
∂¢x ˆPı“–u¿.
5. ©ın¡∫ w¬µ¡ıvPŒfl ˜{ıUP[P¯Õ® ∂¢x
ˆPı“–u¿.
6. ©ın¡∫ ¡[PıÕ® §∂¬¯⁄, _˜u] CØUPÆ, ¨ÏºÆ
ΩU ˜uıÿ”Æ, `µz §Õƒ ©ÿ÷Æ fl˜hı&©ı∫º
^∫zv∏zu[P“ £ÿ‘Ø A‘¬¯⁄® ˆ£÷u¿.
7. ©ın¡∫ ufl⁄ım] CØUPÆ, ªU˜⁄ı Ehfl£iU¯P,
©ıs˜hS&ˆ\ÆϘ£ı∫k ^∫zv∏zu[P“ £ÿ‘ Pÿ”¿.
1858&BÆ BsiÿS® §fl |∫¡ıPzv¿ Hÿ£mh ©ıÿ”[P“ :
1857&BÆ Bsk ˆ£∏Æ µm]US® §fl C¢vØı¯¡
|∏¡QUSÆ ˆ£ı÷® ¡oPU S ¬h∏¢x 1858&BÆ
Bsk B[Qª Aµ]fl ¯PUS ©ı‘Øx. C¢vØı¬fl
|∫¡ıPz¯u B[Qª Aµ_ C¢vØa ˆ\ت∫ (Secretary of State
85

of India) ≠ªÆ ˜{µiØıP Hÿ÷U ˆPıshx. C¢vØ |∫¡ıPz
v¯⁄U Pmk®£kzvØ Aa ˆ\تıÕ∏US Eu¬h 15
E÷®§⁄∫P¯ÕU ˆPısh C¢vØU S
Jfl÷ Cªsh¤¿
A¯©UP®£mhx.
C¢vØı¬fl u¯ª¯© B–{∫ ¯¡]µı¥
Gfl֮
A¯«UP®£mhı∫. A¡∫ C[Qªı¢vº∏¢u C¢vØa
ˆ\تıÕ∏US® £vªŒUPU Pmk®£mh¡∫. 1861&BÆ
Bsk B[Qª® £ıµı–©fl”Æ C¢vØ Pƒfl]¿P“ \mhÆ
A¿ªx C¢vØa \mh©fl”[P“ \mhz¯u CØÿ‘Øx.
Aufl£i u¯ª¯© B–{∂fl \mhUS E÷®§⁄∫PŒfl
GsoU¯P 12&BP EØ∫¢ux. u¯ª¯© B–{∫ A¢u
E÷®§⁄∫P¯Õ |ØUPªıÆ. A¡∫PŒ¿ ]ª C¢vØ
E÷®§⁄∫P–Æ |ØUP®£mh⁄∫. AUS ¬ÿSU S‘®
§mh ]ª AvPıµ[P“ ©mk˜© C∏¢u⁄.
©ıPın |∫¡ıPz¯u® ˆ£ı÷zu¡¯µ 1861&¿ \mh
©fl”[P“ A‘¨P®£kzu®£mh⁄. B⁄ı¿ A¯¡ ©ıPın
B–{∂fl ¯P®£ı¯¡PÕıP˜¡ ˆ\Ø¿£mh⁄. A¯¡
C¢vØı¬¿ B[Q˜ªØ∫ ˆPısi∏¢u Aµ]Ø¿ ©ÿ÷Æ
ˆ£ı∏Õıuıµ Dk£ıkP¯Õ® £ıxPızx A¯u ˜©Æ£kzx
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B[Qª A桪∫P“ BQ˜Øı∂fl {ªflP¯Õ ©mk˜©
£ıxPızux. AUS UP“ C¢vدµ® £ıvUSÆ ˆPı“¯P
P¯Õ˜Ø §fl£ÿ‘⁄. Azu¯PØ |¯ª∞æÆ 1870&BÆ Bsk
C¢vØı&C[Qªı¢x {ıkP–UQ¯h˜Ø A¯©UP®£mh
u¢v C¯n® (Telegraphline) J∏ ]ª {fl¯© Gfl£¯u C[S
S‘®§h ˜¡skÆ. B[Q˜ªØ∫ u[PŒfl ˜£µµ_U ˆPı“¯P¯Ø
|¯ª |÷zv⁄∫. Ax ºmhfl §µ¬fl {h¡iU¯PP“
≠ªÆ ˆuŒ¡ıP® ª®£mhx.
ºmhfl §µ, ∂®£fl §µ, ©ÿ÷Æ P∫\fl §µ
BQ˜Øı∂fl E“{ımk |∫¡ıPÆ
ºmhfl §µ (1876 & 1880) : 1876¿ ºmhfl §µ C¢vØı¬fl
¯¡]µıØıP® ˆ£ı÷®˜£ÿ”ı∫. A¡∫ CªUQØzv¿ Dk£ık
86

ˆPısh¡∫. B⁄ı¿ |∫¡ıP ¨fl A›£¡Æ Aÿ”¡∫.
˜©æÆ A¡∫ C¢vØ ¬¡Pıµ[P“ £ÿ‘Ø A‘¬¯⁄≤Æ
ˆ£ÿ‘∏UP¬¿¯ª. A¢|¯ª∞¿ Bm]® ˆ£ı÷®˜£ÿ”
A¡∫ C¢vØ |∫¡ıPzv¿ £ª ©ıÿ”[P¯ÕU ˆPısk
¡¢uı∫. A¯¡ A¯⁄zxÆ §∂mh¤fl Dk£ıkP¯Õ
©mk˜© ß∫zv ˆ\¥u⁄. G⁄˜¡ C¢vØ∫P“ ºmhfl
§µ¬fl {h¡iU¯PPŒ¿ S¢u Av∏®v A¯h¢u⁄∫.
CµshıÆ B®Pı¤Ø® ˜£ı∫ : ºmhfl §µ C¢vØı¬fl
u¯ª¯© B–{µıP C∏¢u˜£ıx, B[Pı¤Ïuı⁄zv¿
CµËØı¬fl ˆ\¿¡ıUS ¡Õ∫¡¯uU Psk B[Q˜ªØ∫
Ag]⁄∫. CµËØı B®Pı¤Ïuıfl ¡»ØıP C¢vØı ´x
£¯hˆØkUPUTkÆ Gfl÷ C[Qªı¢x GsoØx. G⁄˜¡
CµËØı¬fl ¬∂¡ıUPz¯uz ukUP B®Pı¤Ïuı⁄Æ
¨ ¡¯u≤Æ B[Q˜ªØ∂fl §i∞¿ ˆPısk¡µ ºmhfl
§µ w∫©ı¤zuı∫. Au⁄ı¿ 1878&¿ B®Pı¤Ïuı¯⁄z uıUP
B[Qª® £¯h∞¯⁄ A›®§⁄ı∫. A¢{ımifl ©fl⁄∫ A´∫
ˆÂ∫Aº CµËØı¬ÿSz u®§ Ki⁄ı∫. B[Q˜ªØ∫ vØ
©fl⁄∏hfl J∏ Ehfl£iU¯P¯Øa ˆ\¥x ˆPısh⁄∫.
Aufl£i B[Qª® §µv|v (English Resident) J∏¡∫ Pıߺ¿
|ØUP®£mhı∫. B⁄ı¿ ´skÆ B®Pı¤Ïuı⁄zv¿
Hÿ£mh J∏ PªPz¯u AhUP B[Q˜ªØ∫ CµshıÆ
¨¯”ØıP B®Pı¤Ïuıfl ´x £¯hˆØkzx A¢{ım¯hU
¯P®£ÿ‘⁄ı∫. ˜u¯¡∞¿ªı©¿ {h¢u A®˜£ı∫PÕı¿
C¢vØ® ˆ£ı∏ÕıuıµÆ PƒÆ ˜©ı\©ıP® £ıvUP®£mhx.
1876 & 1878&BÆ BskPŒ¿ Hÿ£mh £g\Æ : 1876 ¨u¿ 1878
¡¯µ C¢vØı¬¿ PU Pk¯©Øı⁄® £g\Æ |ª¬Øx.
ˆ\fl¯⁄, ¨Æ¯£, Iuµı£ız, £g\ı®, ©zvØ® §µ˜u\zvfl
©zvØ® £Sv BQØ Ch[P“ P ˜©ı\©ıP® £ıvUP®
£mh⁄. Cªm\UPnUPı⁄ ©UP“ C”¢u⁄∫. £ª Qµı©[
P¯Õ ¬mk ©UP“ APfl”⁄∫. P®£µ¢u |ª®£SvPŒ¿
¬¡\ıØz¯uU ¯P¬h ˜¡siØ |¯ª Hÿ£mhx. A¢u
\©Øzv¿ ºmhfl §µ C[Qªı¢vÿS Hÿ÷©v ˆ\¥u
xo¡¯PP–USa _[P¡∂ (BØzw∫¯¡) ¬vzuı∫. ˜©æÆ
87

1877¿ ˆh¿º∞¿ ˆ£∂Ø u∫£ı∫ Jfl÷ {hzv, Av¿
¬U˜hı∂Øı ©PıµıoØı¯µ C¢vØı¬fl
˜£µµ] Gfl÷
§µPh⁄®£kzv⁄ı∫. BhÆ£µ©ı⁄ A¢u u∫£ı¯µ {hzu
Cªm\UPnUPı⁄ π£ı¥ ˆ\ª¬h®£mhx.
Aaˆ\Ø¿ ì"˜µıÆ {PµÆ G∂¢x ˆPısi∏¢u˜£ıx
}˜µı ©fl⁄fl §i¿ ¡ı]zux˜£ı¿'' C∏¢ux.
¡mhıµ ˆ©ı»P“ £zv∂¯Pa \mhÆ 1878 : C¢vØ∫PŒfl
©⁄US¯”P¯Õ C¢vØ® £zv∂¯PP“ A›uı£zxhfl
ˆ¡Œ∞mh⁄. A¯¡P“ ºmhfl §µ¬fl {h¡iU¯P
P¯Õ≤Æ B[Qª Bm]¯Ø≤Æ Gv∫zx G v⁄. G⁄˜¡
£zv∂¯PPŒfl _u¢vµz¯uU Pmk®£kzu 1878¿ ¡mhıµ
ˆ©ı»P“ £zv∂¯Pa \mhz¯u ºmh¤fl Aµ_ CØÿ‘Øx.
¡mhıµ ˆ©ı»PŒ¿ ˆ¡Œ¡¢u ˆ\¥vzuı“P–Æ, £∏¡
CuÃP–Æ, Pk¯©Øı⁄ uoU¯PUS Em£kzu®£mh⁄.
Au⁄ı¿ C¢vØ∫P“ ^ÿ”©¯h¢u⁄∫.
C¢vØ B≤ua \mhÆ 1878 : ºmh¤fl Aµ_ 1878&BÆ Bsk
C¢vØ B≤ua \mhz¯uU ˆPısk ¡¢ux. Aa\mhÆ,
C¢vØ∫P“ B≤u[P¯Õ ¡ı[Q⁄ıæÆ, ¬ÿ”ıæÆ B[Qª
Aµ]hÆ E∂©Æ (Licence) ˆ£” ˜¡skÆ Gfl÷ ¡º
≤÷zvØx. Aa\mhz¯u ´‘Ø¡∫P“ A£µıuzxhfl ]¯”z
ush¯⁄USÆ E“ÕıP ˜¡si∞∏¢ux. B⁄ı¿,
B[Q˜ªØ∫, B[Q˜ªı&C¢vØ∫P“ B[Qª Aµ]fl RÃ
£o∂¢u S‘®§mh ]ª §∂¬⁄∏US Aa\mhzv¿
C∏¢x ¬ªUS AŒUP®£mhx. A∆¬uÆ ºmhfl §µ¬fl
ˆ£∏Æ £ıfl¯©Øı⁄ |∫¡ıP {h¡iU¯PP“ C¢vØ∫PŒfl
En∫ƒP–US GvµıP˜¡ C∏¢u⁄.
∂®£fl §µ (1880 & 1884) : ∂®£fl §µ 1880&BÆ Bsk
C¢vØı¬fl u¯ª¯© B–{µıP® ˆ£ı÷®˜£ÿ”ı∫. A¡∫
uıµıÕ ©⁄®£ıfl¯© ˆPısh¡∫. A¡∫ £izu C¢vØ
C¯Õb∫PŒfl Gv∫£ı∫®P¯Õ® ∂¢x ˆPıshxhfl
A¡∫PŒhÆ A›uı£¨Æ Pımi⁄ı∫. A¡∫ C¢vØ
|∫¡ıPzv¿ C¢vØ ©UP–Æ AvPÆ £[Sˆ£” ˜¡skÆ
88

Gfl÷ ¬∏Ƨ⁄ı∫. G⁄˜¡ ºmhfl
§µ A‘¨P®£kzvØ £ª AhUS
¨¯”a \mh[P¯Õ A¡∫ }UQ⁄ı∫.
ˆuı»ÿ\ı¯ªa \mhÆ 1881 :
∂®£¤fl Aµ_ 1881&BÆ Bsk
¨u¿ ˆuı»ÿ\ı¯ªP“ \mhz¯u
CØÿ‘Øx. Aa\mhÆ 12 ¡ØvÿS
Em£mh ]÷¡∫PŒfl ˜¡¯ª
˜{µz¯u |∫n∞zux. ˜©æÆ Aa
\mhÆ ˆuı»ÿ\ı¯ªPŒ¿ A£ıØPµ
∂®£fl §µ
©ı⁄ CØ¢vµ[P¯Õa _ÿ‘ £ıx
Pı® ˜¡º∞h ˜¡skÆ G⁄ ¡º≤÷zvØx. Aa\mhÆ
{¯h¨¯”®£kzu®£k¡¯uU PsPıoUP B¥¡ıÕ∫P“
|ØUP®£mh⁄∫.
¡mhıµ ˆ©ı»P“ £zv∂¯Pa \mhÆ }UP®£ku¿ 1881 :
A˜u Bsk ©UPÕı¿ PƒÆ ˆ¡÷UP®£mhxÆ ºmhfl
§µ A‘¨P®£kzvØx©ı⁄ ¡mhıµ ˆ©ı»P“ £zv∂¯Pa
\mhz¯u ∂®£fl §µ }UQ⁄ı∫. Au⁄ı¿ C«¢u £zv∂¯Pa
_u¢vµÆ ´skÆ ˆ£”®£mhx.
C¢vØ ©UP“ ˆuı¯PU PnUˆPk® 1881 : {ım¯h
˜©æÆ ]”®£ıP |∏¡QUSÆ ˆ£ı∏mk ∂®£fl §µ
©UP“ˆuı¯P PnUˆPk® ¨¯”¯Ø 1881&BÆ Bsk
C¢vØı¬¿ A‘¨P®£kzv⁄ı∫.
1882&BÆ Bsk P¿¬US
: 1882¿ ∂®£fl §µ J∏
P¿¬US ¯¡ |Øzuı∫. Aufl u¯ª¡µıP \∫. h§“≥.
h§“≥. Ìsh∫ (Sir W.W. Hunter) Gfl£¡∫ ˆ\Ø¿£mhı∫.
AUS ˆuıhUPUP¿¬ ©ÿ÷Æ C¯h|¯ªU P¿¬ BQØ
¡ÿ‘fl ¨fl˜⁄ÿ”zvÿPı⁄ B˜ªı\¯⁄P¯Õ ¡«[QØx.
˜©æÆ AUS J∆ˆ¡ı∏ ©ı¡mhzvæÆ ©ıv∂®£“ŒP“
(Model Schools) |÷¡®£h ˜¡skÆ Gfl÷Æ £∂¢x¯µ
ˆ\¥ux. u¤Øı∫ £“ŒP–US AŒUP®£mk ¡¢u ©ı¤Øz
ˆuı¯P¯Ø (Grants-in-aid) ˜©æÆ }mi®£ufl ≠ªÆ C¯h
89

|¯ªU P¿¬¯Ø FUS¬UPªıÆ G⁄ƒÆ AUS T‘Øx.
ˆ£sP¿¬US AvP ¨UQØzx¡Æ ˆPıkUP ˜¡sk
ˆ©fl÷Æ AUS Aµ_US® £∂¢x¯µa ˆ\¥ux. £g\ı®
£¿P¯ªUP«PÆ |÷¡®£h ∂®£fl §µ Pıµn©ıP C∏¢uı∫.
E“Õım] : ∂®£¤fl P® Páı¥¢u ^∫v∏zuÆ
|∏¡ıPz¯u≤Æ, |vU Pmk®£ım¯h≤Æ £µ¡ªıUP
GkUP®£mh {h¡iU¯PØıSÆ. A¡∏¯hØ Aµ_ C¢vØı¬¿
E“Õım] Aµ_ |÷¡®£h, 1883&84&BÆ BskPŒ¿
¡∂¯\ØıP® £ªa \mh[P¯Õ CØÿ‘Øx. A¯¡PŒfl£i
C¢vØı ¨ ¡xÆ ©ı¡mh ¡ı∂Ø[P–Æ (District Boards),
uıæUPı ¡ı∂Ø[P–Æ (Taluk Boards) A¯©UP®£mh⁄. A∆
ƒ“Õım] Aµ_ A¯©®PŒhÆ P¿¬, ˆ£ıxa_PıuıµÆ,
Si}∫, _zuÆ, _PıuıµÆ, \ı¯ª £µı©∂® BQØ¡ÿ¯”
˜©Æ£kzxÆ £oP“ J®£¯hUP®£mh⁄. A®£oP¯Õa
ˆ\¥x ¨iUP A¯¡P“ ˜£ıx©ı⁄ |v ¡\v¯Ø® ˆ£ÿ÷
C∏¢u⁄. C∆¡¯©®PŒ¿ C¢vØ∫P“ u[P“ ¬¡Pıµ[
P¯Õz uı[P˜Õ |∫¡QzxU ˆPı“Õ® £∞ÿ]ØŒUSÆ
¬uzv¿ |Ø©⁄ (Nomination) ¨¯”US® £v¿ ˜u∫u¿
¨¯” §fl£ÿ”®£mhx. Aa^∫v∏zu[PÕı¿ ∂®£fl §µ
"E“Õım] Aµ]fl u¢¯u' Gfl” £mhz¯u® ˆ£ÿ”ı∫.
C¿£∫m ©˜\ıuı : ∂®£fl Aµ]fl \mh E÷®§⁄µı⁄ ].§.
C¿£∫m (C.P. Ilbert) Gfl£¡∫ 1883¿ J∏ \mhzv¯⁄U
ˆPısk ¡¢uı∫. Ax C¿£∫m ©˜\ıuı G⁄ A¯«UP®£mhx.
Aufl£i C¢vØ }v£vP“ B[QªU Sÿ”¡ıŒP¯Õ≤Æ
¬\ıµ¯n ˆ\¥≤Æ E∂¯© ˆ£ÿ”⁄∫. Aufl ≠ªÆ C¢vØ
}v£vP“ B[Qª }v£vP–US C¯nØı⁄ AvPıµÆ
ˆ£ÿ”⁄∫. B⁄ı¿ C¢vØı¬º∏¢u I˜µı®§Øa \≠Pzv⁄∫
Aa\mhz¯uU Pk¯©ØıP Gv∫zu⁄∫. G⁄˜¡ AÆ©˜\ıuı
Eh⁄iØıPz v∏zu®£h ˜¡siØuı∞ÿ÷. v∏zu®£mh
©˜\ıuı¬fl£i "S¯”¢u£m\Æ £ıv I˜µı®§Ø E÷®§⁄∫
P¯ÕU ˆPısh' }vUS ˜¡ (Jury) B[QªU Sÿ”¡ıŒP¯Õ
¬\ı∂UP ¨i≤Æ Gfl÷ ©ıÿ”®£mhx.
90

∂®£fl §µ u¯h∞¿ªı ¡ıoPzv¿ (Free Trade)
S¢u {ƧU¯P ˆPısh¡∫. A¡∫ £ª C”US©v ¡∂P¯Õ
}UQ⁄ı∫. A¡∫ E® ´uı⁄ ¡∂¯ØU S¯”zuxhfl |ª¡∂
¡∂ ¨¯”¯Øa \∂ ˆ\¥ØƒÆ ¨Øÿ]P¯Õ ˜©ÿˆPıshı∫.
P∫\fl §µ (1899 & 1905) : P∫\fl §µ ¯¡]µıØıP £u¬
Hÿ£uÿS ¨fl £ª¨¯” C¢vØı¬ÿS ¡¢x ˆ\fl”¡∫. A¡∫
E÷v≤Æ Pi⁄ E¯«®Æ ˆPısh¡∫. A¡∫ B[Qª
C⁄˜© EØ∫¢ux Gfl÷Æ C¢vØı¯¡ Bm] ˆ\¥Ø A∆
¬⁄zvÿS E∂¯© Esk Gfl÷Æ {Ƨ⁄ı∫.
^∫v∏zu[P“ & £g\Æ & ©ÿ÷Æ §˜ÕU |¡ıµnÆ : P∫\fl
§µ C¢vØı¬ÿS ¡¢u˜£ıx, £∏¡©¯« ˆ£ı¥zuuı¿,
©zvØ, ¡h C¢vØı¬fl £ª £SvPŒ¿ Pk¯©Øı⁄ £g\Æ
|ª¬Øx. Azxhfl §˜ÕU ˜{ı≤Æ £ª Ch[PŒ¿ Pın®
£mhx. P∫\fl £g\ |¡ıµnU S
Jfl÷ A¯©zx Aufl
|¡ıµn® £oP–US® ˆ£∏Æ ˆuı¯P¯Ø JxUQ⁄ı∫.
¬¡\ıØ ^∫v∏zu[P“ : Qµı©®” ©UP–US Eu¬h P∫\fl
§µ £ª ¬¡\ıØa ^∫v∏zu[P¯Õ A‘¨P®£kzv⁄ı∫.
GŒØ u¡¯n∞¿ v∏®§a ˆ\æzuUTiØ PhflP“ ¬¡\ı∞
P–US ¡«[P®£mh⁄. {ımifl £ª £ıP[PŒæÆ
Tmk”ƒa \[P[P“ ˆuıh[P®£mh⁄. ¡[PıÕzv¿ ß\ı
Gfl›hzv¿ ¬¡\ıØ Bµı¥a] |÷¡⁄Æ Jfl÷Æ
ˆuıh[P®£mhx. Aufl ˜{ıUPÆ ¬¡\ıØzx¯”∞¿ £ª
Bµı¥a]P¯Õ ˜©ÿˆPı“¡uıSÆ. P∫\¤fl |∏¡ıPzvfl
˜£ıx ˆ£∏©Õ¬¿ Pı¿¡ı¥P“ ˆ¡mh®£mk }∫®£ı\⁄
¨¯”≤Æ ˜©Æ£kzu®£mhx.
Cµıq¡a ^∫v∏zu[P“ : P∫\fl Cµıq¡zvfl ˜£ıUS
¡µzx A¯©®¯£a ^∫v∏zv⁄ı∫. Cµıq¡zvÿS®
vØ ˜£ı∫UP∏¬P–Æ, x®£ıUQP–Æ ¡«[P®£mh⁄.
C¯Õb∫P–US Cµıq¡® £∞ÿ] AŒUP® ˜£µµ_ C¯Õb∫
£¯h (Imperial Cadet Corps) Jfl÷ A¯©UP®£mhx.
91

£«[Pıª |¯⁄ƒa ]fl⁄[P“ £ıxPı®a \mhÆ : 1904&BÆ
Bsk {ımifl £«[Pıª |¯⁄ƒa ]fl⁄[P¯Õ® £ıxPıUP
Ca\mhÆ CØÿ”®£mhx. A¡µx Aµ_ ˆuı¿ˆ£ı∏“
P¿ˆ¡miØ¿ x¯”∞¯⁄ |÷¬Øx. Au⁄ı¿ {ıª¢uı,
um\^ªÆ, \ıg], Gºˆ£shı S¯PP“, \ıµ{ız ˜£ıfl”
Ch[PŒ¿ Pın®£kÆ ¬¯ª©vUP ¨iØıu C¢vØU
P¯ª®ˆ£ı∏mP–Æ Pmhh[P–Æ £ıxPıUP® £mh⁄.
P¿¬a ^∫v∏zuÆ : C¢vØ® £¿P¯ªU P«Pa \mhÆ
1904&BÆ Bsk |¯”˜¡ÿ”®£mhx. P∫\fl P¿¬¨¯”
¨ ¡¯u≤Æ ©ıÿ‘د©zuı∫. ˆ£ıxUP¿¬z u¯ª¯©
CØUS{∫ (Director General of Education) u¯ª¯©∞fl RÃ
P¿¬zx¯” ¯©Ø® £kzu®£mhx. BµÆ£® £“ŒP–US
©ı¤ØÆ AŒUP®£mhx. P¿¬∞fl ¨fl˜⁄ÿ”zvÿSz w¬µ
vmh[P“ ˜©ÿˆPı“Õ®£mh⁄. £¿P¯ªU P«P[PŒfl
ˆ\Ø¿£ıkP¯Õ ˜©Æ£kzu J∏ S A¯©UP®£mhx.
¡[PıÕ® §∂¬¯⁄ 1905 : 1905&BÆ Bsk ¡[PıÕz¯u®
§∂UP P∫\fl §µ ˜©ÿˆPısh ¨iƒ C¢vØ∫PŒfl ˜u]Ø
En∫ƒUS ˆ£∏zu AiØıP A¯©¢ux. ¡[PıÕÆ, •Pı∫
©ÿ÷Æ J∂\ı¬fl J∏ £Sv¯Ø≤Æ E“ÕhUQØ ˆ£∂Ø
©ıPın©ı¥ C∏¢ux Gfl£v¿ \¢˜uP¿¯ª. A®ˆ£∂Ø
©ıPınz¯u |∏¡Q®£xÆ Pi⁄©ı⁄ ˆ\تıPzuıfl
C∏¢ux. G¤›Æ, §fl⁄ı¿ •Pı¯µz u¤ ©ıPın©ıP®
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C¢vØ ˜u]Ø CØUPzvfl ˜uıÿ”Æ : 1857&BÆ Bsk ˆ£∏Æ
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C¢vØ ˜u]Ø En∫ƒ ˜uıfl‘ØuÿPı⁄ PıµoP“ & Aµ]Ø¿
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C¢vØ∫P“ ˜©¿{ımkU P∏zxUP“, £s£ık £ÿ‘
A‘¢u⁄∫. ˜©æÆ C¢vØ∫P“ ˆ·∫©¤, Czuıº
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uı[P–Æ u[P“ ¬ku¯ªUS® ˜£ıµıh Gso⁄∫.
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C¢vØı¬¿ ˜u]Ø CØUPÆ ˜uıfl÷¡uÿS AizuÕ
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u£ı¿¨¯”, \ı¯ªP“ ©ÿ÷Æ Pı¿¡ı¥P“ A¯©zu¿
˜£ıfl”¯¡ {ımifl ˆuı»¿ ¡Õ∫a]US Eu¬⁄. C¢uz
ˆuı»¿ ¡Õ∫a] C¢vØ ©UP¯Õ Jfl‘¯nzux.
Aa\P¨Æ ˆ\¥vzuı“P–Æ : ˜u]ØÆ ˜uıfl”ƒÆ ¡ÕµƒÆ
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_u¢vµz¯u® £‘zux. A˜u Bsk §”®§UP®£mh B≤ua
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˜£ıµıh 1885&BÆ Bsk C¢vØ ˜u]ØU Pı[Qµ_
˜uıÿ÷¬UP®£mhx.
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{ƧU¯P∞«¢u C¢vØ ©UP“ C¢vØ
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B⁄ı¿, Pı[Qµ]¿ E∏¡ı⁄
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Eu¬≤hfl ufl P∏zxUP¯Õ ˆ¡Œ∞mhı∫. A¯©vØıP
Gv∫USÆ ¨¯”¯Ø & Auı¡x B[Qª Aµ_US EuƒÆ G¢uU
Pı∂ØzvæÆ u¯ª∞hı©¿ Jx[Q |ÿSÆ u¡ıuU
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A¡ÿ‘¯⁄ A¯h≤Æ ¡»∞æÆ ©ı÷£mh⁄∫.
_˜u] CØUPÆ : P∫\fl §µ ¡[PıÕz¯u 1905&BÆ Bsk
§∂zuı∫. Aaˆ\Ø¿ Pı[Qµ_ CØUPzvÿS ©¯”¨P©ıP
Eu¬Øx. ¡[P® §∂¬¯⁄ ©UP¯Õ® §∂®£uÿS £v¿,
A¡∫P¯Õ Jfl”ıPa ˜\∫zux. Aaˆ\Ø¿ ˆ£ı∏Õıuıµ®
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©ı∫º≤Æ C¯n¢x C¢vØ \mh©fl”[P¯Õa ^∫v∏zu
vmhÆ ¡Szu⁄∫. Aufl£i 1909&BÆ Bsk C¢vØa \mh
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En∫¯¡z ysiØx. ©ı]¤∞fl ""¡ı¯Õ Gkzx Aµ¯\
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99

ˆ\ıÿP“ C¢vØ∂fl ©⁄v¿ Gvˆµıºzux. Es¯©∞¿
B[Q˜ªØ∂fl §∂zuı–Æ ˆPı“¯PØı⁄x u¡ıvP¯Õ
Aµ]hÆ ˆ©zu® ˜£ıUS¯hØ¡∫PÕıUQ, 1916&BÆ Bsk
{h¢u ªU˜⁄ı ©ı{ımi¿ A¡∫P¯Õz w¬µ¡ıvP–hfl
´skÆ Jfl÷˜\µ ¡» ¡Szux.
¨u¿ EªP®˜£ı∫ 1914 & 1918 : 1914&BÆ Bsk ¨u¿
EªP® ˜£ı∫ ˆuıh[QØx. B[Qª Aµ_ C¢vØı¯¡
A®˜£ı∂¿ §∂mh¤fl \ı∫§¿ £[Sˆ£”a ˆ\¥Ø
¬∏ƧØx. BµÆ£zv¿ C¢vØz u¯ª¡∫P–US Av¿
¬∏®£¿¯ª. G¤›Æ C¢vØ® ˜£ı∫√µ∫P“ A®˜£ı∂¿
£[S ˆ£÷¡¯u ukUP¬¿¯ª.
ufl⁄ım] CØUPÆ 1916 : £ıª
P[Pıuµ vªP∫ 1916&BÆ Bsk
ufl⁄ım]U P«Pz¯u (Home Rule
League) ¨Æ¯£∞¿ |÷¬⁄ı∫.
AØ∫ªı¢¯ua ˜\∫¢u Afl¤
ˆ£\flm Gfl” ˆ£s©o
A¯hØı‘º∏¢u §µÆ©bı⁄
\¯£∞¿ ˆuıh∫¯hØ¡µı¡ı∫.
A¡∫ ufl¯⁄® £i®£iØıP
C¢vØ ˜u]Ø CØUPzv¿ Dk
£kzvU ˆPıshı∫. A¡∏Æ
ˆ\fl¯⁄∞¿ J∏ ufl⁄ım]U
P«Pz¯uz ˆuıh[Q⁄ı∫. A∆¬∏
P«P[P–Æ ˜\∫¢x C¢vØ∂fl
˜©ıvªı¿ ˜{∏
ufl⁄ım] CØUPÆ A¿ªx _Ø
Bm] ˆ£÷¡uÿS® §µa\ıµÆ ˆ\¥u⁄. ˜©ıvªı¿ ˜{∏ƒÆ
].B∫. uı_Æ A∆¬ØUPz¯u Bu∂zu⁄∫. hıUh∫ Afl¤
ˆ£\flm, uÆ ˜£a\ıæÆ G zuıæÆ, C¢vØ ©UPŒ¯h˜Ø
P®ˆ£∂Ø AÕ¬¿ Eÿ\ıPz¯uz ysi⁄∫. B[Qª Aµ_
A¡∫ {hzvØ £zv∂¯PØı⁄ |≥ C¢vØı¯¡ u¯h
ˆ\¥ux. vªP∏Æ, Afl¤ˆ£\flm AƯ©Øı∏Æ ¯Px
ˆ\¥Ø® £mh⁄∫. A¢u ˜{µzv¿uıfl 1917&BÆ Bsk
©ıs˜hS §µ¬fl BPÏk A‘U¯P ˆ¡Œ∞h®£mhx.
100

A∆¡‘U¯P, C¢vØ∫
P–US® £i®£iØıP ˆ£ı÷®
£ım] AŒUP®£kÆ Gfl÷ E÷v
ØŒzux. G⁄˜¡, C¢vØ∫P“
˜£ı∏US® §fl⁄∫ _Ø Bm]
Q¯hUSÆ Gfl” {ƧU¯P∞¿
B[Q˜ªØ∂fl ˜£ı∫ ¨Øÿ]
P–US ¨ ©⁄uıP Jz
x¯«® ˆPıkzu⁄∫. Au⁄ı¿
ufl⁄ım] CØUPÆ ufl ¨UQØz
x¡z¯u C«¢ux.
ªU˜⁄ı J®£¢uÆ & 1916 : C¢vØ
].B∫. uıÏ
˜u]Ø Pı[Qµ]fl ªU˜⁄ı
©ı{ımi¿ C∏ ¨UQØ ¡µªıÿ÷ |PÃa]P“ ChÆ ˆ£ÿ”⁄.
¨uªı¡uıP, u¡ıvP–Æ w¬µ¡ıvP–Æ Jfl÷£mh⁄∫.
A¡∫P“ C∏ §∂¬⁄∏Æ K∫ IUQØ ¨fl⁄oØıPa
ˆ\Ø¿£mh⁄∫. Cµshı¡uıP, Pı[Qµ_Æ ¨_ºÆ ΩSÆ _Ø
Bm] ˆ£÷¡v¿ J∏¡∏UˆPı∏¡∫ Jzx¯«® {¿Qh
J®£¢uÆ Jfl‘¿ ¯PˆØ zvmh⁄∫. Ax ªU˜⁄ı
J®£¢uÆ G⁄ A¯«UP®£kQ”x.
A¢u ªU˜⁄ı ©ı{ımi¿uıfl ·¡Ì∫ªı¿ ˜{∏
Pı¢v‚¯Ø ¨ufl¨uªıPa \¢vzuı∫.
¨u¿ EªP® ˜£ı∫ ¨i¡¯hu¿ & 1918 : ¨u¿ EªP®˜£ı∫
1918&BÆ Bsk ¨i¡¯h¢ux. B[Q˜ªØ∫PŒfl \ı∫§¿
˜£ı∂¿ £[S ˆ£ÿ” C¢vØ∫P“, u©US B[Q˜ªØ∂h
∏¢x ]ª \æ¯PP“ Q¯hUSˆ©fl÷ S¢u B¡æhfl
Gv∫£ı∫zu⁄∫.
©ıs˜hS&ˆ\ÆϘ£ı∫k ^∫v∏zua \mhÆ & 1919 :
C¢vØıƒUPı⁄ Aµ_a ˆ\تıÕµı⁄ ©ıs˜hSƒÆ, C¢vØ
Aµ_®§µv|vØı⁄ ˆ\ÆϘ£ı∫kÆ B[Qª® £ıµı–©fl”Æ
Ca\mhzv¯⁄ 1919&BÆ Bsk CØÿ‘h® ˆ£ı÷®¯h
Ø¡∫P“ B¡∫. Ca\mhzvfl£i Q‘Ïx¡∫P“, B[Q˜ªı&
C¢vØ∫P“, ^UQØ∫P“ BQØ ≠fl÷ C⁄ ©UP–USÆ u¤z
ˆuıSvP“ ¡«[P®£mh⁄. Ca\mhÆ ©zvØ, ©ıPın \mh
101

©fl”[P¯Õ≤Æ ¬∂ƒ£kzvØx. ˜©æÆ, Ca\mhÆ
©ıPın[PŒ¿ Cµm¯h Bm] ¨¯”¯Ø≤Æ A‘¨P®
£kzvØx. C¢vØ∫P“ AvP GsoU¯P∞¿ \mh
©fl”[PŒ¿ ChÆ ˆ£ÿ”⁄∫. G¤›Æ, C¢vØ ˜u]ØU
Pı[Qµ_ Ca\mhz¯u |µıP∂zux. C¯uz ˆuıh∫¢x
C¢vØı¬¿ ·ıºØfl ¡ıªı£ıU £kˆPı¯ª≤Æ, Jzx¯«
Øı¯© CØUP¨Æ Hÿ£mh⁄.
Aa\mhz¯u ˆ¡Œ∞mhx B[Q˜ªØ∂fl ˆ£∏¢
ufl¯©Øÿ” ˆ\Ø¿ G⁄ƒÆ, Au¯⁄ Hÿ÷U ˆPı“¡x
C¢vØ∏US ©v®¯hØuıPıx G⁄ƒÆ Afl¤ˆ£\flm
¬¡∂zuı∫.
Pÿ”¿ A¯hƒP“
1. ©ın¡∫ ºmhfl §µ¬fl {h¡iU¯PP“ C¢vØ∫PŒfl
{ª›US G∆¡ı÷ Gvµı⁄¯¡ Gfl£¯u ¬ÕUP ¨i≤Æ.
2. ∂®£fl §µ C¢vØ ©UP–US Bÿ‘Ø ˜\¯¡P¯Õ
©ın¡∫ |¯⁄ƒ Tµ ¨i≤Æ.
3. P∫\fl §µ¬fl ^∫v∏zu[P¯Õ ©ın¡∫ ¬¡∂UP
¨i≤Æ.
4. P∫\¤fl ì§∂zuı–Æ ˆPı“¯P¯Øí ©ın¡∫ ¬ÕUP
¨i≤Æ.
5. ©ın¡∫ C¢vØz ˜u]ØÆ ˜uıfl‘ØuÿPı⁄ Pıµn[
P¯Õ ¬ÕUP ¨i≤Æ.
6. ©ın¡∫ u¡ıvP“ w¬µ¡ıvPŒfl ˜{ıUP[P¯Õ≤Æ
ˆ\Ø¿P¯Õ≤Æ J®•k ˆ\¥Ø ¨i≤Æ.
7. ©ın¡∫ `µz §Õƒ Hfl Hÿ£mhx Gfl£¯ua _miU
Pımh ¨i≤Æ.
8. Afl¤ˆ£\flm AƯ©Øı∫ C¢vØ∏US Bÿ‘Ø
£oP¯Õ ©ın¡∫ ¬¡∂UP ¨i≤Æ.
9. ©ın¡∫ ufl⁄ım] CØUPzvfl ˜{ıUPzv¯⁄U
S‘®§h ¨i≤Æ.
10. ©ın¡∫ ªU˜⁄ı J®£¢uzvfl ¨UQØzx¡Æ £ÿ‘
S‘®§h ¨i≤Æ.
11. ©ın¡∫ ©ıs˜hS&ˆ\ÆϘ£ı∫k \mhÆ ˆPısk ¡¢u
©ıÿ”[P¯Õ® £miغh ¨i≤Æ.
102

_Ø ©v®•k
I. \∂Øı⁄ ¬¯h¯Øz ˜u∫¢ˆukUPƒÆ
1. ˆ¡¿º u∫£ı¯µ {hzvØ¡∫.
A. ˆ©UPı˜ª §µ B. ∂®£fl §µ
C. ºmhfl §µ D. P∫\fl §µ
2. ºmhfl §µ C¢vØ® £zv∂¯PPŒfl _u¢vµz¯uU Pmk®
£kzu ˆ¡Œ∞mh \mhÆ
A. ¡mhıµ ˆ©ı»P“ B. ˆuı»ÿ\ı¯ªa
£zv∂¯Pa \mhÆ \mhÆ
C. C¿£∫m \mhÆ D. £¿P¯ªU P«Pa \mhÆ
3. C¢vØı¬¿ ©UP“ ˆuı¯P PnUˆPk® ¨¯”¯Ø
A‘¨P®£kzvØ¡∫
A. ºmh∫ §µ B. ∂®£fl §µ
C. P∫\fl §µ D. Q¯Õ∆ §µ
4. ˆuı»ÿ\ı¯ª \mhÆ CØÿ”®£mh Bsk
A. 1887 B. 1882
C. 1883 D. 1885
5. E“ Bm]∞fl u¢¯u Gfl÷ A¯«UP®£k£¡∫
A. P∫\fl §µ B. ∂®£fl §µ
C. ºmhfl §µ D. fl˜hı §µ
6. ].§. C¿£∫m Gfl£¡∫ J∏
A. £¯hzu¯ª¡∫ B. \mh E÷®§⁄∫
C. u¯ª¯© B–{∫ D. }v£v
7. Tmk”ƒa \[P[P¯Õ A‘¨P®£kzvØ¡∫
A. ∂®£fl §µ B. P∫\fl §µ
C. ºmhfl §µ D. h¿ˆÌÕ] §µ
8. ˆuı¿ˆ£ı∏“ Bµı¥a]z x¯”¯Ø Hÿ£kzvØ¡∫
A. ºmhfl §µ B. ∂®£fl §µ
C. P∫\fl §µ D. ©ı∫º §µ
103

9. ¡[PıÕ® §∂¬¯⁄ |Pâu Bsk
A. 1911 B. 1912
C. 1905 D. 1910
10. _˜u] CØUPzvfl ˜£ıx ©UP“ E£˜ØıQzu ¨«UPÆ
A. ˜¡u[P¯Õ B. ¡¢˜u ©ıuµÆ
˜{ıUQa ˆ\¿
C. _صı‰ØÆ G⁄x D. C¡ÿ‘¿ GxƒÆ C¿¯ª.
§”®∂¯©
11. ¨u¿ EªP®˜£ı∫ |Pâu BskP“
A. 1914 & 1916 B. 1912 & 1915
C. 1914 & 1918 D. 1918 & 1921
12. hıUh∫ Afl¤ˆ£\flm J∏
A. B[Qª® ˆ£s©o B. C¢vØ® ˆ£s©o
C. Aˆ©∂UP® ˆ£s©o D. AØ∫ªı¢x ˆ£s©o
13. BPÏk A‘U¯P¯Ø ˆ¡Œ∞mh¡∫
A. ©ı∫º B. ©ıs˜hS
C. ©ƒsm ˜£mhfl D. P∫\fl
II. ˜Pıimh Ch[P¯Õ |µ®P
1. 1870¿ u¢vUPƧ C¯n® C[Qªı¢xUSÆ _______ USÆ
C¯h˜Ø A¯©UP®£mhx.
2. C¢vØ∫P“ B≤u[P“ ¯¡zv∏UP, ¡ı[P A¿ªx ¬ÿP
˜¡skˆ©¤¿ Aµ]fl A›©v ˆ£”˜¡skÆ Gfl÷
¡ÿ÷zvØ \mhÆ _______ BSÆ.
3. 1881&BÆ Bsk ˆuı»ÿ\ı¯ªa \mhÆ _______ fl ˜¡¯ª
˜{µz¯u |∫n∞zux.
4. ∂®£fl §µ¬fl Aµ_ _______ \mhz¯u }UQØx.
5. ∂®£fl §µ ______¿ E“Õ £¿P¯ªU P«Pz¯u |÷¬⁄ı∫.
6. P∫\fl _______ S Jfl÷ A¯©zx |¡ıµn® £oP–US
ˆ£∏¢ˆuı¯P JxUQ⁄ı∫.
104

7. C¯Õb∫P–US Cµıq¡® £∞ÿ]ØŒUP P∫\fl _______I
A¯©zuı∫.
8. Q«US ¡[PıÕzvfl u¯ª{P∫ _______ G⁄ƒÆ ˜©ÿS
¡[PıÕzvfl u¯ª{P∫ _______ G⁄ƒÆ A‘¬UP®£mh⁄.
9. _______fl §µPh⁄zv¿ ˆ¡Œ∞h®£mh ¡ıUS÷vP“
GxƒÆ §fl£ÿ”®£h¬¿¯ª.
10. C¢vØ∫P“ _______, _______ BQØ {ıkPŒfl IUQØzv
⁄ı¿ FUPÆ ˆPısk u[P“ _u¢vµzvÿS® ˜£ıµıh
¬∏Ƨ⁄∫.
11. _______, _______ BQ˜Øı∂fl G zxUP“ ©UP“ ©zv∞¿
˜u]Ø ¬»®n∫a]¯ØU ˆPısk ¡¢u⁄.
12. u¡ıvPŒfl ˜Pı∂U¯PP“ _______ Gfl÷ ¡∫oUP®
£mhx.
13. _˜u] CØUPzvfl ˜£ıx C¢vØ∫ _______ ˆ£ı∏mP¯Õ®
”UPozu⁄∫.
14. ufl⁄ım] CØUPzv¿ Dk£mh u¯ª¡∫P“ _______ ©ÿ÷Æ
_______ B¡ı∫.
15. ªU˜⁄ı¬¿ {h¢u Pı[Qµ_ ©ı{ımi¿ ·¡Ì∫ªı¿ ˜{∏
¨ufl ¨uªıP _______ I \¢vzuı∫.
III. §fl¡∏¡⁄¡ÿ¯”® ˆ£ı∏zxP
A
1. ¡mhıµ ˆ©ı»P“ £zv∂¯Pa \mhÆ &&- 1877
2. Ìsh∫ S && 1881
3. ˆh¿º u∫£ı∫ && 1904
4. ˆuı»ÿ\ı¯ªa \mhÆ && 1882
5. C¢vØ® £¿P¯ªUP«Pa \mhÆ && 1878
105

B
1. A´∫ ˆÂ∫ Aº && £«[Pıª |¯⁄ƒa ]fl⁄[P“
2. E“ Bm]∞fl u¢¯u && \mh E÷®§⁄∫
3. C¿£∫m && B®Pı¤Ø Aµ\∫
4. P∫\fl §µ && ß\ı
5. ¬¡\ıØ Bµı¥a] ¯©ØÆ && ∂®£fl
1. uØı⁄¢u \µÏ¡v && u¡ıvP“
2. Aµ¬¢u ˜PıË && ¡¢˜u ©ıuµÆ
3. Afl¤ˆ£\flm AƯ©Øı∫ && ˜P\∂
4. £ıªP[Pıuµ vªP∫ && |≥ C¢vØı
5. Aµ]Ø¿ §a¯\ && _صı‰‚ØÆ
C
IV. _∏UP©ıP ¬¯hØŒUPƒÆ
1. ¡mhıµ ˆ©ı»P“ £zv∂¯Pa \mhÆ £ÿ‘ ]÷S‘® u∏P.
2. 1881&BÆ Bsk ˆuı»ÿ\ı¯ª \mhÆ £ÿ‘ E©US Gfl⁄
ˆu∂≤Æ?
3. ∂®£fl §µ C¢vØ ˆ©ı»P“ £zv∂¯Pa \mhz¯u Hfl
}UQ⁄ı∫?
4. ∂®£fl §µ¬fl P¿¬a ^∫v∏zu[P¯ÕU S‘®§kP.
5. C¿£∫m ©˜\ıuı¬fl AÆ\[P“ Øı¯¡?
6. P∫\fl §µ¬fl ¬¡\ıØ ^∫v∏zu[P“ Øı¯¡?
7. P∫\fl §µ G∆¡ı÷ C¢vØı¬fl £«[Pıª |¯⁄ƒa
]fl⁄[P¯Õ® £ıxPızuı∫?
8. ¡[PıÕÆ Hfl §∂UP®£mhx?
9. C¢vØ ˜u]Øzvfl ¡Õ∫a]∞æÆ A¯u® £µ®§ØvæÆ
Aa_UTh[P“ ©ÿ÷Æ ˆ\¥vzuı“PŒfl, £[Q¯⁄ ˆ¡ŒU
ˆPın∫P.
10. 1878&BÆ Bsk CØÿ”®£mh B≤ua \mhzvfl ¬¯Õƒ
Øıx?
11. C¢vØ ˜u]ØU Pı[Qµ_ G®˜£ıx Øıµı¿ ˜uıÿ÷¬UP®
£mhx?
12. C¢vØ ˜u]ØU Pı[Qµ]fl ˆuıhUPU Pıª ˜{ıUP[P“
Øı¯¡?
106

13. u¡ıvP“ Øı∫? A¡∫PŒ¿ ]ª∂fl ˆ£Ø∫P¯ÕU
S‘®§kP.
14. w¬µ¡ıuz ˜u]Ø¡ıvPŒfl ˜{ıUP[P“ Øı¯¡?
15. ˆufl¤¢vØı¬¿ vªP∏US ˆ{∏UP©ı⁄ {s£∫PÕıP
C∏¢u¡∫P“ Øı∫?
16. ¨_ºÆ ΩQfl ˜{ıUP[P“ Øı¯¡?
17. w¬µ ˜u]Ø¡ıvP“ G®˜£ıx, Hfl Pı[Qµ¯\ ¬mk ¬ªQ⁄∫?
18. hıUh∫ Afl¤ˆ£\flm C¢vØ∫PŒ¯h˜Ø G∆¡ı÷ ˜u]Ø
En∫¯¡ Hÿ£kzv⁄ı∫?
19. ªU˜⁄ı J®£¢uzvfl ¨UQØzx¡Æ £ÿ‘ T÷P.
V. ¬∂¡ı⁄ ¬¯h u∏P
1. ºmhfl §µ¬fl ˆ£∏¯©¯ØU S¯”zu ˆPı“¯PP¯ÕU
S‘®§kP.
2. ∂®£fl §µ¬fl ^∫v∏zu[P¯Õ ¬ÕUSP.
3. P∫\fl §µ¬fl ^∫v∏zu[P¯Õ ©v®§kP.
4. C¢vØı¬¿ ˜u]Ø CØUPÆ ˜uıfl÷¡uÿPı⁄ Pıµn[P¯Õ
¬ÕUSP.
5. `µz §Õƒ Hÿ£h Cmka ˆ\fl” |PÃa]P¯Õ ¬ÕUSP.
6. w¬µ ˜u]Ø¡ıvP“ G⁄®£mh¡∫P“ Øı∫? A¡∫PŒfl
˜{ıUPÆ Øıx?
7. C¢vØ _u¢vµ® ˜£ıµımhzv¿ hıUh∫ Afl¤ˆ£\flifl
£[Q¯⁄ ¬¡ıv.
VI. ˆ\¥¨¯”® £∞ÿ]P“
1. C¢vØ ˜u]ØU Pı[Qµ]fl ˜uıÿ”Æ ¨u¿ 1919&BÆ
Bsk ¡¯µ∞ªı⁄ C¢vØ ¬ku¯ª® ˜£ıµımh
|PÃa]P¯ÕU S‘USÆ PıªU˜Pımi¯⁄z (Time Line)
uØı∂UPƒÆ.
2. ·¡Ì∫ªı¿ ˜{∏ G vØ "iÏP¡∂ B® C¢vØı'
(Discovery of India) Gfl” zuPzv¿ E“Õ _u¢vµ CØUPÆ
£ÿ‘Ø £SvP¯Õ® £iUPƒÆ.
3. ¡.E. ]uÆ£µÆ §“¯Õ, _®§µ©oØ £ıµvØı∫
BQ˜Øı∂fl ¡ıÃU¯P ¡µªıÿ¯”® £iUPƒÆ.
107

Pı¢vØiP“
108

£ıhÆ & 6
C¢vØ ¬ku¯ª® ˜£ı∫ &
Pı¢vØiP“ PıªÆ
Pÿ”¿ ˜{ıUP[P“
1. ©ın¡∫ C¢vØ _u¢vµ® ˜£ıµımhzv¿ Pı¢v‚∞fl
£[S £ÿ‘Ø A‘¬¯⁄® ˆ£”¿.
2. ©ın¡∫ ·ıºØfl ¡ıªı£ıU £kˆPı¯ª¯Ø® £ÿ‘≤Æ
Qªı£z CØUPÆ £ÿ‘≤Æ A‘¢x ˆPı“–u¿.
3. ©ın¡∫ Jzx¯«Øı¯© CØUPÆ £ÿ‘® ∂¢x
ˆPı“–u¿.
4. ©ın¡∫ _صı‰‚ØU Pm], ªıT∫ Pı[Qµ]fl
¨UQØzx¡Æ, E®a \zvØıUQµPÆ, ¡mh ˜©¯\
©ı{ıkP“ ©ÿ÷Æ ß⁄ı J®£¢uÆ £ÿ‘Ø A‘¬¯⁄®
ˆ£”¿.
5. ©ın¡∫ 1935&BÆ Bsk C¢vØ Aµ_a \mhzvfl
AÆ\[P¯Õ® ∂¢xˆPı“–u¿.
6. ©ın¡∫ _u¢vµ® ˜£ıµımhzvÿS ˜{uı‚ Bÿ‘Ø
£oP¯Õ® £ÿ‘ A‘¢x ˆPı“–u¿.
7. ©ın¡∫ Q∂®Ï yxUS , ˆ¡“¯Õؘ⁄ ˆ¡Œ˜Ø÷
CØUPÆ, 1946¿ ¡¢u A¯©a\µ¯¡z yxUS ,
C¯hUPıª Aµ_ BQد¡ £ÿ‘Ø A‘¯¡® ˆ£”¿.
8. ©ın¡∫ ©ƒsm ˜£mhfl §µ¬fl vmhÆ £ÿ‘
A‘¢x ˆPı“–u¿.
9. ©ın¡∫ C¢vØ ©fl⁄µım]® £SvP“ C¯n®§¿
¡¿ª£ı¥ £˜hºfl £[S £ÿ‘® ∂¢x ˆPı“–u¿.
1919&BÆ Bsk C¢vØa _u¢vµ® ˜£ıµımh
¡µªıÿ‘¿ J∏ ©ı÷£mh PıªPmhz¯uU S‘®£uıP
109

A¯©¢ux. 1919&BÆ Bsiº∏¢x 1947 ¡¯µ Pı¢v‚
_u¢vµ® ˜£ıµımhzv¿ ufl¯⁄ Dk£kzvU ˆPıshı∫.
G⁄˜¡ CUPıª PmhÆ Pı¢vØiP“ PıªÆ Gfl÷ A¯«UP®
£kQ”x. A¡∫ Pzv∞fl‘ Cµzufl‘ B[Q˜ªØ¯µ
Gv∫zx® ˜£ıµıh C¢vØ ©UP¯Õz uØı∫£kzv⁄ı∫.
¡fl¨¯”US® £vªıP \zvØıUQµPÆ, AQƯ\ BQØ
¨¯”P¯Õ® £Øfl£kzv⁄ı∫.
ˆµÕªm \mhÆ 1919 : ˆµÕªm \mhÆ 1919&BÆ Bsk
CØÿ”®£mhx. Aa\mhÆ Ezuµ¬fl‘ G¡¯µ≤Æ ¯Px
ˆ\¥Ø B[Qª Aµ_US AvPıµÆ AŒzux. Aa\mhzvfl
≠ªÆ ¬\ıµ¯n∞fl‘ G¡¯µ≤Æ ]¯”∞¿ A¯hUPªıÆ.
ˆµÕªm \mhzv¯⁄ Gv∫USÆ£i Pı¢v‚ C¢vØ∫P–US
A¯«® ¬kzuı∫. Aufl ¬¯Õ¡ıP {ık ¨ ¡xÆ
P¯hدh®Æ, Gv∫®® ˜£ıµımh[P–Æ Hÿ£mh⁄.
·ıºØfl ¡ıªı£ıU £kˆPı¯ª, 13&H®µ¿ 1919 : ˆµÕªm
\mh Gv∫®® ˜£ıµımhÆ ˆuıh∫£ıP \zvØ£ı¿ ©ÿ÷Æ
\ı¥®wfl Qaæ (Saifuddin Kichlew) BQØ ¨UQØz
u¯ª¡∫P“ £g\ı§¿ ¯Px ˆ\¥Ø®£mh⁄∫. \mhzvÿS®
”Æ£ı⁄ AU¯Pv¯⁄ Gv∫zx ©UP“ A∫u\µ]¿ E“Õ
·ıºØfl ¡ıªı£ıU Gfl›hzv¿ ß[Pı Jfl‘¿ Ti⁄∫.
A®ß[Pı¬ÿS J∏ £UPÆ ©mkÆ ]÷ ~¯«¡ı∞¿
C∏¢ux. ©ÿ” G¿ªı £UP[P–Æ EØ∫¢u _¡∫PÕı¿
`«®£mi∏¢ux. Aufl ¯©Øzv¿ J∏ Qn÷ C∏¢ux.
A∫u\µ]fl Cµıq¡z uÕ£vØı⁄ ˆ·⁄µ¿ hØ∫ A¢u
~¯«ƒ ¡ı∞ÿ£Sv¯Ø ≠kÆ£i ufl £¯hP–US Ezuµ
¬mhı∫. §fl G¢u¬u ¨fl⁄‘¬®fl‘ A¯©vØıPƒÆ,
|µı≤u £ıoØıPƒÆ TiØ ©UP¯Õa _kÆ£i ufl £¯h
P–US Ezuµ¬mhı∫. AUTmhzv¿ £ª ˆ£si∏Æ,
S«¢¯uP–Æ Th C∏¢u⁄∫. Aa\Æ£¡Æ J∏ ˆPık¯©
Øı⁄ £kˆPı¯ªØı⁄x. Azx®£ıUQa `mi¿ H”US¯”Ø
500 ˜£∫ E∞∂«¢u⁄∫. 1200 ˜£∫P–US ˜©¿ PıØ©¯h¢u⁄∫.
Aa\Æ£¡Æ ·ıºØfl ¡ıªı£ıU £kˆPı¯ª A¿ªx
£g\ı®
£kˆPı¯ª Gfl÷ A¯«UP®£kQ”x. Pı¢v‚
Aa\Æ£¡z¯uU Psizuı∫. Ax¨u¿ A¡∫ B[Qª
Aµ_hfl Jzx¯«UP ©÷zuı∫. A¡∫ C¢vØ ¬ku¯ª®
110

˜£ı∂¿ ]”®UP u¯ª¡µıPz ˜uıfl‘⁄ı∫. A¡∫ 1920&BÆ
Bsk Jzx¯«Øı¯© CØUPz¯uz ˆuıh[Q⁄ı∫.
£g\ı® £kˆPı¯ª, §fl ¡¢u u¯ª¨¯”
∞⁄∂¯h˜Ø }izu J∏ uıUPz¯u Hÿ£kzvØx. u⁄x
Gv∫®§¯⁄U Pımh Cµ√¢vµ{ız uıT∫ B[Qª Aµ_
u⁄US AŒzu ¯{mƒm (Kinghthood) £mhz¯uz x”¢uı∫.
ˆufl B®§∂UP Aµ\ı¿ u⁄US AŒUP®£mh
ˆP¥\∫&C&Ó¢z (Kaiser-i-Hind) Gfl” £uUPz¯u Pı¢v‚
v∏®§ AŒzuı∫. uıT∫, Pı¢v‚, ˜{∏‚ BQ˜Øı∂fl
{s£µı⁄ ].G®. BsmπÏ (C.F. Andrews) Gfl£¡∫
A∫u\µÏ ˆ\fl÷ v∏Ƨ؃hfl ·ıºØfl ¡ıªı£ıU
£kˆPı¯ª¯Ø® £ÿ‘ ©Pı˜u¡ ˜u\ı∞US RÃU
Psh¡ı÷ ""Ax J∏ £kˆPı¯ª, J∏ ˆPı¯ªUPÕÆ''
G⁄ G v⁄ı∫.
Qªı£z CØUPÆ : C¢vØ ¨_ºÆP“
B[Q˜ªØ∫P–US GvµıP £ª S¯”
£ıkP¯ÕU ˆPısi∏¢u⁄∫. ¨u¿ EªP®
˜£ı∂fl ˜£ıx x∏UQ ˆ·∫ˆ©¤∞fl {m
{ıhıPa ˆ\Ø¿£mhx. ˜£ı∂¿ ˆ·∫ˆ©¤
˜uı¿¬Ø¯h¢uƒhfl x∏UQØ® ˜£µµ_
]u”iUP®£mhx. A®˜£µµ]fl £SvP¯Õ
§∂mh›Æ, §µıfl_Æ £[S ˜£ımkU
ˆPısh⁄. x∏UQØ _¿uıfl A¡©vUP®
£mhı∫. _¿uıfl ¨_ºÆP–US Pº£ı
A¿ªx \©Øz u¯ª¡∏Æ Th B¡ı∫.
G⁄˜¡ EªPÆ ¨ ¡x∏¢u ¨_ºÆP“
B[Qª Aµ_US GvµıP Qªı£z
CØUPz¯uz ˆuıh[Q⁄ı∫. C¢vØı¬¿
¨P©x Aº, \ƒPz Aº Gfl” C∏
\˜Pıuµ∫P“ A∆¬ØUPz¯uz ˆuıh[Q
¨P©x Aº
⁄ı∫P“. Pı[Qµ_U Pm] A∆¬ØUPz¯u
Bu∂zux. C¢xUP¯Õ≤Æ, ¨_ºÆ
P¯Õ≤Æ Jfl÷ ˜\∫UP Ax J∏ {¿ª \¢u∫®£Æ G⁄ Pı¢v‚
Gso⁄ı∫. ¨_ºÆ ΩU Pm]≤Æ, Pı[Qµ_U Pm]≤Æ
ˆ{∏[Q ¡µ Qªı£z CØUPÆ ¡»¡Szux.
111

¯\©fl S
”UPo®
Jzx¯«Øı¯© CØUPÆ & 1920 : Pı[Qµ_U Pm]
1920&BÆ Bsk Jzx¯«Øı¯© CØUPz¯uU P¯h®
§izux. A∆¬ØUPzvfl ¨UQØ ˜{ıUPÆ AQƯ\, A¯©v
¡»PŒ¿ _صı‰‚ØÆ ˆ£÷¡uıSÆ. A∆¬ØUPÆ ≠fl÷
|¯ªPŒ¿ P¯h®§iUP®£mhx. ¨uªı¡uıP C¢vØ∫P“
B[Qª Aµ]h∏¢x ˆ£ÿ” £mh[P¯Õ≤Æ, ˆPÕµ¡
¬∏xP¯Õ≤Æ Gv∫®¯£ ˆ¡ŒUPımkÆ ¡¯P∞¿ x”¢u⁄∫.
Cµshı¡x Pmh©ıP P¯hدh® E“Œmh ˆ£∏Æ
˜£ıµımh[P¯Õ {hzv⁄∫. G¿ªı Aµ_ A桪P[P–Æ &
£“ŒP“, P¿ø∂P“, \mh©fl” {h¡iU¯PP“ E“£h
A¯⁄zxÆ ”UPoUP®£mh⁄. ˜©ıvªı¿ ˜{∏,
·¡Ì∫ªı¿ ˜{∏, ].B∫. uıÏ, Cµı·ı‚, D.¬. Cµı©\ı
(u¢¯u ˆ£∂Øı∫) E“£h H”US¯”Ø 30,000 ˜u\£Uu∫P“
¯Px ˆ\¥Ø®£mk ]¯”∞ª¯hUP®£mh⁄∫.
A∆¬ØUPzvfl C÷vU PmhÆ ¡∂ ˆ\æzu ©÷zu¿
BSÆ. 1921&BÆ Bsk AP©uı£ızv¿ {h¢u Pı[Qµ_
©ı{ık, Aµ_ u[P“ ˜Pı∂U¯PP¯Õ |¯”˜¡ÿ÷Æ ¡¯µ
©UP¯Õ Aµ\ı[PzvÿS ¡∂ ˆ\æzu ˜¡shıÆ Gfl÷
˜PmkU ˆPıshx.
112

ˆ\Õ∂ ˆ\Õµı |PÃa] & 1922 : Jzx¯«Øı¯© CØUPÆ
P¯h®§iUP®£mh ˜£ıx Ezvµ®§µ˜u\zv¿ ˆ\Õ∂ ˆ\Õµı
Gfl›hzv¿ Pı¡ª∫PŒfl AhUS¨¯” x®£ıUQa
`miÿS GvµıP ¬¡\ı∞P“ Pı¡¿ |¯ªØzvÿS w∞mh⁄∫.
Aa\Æ£¡zv¿ 22 Pı¡ª∫P“ E∞∂«¢u⁄∫. A¢|PÃa] ˆ\Õ∂
ˆ\Õµı |PÃa] G⁄®£kQ”x. A∆¡fl¨¯” |PÃa]¯ØU
˜P“¬≤ÿ” Pı¢v‚ ©⁄Æ ¡∏¢v⁄ı∫. A¢|PÃa] A¡µx
AQƯ\ ˆPı“¯PUS Gvµı⁄uıP A¯©¢ux. ©UP“
Cfl⁄¨Æ AQƯ\ ¡»∞¿ Jzx¯«Øı¯© CØUPzv¯⁄U
P¯h®§iUP £US¡®£h¬¿¯ª Gfl£¯u Pı¢v‚ En∫¢uı∫.
G⁄˜¡ A¡∫ Jzx¯«Øı¯© CØUPz¯u Eh⁄iØıP JxUQ
¯¡zuı∫. B[Qª Aµ_ Pı¢v‚¯ØU ¯Px ˆ\¥ux.
A¡∏US B÷ BskP“ ]¯”z ush¯⁄ ¡«[P®£mhx.
_صı‰‚ØUPm] & 1923 & 1925 : Pı¢v‚∞fl ¯PxUS® §fl
_u¢vµ® ˜£ıµımh √µ∫P¯Õ ¡»{hzva ˆ\¿ª \∂Øı⁄
u¯ª¡∫P“ C¿¯ª. Aº®ß∫ ]¯”∞¿ C∏¢u ˜©ıvªı¿
˜{∏ƒÆ, ].B∫. uı_Æ, _صı‰‚ØUPm]¯Ø E∏¡ıUQ
⁄ı∫P“. ˜u∫uº¿ ˜£ımi∞mk ˆ¡ÿ‘ ˆ£÷u˜ª AUPm]
∞fl ˜{ıUP©ıQØx. \mh \¯£US“ ~¯«¢x A[Q∏¢x
B[Qª Aµ\ı[Pz¯u Gv∫®£¯u AUPm] GkzxU T‘
¡ıvmhx. AUPm] C¢vØı¬¿ ˆ£ı÷®£ı⁄ Aµ_ |÷¡®£h
˜¡skˆ©⁄U ˜Pı∂ w∫©ı⁄z¯u |¯”˜¡ÿ‘Øx. ˜©æÆ
C¢vØ∫PŒfl ˜u¯¡P¯Õ≤Æ, ˜Pı∂U¯PP¯Õ≤Æ |¯”
˜¡ÿ‘h ¡mh˜©¯\ ©ı{ıkP“ {hzu®£h ˜¡skˆ©⁄ƒÆ
˜Pı∂U¯P ¬kzux. B⁄ı¿, 1925&BÆ Bsk ].B∫. uı]fl
©¯”¬ÿS® §fl AUPm] ˆ\غ«¢x §fl⁄∫ P¯ªUP®
£mhx.
¯\©fl S , 1927 : 1927&BÆ Bsk H ˜£∫ Ah[QØ S
Jfl÷ B[Qª Aµ\ı¿ |ØUP®£mhx. AUS ¬fl u¯ª¡
µıP \∫ ·ıfl ¯\©fl ˆ£ı÷®˜£ÿ”ı∫. AUS ¬¿ C∏¢u
A¯⁄¡∏˜© I˜µı®§Ø∫P“. G⁄˜¡ C¢vØ∫P“ AUS
¬¯⁄ |µıP∂zu⁄∫. AUS C¢vØı ¡¢u˜£ıx ""¯\©˜⁄
113

v∏Ƨa ˆ\¿'' (Simon, Go back) Gfl” ¨«UPz xhfl ©UP“
AUS ¬fl ¡∏¯P¯Ø® ”UPozu⁄∫.
£g\ı® ][PÆ Gfl÷ A¯«UP®£mh Cªıªı ª\£v
µı¥ ªıT∂¿ ¯\©fl ¡∏¯P¯Ø Gv∫zx® ˜£ıµımhz¯u
¨fl¤fl÷ {hzvؘ£ıx, Pı¡ª∂fl uiØia \Æ£¡zuı¿
C”UP ˜{∂mhx. A¡∏¯hØ ©µnÆ £Pz][Pı¿ £»
w∫UP®£mhx. Cªıªıª\£vµı¥ C”®£uÿSU Pıµn©ıP
C∏¢u Pı¡ª¯µ £Pz][ _mkU ˆPıfl”ı∫. AuÿPıP
§fl⁄ıŒ¿ A¡∏US B[Qª Aµ_ ©µnush¯⁄ AŒzux.
ªıT∫ Pı[Qµ_ ©ı{ık, 1929 : 1929&BÆ Bsk ·¡Ì∫ªı¿
˜{∏¬fl u¯ª¯©∞¿ ªıT∂¿ Pı[Qµ_ ©ı{ık TiØx.
AÆ©ı{ımi¿ B[Q˜ªØ∂h∏¢x ¨
¬ku¯ª A¿ªx
ßµn _u¢vµÆ ˜Pı∂ w∫©ı⁄Æ CØÿ”®£mhx. ©ÿ÷ˆ©ı∏
w∫©ı⁄¨Æ AUTmhzv¿ |¯”˜¡ÿ”®£mhx. Aufl£i
B[Q˜ªØ∏US GvµıP \mh ©÷® CØUPÆ ˆuıh[P®
£mhx. AUTmhzv¿ J∆ˆ¡ı∏ BskÆ ·⁄¡∂ 26&BÆ
{ı“ _u¢vµ {ıÕıP {ıˆh[SÆ A›\∂UP®£h ˜¡skÆ
G⁄ƒÆ ¨iˆ¡kUP®£mhx. Aufl£i 1930&BÆ Bsk
·⁄¡∂ 26&BÆ {ı“ _u¢vµ v⁄©ıP {ık ¨ ¡xÆ
ˆPıshıh®£mhx.
1930&BÆ Bsk ·⁄¡∂ 26&BÆ {ı“ Pı[Qµ_U
Pm]∞fl ≠¡∫nU ˆPıi Hÿ”®£mhx. ©UP“ ßµna
_u¢vµÆ ˆ£” ˜£ıµıha \£uˆ©kzxU ˆPısh⁄∫. A¢u
{ı“ Pı[Qµ_U Pm] ¡µªıÿ‘¿ ˆ£ıflˆ⁄ zxUPÕı¿
ˆ£ı‘UP®£mh {ıÕı⁄x. C¢vØ ¡µªıÿ‘¿ A¢{ıŒ¯⁄
|¯⁄ƒ Tµ 1950&BÆ Bsk ·⁄¡∂ 26&BÆ {ı“ C¢vØ
Aµ]Ø¿ A¯©® Hÿ÷U ˆPı“Õ®£mhx. A¢{ıŒ¯⁄
{ıÆ Siص_ v⁄©ıPU ˆPıshıi ¡∏Qfl˜”ıÆ.
E®a \zvØıQµPÆ, 1930 (Salt Satyagraha) A¿ªx \mh
©÷® CØUPÆ : £ª Cªm\UPnUPı⁄ ©UP“ E£˜ØıQzu
\ıuıµn E®§fl ´x B[Qª Aµ_ ¡∂ ¬vzux. A¢u ¡∂
¬v®§⁄ı¿, CØÿ¯PØıPU Q¯hUSÆ E®¯£ G¿˜ªıµı
æÆ GŒv¿ E£˜ØıQUP ¨iØıu |¯ª C∏¢ux. ¨UQØ
114

©ıP H¯« ©UP“ PƒÆ £ıvUP®£mh⁄∫. G⁄˜¡ Pı¢v‚
E® ¡∂¯Ø Gv∫UPz w∫©ı¤zuı∫. A¡∫ 1930&BÆ Bsk
©ı∫a v[P“ 12&BÆ {ı“ ¡µªıÿ÷a ]”®UP usi®
£Ønz¯u ˜©ÿˆPıshı∫.
\£∫©v B]µ©zvº∏¢x usi ¡¯µ≤“Õ 241
¯©¿P“ (H”US¯”Ø 400 Q.´.) yµz¯u \˜µı‚¤
{ı≤k E“£h ˜u∫¢ˆukUP®£mh 78 Buµ¡ıÕ∫P–hfl
Pı¢v‚ 25 {ı“PŒ¿ Pı¿{¯hØıP® £ØnÆ ˆ\¥uı∫.
A®£Ønzvfl ˜£ıx "¡¢˜u ©ıuµÆ' Gfl” ¨«UPÆ
G¿ªı Ch[PŒæÆ Gvˆµıºzux.
A¡∫ H®µ¿ 6&BÆ ˜uv usi¯Ø A¯h¢x AUPhÿ
P¯µ∞º∏¢u E®¯£ ufl ¯PØı¿ Gkzuı∫. A¢|PÃa]
C¢vØı ¨ UP ©UP“ CØUPÆ ˆ¡izvh J∏ w®ˆ£ı‘
Øı¥ A¯©¢ux. A∆¬ØUPzv¿ ˆ£sP–Æ £[˜Pÿ”⁄∫.
ˆufl¤¢vØı¬¿ A®£Ønz¯u Cµı\ ˜Pı£ıªıa\ı∂Øı∫
v∏a]µı®£“Œ∞º∏¢x ˜¡uıµsØÆ ¡¯µ ˜©ÿˆPıshı∫.
©ª£ı∫ PhÿP¯µ∞¿ Pı[Qµ_z u¯ª¡∫PŒ¿ J∏¡µı⁄
˜PÕ®£fl ˜Pı»UTmiº∏¢x ¯£Øfi∫ ¡¯µ £Ønz¯uz
u¯ª¯© uı[Q {hzv E® ¡∂¯Ø Gv∫zuı∫. A∆¬ØUPÆ
E® \zvØıUQµPÆ A¿ªx \mh ©÷® CØUPÆ G⁄
A¯«UP®£mhx.
Au¯⁄z ˆuıh∫¢x {ık ¨ ¡xÆ ˜£ıµımh[P–Æ,
P¯hدh®P–Æ, Afl¤Ø® ˆ£ı∏mP¯Õ® ”UPoz
uæÆ ˜©ÿˆPı“Õ®£mh⁄. ©UP“ ¡∂ ˆ\æzu ©÷zu⁄∫.
1930&BÆ Bsk ˜© ©ıu C÷v∞¿ Pı¢v‚, ˜{∏‚,
Cµı·ı‚ ˜£ıfl” ¨UQØz u¯ª¡∫P“ ¯Px ˆ\¥Ø®£mh⁄∫.
¡h˜©ÿS G¿¯ª®” ©ıPın[PŒ¿ ¡ıâu ©UP–Æ
Aa\mh ©÷® CØUPzv¿ £[˜Pÿ”⁄∫. A®£Sv∞¿
G¿¯ª Pı¢v (Frontier Gandhi) G⁄ A¯«UP®£mh Pıfl
A®x¿ Pı£∫Pıfl u¯ª¯©˜Øÿ÷ A¡∫P¯Õ ¡» {hzv⁄ı∫.
\mh ©÷® CØUPÆ Jzx¯«Øı¯© CØUPzvº∏¢x
©ı÷£mhx. C∆¬ØUPzvfl ¨UQØ ˜{ıUPÆ ¨ a
115

_u¢vµÆ ˆ£÷¡x BSÆ. Aa_u¢vµz¯u, \mh[P¯Õ ´‘
Øı¡x A¯h¢vh ˜¡skÆ G⁄U P∏u®£mhx. C¢vØ∫P“
B[Qª Aµ\ı[Pz¯u G¿ªı |¯ªPŒæÆ Gv∫zx Au¯⁄a
ˆ\غ«UPaˆ\¥Ø, \mh ©÷® CØUPÆ ysiØx.
¡mh ˜©¯\ ©ı{ıkP“ 1930 & 32
¨u¿ ¡mh ˜©¯\ ©ı{ık, 1930 0 : B[Qª Aµ]⁄ı¿ \mh
©÷® CØUPz¯u AhUP ¨iج¿¯ª. G⁄˜¡ C¢vØ∫
P¯Õa \©ıuı⁄®£kzxÆ ¡¯P∞¿ B[Qª Aµ_ 1930&BÆ
Bsk Cªsh¤¿ ¡mh˜©¯\ ©ı{ık Jfl‘ÿS Hÿ£ık
ˆ\¥ux. B⁄ı¿ Pı[Qµ_U Pm]z u¯ª¡∫P“ A¯⁄¡∏Æ
]¯”∞¿ A¯hUP®£mk C∏¢uuı¿ Pı[Qµ_ A¢u
©ı{ımi¿ £[˜PÿP¬¿¯ª.
Pı¢v & C∫¬fl J®£¢uÆ, 1931 : Pı¢v‚ 1931&BÆ Bsk
¬ku¯ª ˆ\¥Ø®£mhı∫. Aufl §fl Pı¢v&C∫¬fl J®£¢uÆ
¯PˆØ zuı⁄x. A∆ˆ¡ı®£¢uzvfl£i Pı¢v‚ \mh
©÷® CØUPzv¯⁄U ¯P¬h J®U ˆPıshı∫. Aµ]Ø¿
¯PvP“ A¯⁄¡¯µ≤Æ ¬ku¯ª ˆ\¥uı¿ CµshıÆ ¡mh
˜©¯\ ©ı{ımi¿ Pª¢xˆPı“ÕƒÆ C¯\¢uı∫. G¤›Æ
A∆ˆ¡ı®£¢uÆ ©µn ush¯⁄ ¬vUP®£mka ]¯”∞
º∏¢u µm]z u¯ª¡∫PÕı⁄ £Pz][, Cµı·S∏ BQ˜Øı∂fl
¬ku¯ªUS ¡» ¡SUP¬¿¯ª.
CµshıÆ ¡mh ˜©¯\ ©ı{ık: 1931&BÆ Bsk CµshıÆ
¡mh˜©¯\ ©ı{ık {¯hˆ£ÿ”x. Pı¢v‚ AÆ©ı{ımi¿
Pª¢x ˆPıshı∫. B⁄ı¿ AÆ©ı{ımi¿ G¢u J∏ C÷v
¨iƒÆ Gmh®ˆ£”¬¿¯ª. ©⁄¨¯h¢u Pı¢v‚ C¢vØı
v∏Ƨ⁄ı∫. A¡∫ Aµ_® §µv|v¯Øa \¢vUP ˜©ÿˆPısh
¨Øÿ] £Ø¤fl‘® ˜£ı⁄x. §fl B[Qª Aµ_ Pı[Qµ_U
Pm]¯Øa \mh ¬˜µıu©ı⁄x G⁄ A‘¬zux. Pı¢v‚≤Æ
©ÿ” ¨UQØ Pı[Qµ_z u¯ª¡∫P–Æ ]¯”∞ª¯hUP®
£mh⁄∫.
116

Cªsh¤¿ {¯hˆ£ÿ” CµshıÆ ¡mh˜©¯\ ©ı{ımi¿
Pı¢v Pª¢x ˆPı“Õ ˆ\¿æu¿
≠fl”ıÆ ¡mh ˜©¯\ ©ı{ık, 1932 : Pı[Qµ_z u¯ª¡∫P“
G¡∏Æ £[S ˆ£”ı©˜ª˜Ø ≠fl”ıÆ ¡mh ˜©¯\ ©ı{ık
{¯hˆ£ÿ”x. Ax ˜uı¿¬∞¿ ¨i¢ux.
¡S® ¡ı∂® §µv|vzx¡¨Æ ß⁄ı J®£¢u¨Æ,
1932 : 1932¿ Pı¢v‚ ]¯”∞¿ A¯hUP®£mi∏¢u˜£ıx
CµıƘ\ ˆ©Uˆhı⁄ı¿k u¯ª¯©∞ªı⁄ B[Qª Aµ_
¡S®¡ı∂® §µv|vzx¡z vmhz¯u A‘¬zux. Aufl
£i ]÷£ıfl¯©∞⁄∏USÆ, uıÃzu®£mh C⁄ ©UP–USÆ
u¤ Ch JxURk ¡«[P®£kÆ G⁄ A‘¬UP®£mhx. Az
vmhz¯uz uıÃzu®£mh C⁄ ©UPŒfl u¯ª¡µı⁄ hıUh∫
§.B∫. AƘ£zPı∫ ¡µ˜¡ÿ”ı∫. B⁄ı¿ C¢vØa \≠Pz
v¯⁄ ˜©æÆ §∂zuı–Æ J∏ vmh©ıP Pı¢v‚ Au¯⁄U
P∏v⁄ı∫. G⁄˜¡ A¡∫ A¯u |µıP∂zuı∫. Au¯⁄z ˆuıh∫¢x
A¡∫ \ıSÆ¡¯µ Esnı¬µuz¯u ˜©ÿˆPıshı∫. 1932&BÆ
Bsk AƘ£zPı∏hfl Hÿ£mh ß⁄ı Ehfl£iU¯PUS®
§fl A¡∫ u⁄x Esnı ¬µuzv¯⁄U ¯P¬mhı∫. A∆
ƒhfl£iU¯P∞fl£i uıÃzu®£mh ©UP–UPı⁄ u¤
JxURk ¯P¬h®£mhx. AuÿS® £vªıP \mh \¯£PŒ¿
117

JkUP®£mh, §flu[QØ ¡S®§⁄∫P–US AvP AÕƒ
GsoU¯P∞¿ Ch[P“ ¡«[P J®UˆPı“Õ®£mhx.
A∆¡ı÷ B[Q˜ªØ∂fl §∂zuı–Æ vmhÆ ¨‘ØiUP®
£mhx.
1935&BÆ Bsk C¢vØ Aµ_a \mhÆ : C¢vØ Aµ_a
\mhÆ 1935&BÆ Bsk CØÿ”®£mhx. Aa\mhÆ ¯\©fl
S
¬fl A‘U¯P ¡mh˜©¯\ ©ı{ıkPŒfl ¨iƒP“ Ai®
£¯h∞¿ CØÿ”®£mhx. Aa\mhÆ A‘¨P®£kzvØ
©ıÿ”[P“ (1) ©ıPın[PŒ¿ ufl⁄ım], (2) ©ıPın[PŒ¿
Cµm¯h Bm]¨¯” }UPÆ, (3) ©zv∞¿ Tmhım] Aµ_,
(4) ©zvØ, ©ıPın ]UP¿P¯Õz w∫UP Tmhım] }v©fl”Æ
|÷ƒu¿ ©ÿ÷Æ (5) Tmhım] ∂\∫∆ ¡[Q (Federal Reserve
Bank) |÷ƒu¿ BQØ⁄¡ıSÆ.
Aa\mhÆ Pı[Qµ]fl Gv∫£ı∫®P¯Õ ß∫zva ˆ\¥Ø
¬¿¯ª. G⁄˜¡ Pı[Qµ_ u⁄x ˜£ıµımhz¯uz ˆuıh∫¢
ux. G¤›Æ 1937¿ A©¿£kzu®£mh Aa\mhzvfl
Ai®£¯h∞¿ {h¢u ˜u∫uº¿ Pı[Qµ_ ˜£ımi∞mhx.
Pı[Qµ_ 8 ©ıPın[PŒ¿ ©¢v∂ \¯£ A¯©zux.
CµshıÆ EªP®˜£ı∫: CµshıÆ EªP®˜£ı∫ 1939&BÆ
Bsk Hÿ£mhx. A®˜£ı∂¿ §∂mh¤fl |¯ª¯© Ch∫
£ık UPuı⁄x. B[Qª Aµ_ Pı[Qµ_ u¯ª¡∫P¯Õ˜Øı
A¿ªx \mh\¯£ E÷®§⁄∫P¯Õ˜Øı Pª¢x B˜ªı]UPı
©¿ C¢vØı¯¡ A®˜£ı∂¿ Dk£kzvØx. C¢vØı¯¡
A®˜£ı∂¿ Dk£kzvدuU Pı[Qµ_ ˆuıhUPzv¿ ¬∏Æ£
¬¿¯ª. §fl⁄∫ ˜£ı∂fl ¨i¬¿ C¢vØı¬ÿSa _u¢vµÆ
AŒUP®£h ˜¡skÆ Gfl” |£¢u¯⁄≤hfl Au¯⁄U
Pı[Qµ_ Hÿ÷U ˆPıshx.
‚fl⁄ı¬fl C∏{ıkP“ ˆPı“¯P, 1940 : ¨P©xAº
‚fl⁄ı 1940&BÆ Bsk u⁄x C∏ {ıkP“ ˆPı“¯P¯Ø
ˆ¡Œ∞mhı∫. A¡∫ ¨_ºÆP–US £ıQÏuıfl Gfl” J∏
u¤ {ık ˜Pı∂⁄ı∫.
118

BPÏk {flˆPı¯h 1940 : CµshıÆ EªP®˜£ı∂¿ C¢vØ∫
P¯Õ Dk£kzuU Pıµn©ı¥ C∏¢u¡∫ B[Qª Aµ\®
§µv|v ºflºz˜Pı B¡ı∫. A¡∫ Pı[Qµ¯\z v∏®v®
£kzu ]ª \æ¯PP¯Õ A‘¬zuı∫. Aufl£i ˜£ı∫ ¨iƒÿ”
Ehfl C¢vØı¬ÿS ˆhı¤Øfl A¢uÏx (Dominion Status)
¡«[P®£kÆ Gfl÷ E÷vØŒzuı∫. ˜©æÆ C¢vØ Aµ]Ø
ª¯©®§¯⁄ ¡¯µ¢vh J∏ S A¯©UP®£kÆ Gfl”ı∫.
Aµ_® §µv|v∞fl ˜£ı∫ |∫¡ıPU S ¬¿ C¢vØ∫ J∏¡∫
|ØUP®£k¡ı∫ Gfl÷Æ E÷v T‘⁄ı∫. A∆¡‘ ¬®P“
1940&BÆ Bsk BPÏk ©ıuÆ ˆ¡Œ∞h®£mh⁄. G⁄˜¡
A¯¡ BPÏk
{flˆPı¯h Gfl÷ A¯«UP®£kQfl”x.
Pı[Qµ_ A∆¡‘U¯P¯Ø ¨ ¡x©ıP |µıP∂zux.
C¢vØ ˜u]Ø Cµıq¡Æ, 1942 : ˜{uı‚ (u¯ª¡∫ G⁄
ˆ£ı∏“ £kÆ) _£ıË \¢vµ˜£ıÏ Pà ˆ£ÿ” ˜u\z u¯ª¡∫
PŒ¿ J∏¡∫. A¡∫ Pı¢v‚ ˜©ÿ
ˆPısh A¯©v® ˜£ıµımh ¨¯”
PŒ¿ v∏®v دhج¿¯ª. A¡∫
1927&BÆ Bsk C¢vØ ˜u]ØU
Pı[Qµ]¿ ˜\∫¢uı∫. ·¡Ì∫ªı¿
˜{∏ƒhfl C¯n¢x £oØıÿ‘
⁄ı∫. ˜{uı‚ C¯Õb∫P–USÆ
ˆ£ıx ©UP–USÆ ˜u]Ø En∫ƒ
ˆ£” Pıµn©ı¥z vPâu¡∫. A¡∫
HµıÕ©ı⁄ C¯Õb∫P¯Õ ˜u]Ø
CØUPzv¿ £[S ˆ£” ¯¡zuı∫.
_£ıË \¢vµ˜£ıÏ
A¡∫ 1938&BÆ Bsk C¢vØ
˜u]ØU Pı[Qµ]fl u¯ª¡µıPz ˜u∫¢ˆukUP®£mhı∫.
1939¿ A¡∫ ¨ÿ˜£ıUSU Pm]¯Ø (Forward Bloc Party)
ˆuıh[Q⁄ı∫. A¡∫ £ª {ıkP–USÆ _ÿ÷® £ØnÆ
˜©ÿˆPısk C¢vØı ´x A¢{ıkPŒfl A›uı£z ¯u®
ˆ£ÿ”ı∫. A¡∫ ]‘xPıªÆ √mka ]¯”∞¿ (House arrest)
¯¡UP®£mhı∫. A[Q∏¢x A¡∫ B®Pı¤Ø∫ ˜£ı¿ ˜¡h
mk C¢vØı¬º∏¢x u®§ ˆ·∫©¤¯Ø A¯h¢uı∫.
ˆ·∫©¤∞fl u¯ª¡∫ Ómª¯µa \¢vzx C¢vØı¬ÿS
119

A¡µx Eu¬¯ØU ˜Pı∂⁄ı∫. §fl ·®£ıfl ˆ\fl÷ A¢{ımk
§µu©¯µa \¢vzuı∫.
§fl⁄∫ 1942¿ £∫©ı ˆ\fl”ı∫. Aa\©ØÆ £∫©ı
·®£ı¤Ø∫ ¡\∏¢ux. ·®£ı¤Ø∫ B[Q˜ªØ∂hÆ £o
∂¢u ˆ£∏©Õ¬ªı⁄ C¢vØ∫P¯ÕU ¯Pxˆ\¥x ]¯”U
¯PvPÕıP ¯¡zv∏¢u⁄∫. A¡∫PŒfl GsoU¯P 20,000USÆ
˜©¿ C∏USÆ. ˜{uı‚Øı¿ A¡∫P¯Õ ·®£ı¤Ø∫ ¬k¬z
u⁄∫. A¡∫P¯ÕU ˆPısk _£ıË \¢vµ ˜£ıÏ C¢vØ
˜u]Ø Cµıq¡zv¯⁄ (Indian National Army) E∏¡ıUQ⁄ı∫.
§fl 1943¿ A¡∫ ][P®ß∫ ˆ\fl”ı∫. A[S C¢vØ ¬ku¯ªU
P«Pzvfl (Indian Independence League) u¯ª¯©® ˆ£ı÷®¯£
CµıË §Pı∂ ˜£ıÏ _£ıÊhÆ J®£¯hzuı∫.
C¢vØı¯¡a ˜\∫¢u Cµı˧Pı∂ ˜£ıÏ 1915&BÆ
Bsk ¨u¿ ·®£ı¤¿ ¡]zx ¡¢uı∫. A¡∫ 1942&BÆ
Bsk ©ı∫a ©ıuÆ ˜hıUQ˜Øı {P∂¿ _u¢vµ ©ı{ık
Jfl¯” {hzv⁄ı∫.
B\ız Ó¢z L£ı‰ (Azad Hind Fauj) Gfl÷ A¯«UP®
£mh C¢vØ ˜u]Ø Cµıq¡zvfl uÕ£vØıP _£ıË
ˆ£ı÷® ˜£ÿ”ı∫. Ax ¨u¿ _£ıË \¢vµ˜£ıÏ ˜{uı‚
(u¯ª¡∫) Gfl÷ G¿˜ªıµıæÆ A¯«UP®£mhı∫. C¢vØ
˜u]Ø Cµıq¡zv¿ ·ıfl] µıo Cªm_ £ı¥ ˆ£Ø∂¿
A¯©UP®£mh ˆ£sP“ Ao® §∂¬ÿS Cªm_ Gfl”
uÃ{ımk® ˆ£s©o u¯ª¡µıPa ˆ\تıÿ‘⁄ı∫.
ˆ·¥Ó¢z Gfl” _£ıË \¢vµ˜£ı]fl ¨«UPÆ PÃ
ˆ£ÿ” ¨P©⁄ıP ©ı‘ C¢vØı ¨ UP Gvˆµıºzux.
"ˆh¿º¯Ø ˜{ıUQaˆ\¿' (Delhi Chalo) G›Æ ©ÿˆ”ı∏ PÃ
ˆ£ÿ” ¨«UP¨Æ ˜£ı]›¯hØuıSÆ. A¡∫ Hÿ£kzvØ
Cµıq¡Æ C¢vØı¬fl ¡hQ«US® £SvØı⁄ ©o®ß∫
¡¯µ ¨fl˜⁄‘Øx. xµv∏Ëh¡\©ıP AvP ©¯«∞⁄ıæÆ,
˜©ı\©ı⁄ `Ã|¯ªPÕıæÆ A¢u Cµıq¡Æ Pz xØ∫
P¯Õa \¢vzux. G⁄˜¡ A®£¯h §fl¡ı[P˜¡siØ |¯ª
Hÿ£mhx. A∆¡ı÷ ˆ\¿¯P∞¿ A¡∫PŒ¿ A˜{P∫ £∫©ı
120

£Sv∞¿ uÆ E∞¯µ C«¢u⁄∫. EªP® ˜£ı∂¿ 1945&BÆ
Bsk ·®£ıfl \µn¯h¢ux. G⁄˜¡ C¢vØ ˜u]Ø
Cµıq¡ √µ∫P“ ¯Px ˆ\¥Ø®£mh⁄∫. A¢|¯ª∞¿ ˜{uı‚
£ı[PıUQº∏¢x ˜hıUQ˜Øı¬ÿS ¬¯µ¢uı∫. A∆¡ı÷
ˆ\¿æÆ ¡»∞¿ A¡∫ ¬©ı⁄ ¬£zv¿ E∞∂«¢uuıP
{Æ£®£kQ”x.
C¢vØı¯¡ ¬k¬UP ˜{uı‚ Psh P⁄ƒ A¡∏¯hØ
Pıªzv¿ |¯”˜¡”¬¿¯ªˆØ¤›Æ A¡∏¯hØ √µa
ˆ\Ø¿ C¢vØ ©UPŒ¯h˜Ø Bâu ˜u\£Uv¯Ø ¡Õ∫zux.
A¡µx ¡ıÃU¯P C¢vØ ©UPŒfl En∫ƒP¯Õz umi
G ®§Øx.
Q∂®Ï yxUS
, 1942 : \∫ Ïhı˜£ı∫k Q∂®Ï ]ª vmh[
P–hfl C¢vØı ¡¢uı∫. A¡∫ Pı[Qµ]fl Jzx¯«®¯£
{ıi⁄ı∫. A¡∫ ufl vmhz¯uU RÃUPsh¡ı÷ ¬ÕUQ⁄ı∫.
C¢vØ∫P“ B[Q˜ªØ∫ ´x ˆPısi∏¢u ˆ¡÷®§¯⁄
©”¢x ˜£ı∂¿ A¡∫P–US Eu¬Pµ©ı¥ C∏UP ˜¡skÆ.
˜£ı∫ ¨i¢uƒhfl C¢vØ Aµ]Ø¿ A¯©®§¯⁄ ¡¯µ¡uÿ
Pı⁄ vØ vmhÆ A‘¬UP®£kÆ G⁄U T‘⁄ı∫. B⁄ı¿
C¢vØı¬ÿS _u¢vµÆ ¡«[S¡x£ÿ‘ A¡∫ Gzu¯PØ P∏z
v¯⁄≤Æ S‘®§h¬¿¯ª. G⁄˜¡ ©Pız©ı Pı¢v A¡µx
vmhzv¯⁄ v¡ıªıQU ˆPısi∏¢u ¡[QUS §fl˜uv
∞mh Pı˜\ı¯ª (A post dated cheque on a failing bank) ¡«[S
¡x ˜£ı¿ C∏®£uıPU T‘ A¯u |µıP∂zuı∫. G⁄˜¡
Q∂®Ï yxU S ˜uı¿¬ Pshx.
ˆ¡“¯Õؘ⁄ ˆ¡Œ˜Ø÷ CØUPÆ, 1942 (Quit India
Movement) : Q∂®Ï yxUS ¬fl ˜uı¿¬ Pı¢v‚∞fl
˜£ıUQ¿ ©ıÿ”[P¯ÕU ˆPısk ¡¢ux. Ax¡¯µ A¡∫
§fl£ÿ‘ ¡¢u AQƯ\ ¡»P“ Gzu¯PØ £Ø¯⁄≤Æ AŒUP
¬¿¯ª Gfl£¯u En∫¢uı∫. G⁄˜¡ A¡∫ B[Q˜ªØ∫
C¢vØı¯¡ ¬mk ¨ ¡x©ıP ˆ¡Œ˜Ø” ˜¡skˆ©⁄U
˜Pı∂⁄ı∫. C[Qªı¢vÿSÆ C¢vØı¬ÿS¯h∞¿ G∆¬u
121

{m”ƒÆ Jzx¯«®Æ C¤ C∏UPıx G⁄ A¡∫
ˆ¡Œ®£¯hØıP A‘¬zuı∫.
Ì∂·fl Gfl” £zv∂¯P∞¿ Pı¢v‚ ˆuıh∫¢x £ª
Pmk¯µP¯Õ G v⁄ı∫. Av¿ A¡∫ ¬ÕUQØ
P∏zxUP“, Pmk¯µP“ Ai®£¯h∞¿ ¡µªıÿ÷® PÃ
UP ˆ¡“¯Õؘ⁄ ˆ¡Œ˜Ø÷ CØUPÆ ˜uıfl‘Øx.
C¢vØ∫P“ C¤≤Æ ˆ£ı÷zxU ˆPı“Õ¨iØıx G⁄z
ˆuŒƒ £kzv⁄ı∫. ""{ıfl ˆ£ı÷zv∏®£¯uz ˆuıh∫¢
˜u⁄ı⁄ı¿ Gflˆ”fl¯”USÆ ˆ£ı÷zv∏UP ˜¡siØx
uıfl'' Gfl÷ T‘⁄ı∫. ˆ£ı÷¯©¯Ø C«¢u Pı¢v‚,
""Ai¯©zu⁄zuı¿ u¤®£mh ¨¯”∞¿ EÕa˜\ı∫ƒÿ”
{ıfl Aµ]ªı |¯ª∞¯⁄U (Anarchy) Th HÿPz uØı∫''
G⁄ ˜©æÆ T‘⁄ı∫.
1942&BÆ Bsk BPÏk 8&BÆ {ı“ Pı[Qµ]fl ˆ\Øÿ
S J∏ w∫©ı⁄z¯u CØÿ‘Øx. Azw∫©ı⁄Æ B[Q˜ª
دµ C¢vØı¯¡ ¬mk ˆ¡Œ˜Ø÷©ı÷ ˜Pı∂Øx.
¨Æ¯£∞¿ {h¢u ˆ\ØÿS U Tmhzv¿ Pı¢v‚∞fl
©”UP¨iØıu ˆ\ıÿˆ£ı»¯¡z ˆuıh∫¢x Azw∫©ı⁄Æ
|¯”˜¡‘Øx. ""¨ a _u¢vµÆ u¬µ ˜¡÷ Gu¤æÆ {ıfl
v∏®v A¯hØ ©ım˜hfl. {ıÆ AuÿPıP ¡ıØ¡ıÆ A¿ªx
√Ø¡ıÆ. C¢vØı¯¡ ¬ku¯ª ˆ£”a ˆ\¥˜¡ıÆ A¿ªx
AƨØÿ]∞¿ ˆ\zx ©i˜¡ıÆ'' Gfl”ı∫ Pı¢v‚.
Es¯©∞¿ A®˜£a_ P®ˆ£∂Ø AÕ¬ªı⁄ B≤u©ÿ”
µm]US A¡∫ G ®§ØU SµªıP A¯©¢ux.
AuÿS Akzu {ı˜Õ Pı¢v‚, ˜{∏‚, A¿PªıÆ
B\ız ©ÿ÷Æ ¨UQØ Pı[Qµ_z u¯ª¡∫P“ A¯⁄¡∏Æ
¯Px ˆ\¥Ø®£mh⁄∫. \∂Øı⁄ ¡»Pımku¿ C¿ªı¯©
Øı¿ {ıˆh[SÆ ¡fl¨¯”U Pª¡µ[P“ Hÿ£mh⁄.
CµshıÆ EªP® ˜£ı∫ 1945&BÆ Bsk ¨i¡
¯h¢ux. C[Qªı¢v¿ ˆuı»ÿPm] (Labour Party) Bm]US
¡¢ux. ˆuı»ÿ Pm]∞fl u¯ª¡∫ Amº (Attlee) B¡ı∫.
A¡∫ C¢vØa _u¢vµ® ˜£ıµımhzvÿS Buµƒ AŒzu¡∫.
A¡∫ C[Qªı¢vfl §µu©µı⁄ı∫. A¡∫ Pı[Qµ]fl
´x B[Qª Aµ_ ¬vzv∏¢u u¯h EzuµƒP¯Õ≤Æ
122

¬ªUQ⁄ı∫. C¢vØı¬fl §µa\¯⁄P¯Õz w∫UP J∏ S ¯¡
C¢vØı¬ÿS A›®§ ¯¡zuı∫. AUS C¢vØı¬ÿSa
_u¢vµÆ ¡«[P £∂¢x¯µa ˆ\¥ux.
A¯©a\µ¯¡z yxU S
1946 : (The Cabinet Mission) 1946BÆ
Bsk ©ı∫a ©ıuÆ C¢vØıƒUPı⁄ B[Qª A¯©a\∫ ˆ£vU
ªıµflÏ, (The British Indian Minister) ¡∫zuPU S ¬fl
u¯ª¡µı⁄ H.¬. AˆªU\ısh∫ ©ÿ÷Æ \∫. Ïhı˜£ı∫k
Q∂®Ï BQØ ≠¡∫ ˆPısh S C¢vØı¬ÿS ¡¢ux.
A¡∫P“ ≠¡∏˜© §∂miË A¯©a\µ¯¡∞¿ E÷®§⁄∫P
Õı¥ C∏¢u⁄∫. G⁄˜¡ AUS Pı§ˆ⁄m
A¿ªx
A¯©a\µ¯¡U S Gfl÷ A¯«UP®£mhx. AUS
C¢xUP“, ¨_ºÆP“ ˆ£∏¡ı∂ØıP A¯©¢u ©ıPın[
P¯Õ E∏¡ıUP £∂¢x¯µa ˆ\¥ux. ˜©æÆ Tmhım] Aµ_
¨¯”¯Ø≤Æ AUS £∂¢x¯µzux. C¢vØ∫PŒfl §µa\¯⁄
P¯Õz w∫UP C¯hUPıª Aµ_ Jfl¯” A¯©zvh
B[Q˜ªØ∫ ¨iƒ ˆ\¥u⁄∫.
C¯hUPıª Aµ_, 1946 : ˜{∏¯¡® §µu©µıPU ˆPısh J∏
C¯hUPıª Aµ_ 1946¿ |÷¡®£mhx. A¢u C¯hUPıª
Aµ¯\ A¯©UP ˜{∏ ‚fl⁄ı¬fl Eu¬¯ØU ˜Pı∂⁄ı∫.
B⁄ı¿ ‚fl⁄ı ˜{∏ƒhfl Jzx¯«UP ©÷zx¬mhı∫.
‚fl⁄ı u⁄x £ıQÏuıfl ˜Pı∂U¯P∞¿ §i¡ıu©ıP
C∏¢uı∫. G⁄˜¡ C¢vØ® §∂¬¯⁄ u¬∫UP ¨iØıu
uı∞ÿ÷.
©ƒsm ˜£mhfl vmhÆ 1947 : 1947&BÆ Bsk ©ƒsm
˜£mhfl §µ C¢vØı¬fl u¯ª¯© B–{µıP® £u¬
Hÿ”ı∫. A¡∫uıfl B[Qª Aµ]fl P¯h]z u¯ª¯© B–{∫
B¡ı∫. ¨_ºÆ ΩUQ⁄ı¿ E∏¡ıUP®£mh Aµ]Ø¿ ©ÿ÷Æ
Aµ]ت¯©® ¨mkUPm¯hUS A¡∫ J∏ w∫ƒ
¡«[Q⁄ı∫. Aufl£i C¢vØı, C¢vØ ≥¤Øfl Gfl÷Æ
£ıQÏuıfl ≥¤Øfl Gfl÷Æ C∏ _u¢vµ {ıkPÕıP®
§∂UP®£h ˜¡siØuı∞ÿ÷. C¢vØı¬º∏¢u _˜u\
Aµ_P“ C∆¬∏{ıkPŒ¿ Huı¡x Jfl÷hfl ˜\∫¢x
123

ˆPı“Õ˜¡ı A¿ªx _u¢vµzxhfl
C∏UP˜¡ı ¬∏®£ E∂¯©® ˆ£ÿ”⁄.
Pı[Qµ_Æ ¨_ºÆΩSÆ Azvmhz
v¯⁄ Hÿ÷U ˆPısh⁄. Azvmhz
vfl Ai®£¯h∞¿ C[Qªı¢x
Aµ_ 1947&BÆ Bsk ·¸¯ª ©ıuÆ
C¢vØ ¬ku¯ªa \mhzv¯⁄
CØÿ‘Øx. C¢vØ® §∂¬¯⁄
1947&BÆ Bsk {¯h¨¯”£kzu®
£mhx. B[Qª Aµ]h∏¢x
AvPıµ[P“ C¢vØı ©ÿ÷Æ
©ƒsm ˜£mhfl §µ £ıQÏuıfl BQØ {ıkP–US
©ıÿ”®£mh⁄. vuıP E∏¡ıUP®
£mh £ıQÏuıfl ˜©ÿS £g\ı®, ]¢x, ¡h˜©ÿS G¿¯ª®
” ©ıPınÆ ©ÿ÷Æ Q«US ¡[PıÕÆ BQØ¡ÿ¯”U
ˆPıshuıP A¯©¢ux. AÆ©ıPın[PŒ¿ ¨_ºÆ ©UP“
ˆuı¯P ˆ£∏Æ£ıfl¯©ØıP C∏¢ux.
C¢vØı 1947&BÆ Bsk
BPÏk 15&BÆ {ı“ ¬ku¯ª ˆ£ÿ”x.
ˆh¿º∞¿ E“Õ ¡µªıÿ÷® PÃ
UP ˆ\[˜Pım¯h∞¿, §∂mh¤fl
≥¤Øfl ·ıU (Union Jack) ˆPıi £”¢u
Chzv¿, C¢vØı¬fl ≠¡∫nU
ˆPıi Hÿ”®£mhx. ©ƒsm
˜£mhfl §µ _u¢vµ C¢vØı¬fl
¨u¿ u¯ª¯© B–{µıPƒÆ (Governor-General)
£siu∫ ·¡Ì∫ªı¿
˜{∏ ¨u¿ §µu© ©¢v∂ØıPƒÆ
]. Cµı\˜Pı£ıªıa\ı∂Øı∫
ˆ£ı÷® ˜£ÿ”⁄∫. §fl⁄∫ ]. Cµı\
˜Pı£ıªıa\ı∂Øı∫ _u¢vµ C¢vØı¬fl ¨u¿
C¢vØz
u¯ª¯© B–{µıP® £u¬ ¡Qzuı∫. C¢vØı 1950&BÆ
Bsk ·⁄¡∂ 26&BÆ {ı“ Siص\ı⁄ƒhfl hıUh∫
Cµı˜\¢vµ§µ\ız {©x{ımifl ¨u¿
Siص_z
u¯ª¡µı⁄ı∫.
124

_˜u\ Aµ_PŒfl C¯n® :
C¢vØı _u¢vµÆ A¯h¢u ˜£ıx
{ımi¿ H”zuı« 565 _˜u\ Aµ_P“
C∏¢u⁄. A¯¡P¯Õ {¡ıP“,
©fl⁄∫P“ ©ÿ÷Æ |\ıÆ
˜£ıfl”¡∫P“ Bm] ˆ\¥x ¡¢u⁄∫.
A¢u Aµ_P¯Õ C¢vØıƒhfl
C¯nUSÆ ˆ£ı÷® §¯⁄a \∫uı∫
¡¿ª£ı¥
£˜h¿ ˜©ÿˆPıshı∫.
AuÿˆP⁄ C¢vØ Aµ_P“ x¯” (The
\∫uı∫ ¡¿ª£ı¥ £˜h¿
Indian States Department)
E∏¡ıUP®£mhx. £˜h¿ Az
x¯”US A¯©a\µıP® ˆ£ı÷® ˜£ÿ”ı∫. ˆuıhUPzv¿
_˜u\ Aµ\∫PŒ¿ £ª∫ u¤zxa ˆ\Ø¿£h˜¡ ¬∏Ƨ⁄ı∫.
£˜h¿ A¡∫P¯Õ C¢vØ ≥¤Ø›hfl ˜\∏Æ£i A¯«®
¬kzuı∫. £ª∫ A∆¡¯«®¯£ Eh⁄iØıP Hÿ”⁄∫.
H”zuı« 562 _˜u\ Aµ_P“ C¢vØ ≥¤Ø›hfl
C¯n¢u⁄. A∆¡ı÷ C¢vØ J∏¯©®£ımiÿSÆ,
£ıxPı®§ÿSÆ ˜{µ C∏¢u B£zx }UP®£mhx. B⁄ı¿,
PıË´µÆ, Iuµı£ız ©ÿ÷Æ „⁄ıPz BQد¡ C¢vØıƒhfl
C¯nØz uØ[Q⁄. £˜h¿ u⁄x Aµ]Ø¿ v”¯©∞⁄ıæÆ
Pk¯©Øı⁄ {h¡iU¯PPÕıæÆ A¢u {ıkP¯Õ C¢vØ
≥¤Ø›hfl C¯nzx C¢vØı¬fl C∏Æ ©¤u∫ Gfl”
P¯«® ˆ£ÿ”ı∫.
PıË´µÆ : PıË´¯µ Bm] ˆ\¥u ©Pıµı·ı Ì∂][
J∏ C¢x B¡ı∫. A[S ¡ıâu ©UPŒ¿ ˆ£∏Æ£ıfl¯©
Øı⁄¡∫P“ ¨_ºÆPÕı¡∫. PıË´∂fl Aµ\∫ PıË´µz¯u
C¢vØıƒh˜⁄ı A¿ªx £ıQÏuı›h˜⁄ı C¯nUP
¬∏Æ£¬¿¯ª. AuÿQ¯h∞¿ £ıQÏuıfl ©¯ª¡ıÃ
©UP¯Õ PıË´∫ ´x £¯hˆØkUP FUS¬zx A¡∫P–US
©¯”¨P Eu¬P¯Õa ˆ\¥ux.
A®£¯hP“ PıË´µzvfl u¯ª{Pµı⁄ ˇ{P¯µ
ˆ{∏[Q⁄. ˜¡÷¡» Cfl‘ 1948&BÆ Bsk ©Pıµı·ı
125

Ì∂][ PıË´µz¯u C¢vØıƒhfl C¯nzuı∫. B⁄ı¿
AuÿS“ £ıQÏuıfl £¯hP“ PıË´µzxUS“ Fk∏¬ ]ª
£SvP¯ÕU ¯P®£ÿ‘U ˆPısh⁄. C¢vØı £ıQÏuıfl
C¯h˜Ø 1948&BÆ Bsk J∏ ]÷ ˜£ı∫ Hÿ£mhu⁄ı¿
PıË´µÆ C¢vØıƒhfl C¯n¢v∏UP ¬∏ƧØx.
Iuµı£ız : C¢vØa _˜u\ Aµ_PŒ¿ P®ˆ£∂Øx
Iuµı£ız. A[S ¡ıâu ©UPŒ¿ ˆ£∏Æ£ıfl¯©˜Øı∫
C¢xUP“. |\ıÆ Aµ\∫ J∏ ¨_ºÆ. |\ıfl §µu©
A¯©a\µı⁄
Pı]Æ
CµıϬ Gfl£¡∫ u¯ª¯©∞¿
AvPıµUP J∏ ]÷ ¨_ºÆ §∂ƒ Cµı\UP∫
CØUPzv¯⁄z ˆuıh[QØx. A∆¬ØUPÆ C¢xUP–US
GvµıP ˆ£∏Æ ˆPık¯©P¯Õ C¯«zux. A¡∫PŒfl
E∞∏USÆ Eh¯©P–USÆ ˆ£∏Æ w[S Hÿ£mhx.
©ƒsm ˜£mhfl §µƒÆ £˜hæÆ ˜\∫¢x ¬kzu
C¯n® ˜¡sk˜PıŒ¯⁄ HÿP |\ıÆ ©÷zx ¬mhı∫.
Ax©mk¿ªı©¿ A¡∫ £ıQÏuı›hfl ˜\∏¡uÿPı⁄
Ehfl£iU¯P∞æÆ Dk£mhı∫. G⁄˜¡ A®£Sv ©UP“
A¡∏US GvµıPU QÕ∫a] ˆ\¥u⁄∫. {ımi¿ \mhÆ ©ÿ÷Æ
J [S ^∫ ˆPmhx. G⁄˜¡ C¢vØ Aµ_ u¯ª∞h
˜¡siØ PmhıØzvÿS“Õı⁄x. £˜h¿ Cµıq¡
{h¡iU¯P¯Øz ˆuıh[Q⁄ı∫. ≠fl˜” {ımPŒ¿ Iuµı£ız
¨ ¡xÆ ¯P®£ÿ”®£mhuı¿ |\ıÆ \µn¯h¢uı∫. 1948¿
Iuµı£ız C¢vØ ≥¤Ø›hfl C¯n¢ux.
·˙⁄ıPz C¯n®, 1949 : ·˙⁄ıPz PzvØ¡ı∂º∏¢u J∏
Pa ]‘Ø Aµ_. Aufl ©UP“ C¢xUP“. B⁄ı¿ ©fl⁄∫ J∏
¨_ºÆ. ©UPŒfl ¬∏®£z¯u ©vUPı©¿ ·˙⁄ıPzvfl
©fl⁄∫ £ıQÏuı›hfl ufl {ım¯h C¯nzuı∫. Au⁄ı¿
©UP“ E“{ımkU Pª¡µzv¿ Dk£mh⁄∫. Aµ\µı¿
A¡∫P¯Õ AhUP ¨iج¿¯ª. G⁄˜¡ A¡∫ £ıQÏ
uı›USz u®§ Ki⁄ı∫. §fl⁄∫ 1948¿ ©UP“ ¡ıUˆPk®
{h¢ux. A®£Sv ©UP“ A¯⁄¡∏Æ C¢vØ ≥¤Ø›hfl
˜\µz w∫©ı¤zu⁄∫. 1949&BÆ Bsk ·⁄¡∂ 29&BÆ {ı“
·˙⁄ıPz C¢vØıƒhfl C¯n¢ux.
126

127

§ˆµg_® £SvP“ C¯nUP®£h¿, 1954 : §ˆµg_
Aµ]fl A›©v≤hfl £ısia˜\∂, Pı¯µUPı¿, ©ıÓ,
H⁄ıÆ, \¢vµ{ıT∫ BQØ £SvP“ 1954&BÆ Bsk
C¢vØıƒhfl C¯nUP®£mk C¢vØ ≥¤Øfl £SvPÕı∞⁄.
˜£ı∫a_UR]Ø £SvP“ C¯n®, 1961 : ˜Pı¡ı, ¯h≥,
hı©fl BQد¡ C¢vØı¬¿ ˜£ı∫a_UR]Ø Si˜Øÿ”[P
Õı¥ C∏¢u⁄. §ˆµg_ Aµ]¯⁄® ˜£ı¿ ˜£ı∫a_UR]Ø
Aµ_ u[P“ Si˜Øÿ”[P¯Õ C¢vØı C¯nzxU
ˆPı“Õ¡¯u A›©vUP¬¿¯ª. B⁄ı¿ C®£SvPŒ¿
¡ıâu ©UP“ C¢vØıƒhfl C¯nØ ¬∏Ƨ⁄∫. G⁄˜¡
1961¿ C¢vØı C®§µ˜u\[PŒfl ´x Cµıq¡ {h¡iU¯P
GkUP ˜{∂mhx. 1961&BÆ BsiÿS® §”S C÷vØıP
A¯¡P“ C¢vØ ≥¤Ø¤fl £SvPÕı∞⁄.
Pÿ”¿ A¯hƒP“
1. ©ın¡∫ C¢vØ ¬ku¯ª® ˜£ıµımhzvÿS Pı¢v‚
Bÿ‘Ø ˆuıskP“ £ÿ‘ ¬¡∂UP ¨i≤Æ.
2. ©ın¡∫ ·ıºØfl ¡ıªı£ıU £kˆPı¯ª £ÿ‘
¬ÕUPƒÆ, {Æ ˜u\£Uu∫P“ G∆¡ı÷ ¬ku¯ªUS®
˜£ıµıi⁄∫ G⁄ EnµƒÆ ¨i≤Æ.
3. ©ın¡∫ Qªı£z CØUPÆ, Jzx¯«Øı¯© CØUPÆ
BQØ¡ÿ¯”® £ÿ‘ ¬¡∂UP ¨i≤Æ.
4. ©ın¡∫ ˆ\Õ∂ ˆ\Õµı |PÃa]¯Ø≤Æ, _صı‰‚ØU
Pm]∞fl ˜uıÿ”z¯u≤Æ ¬¡∂UP ¨i≤Æ.
5. ©ın¡∫ ¡µªıÿ÷® Páı¥¢u usi® £Ønz¯u®
£ÿ‘ ¬¡∂UP ¨i≤Æ.
6. ©ın¡∫ ¡mh˜©¯\ ©ı{ıkP¯Õ≤Æ, A¡ÿ‘fl
¨iƒP¯Õ≤Æ ¬ÕUP ¨i≤Æ.
7. ©ın¡∫ ß⁄ı Ehfl£iU¯P, 1935&BÆ Bsk C¢vØ
Aµ_ \mhÆ BQØ¡ÿ‘fl ¨UQØ AÆ\[P¯Õ ¬¡∂UP
¨i≤Æ.
128

8. ©ın¡∫ ªıT∫ ©ı{ık, BPÏk {flˆPı¯h C¢vØ
¬ku¯ª® ˜£ı∂¿ ˜{uı‚∞fl £[S BQØ⁄ £ÿ‘
¬¡∂UP ¨i≤Æ.
9. ©ın¡∫ A¯©a\µ¯¡z yxUS , ©ƒsm˜£mhfl
vmhÆ £ÿ‘ S‘®§h ¨i≤Æ.
10. ©ın¡∫ _˜u\ Aµ_PŒfl C¯n®§ÿS £m˜h¿ Bÿ‘Ø
£oP“ £ÿ‘ ¬¡∂UP ¨i≤Æ.
11. ©ın¡∫ ¬ku¯ª® ˜£ı∫ √µ∫PŒfl ˆuıskP¯Õ≤Æ
vØıP[P¯Õ≤Æ |¯⁄ƒTµ ¨i≤Æ.
_Ø ©v®•k
I. \∂Øı⁄ ¬¯h¯Øz ˜u∫¢ˆukUPƒÆ
1. ˆµÕªm \mhÆ CØÿ”®£mh Bsk
A. 1919 B. 1917
C. 1918 D. 1921
2. ·ıºØfl ¡ıªı£ıU £kˆPı¯ª≤hfl ˆuıh∫¯hØ
B[Qªz uÕ£v
A. ˜©·∫ Ϻˆ©fl B. ˆ·⁄µ¿ hØ∫
C. \∫ B∫u∫ ˆ¡¿ªÏº D. P∫⁄¿ ©ıfl\fl
3. ·ıºØfl ¡ıªı£ıU £kˆPı¯ªUS® §fl Cµ√¢vµ{ız
uıT∫ x”¢u £mhÆ
A. u¯ª¡∫ B. ¯{mƒm
C. §µ D. Aµ\∫
4. x∏UQUS GvµıP §∂miË Aµ_ ˆ\¥u |ØıØ©ÿ”
ˆ\دªU Psizx Aº \˜Pıuµ∫P“ BµÆ§zu CØUPÆ
A. ¨_ΩÆ ΩU B. _Ø µı‰‚ØU Pm]
C. Qªı£z CØUPÆ D. Jzx¯«Øı¯© CØUPÆ
5. _صı‰‚ØU Pm] ˜uıfl‘Ø ChÆ
A. Aº®ß∫ ]¯” B. ˆh¿º
C. ˆ\Õ∂ ˆ\Õµı D. AªPı£ız
129

6. 1929&BÆ Bsk {h¢u ªıT∫ Pı[Qµ_ ©ı{ımiÿSz
u¯ª¯© ¡Qzu¡∫
A. Pı¢v‚ B. ˜{∏‚
C. ˜{uı‚ D. Cµı·ı‚
7. ˆufl C¢vØı¬¿ E®a \zvØıUQµPz¯u ¨fl¤fl÷
{hzvØ¡∫
A. Pı¢v‚ B. Cµı\˜Pı£ıªıa\ı∂Øı∫
C. Pı©µı\∫ D. Pıfl A®x¿ Pı£∫Pıfl
8. CµshıÆ EªP® ˜£ı∫ ˆuıh[QØ Bsk
A. 1937 B. 1939
C. 1941 D. 1942
9. C¢vØ ˜u]Ø Cµıq¡z¯uz ˜uıÿ÷¬zu¡∫
A. ].B∫. uıÏ B. ˜{uı‚
C. Pı¢v‚ D. Cµı·ı‚
10. ¨_ºÆP–USz u¤ {ık ˜¡skˆ©fl÷ ˜Pmh¡∫
A. {¡ı® \º¨¿ªı B. ˜{uı‚
C. ‚fl⁄ı D. Aº \˜Pıuµ∫P“
11. C¯hUPıª Aµ]¿ §µu©∫ £u¬ ¡Qzu¡∫
A. ˜{∏‚ B. Cµı·ı‚
C. £m˜h¿ D. Pı¢v‚
12. _u¢vµ C¢vØı¬fl ¨u¿ C¢vØz u¯ª¯© B–{∫
A. Pı¢v‚ B. ˜{∏‚
C. ‚fl⁄ı D. Cµı·ı‚
13. C¢vØı Siص_ B⁄ {ı“
A. 26 ·⁄¡∂ 1935 B. 15 BPÏk 1947
C. 26 ·⁄¡∂ 1950 D. 26 BPÏk 1950
130

II. ˜Pıimh Ch[P¯Õ |µ®P
1. 1919&BÆ Bsk ¯Pxˆ\¥Ø®£mh C∏ PÈ£ÿ” £g\ı®
u¯ª¡∫P“ ________ ©ÿ÷Æ________B¡∫.
2. ·ıºØfl ¡ıªı£ıU £kˆPı¯ªUS® §fl Pı¢v‚ ˆufl
B®§∂UP Aµ_ A¡∏USU ˆPıkzu________ £uUPz¯u
v∏®§U ˆPıkzuı∫.
3. C¢vØı¬¿ Aº \˜Pıuıµ∫PÕı⁄ ________≤Æ ________≤Æ
Qªı£z CØUPz¯u BµÆ§zu⁄∫.
4. ________fl ©¯”¬ÿS® §fl _صı‰‚ØU Pm]
P¯ªUP®£mhx.
5. ________ Gfl£¡∫ G¿¯ªUPı¢v Gfl÷ A¯«UP®£kQ”ı∫.
6. 1940&BÆ Bsk ªıT∫ Tmhzv¿ ________ Gfl£¡∫
C∏{ıkP“ ˆPı“¯P¯Ø ˆ¡Œ∞mhı∫.
7. C¢vØ∫P“ CµshıÆ EªP®˜£ı∂¿ Dk£hU Pıµn©ıP
C∏¢u B[Qªz u¯ª¯© B–{∫ ________ B¡ı∫.
8. C¢vØ ˜u]Ø Cµıq¡zv¿ ˆ£sP“ Ao®§∂ƒ
________ Gfl£¡∫ u¯ª¯©∞¿ CØ[QØx.
9. CµshıÆ EªP®˜£ı∫ ________&BÆ Bsk ¨iƒ
A¯h¢ux.
10. C¯hUPıª Aµ_ A¯©UP ˜{∏‚ ¨_ºÆ ΩQfl
u¯ª¡µı⁄ ________ Gfl£¡∂fl Eu¬¯ØU ˜Pı∂⁄ı∫.
11. _u¢vµ C¢vØı¬fl ¨u¿ C¢vØz u¯ª¯© B–{∫
________ Gfl£¡∫ B¡ı∫.
12. {©x C¢vØU Siص]fl ¨u¿ Siص_z u¯ª¡∫ ________
B¡ı∫.
13. ·˙⁄ıPzvfl ©fl⁄∫ J∏ ________ B¡ı∫.
14. ________ Aµ\µı⁄ Ì∂][ G¢u {ımkh›Æ ˜\µı©¿
u¤zv∏UP ¬∏Ƨ⁄ı∫.
131

15. C¢vØı¬º∏¢x §ˆµg_U Si˜Øÿ”[P“ ________ BÆ
Bsk C¢vØ ≥¤Ø›hfl C¯n¢u⁄.
16. 1961&¿ ˜£ı∫a_UR]Ø Si˜Øÿ”® £SvPÕı⁄ ________,
________ ©ÿ÷Æ ________ BQد¡ C¢vØıƒhfl
C¯nUP®£mh⁄.
17. \∫uı∫ £˜h¿ C¢vØı¬fl ________ Gfl÷ P«®£kQ”ı∫.
III. §fl¡∏¡⁄¡ÿ¯”® ˆ£ı∏zxP
A
1. ˆµÕªm \mhÆ && Pı¢v‚
2. usi® £ØnÆ && ˜{uı‚
3. ˆ·¥Ó¢z && Cµıq¡z uÕ£v
4. ˆ·⁄µ¿ hØ∫ && 1927
5. ¯\©fl S && 1919
B
1. ˜©ıvªı¿ ˜{∏ && Ezvµ®§µ˜u\Æ
2. ˆ\Õ∂ ˆ\Õµı && _صı‰‚ØUPm]
3. £g\ı§fl ][PÆ && Pıfl A®x¿ Pı£∫Pıfl
4. G¿¯ª Pı¢v && CµıƘ\ ˆ©Uˆhı⁄ı¿k
5. ¡S®¡ı∂® §µv|vzx¡Æ && Cªıªı ª·£vµı¥
IV. _∏UP©ıP ¬¯hØŒUPƒÆ
1. Pı[Qµ_UPm] Hfl ˆµÕªm \mhz¯u Gv∫zux?
2. ·ıºØfl ¡ıªı£ıU £kˆPı¯ª £ÿ‘ ]÷ S‘®z u∏P.
3. Qªı£z CØUPÆ Hfl ˆuıh[P®£mhx?
4. _صı‰‚ØUPm] Hfl BµÆ§UP®£mhx?
132

5. µıË §Pı∂ ˜£ıÏ Gfl£¡∫ Øı∫?
6. Q∂®]fl vmhzv¯⁄ Pı¢v‚ Hfl |µıP∂zuı∫?
7. A¯©a\µ¯¡z yxU S ¬fl E÷®§⁄∫P“ Øı∫?
8. ©ƒsm ˜£mhfl vmhÆ £ÿ‘ ¬ÕUSP.
V. ¬∂¡ı⁄ ¬¯h u∏P
1. Jzx¯«Øı¯© CØUPzvfl ≠fl÷ |¯ªP¯Õ ¬ÕUPƒÆ.
2. usi® £Ønz¯u® £ÿ‘≤Æ Aufl ¬¯ÕƒP¯Õ≤Æ
¬¡∂UP.
3. ¡mh˜©¯\ ©ı{ıkPŒfl ¨UQØzx¡zv¯⁄ ˆ¡ŒU
ˆPın∫P.
4. 1935&BÆ Bsk C¢vØ Aµ_a \mhÆ ˆPısk¡¢u
©ıÿ”[P“ Øı¯¡?
5. ˆ¡“¯Õؘ⁄ ˆ¡Œ˜Ø÷ CØUPÆ £ÿ‘≤Æ Aufl
¬¯ÕƒP¯Õ≤Æ ¬ÕUSP.
6. _u¢vµ® ˜£ıµımhzv¿ _£ıË \¢vµ˜£ıÏ, C¢vؘu]Ø
Cµıq¡zvfl £[Q¯⁄® £ÿ‘ G xP.
7. £˜h¿ Hfl C¢vØı¬fl C∏Æ ©¤u∫ Gfl÷
A¯«UP®£kQ”ı∫?
8. §fl¡∏Æ |PÃa]P–US PıªU˜Pık Jfl÷ ¡¯µP.
A. Jzx¯«Øı¯© CØUPÆ
B. ˆ\Õ∂ ˆ\Õµı |PÃa]
C. _صı‰‚ØU Pm]
D. E®a \zvØıUQµPÆ
E. ¡mh ˜©¯\ ©ı{ıkP“
9. 1930 ¨u¿ 1945 ¡¯µ∞ªı⁄ I¢x ¨UQØ |PÃa]P¯ÕU
PıªU˜Pımi¿ S‘®§kP.
133

VI. ˆ\¥¨¯”® £∞ÿ]P“
1. C¢vØ ¡¯µ£hzv¿ RÃUPsh Ch[P¯ÕU S‘UPƒÆ :
Iuµı£ız, ·˙⁄ıPz, PıË´µÆ, ˜Pı¡ı, ¯h≥, hı©fl,
£ısia˜\∂, H⁄ıÆ, ©ıÓ
2. ¬ku¯ª® ˜£ıµımh √µ∫PŒfl £h[P¯Õa ˜\P∂zx
£hHk (Album) Jfl÷ uØı∂UPƒÆ.
134

£ıhÆ & 7
_u¢vµzvÿS® §fl C¢vØı
(1947 & 2000) & \≠P ¨fl˜⁄ÿ”Æ
Pÿ”¿ ˜{ıUP[P“
AªS & IV
1. ©ın¡∫ _u¢vµzvÿS® §fl C¢vØı Gv∫ˆPısh \≠P
\¡ı¿P¯Õz ˆu∂¢x ˆPı“–u¿.
2. ©ın¡∫ C¢vØı¬¿ \≠P ¨fl˜⁄ÿ”zvÿS
˜©ÿˆPı“Õ®£mh {h¡iU¯PP¯ÕU Pÿ”¿.
3. ©ın¡∫ wshı¯© J»®§ÿPıP ˜©ÿˆPı“Õ®£mh
{h¡iU¯PP¯Õ® ∂¢x ˆPı“–u¿.
4. ©ın¡∫ 1947 ¨u¿ C¢vØı¬¿ Hÿ£mh \≠P
¨fl˜⁄ÿ”Æ £ÿ‘Ø A‘¬¯⁄® ˆ£”¿.
5. ©ın¡∫ \≠P ©ÿ÷Æ P¿¬ ¡Õ∫a]∞⁄ı¿ Hÿ£mh
uıUP[P¯ÕU Pÿ”¿.
_u¢vµÆ ˆ£ÿ” §fl C¢vØı £ª \¡ı¿P¯Õa \¢vUP
˜{∫¢ux. \≠P Hÿ”zuıÃP“, ˆ£sP“, ]÷¡∫P“ ©ÿ÷Æ
JkUP®£mh §∂¬⁄∫ §µa\¯⁄P–US C¢vØı w∫ƒ Pın
˜¡si∞∏¢ux. ˜©æÆ G zu‘¬fl¯© C¢vØı¬fl P
˜©ı\©ı⁄ £ª√⁄©ıP ¬Õ[QØx. A¯¡ C¢vØı¬fl \≠P
¨fl˜⁄ÿ”zvÿSz u¯hP¯Õ E∏¡ıUQ⁄. G⁄˜¡ \≠P
¨fl˜⁄ÿ”zvfl ˜u¯¡ Bâx Enµ®£mhx. C¢vØı¬¿
\≠P ¨fl˜⁄ÿ”zv¯⁄U ˆPısk¡µ £ª {h¡iU¯PP“
˜©ÿˆPı“Õ®£mh⁄. A¯¡ \≠Pa ^∫v∏zu CØUP[P“,
\≠P{ªa \mh[P“ ©ÿ÷Æ P¿¬ ¡Õ∫a]∞fl ≠ªÆ {¯h
¨¯”®£kzu®£mh⁄.
135

ßuı⁄ CØUPÆ : C∆¬ØUPzv¯⁄ 1951&BÆ Bsk
H®µ¿ 18&BÆ {ı“ B\ı∫Ø ¬˜⁄ı£ı£ı˜¡ x¡UQ⁄ı∫.
Aufl ˜{ıUPÆ |ØıØ©ı⁄ ©ÿ÷Æ \©zx¡ \¨uıØ
A¯©®§¯⁄ E∏¡ıUS¡uıSÆ. C∆¬ØUPÆ AvP AÕ¬¿
|ª[P¯Õ ¯¡zv∏¢u |ªa_¡ıfluı∫PŒh∏¢x E£∂
|ª[P¯Õ® ˆ£ÿ÷ A¡ÿ¯” |ª©ÿ” H¯« ¬¡\ı∞P–US®
£Q∫¢uŒ®£¯u ˜{ıUP©ıPU ˆPısi∏¢ux. |ª¨¯h˜Øı∫
uı©ıP ¨fl¡¢x |ª[P¯Õz uı⁄©ıP ¡«[S¡¯u C∆
¬ØUPÆ FUS¬zux. C∆¬ØUPÆ Hÿ£kzvØ ¬»®
n∫¬⁄ı¿ ©zvØ, ©ı|ª Aµ_P“ \mh[P¯Õ CØÿ‘ |ª
Ea\ ¡µÆ§¯⁄U ˆPısk ¡¢u⁄. |ª©ÿ” H¯«PŒfl
£∂uı£ |¯ª∞¯⁄ C∆¬ØUPÆ ˆ¡Œa\®£kzvU
PımiØx.
\∫˜¡ıuØ CØUPÆ : C∆¬ØUP¨Æ ¬˜⁄ı£ı£ı˜¡ A¡∫P
Õı¿ x¡UP®£mhx. C∆¬ØUPÆ {©x ˜u\z u¯ª¡∫PŒfl
B]∞¯⁄® ˆ£ÿ‘∏¢ux. C∆¬ØUPÆ A¯⁄zx ©UPŒfl
EØ∫¬¯⁄≤Æ, {ª¯⁄≤Æ ˜©Æ£kzx¡¯u ˜{ıUP©ıPU
ˆPısi∏¢ux. Si¯\z ˆuı»¿P“ ˜©Æ£ık, Pu∫ Eÿ£zv
BQØ⁄ C∆¬ØUPzvfl ¨ufl¯©® £oØıSÆ. C¢vØı
¬¿ AQƯ\, A¯©v ¡»∞¿ J∏ \≠P, ˆ£ı∏Õıuıµ®
µm]∞¯⁄U ˆPısk ¡∏¡¯u C∆¬ØUPÆ ˜{ıUP©ıPU
ˆPısi∏¢ux.
ˆ£sP“ ¨fl˜⁄ÿ”Æ : _u¢vµzvÿS ¨fl⁄∫ C¢vØı¬¿
ˆ£sPŒfl |¯ª ¡∏¢uzuUP ¡¯P∞¿ C∏¢ux. 1947 ¨u¿
ˆ£sPŒfl |¯ª∞¯⁄ ˜©Æ£kzu £ª \≠Pa \mh[P“
CØÿ”®£mh⁄. {©x Aµ]ت¯©®a \mhÆ Bs, ˆ£s
\©zx¡zv¯⁄ ¡º≤÷zxQfl”x. ˆ£sP“ ¨fl˜⁄ÿ”z
vÿPıP |¯”˜¡ÿ”®£mh \mh[P“ ©ÿ÷Æ Cuµ
{h¡iU¯PP“ §fl¡∏©ı÷ :
1954&BÆ Bsk v∏©na \mhÆ : Ca\mhÆ Pª®z
v∏©n[P¯Õ≤Æ, \©Ø Pª®z v∏©n[P¯Õ≤Æ \mh®
£i ˆ\¿æ£iØıUQØx. ˜©æÆ BsP“ v∏©n ¡Øv¯⁄
21 BPƒÆ ˆ£sP“ v∏©n ¡Øv¯⁄ 18 G⁄ƒÆ \mh
136

ß∫¡©ıUQØx. Ca\mhÆ S«¢¯u A¿ªx £ı¿Ø
¬¡ıPz¯u ush¯⁄US∂Ø Sÿ”Æ G⁄ A‘¬zux.
1955 & 56&BÆ Bsk C¢xa \mh ©˜\ıuı : C¢vØı¬¿
ˆ£sP“ ¨fl˜⁄ÿ” ¡µªıÿ‘¿ Ca\mhÆ J∏ ©Pı
\ı\⁄©ıPU P∏u®£kQ”x. v∏©nÆ, ©n¨‘ƒ (Divorce)
A¿ªx ¬¡ıPµzx, ¡ı∂_∂¯©, Pı®£ıÕ∫ E∂¯©, uzx
Gkzu¿ £ÿ‘Ø ¬¡µ[P¯Õ Ca\mhÆ ¬ÕUSQfl”x.
1955&BÆ Bsk C¢xa v∏©na \mhÆ : Ca\mhÆ
J∏¡›US J∏zv Gfl›Æ J∏ uıµ ©nz¯u (Monogamy)
\mh® ß∫¡©ıUQØx. C¢xUP“ £ªuıµ (Polygamy) ©nÆ
∂¢x ˆPı“¡¯u Ca\mhÆ ukUQfl”x. Ca\mhÆ
BsP“, ˆ£sP“ C∏£ıª∫P–USÆ ©n¨‘ƒ A¿ªx
¬¡ıPµzv¿ \© E∂¯©∞¯⁄ ¡«[SQfl”x.
1956&BÆ Bsk C¢x ¡ı∂_∂¯©a \mhÆ : Ca\mhÆ uı¥,
u¢¯uØ∂fl ˆ\ızv¿ ©P›USÆ, ©P¤fl S«¢¯uP–USÆ
E“Õx ˜£ıª ©P–USÆ ©PŒfl S«¢¯uP–USÆ \©
E∂¯© A¿ªx £[Sˆ£” ¡» ¡SUQfl”x.
1956&BÆ Bsifl C¢x CÕ¡∫ ©ÿ÷Æ Pı®∂¯©a
\mhÆ : Ca\mhÆ uı¥USU S«¢¯uP“ ´uı⁄ CØÿ¯PU
Pı®£ıÕ∫ Gfl” E∂¯©¯Ø® £ıxPıUQfl”x. ˜©æÆ
Ca\mhÆ BsP¯Õ® ˜£ı¿ ˆ£sP–Æ ©Pfl A¿ªx
©P¯Õz uzx GkUSÆ E∂¯©¯Ø≤Æ ¡«[SQfl”x.
1961&BÆ Bsk ¡µum\¯n uk®a \mhÆ (1984¿ v∏zu®
£mhx) : Ca\mhÆ ¡µum\¯n Gfl›Æ _µshºº∏¢x
ˆ£sP¯Õ® £ıxPıUQfl”x. ¡µum\¯n ˆ£÷u¿
Ca\mhzvfl£i Pk¯©Øı⁄ ush¯⁄US∂Ø Sÿ”©ıSÆ.
1961&BÆ Bsk ©P®˜£÷ \æ¯PP“ \mhÆ : Ca\mhÆ
£oØıÿ÷Æ ˆ£sP“ ©P®˜£÷ ¬k® ˆ£÷Æ E∂¯©¯Ø
¡«[Q≤“Õx.
137

1971&BÆ Bsk ©∏zx¡∑vØı⁄ P∏ P¯ª®a \mhÆ :
P∏ƒÿ‘∏USÆ ˆ£sPŒfl Eh¿ ©ÿ÷Æ ©⁄ B˜µıUQ
ØzvÿS F÷ ¬¯Õ¬USÆ P∏¯¡ P¯ªUSÆ E∂¯©¯Ø
Ca\mhÆ ˆ£sP–US AŒUQfl”x.
1976&BÆ Bsk \© FvØa \mhÆ : Ca\mhÆ BsP–US
|PµıP ˆ£sP–USÆ FvØÆ ¡«[S¡uÿS ¡»¡SU
Qfl”x. £o ¬¡Pıµ[PŒ¿ £ı¿ Ai®£¯h∞ªı⁄ ˜¡÷
£ımi¯⁄ Ca\mhÆ ukUQfl”x.
©ÿ” \≠P, ˆ£ı∏Õıuıµz vmh[P“ : C¢vØ Aµ_
1953&BÆ Bsk ©zvØ \≠P {ª ¡ı∂Øzv¯⁄ A¯©zux.
A˜u ˜£ı¿ J∆ˆ¡ı∏ ©ı|ªzvæÆ ©ı|ªa \≠P {ª
¡ı∂Ø[P“ E“Õ⁄. A¯¡ ˆ£sP“, S«¢¯uP“ ©ÿ÷Æ
GŒ˜Øı∂fl {ªflP¯Õ ˜©Æ£kzxQfl”⁄. F⁄¨ÿ”
ˆ£sP“, ¬u¯¡P“, A⁄ı¯uP“, ¯P¬h®£mh ˆ£sP“
BQ˜Øı∂fl {ªflP¯Õ C∆¡ı∂Ø[P“ £ıxPıUQfl”⁄.
1990&BÆ Bsk ˜u]Ø ˆ£sP“ B¯nØa \mhÆ : Ca
\mhzvfl£i 1992&BÆ Bsk ·⁄¡∂ 31&BÆ {ı“ ˜u]Ø
ˆ£sP“ B¯nØÆ Jfl÷ Hÿ£kzu®£mhx. C∆
¡ı¯nØzvÿS J∏ u¯ª¡∏Æ, ˆ\ت∏Æ, ©ÿ”
E÷®§⁄∫P–Æ E“Õ⁄∫. C∆¡ı¯nØÆ ˆ£s E∂¯©P“
©÷®, ˆPık¯©P“, A}vP“ ˜£ıfl” Pı∫P¯Õ ¬\ı∂zx
A¯¡P¯ÕU P¯ÕØ {h¡iU¯PP¯Õ Gkzx ¡∏Qfl”x.
CµıËi∂Ø ©QÕ ˜PıË A¿ªx ˆ£sP–UPı⁄ ˜u]Ø
Phfl ¡«[SÆ |vØÆ : C¢|v |÷¡⁄ A¯©® 1993&BÆ
Bsk ©ı∫a v[P“ 30&BÆ {ı“ Hÿ£kzu®£mhx. ˆuı»¿
A¿ªx ˜¡¯ª ¡ı¥® ¡\v∞¯⁄z ˆuıh[P H¯« ©ÿ÷Æ
˜u¯¡ UP ˆ£sPÕı¿ A¯©UP®£kÆ _Ø Eu¬U
S UP–US (Self-Help Groups) C¢|vØzvº∏¢x |v Eu¬
¡«[P®£kQ”x.
£ıºPı \Æ∂v ˜Øı·⁄ı (Balika Samridhi Yojana) : CzvmhÆ
1997&BÆ Bsk AU˜hı£∫ v[P“ 2&BÆ {ı“ ˆuıh[P®
138

£mhx. 1999&¿ ©ıÿ”Æ ˆ\¥Ø®£mh CzvmhÆ ¡÷¯©U
˜PımiÿSU Rà (below poverty line) ¡ı Æ uı¥©ı∫P–US®
§”USÆ ˆ£s S«¢¯uP–US® £Ø⁄ŒUPU TiØx.
Azu¯PØ ˆ£s S«¢¯uP“ J∆ˆ¡ı∏¡∏Æ Ag\ªPÆ
A¿ªx ¡[Q∞¿ π£ı¥ 500/& ¯¡®z ˆuı¯PØıP
ˆ\æzu®£kQ”x. AUS«¢¯uP“ 18 ¡Øv¯⁄ |¯”ƒ
ˆ\¥≤Æ ˆ£ı x Azˆuı¯P¯Ø P¿¬ A¿ªx v∏©n
˜{ıUPzvÿS® £Øfl£kzvU ˆPı“ÕªıÆ. Cx©mkfl‘
A¡∫P“ £zuıÆ ¡S®¡¯µ P¿¬ PÿP Eu¬z ˆuı¯P≤Æ
¡«[P®£kQ”x.
_¡ & \Uv vmhÆ (Swa & Shakti Project) : CzvmhÆ 1998&BÆ
Bsk AU˜hı£∫ v[P“ 16&BÆ {ı“ ¨u¿ ˆ\Ø¿£mk
¡∏Qfl”x. Czvmhzvfl ≠ªÆ 15 ¨u¿ 20 ˆ£sP¯ÕU
ˆPısh _Ø Eu¬U S UPÕı¿ ˆuıh[P®£kÆ BUPß∫¡
£oUS Aµ_ |v Eu¬ AŒzx ¡∏Qfl”x.
C¢vØı¬¿ ˆ£sP“ ¨fl˜⁄ÿ”zv¯⁄ ˜{ıUP©ıPU
ˆPısk Aµ_ ©ÿ÷Æ Aµ_ \ıµı ˆuısk |÷¡⁄[P“ (Non-
Governmental Organisations) ˜©æÆ £ª {h¡iU¯PP¯Õ
Gkzx ¡∏Qfl”⁄. IUQØ {ıkP“ \¯£ (I.{ı. \¯£)
1978&BÆ Bsi¯⁄ \∫¡˜u\ ˆ£sP“ Bsk G⁄
A‘¬zux. uà {ımi¿ ˆ£sP–US 30 ¬ UPık
˜¡¯ª¡ı¥®§¿ Ch JxURk ˆ\¥Ø®£mk“Õx. E“Õım]
A¯©®PŒ¿ ˆ£sP“ 33 ¬ UPık Ch JxURk ˆ£”z
uSv≤¯hØ¡∫P“. ˆ£sP“ uÿ˜£ıx A桪∫PÕıPƒÆ,
©∏zx¡∫PÕıPƒÆ, ˆ£ı‘ØıÕ∫PÕıPƒÆ, Pı¡ª∫PÕıPƒÆ,
\mh©fl” E÷®§⁄∫PÕıPƒÆ (M.L.A.) £ıµı–©fl”
E÷®§⁄∫PÕıPƒÆ, (M.P.) E“Õ⁄∫. C¢vØı ˆ£s
§µu©¯µ≤Æ, B–{∫P¯Õ≤Æ, ¨uª¯©a\∫P¯Õ≤Æ Psk
E“Õx. C¯¡ _u¢vµzvÿS® §fl⁄∫ ˆ£sP“ |¯ª∞¿
Hÿ£mk“Õ ¨fl˜⁄ÿ”[P¯Õ≤Æ \≠P ¨fl˜⁄ÿ”
\ıu¯⁄¯Ø≤Æ GkzvØÆQfl”⁄.
]”ı∫ {ªÆ : S«¢¯uz ˆuı»ªıÕ∫ §µa\¯⁄ C¢vØı¬¿
J∏ ˆ£∏Æ \≠P® §µa\¯⁄ØıSÆ. H¯«a ]÷¡∫P“
139

`Ã|¯ªPŒfl PmhıØzv⁄ı¿ £oUSa ˆ\¿ª ˜¡si
≤“Õx. {©x Aµ]ت¯©®a \mhÆ ]÷¡∫P¯Õz ˆuı»¿
A¯©®PŒ¿ ˜¡¯ªUP©∫zx¡¯uz u¯h ˆ\¥Qfl”x.
1948&BÆ Bsk C¢vØz ˆuı»ÿ\ı¯ªP“ \mhÆ 14
¡ØvÿSm£mh Bs A¿ªx ˆ£so¯⁄z ˆuı»ÿ\ı¯ª
PŒ¿ ˜¡¯ªUP©∫zx¡¯uz u¯h ˆ\¥Qfl”x. 1951&BÆ
Bsk ˜uımhz ˆuı»ªıÕ∫ \mhÆ 12 ¡ØvÿSU RÃ
E“Õ ]÷¡∫P¯ÕU Pı®§ ©ÿ÷Æ Cµ®£∫ ˜uımhz
ˆuı»º¿ ˜¡¯ªUP©∫zx¡¯uz ukUQfl”x. 1952&BÆ
Bsk _µ[Pa \mhÆ 15 ¡ØvÿSU RÃ E“Õ¡∫P¯Õa
_µ[P[PŒ¿ ˜¡¯ªUP©∫zx¡¯uU Pmk®£kzxQfl”x.
1960&BÆ Bsk ]÷¡∫PŒfl \mh®£i G¿ªı
©ı|ª[PŒæÆ ]”ı∫ {ª ¡ı∂Ø[P“ A¯©UP®£mk“Õ⁄.
1961&BÆ Bsk ˆ£s ]_¡¯ua \mhÆ ˆ£s S«¢¯uP“
ˆPı¿ª® £k¡¯uz ukUQfl”x. u¡÷ C¯«®˜£ı¯µ
Ca\mhÆ usiUQfl”x. ]”ı∫ ˆuı»º¯⁄ }UPƒÆ,
]÷¡∫P¯Õ® £∞ÿ÷¬UPƒÆ, £¿˜¡÷ {h¡iU¯PP“
˜©ÿˆPı“Õ® £mk ¡∏Qfl”⁄. G¤›Æ ]”ı∫ §µa\¯⁄
£¿˜¡÷ Pıµn[PŒ⁄ı¿ {ımifl J∏ ]ª £SvPŒ¿
Cfl⁄¨Æ }izx ¡∏Qfl”x.
JkUP®£mh ©UPŒfl {ªÆ : \ıv ¨¯”∞⁄ı¿ Hÿ£kÆ
Hÿ”zuıà C¢vØı¬ÿS ©ÿˆ”ı∏ \¡ıªıSÆ. {©x
Aµ]ت¯©®a \mhÆ G¢u ¡¯PØı⁄ ˜¡÷£ımi¯⁄≤Æ
ukUQfl”x. 1955&BÆ Bsk wshı¯©U Sÿ”a \mhÆ
wshı¯©¯ØU P¯h®§i®˜£ı∏USz ush¯⁄ ¡«[S
Qfl”x. 1989&BÆ Bsk uıÃzu®£mh, £«[Si∞⁄∫
(A}vP“ uk®a) \mhÆ, uıÃzu®£mh £«[Si∞⁄∏US
GvµıP C¯«UP®£kÆ A}vP¯ÕU P¯ÕØ Pk¯©Øı⁄
ush¯⁄ AŒUP ¡¯P ˆ\¥Qfl”x. Czu¯PØ \mhß∫¡
{h¡iU¯PP¯Õz u¬µ ©zvØ, ©ı|ª Aµ_P“ uıÃzu®
£m˜hı∫, £«[Si∞⁄∫, ©ÿ” §ÿ£kzu®£mh ¡S®§⁄∫
P–US ˜¡¯ª ¡ı¥®§æÆ, P¿¬ |÷¡⁄[PŒæÆ Ch
JxURk ˆPı“¯P∞¯⁄® §fl£ÿ‘ ¡∏Qfl”⁄. P¿¬
Eu¬z ˆuı¯PP“, Pmhna \æ¯PP“, ]”® ©ÿ÷Æ
ˆuı»¿ £∞ÿ], Czu¯PØ ¡S®§⁄∫P–UPı⁄ ¬kv ¡\v
140

BQØ {h¡iU¯PP“ C¢vØı¬¿ J∏[Q¯n¢u \≠P
¨fl˜⁄ÿ”zv¯⁄U ˆPısk ¡∏¡v¿ Eu¬ ∂¢x“Õ⁄.
]÷£ıfl¯©∞⁄∫ {ªÆ : C¢vØ Aµ]ت¯©®a \mhÆ
]÷£ıfl¯©∞⁄∫ P¿¬ |÷¡⁄[P“ A¯©zvhƒÆ,
u[PÕx, \≠P, £s£ımk E∂¯©P¯Õ ˜©Æ£kzvU
ˆPı“ÕƒÆ E∂¯©∞¯⁄ AŒUQfl”x. 1992&BÆ Bsk
]÷£ıfl¯©∞⁄∫ ˜u]Ø B¯nØa \mhÆ ˜u]Ø, ©ı|ª
]÷£ıfl¯©∞⁄∫ B¯nØ[P¯Õ A¯©zvh ¡»
ˆ\¥Qfl”x. Czu¯PØ {h¡iU¯PP“ {©x {ımiæ“Õ
]÷£ıfl¯©∞⁄∫ ©zv∞¿ £ıxPı® En∫¬¯⁄®
Hÿ£kzv≤“Õ⁄.
F⁄¨ÿ˜”ı∫ {ªfl : F⁄¨ÿ˜”ı∫PŒfl S¯”P¯ÕU
P¯Õ¢vh Aµ_ ©ÿ÷Æ Aµ_ \ıµı ˆuısk |÷¡⁄[P“
£oØıÿ‘ ¡∏Qfl”⁄. 1955&BÆ Bsk F⁄¨ÿ˜”ı∫ \mhÆ
Eh¿ F⁄¨ÿ˜”ı∫ ©÷¡ıà ˆ£ÿ‘h CØÿ”®£mhx.
1976&BÆ Bsk Pıflß∂¿ C¢vØa ˆ\Øÿ¯P Eh¿
E÷®P“ Eÿ£zv |÷¡⁄Æ (Artificial Limb Manufacturing Corporation
of India) A¯©UP®£mhx. C¢|÷¡⁄Æ F⁄¨ÿ
˜”ı∏USz ˜u¯¡®£kÆ ©¤u E÷®P¯Õa ˆ\Øÿ¯PØıP
Eÿ£zva ˆ\¥x ¡∏Qfl”x. 1997&BÆ Bsk ·⁄¡∂z
v[P“ 24&BÆ {ı“ ˜u]Ø F⁄¨ÿ˜”ı∫ ¡Õ∫a] |v
|÷¡⁄Æ (The National Handicapped Finance and Development
Corporation) A¯©UP®£mhx. C¢|÷¡⁄Æ F⁄¨ÿ˜”ı∫P“
P¿¬, ©ÿ÷Æ ˜¡¯ª ¡ı¥®§¯⁄® ˆ£” Phfl Eu¬ØŒzx
¡∏Qfl”x.
¨v˜Øı∫ {ªfl : ¨v˜Øı∫ {ª¯⁄® ˜£oh Aµ_ ©ÿ÷Æ
ufl⁄ı∫¡z ˆuısk |÷¡⁄[P“ ˆ\Ø¿∂¢x ¡∏Qfl”⁄.
¨v˜Øı∫ ¡\v≤hfl u[Qh ¨v˜Øı∫ C¿ª[P“ (Old Age
Homes) Hÿ£kzu®£mk“Õ⁄. Azu¯PØ C¿ª[P–US
Aµ_ Eu¬P¯Õ® ∂¢x ¡∏Qfl”x.
P¿¬ ¡Õ∫a] : \≠P ¨fl˜⁄ÿ”zv¯⁄U ˆPısk ¡∏¡v¿
P¿¬∞fl £[S ¡º¯© ¡ı¥¢uuıSÆ. P¿¬ J∏[Q¯n¢u
141

\≠P ¡Õ∫a]¯ØU ˆPısk¡µ E÷x¯n® ∂Qfl”x.
1951&BÆ Bsk C¢vØı¬¿ P¿¬ A‘ƒ ˆ£ÿ‘∏¢˜uı∂fl
¬ UPık 16.1 BSÆ. ˆ£sP“ P¿¬ P® §flu[QØ
|¯ª∞¿ ”UPoUP®£mi∏¢ux. _u¢vµzvÿS® §fl⁄∫
P¿¬ ¡Õ∫a]US S¢u P¡⁄Æ ˆ\æzu®£mhx.
C¢vØı¬¿ P¿¬¯Ø ˜©Æ£kzxÆ ˆ£ı÷® ©zvØ,
©ı|ª C∏ Aµ_P–¯hØx©ıSÆ. C¢vØ Aµ_ 1948&BÆ
Bsk hıUh∫ \∫. CµıuıQ∏Ënfl A¡∫P“ u¯ª¯©∞¿
£¿P¯ªUP«PU P¿¬US ¬¯⁄ |Øzux.
J∆ˆ¡ı∏ BskÆ hıUh∫ \∫. CµıuıQ∏Ënfl
A¡∫PŒfl §”¢u {ıÕı⁄ ˆ\®hÆ£∫ 5 B]∂Ø∫
v⁄©ıPU ˆPıshıh®£kQ”x.
A¡∫ u¯ª¯©∞ªı⁄ S AŒzu 1949&BÆ Bsk
A‘U¯P∞fl Ai®£¯h∞¿ {©x {ımifl P¿¬ ¨¯”
©ıÿ‘د©UP®£mhx. 1953&BÆ Bsk hıUh∫ H.
Cªm_©n \ı ¨uºØı∫ u¯ª¯©∞¿ ©ÿˆ”ı∏ P¿¬U
S A¯©UP®£mhx. AUS £∂¢x¯µ∞fl£i £“ŒU
P¿¬ Gfl£x Pÿ”æÆ ˆ\Ø¿£ıkÆ Gfl›Æ Ai®£¯h∞¿
A¯©¢ux. EªP, C¢vØ, ·⁄{ıØP Cªm]ØU Si©UP¯Õ
E∏¡ıUS¡˜u EØ∫|¯ª® £“ŒU P¿¬∞fl ˜{ıUP©ıP
A¯©Ø˜¡skˆ©⁄ AUS £∂¢x¯µzux. EØ∫|¯ª®
£“Œ |¯ª∞¿ ]÷¡∫PŒfl Jmkˆ©ızu ¡Õ∫a]∞¯⁄U
ˆPısk¡µ ˜¡skˆ©⁄ AUS ¡º≤÷zvØx. 1964&BÆ
Bsk ˜Pızuı∂ P¿¬US
A¿ªx ˜u]ØU P¿¬U S
|ØUP®£mhx. AUS ¬fl 1966&BÆ Bsk £∂¢x¯µ
A‘U¯P C¢vØı ¨ ¡xÆ J˜µ ©ıv∂Øı⁄ P¿¬
A¯©®§¯⁄U ˆPısk¡µ GsoØx.
AUS ¬fl A‘U¯P ˆuı»¿, ˆuı»¿~m£,
ˆ£ı‘∞Ø¿, ˜¡Õıs¯© ©ÿ÷Æ A‘¬Ø¿ P¿¬US
¨UQØzx¡Æ AŒzux. 1986&BÆ Bsifl vØ P¿¬U
ˆPı“¯P≤Æ 1992&BÆ Bsifl ˆ\Ø¿ vmh¨Æ 21&BÆ
°ÿ”ısk ˆuıh[SÆ ¨fl 14 ¡Øx¡¯µ E“Õ A¯⁄zx
S«¢¯uP–USÆ |¯”ƒhfl TiØ uµ©ı⁄ P¿¬¯Øz
142

u∏¡¯u ˜{ıUP©ıPU ˆPısi∏¢u⁄. Czu¯PØ ¨Øÿ]PŒ
⁄ı¿ 1951&BÆ Bsk 42.6 ¬ UPıhıP C∏¢u ˆuıhUPU
P¿¬ ˜\∫U¯P 1999&BÆ Bsk 94.9 ¬ UPık |¯ªUS
EØ∫¢ux. EØ∫|¯ª® £“ŒU P¿¬, EØ∫ P¿¬ ©ÿ÷Æ
£¿P¯ªUP«PU P¿¬USÆ \© ¨UQØzx¡Æ AŒUP®£mk
¡Õ∫a]≤ÿ”x. C¢vØı¬¿ 1.10 Cªm\zvÿSÆ ˜©ÿ£mh
EØ∫|¯ª® £“Œ, ˜©¿|¯ª® £“Œ |÷¡⁄[P“ E“Õ⁄.
A˜u ˜£ı¿ ˆ£ıx, ˆuı»¿~m£, ©∏zx¡ ©ÿ÷Æ
˜¡Õıs¯©U P¿¬US 12,350 P¿ø∂P“ E“Õ⁄.
C¢vØı¬¿ 250USÆ ˜©ÿ£mh £¿P¯ªU P«P[P“ (Universities)
ˆ\تıÿ‘ ¡∏Qfl”⁄. ˜\∫U¯P GsoU¯P
AvP∂®§⁄ıæÆ |÷¡⁄[PŒfl GsoU¯P ¡Õ∫a]∞
⁄ıæÆ 2000&BÆ Bsk C¢vØı¬¿ P¿¬ Pÿ˜”ı∂fl
¬ UPık 65 ¢vÿSÆ ˜©¿ EØ∫¢ux.
1947&BÆ BsiÿS® §fl⁄∫ C¢vØı¬¿ Hÿ£mh
\≠P, P¿¬ ¨fl˜⁄ÿ”zvfl ¬¯Õ¡ıP S‘®§hzuUP \≠P
©ıÿ”Æ Hÿ£mk“Õx. \ıv A¯©®§¿ \∂ƒ Hÿ£mk“Õx.
\≠P Ch®ˆ£Ø∫ƒ Hx¡ıQ≤“Õx (Social mobility), {√⁄
©Ø©ıuº⁄ı¿ \¨uıØzvfl A¯⁄zx §∂ƒ ©UP–USÆ
{fl¯©P“ ˆ\fl÷ ˜\∫Qfl”⁄. C¢vØı¬¿ \©zx¡
\¨uıØÆ ˜uıfl‘¡∏Qfl”x.
Pÿ”¿ A¯hƒP“
1. ©ın¡∫ ßuı⁄, \∫˜¡ıuØ CØUP[PŒfl
˜{ıUP[P¯Õ ¬ÕUP ¨i≤Æ.
2. ©ın¡∫ _u¢vµzvÿS® §fl⁄∫ C¢vØı¬¿ ˆ£sP“
¨fl˜⁄ÿ”zv¯⁄ ¬¡∂UP ¨i≤Æ.
3. ©ın¡∫ JkUP®£mh §∂¬⁄∫, ]÷¡∫P“, ]÷£ıfl¯©
∞⁄∫ {ªflP–UPıP GkUP®£mh {h¡iU¯PP¯Õ
¬ÕUP ¨i≤Æ.
4. ©ın¡∫ 1947&BÆ BsiÿS® §”S Hÿ£mh P¿¬
¨fl˜⁄ÿ”zv¯⁄ ¬¡∂UP ¨i≤Æ.
143

_Ø©v®•k
I. \∂Øı⁄ ¬¯h¯Øz ˜u∫¢ˆukUPƒÆ
1. ßuı⁄ CØUPÆ ˆuıh[P®£mh Bsk
A. 1960 B. 1950
C. 1952 D. 1951
2. ¡µum\¯n uk®a \mhÆ CØÿ”®£mh Bsk
A. 1961 B. 1960
C. 1962 D. 1963
3. uà {ımi¿ ˆ£sP–US ˜¡¯ª ¡ı¥®§¿ Ch
JxURmifl AÕƒ
A. 30 ¬ UPık B. 33 ¬ UPık
C. 31 ¬ UPık D. 32 ¬ UPık
4. B]∂Ø∫ v⁄Æ ˆPıshıh®£kÆ {ı“
A. ˆ\®hÆ£∫ 5 B. ˆ\®hÆ£∫ 10
C. ˆ\Æ£hÆ£∫ 15 D. ˆ\®hÆ£∫ 25
5. ˜Pızuı∂U S |ØUP®£mh Bsk
A. 1966 B. 1962
C. 1960 D. 1964
II. ˜Pıimh Ch[P¯Õ |µ®P
1. \∫˜¡ıuØ CØUPzv¯⁄z ˆuıh[QØ¡∫ ________ B¡ı∫.
2. C¢xz v∏©na \mhÆ ________ ©nz¯ua \mhß∫¡
©ıUQØx.
3. ˆ£sP“ \© FvØÆ ˆ£” ¡¯P ˆ\¥≤Æ \mhÆ________
BSÆ
4. ˆuı»ÿ\ı¯ªPŒ¿ ]÷¡∫P¯Õ ˜¡¯ªUP©∫zx¡¯uz
ukUSÆ \mhÆ ________ BSÆ.
144

5. wshı¯©U Sÿ”a \mhÆ CØÿ”®£mh Bsk ________.
6. hıUh∫ H. Cªm_©n\ı ¨uºØı∫ S |ØUP®£mh
Bsk________.
III. §fl ¡∏¡⁄¡ÿ¯”® ˆ£ı∏zxP
1. ¬˜⁄ı£ı£ı˜¡ && 1953
2. ©zvØa \≠P {ª ¡ı∂ØÆ && 1986
3. ˆ£s ]_¡¯uz uk®a \mhÆ && ßuı⁄ CØUPÆ
4. vØ P¿¬U ˆPı“¯P && 1961
IV. _∏UP©ıP ¬¯hØŒUPƒÆ
1. ßuı⁄ CØUPzvfl ˜{ıUPÆ Gfl⁄?
2. C¢x ¡ı∂_∂¯©a \mhÆ u∏Æ E∂¯© Gfl⁄?
3. ©zvØ, ©ı|ª, \≠P {ª ¡ı∂Ø[PŒfl £o Gfl⁄?
4. 1952&BÆ Bsk _µ[Pa \mhzvfl ˜{ıUPÆ Gfl⁄?
5. ˜u]Ø F⁄¨ÿ˜”ı∫ ¡Õ∫a] |v |÷¡⁄Æ G®˜£ıx
A¯©UP®£mhx?
6. 1951&BÆ Bsk C¢vØı¬¿ Pÿ˜”ı∂fl ¬ UPık Gfl⁄?
V. ¬∂¡ı⁄ ¬¯h u∏P
1. C¢vØı¬¿ ˆ£sP“ ¨fl˜⁄ÿ”zvÿS GkUP®£mh
{h¡iU¯PP¯Õ ¬ÕUSP.
2. 1947 ¨u¿ C¢vØı¬¿ P¿¬ ¨fl˜⁄ÿ”Æ S‘zx G xP.
3. _u¢vµzvÿS® §fl⁄∫ C¢vØı¬¿ \≠P ¨fl˜⁄ÿ”Æ £ÿ‘
J∏ Pmk¯µz u∏P.
145

VI. ˆ\¥¨¯”® £∞ÿ]P“
1. ¡µum\¯n uk® £ÿ‘ J∏ ˆ\ıÿ˜£ı∏US Hÿ£ık
ˆ\¥P.
2. C¢vØı¬¿ P¿¬ ¨fl˜⁄ÿ”zvÿS GkUP®£mh
{h¡iU¯PP“ S‘zx ¬⁄ı&¬¯h |PÃa] {hzxP.
146

£ıhÆ & 8
C¢vØı¬¿ vmhmh® ˆ£ı∏Õıuıµ
¨fl˜⁄ÿ”¨Æ A‘¬Ø¿ ©ÿ÷Æ
ˆuı»¿~m£ ¡Õ∫a]≤Æ
Pÿ”¿ ˜{ıUP[P“
1. ©ın¡∫ _u¢vµzvfl ˜£ıx C¢vØı Gv∫ˆPısh
ˆ£ı∏Õıuıµ® §µa\¯⁄P“, vmhhºfl ˜{ıUP[P“
©ÿ÷Æ I¢uıskz vmh[P“ £ÿ‘Ø A‘¬¯⁄®
ˆ£”¿.
2. ©ın¡∫ I¢uıskz vmh[PŒfl ≠ªÆ A¯h¢u
\ıu¯⁄P¯Õ® ∂¢x ˆPı“–u¿.
3. ©ın¡∫ u¤Øı∫©ØÆ, uıµıÕ©ØÆ, EªP©ØÆ £ÿ‘≤Æ
C¯¡ S‘zu C¢vØı¬fl |¯ª∞¯⁄≤Æ ˆu∂¢x
ˆPı“–u¿.
4. ©ın¡∫ _u¢vµzvÿS® §fl⁄∫ C¢vØı¬¿ Hÿ£mh
A‘¬Ø¿, ˆuı»¿ ~m£ ¡Õ∫a]P¯Õ® ∂¢x
ˆPı“–u¿.
B[Qª Bm]ØıÕ∫P“ C¢vØı¬¯⁄U Pa\ı® ˆ£ı∏m
P¯Õ Eÿ£zv ˆ\¥≤Æ J∏ {ıhıP˜¡ ¯¡zv∏¢u⁄∫.
A¡∫P“ C¢vØı¬fl ˆuı»¿ ¨fl˜⁄ÿ”zv¯⁄®
”UPozu⁄∫. ¨u¿, CµshıÆ EªP®˜£ı∫PŒfl ˜£ıx
Hÿ£mh ˜u¯¡PŒ⁄ı¿ C¢vØı¬¿ ]‘x ˆuı»¿ ¡Õ∫a]
Hÿ£mhx. B⁄ı¿ A∆¡Õ∫a] £ıµımhzuUP AÕƒ
C¿¯ª. §∂¬¯⁄Øı¿ C¢vØ® ˆ£ı∏ÕıuıµÆ PƒÆ
£ıvUP®£mhx. §∂UP®£hıu C¢vØı¬º∏¢u _©ı∫ 68
¬ UPık }∫®£ı\⁄® £Sv £ıQÏuı›USa ˆ\fl”x.
Au⁄ı¿ {©x {ımifl Enƒ Eÿ£zvU S¯”¢ux. Aufl
¬¯Õ¡ıP C¢vØı¬¿ Enƒ uı¤Ø® £ÿ”ıUS¯”
147

Hÿ£mhx. {ımifl u¤{£∫ ¡∏©ı⁄¨Æ PƒÆ S¯”¡ı⁄
uıP C∏¢ux. ©UPŒfl ¡ıÃU¯Pz uµ¨Æ §flu[QØ |¯ª
∞˜ª˜Ø C∏¢ux. ˜©æÆ ©UP“ ˆuı¯P® ˆ£∏UPzuı¿
˜¡¯ª∞fl¯© Hÿ£mhx. G⁄˜¡ 1947&BÆ Bsk _u¢vµÆ
ˆ£ÿ”˜£ıx C¢vØı £ª ˆ£ı∏Õıuıµ® §µa\¯⁄P¯Õ
Gv∫ˆPı“Õ ˜¡si∞∏¢ux. A®§µa\¯⁄P¯Õ }UQh
C¢vØı vmhmh® ˆ£ı∏Õıuıµ ¡Õ∫a] ¨¯”∞¯⁄
˜©ÿˆPıshx.
vmhUS
, 1950 : G¢uˆ¡ı∏ }sh Pıª A¿ªx S÷QØ
Pıª S‘U˜Pı“P¯Õ≤Æ ˆ¡ÿ‘ˆ£”a ˆ\¥vh
˜¡skˆ©¤¿ ¨¯”Øı⁄ vmhh¿ A¡]Ø©ıQfl”x.
{ımiÿPı⁄ Azu¯PØ vmhh¿ £o∞¯⁄® ∂¢vh
˜{∏¬fl Aµ_ 1950&BÆ Bsk ©ı∫a v[PŒ¿ vmhU
S
¬¯⁄ A¯©zux. ˜{∏ Aufl u¯ª¡µıP ¬Õ[Q⁄ı∫.
vmhU S ¬fl £oP“ : 1. I¢uıskz vmh[P¯Õ
¡Szu¿, 2. {ımiÿSz ˜u¯¡Øı⁄ ˆ£ı∏“, ≠ªu⁄,
©¤u¡Õ Buıµ[P¯Õ ©v®§ku¿, 3. |v JxURk x¯”
P¯Õ |∫n∞zu¿, 4. {ımifl ˆ£ı∏Õıuıµ ¨fl˜⁄ÿ”z
v¯⁄ AÕ¬h¿ ©ÿ÷Æ, 5. Aµ]fl ˆ£ı∏ÕıuıµU
ˆPı“¯PP“, vmh[P“ ´uı⁄ B˜ªı\¯⁄P¯Õ ¡«[Su¿
BQØ⁄¡ıSÆ. 1952&BÆ Bsk {ımifl vmhmh®
ˆ£ı∏Õıuıµ ¡Õ∫a]∞¯⁄ ¡æ®£kzu ˜u]Ø ¡Õ∫a]U
S (National Development Council) G›Æ ©ÿˆ”ı∏ A¯©®Æ
Hÿ£kzu®£mhx. C∆¡¯©®§¿ ©ı|ª[P“ £[˜Pÿ÷
{ımifl ˆ£ı∏Õıuıµ ¡Õ∫a]US Jzx¯«UQfl”⁄.
vmhhºfl ˜{ıUP[P“ : C¢vØz vmhhºfl ¨UQØ
˜{ıUP[PÕıP (1) ˜u]Ø ¡∏¡ı¥, ©UPŒfl u¤{£∫
¡∏¡ı¥ BQØ⁄¡ÿ¯” AvP∂UPa ˆ\¥u¿, 2. ©UPŒfl
¡ıÃU¯Pz uµzv¯⁄ EØ∫zxu¿, 3. ¡÷¯©¯Ø≤Æ, ˜¡¯ª
∞fl¯©¯Ø≤Æ S¯”zu¿ ©ÿ÷Æ, 4. A¯⁄¡∏USÆ \©®
ˆ£ı∏Õıuıµ ¡ı¥®UP¯Õ ¡«[Qh¿ BQØ⁄ A¯©¢u⁄.
Pª®® ˆ£ı∏ÕıuıµÆ : ˜{∏¬fl Aµ_ Pª®® ˆ£ı∏Õı
uıµU (Mixed Economy) ˆPı“¯P∞¯⁄® §fl £ÿ‘Øx. Aufl
148

ˆ£ı∏“ Aµ_USa ˆ\ı¢u©ı⁄ (ˆ£ıx |÷¡⁄[P“)
u¤Øı∏USa ˆ\ı¢u©ı⁄ (u¤Øı∫ |÷¡⁄[P“) Cµsk
ˆuı»¿ |÷¡⁄[P–˜© {ımi¿ CØ[SÆ Gfl£uıSÆ.
1950&BÆ BskPŒ¿ ˆuı»¿ ¨fl˜⁄ÿ”zvfl ysP“
G⁄®£kÆ ]ª Ai®£¯h P⁄µPz ˆuı»ÿ\ı¯ªP¯Õ
A¯©zvh ˆ£∏Æ ≠ªu⁄Æ ˜u¯¡®£mhx. Azu¯PØ
ˆuı»¿P“ _©ı∫ 20&v¯⁄ 1948&BÆ Bsk, 1956&BÆ Bsk
|¯”˜¡ÿ”®£mh Aµ]fl ˆuı»¿ ˆPı“¯Pz w∫©ı⁄[P“
A¯hØıÕÆ ˆ\¥u⁄. A¯¡P“ £ıxPı® ©ÿ÷Æ uÕ¡ıhz
ˆuı»¿P“, ¬sˆ¡Œ Bµı¥a], Aq \Uv, ¡ı⁄≈∫v (Airways),
P®£¿ Pmku¿, fl\ıµ® ˆ£ı∏mP“, ˆuıh∫
¡siP“ (Railways), GLSz ˆuı»ÿ \ı¯ªP“, Gsˆn¥
©ÿ÷Æ Gsˆn¥ ˆ£ı∏mP“ ©ÿ÷Æ fl Eÿ£zv ˜£ıfl”
£ª ˆuı»¿PÕıSÆ. Cz ˆuı»¿PŒfl ¡Õ∫a]UPı⁄
{h¡iU¯PP¯Õ Aµ_ ˜©ÿˆPıshx. §fl⁄∫ ¡[QP–Æ,
Pı®•mk (Insurance) |÷¡⁄[P–Æ Th Aµ]fl Pmk®
£ımifl Rà ˆPısk ¡µ®£mh⁄. 1956&BÆ Bsk C¢vØ®
£ıµı–©fl”Æ \©u∫© \¨uıØ A¯©®§¯⁄ |÷ƒ¡¯u
Aµ]fl \≠P, ˆ£ı∏ÕıuıµU ˆPı“¯PPŒfl ˜{ıUP©ıP
Hÿ÷U ˆPıshx. Aufl ˆ£ı∏“ {ımifl ˆ£ı∏Õıuıµa
ˆ\Ø¿P“ ¯©Øz vmhh¿ ≠ªÆ {¯h ˆ£÷Æ
Gfl£uıSÆ. AUˆPı“¯P≤Æ Th u¤Øı∫ ˆuı»ÿ\ı¯ªP“
´x Aµ]fl Pmk®£ık AvP∂UP ¡»˜PıºØx. u¤Øı∫
x¯” Aµ]fl E∂©zxhfl (License) uıfl ˆuı»ÿ\ı¯ªP“
A¯©zvh A›©vUP®£mh⁄. xo Eÿ£zv, ]ˆ©sm,
˜©ımhı∫ ¡ıP⁄[P“, CØ¢vµz ˆuı»¿, ]÷ ˆuı»¿P“
©ÿ÷Æ Si¯\z ˆuı»¿P“ BQØ⁄ u¤Øı∂fl ¨Øÿ]US
¬h®£mh⁄. B⁄ı¿ 1991&BÆ Bsiº∏¢x ˆuıh[QØ
uıµıÕ ©Ø©ıu¿, u¤Øı∫ ©Ø©ıu¿ ©ÿ÷Æ 20&BÆ
°ÿ”ısifl C÷v I¢x BskPŒ¿ Hÿ£mh EªP
©Ø©ıu¿ BQØ¡ÿ‘ÿS® §fl⁄∫ As¯©U Pıªzv¿
Pª®® ˆ£ı∏ÕıuıµU ˆPı“¯P ©ıÿ”zvÿS“ÕıQ E“Õx.
149

I¢uıskz vmh[P–Æ, \ıu¯⁄P–Æ : C¢vØı Cx¡¯µ
Jfl£x I¢uıskz vmh[P¯Õ {¯h¨¯”®£kzv≤“Õx.
uÿ˜£ıx £zuı¡x I¢uıskz vmhÆ (2002&-2007) ˆ\غ¿
E“Õx. ¨u¿ I¢uıskz vmhÆ (1951&1956) 1951&BÆ Bsk
ˆuıh[P®£mhx. AzvmhÆ ˜¡Õıs¯©US ¨UQØzx¡Æ
AŒzux. }∫®£ı\⁄Æ, fl Eÿ£zv, ˆuı»¿, ˜£ıUS¡µzx
˜£ıfl” ©ÿ” x¯”PŒfl ¡Õ∫a]USÆ P¡⁄Æ ˆ\æzu®
£mhx. £¿˜{ıUS {v }∫z vmh[PÕı⁄ uı˜©ıu∫ vmhÆ
(˜©ÿS ¡[PÆ, •Pı∫), J∂\ı¬¿ ©Pı{v∞fl S÷U˜P Pmh®
£mk“Õ ÓµıSm A¯n (EªQfl }Õ©ı⁄ A¯n), \mª‰
{v∞fl S÷U˜P Pmh®£mk“Õ £Uµı {[P¿ A¯n
(C¢vØı¬fl P®ˆ£∂Ø £¿˜{ıUS {v}∫z vmhÆ),
x[P£zµı vmhÆ (B¢vµı, P∫{ıhPÆ), ˜Pı]z vmhÆ
(•Pı∫), \ıÆ£¿ vmhÆ (©zvØ® §µ˜u\Æ, Cµı·Ïuı⁄Æ),
©≥µıUÊz vmhÆ (˜©ÿS ¡[PÆ), {ıPı∫·˙⁄\ıP∫ vmhÆ
(B¢vµ®§µ˜u\Æ) BQØ⁄ A¯©UP®£h {h¡iU¯PP“
˜©ÿˆPı“Õ®£mh⁄. Cµshı¡x I¢uıskz vmhÆ
(1956&1961)
P⁄µPz ˆuı»ÿ\ı¯ªP–US ¨UQØzx¡Æ
AŒzux. §ªı¥, ˆ£ıUPı˜µı, x∫Pıß∫, π∫˜Pªı BQØ
{ıflS Ch[PŒ¿ GLSz
ˆuı»ÿ\ı¯ªP“ Hÿ£kzu®
£mh⁄. TkuªıP ˜\ªÆ, ¬\ıP®£mi⁄Æ, £zµı¡v
˜£ıfl” Ch[PŒæÆ GLSz ˆuı»ÿ\ı¯ªP“ A¯©UP®
£mk“Õ⁄. ˜Pı∞fl, ˜Pı∫£ı BQØ Ch[PŒ¿ Aæ¤Øz
ˆuı»ÿ\ı¯ªP“ x¡[P®£mh⁄. ˜Pzv∂, AU¤Sshı,
µıPı, ©ªfl‰Pflm ˜£ıfl” Ch[PŒ¿ uıµa _µ[P[P“
˜uıfl‘⁄. xzu {ıPzv¯⁄ E∏UQ E˜ªıPz¯u® §∂z
ˆukUSÆ B¯ªP“ Eu¥ß∂¿, ufl£ızvÿS (Dhanbad)
A∏QæÆ A¯©UP®£mh⁄. ≠fl”ı¡x I¢uıskz vmhÆ
(1961 & 1966) ˜¡Õıs¯©, ˆuı»¿x¯” BQØ CµsiÿS˜©
¨UQØzx¡Æ AŒzux. ≠fl”ı¡x I¢uısk vmh
Pıªzv¿uıfl C¢vØı¬¿ £_¯©® µm] (˜¡Õıs¯©
¨fl˜⁄ÿ”Æ) ˆPısk ¡µ®£mhx. £_¯©®µm]∞⁄ı¿
C¢vØı Enƒz ufl¤¯”¬¯⁄® ˆ£ÿ”x.
150

1949&50&BÆ Bsi¿ ˆ©ızu Enƒ uıflØ
Eÿ£zv∞fl AÕƒ 54,921,000 hflPÕıSÆ. 1970 & 71 BÆ
Bsi¿ Ax 108,422,000 hflPÕıP EØ∫¢ux. A˜u ˜£ı¿
AUPıª Pmhzv˜ª˜Ø 6,759,000 hflPÕıP C∏¢u
˜Pıx¯© Eÿ£zv 26,477,000 hflPÕıP EØ∫¢ux.
1967&BÆ Bsk ¨u¿ 1969&BÆ Bsk¡¯µ Kµıskz
vmh[P“ (Annual Plans) ˆ\Ø¿£kzu®£mh⁄. {ıflPı¡x
I¢uıskz vmhÆ (1969 & 1974) ˜¡Õıs¯© ¡Õ∫a]¯Ø
BsiÿS 5 ¬ UPıhıPƒÆ, ˆuı»¿ ¡Õ∫a]¯Ø
BsiÿS 9 ¬ UPıhıPƒÆ C∏UP CªUS |∫n∞zux.
1951&BÆ Bsk ¨u¿ GkzxU ˆPı“Õ®£mh 600 ˆ£∂Ø,
{kzuµ }∫®£ı\⁄z vmh[PŒ¿ 360 vmh[P“ 1973&BÆ
BsiÿS“ |¯”˜¡ÿ”®£mh⁄. I¢uı¡x
I¢uıskz
vmhÆ (1974 & 1979) J∏ }shPıª Ps˜nımhz vmh
©ıSÆ. AzvmhÆ 1985&BÆ Bsk ¡¯µ ˆ\Ø¿£hUTiØ
10 Bsk vmh©ıSÆ. AzvmhU Pıªzv¿ P∂§ Ìm˜hı
(¡÷¯© APÿ”¿) G›Æ vØ ¨«UPÆ £Øfl£kzu®
£mhx. AUPıªPmhzv¿uıfl vmhhºfl ˜{ıUP©ıP
\≠P }v∞fl ¡Õ∫a]≤Æ ˜uıfl‘Øx. 1973, 1978 ©ÿ÷Æ
1980&BÆ BskPŒ¿ C¢vØ Aµ_ ˆuı»¿
ˆPı“¯P
w∫©ı⁄[P¯Õ |¯”˜¡ÿ‘Øx. 1970&BÆ BskPŒ¿
ˆuıh[P®£mh £ı¿ Eÿ£zv® ˆ£∏UPz vmhzv⁄ı¿
(Operation Flood) 1997&BÆ Bsk C¢vØı £ı¿ Eÿ£zv∞¿
EªQfl ¨u¿ Chz¯u® ˆ£”¨i¢ux. ˜Pı» ¡Õ∫®z
vmhzv⁄ı¿ C¢vØı ¨m¯h Eÿ£zv∞¿ I¢uı¡x
Chzv¯⁄® §izux. Aufl ¬¯Õ¡ıP {ımifl ≠¯ª,
¨kUSPŒˆª¿ªıÆ ¨m¯h uıµıÕ©ıPU Q¯hUQfl”x.
vmhmh® ˆ£ı∏Õıuıµ ¨fl˜⁄ÿ”zv⁄ı¿ C¢vØı¬¿
ˆuı»¿ Eÿ£zv® ˆ£∏Q≤“Õx. J∆ˆ¡ı∏ ¡mhıµ¨Æ,
\© ¡Õ∫a]∞¯⁄U Psk“Õx. B”ı¡x I¢uıskz vmhÆ
(1980 & 1985), H«ı¡x vmhÆ (1985 & 1990), Gmhı¡x vmhÆ
(1992 & 1997) ©ÿ÷Æ Jfl£uı¡x vmhÆ (1997 & 2002) BQØ
A¯⁄zxÆ ¡Õ∫a] CªUQ¯⁄ |∫n∞zx ˆ\Ø¿£kzu®
£mh⁄. A¯¡P“ A¯⁄zxÆ ˜¡Õıs¯©, ˆuı»¿,
151

©¤u¡ÕÆ, CØÿ¯P ©ÿ÷Æ \≠PU Pmh¯©®
¨fl˜⁄ÿ”Æ, ˜¡¯ª¡ı¥® E∏¡ıUPÆ, ˜u]Ø ¡∏¡ı¯Ø
EØ∫zxu¿ ©ÿ÷Æ ¡÷¯© APÿ”¿ BQØ ˜{ıUP[P¯ÕU
ˆPısk {¯h¨¯”®£kzu®£mh⁄.
¨u¿ I¢uıskz vmhÆ Aµ]fl ˆ\ª¬⁄z
ˆuı¯PØıP π£ı¥ 2,400 ˜PıiP¯ÕU ˆPısi∏¢ux.
Ax Jfl£uı¡x vmhU Pıªzv¿ π£ı¥ 8,59,000
˜PıiØıP EØ∫¢ux.
1950 & 51&BÆ Bsi¿ π£ı¥ 9,140 ˜PıiØıP C∏¢u
C¢vØı¬fl ˜u]Ø ¡∏©ı⁄Æ 1998 & 99&BÆ Bsi¿ π£ı¥
16,80,000 ˜PıiØıP EØ∫¢ux. A˜u ˜£ı¿ 1950&51&BÆ
Bsi¿ π£ı¥ 255 ©mk˜© C∏¢u u¤{£∫ ¡∏©ı⁄Æ 2000
& 2001&BÆ Bsi¿ π£ı¥ 16,500 AÕ¬ÿS EØ∫¢ux. 1974&BÆ
Bsi¿ 55 ¬ UPıhıP C∏¢u ¡÷¯©U ˜PımiÿSU RÃ
¡ıâu ©UP“ ˆuı¯P∞fl AÕƒ 2000&BÆ Bsi¿ 26
¬ UPıhıPU S¯”¢ux (Qµı©®”[PŒ¿ π£ı¥ 328/&USÆ
Rà ©ıu ¡∏©ı⁄¨¯hØ¡∫P–Æ, {P∫®”[PŒ¿ π£ı¥
454/&USU Rà ©ıu ¡∏©ı⁄¨¯hØ¡∫P–Æ ¡÷¯©U
˜PımiÿSU Rà ¡ı Æ ©UPÕıPU P∏u®£kQfl”⁄∫).
{ımi¿ vmhmh® ˆ£ı∏Õıuıµ ¨fl˜⁄ÿ”Æ Hÿ£mk“Õ
˜£ıvæÆ Cfl⁄¨Æ {ıÆ ¡÷¯©, ˜¡¯ª∞fl¯©,
ˆ£ı∏Õıuıµ Hÿ”zuıà ˜£ıfl” §µa\¯⁄P¯Õa \¢vUP
˜¡si≤“Õx. Czu¯PØ |¯ªUS ¨UQØ PıµnÆ
©UP“ˆuı¯P® ˆ£∏UP˜©ØıSÆ.
u¤Øı∫ ©Ø©ıu¿ : Aµ_USa ˆ\ı¢u©ı⁄ ˆuı»ÿ\ı¯ª
P¯Õz u¤Øı∫ ©Ø©ıUSÆ ˆPı“¯P 1980&BÆ BskPŒ¿
E∏¡ı⁄x. CUˆPı“¯P C[Qªı¢v¿ uım\∫ \Pı®uzv¿
(1976&89) ˆuıh[QØx. CUˆPı“¯P ¡Õ∫¢u, ¡Õ∫a]
ˆ£ÿ÷¡∏Æ C∏¡¯P {ıkP–USÆ £µ¬Øx. Aµ_ ©mk˜©
Pmk®£ımi¿ ¯¡zv∏¢u ¬©ı⁄® ˜£ıUS¡µzx,
Cµ∞¿˜¡x¯”, P®£¿ ˜£ıUS¡µzx, fl Eÿ£zv, }∫
|¯ªØ[P“, ˆuı¯ªz ˆuıh∫zx¯” ˜£ıfl” Ai®£¯h
152

¨UQØzx¡Æ ¡ı¥¢u ˆuı»¿P“ u¤Øı∫ x¯”USz v”¢x
¬h®£mh⁄. 1991&BÆ BsiÿS® §”S ˆuıh[QØ uıµıÕ
©Ø©ıuº⁄ı¿ u¤Øı∫ ©Ø©ıu¿ ˜¡PÆ ˆ£ÿ”x.
uıµıÕ ©Ø©ıu¿ : Aµ_ ©mk˜© E∂¯© ˆPısk {hzv≤Æ
Pmk®£kzv≤Æ ¡¢u ]ª ˆuı»¿P¯Õz u¤Øı∫
|÷¡⁄[P“ ˆuıh[P ¨iØı©¿ ¬vUP®£mi∏¢u
u¯hP“ uÕ∫zu®£mh⁄. C¢vØı¬¿ CUˆPı“¯P
1991&BÆ Bsiº∏¢x §fl£ÿ”®£mk ¡∏Qfl”x. uıµıÕ
©Ø©ıUPæUS® §fl ˆ£ıxzx¯”US G⁄ C¢vØı¬¿
JxUP®£mi∏¢u ˆuı»¿PŒfl GsoU¯P 17º∏¢x
3BPU S¯”¢ux. uÿ˜£ıx u¤Øı∫ |÷¡⁄[P–Æ GLS,
¬©ı⁄® ˜£ıUS¡µzx, P®£¿ ˜£ıUS¡µzx, P⁄µP
CØ¢vµ[P“ ©mk©¿ªıx £ıxPı® ˆuı»ÿ\ı¯ªP¯ÕU
Th A¯©zx {hzvh A›©vUP®£kQfl”⁄. A˜u ˜£ı¿
E∂©[P“ (Licenses) ¡«[S¡uÿPı⁄ \mh[P–Æ, {¯h
¨¯”P–Æ, C”US©v, Hÿ÷©vUPı⁄ A›©vP–Æ,
¬¯ªUPmk®£ık, ¬ÿ£¯⁄z ˆuıh∫£ı⁄ \mh
vmh[P–Æ uÕ∫zu®£mk“Õ⁄. Czu¯PØ {h¡iU¯PP“
uıµıÕ ©Ø©ıu¿ G⁄ A¯«UP®£kQfl”⁄. uıµıÕ©Ø
©ıuºfl Akzu Pmh {h¡iU¯PØıP Aµ]fl ¨uΩk
¬ªUP¿ ˆPı“¯P (Disinvestment) {¯h¨¯”US ¡¢x“Õx.
1991&BÆ Bsk A‘¬UP®£mh vØ ˆuı»¿ ˆPı“¯P
(New Industrial Policy) uÕ¡ıh, EØ∫ ~m£z ˆuı»¿P“,
Pmh¯©® ¡\vP“ BQØ⁄¡ÿ¯” Aµ_ ¨uΩmiÿS∂Ø
x¯”P“ G⁄ A‘¬zx“Õx. ¨uΩk S¯”®U ˆPı“¯P
∞fl£i Aµ_ u⁄x ¡Õ[P¯Õ® ˆ£∏UP ˆ£ıxzx¯”, Aµ_a
\ı∫ |÷¡⁄[PŒæ“Õ £[S ¨uΩmi¯⁄z u¤Øı∏US
¬ÿP ˆuıh[QØx. u¤Øı∫x¯” ˆuı»¿ ∑vØıP ¡ÕµƒÆ
˜£ımi ˜£ımkU ˆPısk CØ[PƒÆ FUS¬UP®
£kQfl”x. ˆ£ıxzx¯” Czu¯PØ \¡ı¿P¯Õa \¢vUPƒÆ
Au⁄ı¿ Pz v”¯©≤hfl ˆ\تıÿ”ƒÆ ˜¡siØ |¯ª
Hÿ£mk“Õx.
EªP ©Ø©ıu¿ : EªP {ıkP“ ˆ£ı∏Õıuıµ ∑v∞¿ \∫¡˜u\
AÕ¬¿ Jfl¯”ˆØıfl÷ \ı∫¢vØ[P ˜¡si≤“Õ⁄. A¯¡
153

EªPz ˆuı»¿P“, ¡∫zuPÆ, \¢¯u ˜£ıfl” |¯ªPŒ¿
u[P¯Õ Jfl÷£kzvU ˆPı“Õ ˜¡siØx A¡]Ø©ı
Qfl”x. uP¡¿ ˆuıh∫® µm]∞⁄ı¿ EªPÆ Cfl÷ J∏
Qµı©©ıP CØ[SQfl”x. Czu¯PØ |¯ª∞¿ IUQØ
{ıkP“ \¯£∞fl (U.N.O) E÷® {ıkP“ £ª Jfl÷ ˜\∫¢x
1995&BÆ Bsk \⁄¡∂z v[P“ 1&BÆ {ı“ EªP ¡∫zuP
|÷¡⁄zv¯⁄ (World Trade Organisation) A¯©zu⁄. EªP
{ıkP–UQ¯h∞¿ ¡oPzv¯⁄ ˜©Æ£kzx¡x Aufl
˜{ıUP©ıSÆ. Aufl u¯ª¯©ØPÆ ˆ·¤¡ı¬¿ A¯©¢
x“Õx.
EªP ¡[Q |÷¡⁄zvfl E÷® {ıkP“ u[P–US“
uıµıÕ £µÏ£µ ¡∫zuP J®£¢u[P¯Õa ˆ\¥x ˆPı“Qfl”⁄.
A¢{ıkP–UQ¯h∞¿ ˆ£ı∏mP“, ≠ªu⁄Æ, ˆuı»¿
~m£Æ ©ÿ÷Æ ˆuı»ªıÕ∫ u¯h∞fl‘a ˆ\¿ª A›©vUP®
£h¿ ˜¡skÆ. A¢{ıkP“ u[P–US“ ¡∫zuPz u¯h
P¯Õz uÕ∫zxu¿ ˜¡skÆ. C”US©v, Hÿ÷©v ´x
|∫n∞UP®£mk“Õ AÕƒP¯Õ A¢{ıkP“ APÿ”¿
˜¡skÆ. A˜u ˜{µzv¿ EªP ¡[Q |÷¡⁄zvfl |Øv
P¯Õ A¢{ıkP“ Hÿ÷U ˆPı“Õ ˜¡skÆ. C¢|÷¡⁄Æ
¬vUQfl” ¡∫zuP |£¢u¯⁄P¯Õ≤Æ E÷® {ıkP“ Hÿ÷
A¯¡P¯Õ® §fl£ÿ÷u¿ ˜¡skÆ. Czu¯PØ |¯ª EªP
©Ø©ıu¿ ¨¯” G⁄ A¯«UP®£kQfl”x. C¢vØı EªP
¡[P |÷¡⁄zvfl K∫ E÷® {ıhıSÆ.
_u¢vµzvÿS® §fl A‘¬Ø¿ ©ÿ÷Æ ˆuı»¿ ~m£
¡Õ∫a]P“ : _u¢vµzvÿS ¨fl⁄∫ C¢vØı ˜·.]. ˜£ıÏ,
].¬. Cµı©fl, GÏ. Cµı©ı›·fl ˜£ıfl” ¬gbı¤P¯ÕU
Pshx. _u¢vµzvÿS® §fl⁄∫ C¢vØ A‘¬Ø¿, ˆuı»¿
~m£ ¡µªıÿ‘¿ J∏ vØ AzvØıØÆ ˆuıh[QØx.
·¡Ì∫ªı¿ ˜{∏ A‘¬Ø¿, ˆuı»¿~m£ £Ø¤¿ S¢u
{ƧU¯PU ˆPısi∏¢uı∫. C¢vØı¬¿ Av˜¡P \≠P,
ˆ£ı∏Õıuıµ ©ıÿ”[P¯ÕU ˆPısk ¡∏¡v¿ A¯¡P¯Õ
P® £Ø›“Õ \ıu⁄[PÕıPU ¯PØıÕªıÆ G⁄ A¡∫
154

P∏v⁄ı∫. G⁄˜¡ A¡µx Aµ_, A‘¬Ø¿, ˆuı»¿ ~m£
Bµı¥a]¯Ø FUS¬zux. 1958&BÆ Bsk C¢vØ®
£ıµı–©fl”Æ ˜{∏¬fl ""A‘¬Ø¿ ˆPı“¯Pz w∫©ı⁄z
v¯⁄'' Hÿ÷U ˆPıshx. C¢vØı¬¿ A‘¬Ø¿, ˆuı»¿
~m£ ¨fl˜⁄ÿ”zv¯⁄U ˆPısk ¡∏¡v¿ ≠fl÷
|÷¡⁄[P“ P ¨UQØ® £o∞¯⁄ Bÿ‘¡∏Qfl”⁄.
A¯¡: 1. Ga.˜·. £ı£ı¬fl u¯ª¯©∞¿ CØ[QØ Aq
\Uvz x¯” (Department of Atomic Energy (D.A.E.), 2. GÏ.GÏ.
£m{ıP∫ u¯ª¯©∞¿ ˆ\Ø¿£mh A‘¬Ø¿,
ˆuı»¿
Bµı¥a]U P«PÆ (Council of Scientific and Industrial Research
(CSIR) ©ÿ÷Æ 3. i.GÏ. ˜Pızuı∂∞fl Rà ˆ\تıÿ‘Ø
£ıxPı® A‘¬Ø¿ |÷¡⁄Æ (Defence Science Organisation
(DSO) BQØ⁄¡ıSÆ. 1947&BÆ Bsk ˜u]Ø CØÿ§Ø¿
£∂˜\ıu¯⁄U ThÆ ˆh¿º∞¿ A¯©¢vh ˜{∏ AiUP¿
{ımi⁄ı∫.
Ca˜\ıu¯⁄UTh AiUP¿º¿ ø∞ £ıÏh∂fl
¡ı\P©ı⁄ ""£∂˜\ıu¯⁄U ThÆ G⁄® ˆ£Ø∂mk
A¯«UP®£kÆ ¤u ¡]®§h[PŒ¿ B∫¡Æ ˆPı“P G⁄
{ıfl E[P¯ÕU ˆPg_Q˜”fl. A¯¡P¯Õ Cµmi®£ıUQ
¡Õ∫a]دhØU ˜Pı∏[P“. C¯¡P“uıfl Gv∫Pıª
˜Pı∞¿P“ & {fl¯©≤Æ, ©QÃƒÆ u∏Æ ]”¢u ˜Pı∞¿P“.
C[Suıfl ©¤u C⁄Æ EØ∫¢xÆ, ¡º¯© ˆ£ÿ÷Æ
{flSÆ ¡Õ∫Qfl”x'' Gfl£x ChÆ ˆ£ÿ÷“Õx.
Aq Bµı¥a] : 1948&BÆ Bsk BPÏk v[PŒ¿ Aq
\UvU S
A¯©UP®£mhx. A∆¡¯©® 1954&BÆ Bsk
˜Ìı ·Ìı[R∫ £ı£ı u¯ª¯©∞fl Rà ¨ ¡\v
ˆPısh x¯”ØıP ©ıÿ‘د©UP®£mhx. C¢vØı¬fl
Aq \Uv vmhzvÿS AizuÕmh¡∫ £ı£ı˜¡. 1957&BÆ
Bsk ¨Æ£ı∞¿ £ı£ı Aq Bµı¥a] ¯©ØÆ A¯©UP®
£mhx. C¢vØı Aq \Uv¯Ø A¯©v ˜{ıUP©ı⁄ fl
Eÿ£zvUS® £Øfl£kzxQfl”x. uıµıß∂¿ A¯©UP®£mh
C¢vØı¬fl ¨u¿ Aq fl |¯ªØÆ 1969&BÆ Bsk
AU˜hı£∫ v[PŒ¿ fl Eÿ£zv¯Øz ˆuıh[QØx. A˜u
155

˜£ıfl÷ C∏ |¯ªØ[P“ Cµı·Ïuı¤¿ ˜Pıhı Gfl”
ChzvæÆ, uÃ{ımi¿ ˆ\fl¯⁄UP∏Qæ“Õ P¿£ıUPz
væÆ ˆuıh[P®£mh⁄. {ıflPı¡x Ezvµ® §µ˜u\zv¿
æ“Õ {˜µıµı Gfl›hzv¿ A¯©UP®£mhx. ˆuı»¿
¨fl˜⁄ÿ”zvÿS P A¡]Ø©ı⁄ fl\ıµÆ, }∫ fl
Eÿ£zv ≠ªÆ ©mkfl‘ C∆¡qfl |¯ªØ[PÕıæÆ
Eÿ£zv ˆ\¥Ø®£mk AŒUP®£kQfl”x.
C¢vØı Cµı·Ïuı¤æ“Õ ˆ£ıUµıfl
Gflݮ
Chzv¿ 1974&BÆ Bsk ˜© ©ıuÆ 18&BÆ {ı–Æ,
1999&BÆ Bsk ˜© 11&BÆ {ı–Æ A¯©vØıP Aq
ˆ¡i®a ˜\ıu¯⁄¯Ø {hzvØx.
A‘¬Ø¿ ©ÿ÷Æ ˆuı»¿ Bµı¥a]U P«PÆ : 1942&BÆ
Bsk A¯©UP®£mh A‘¬Ø¿ ©ÿ÷Æ ˆuı»¿ Bµı¥a]U
P«PÆ (Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR))
_u¢vµzvÿS® §fl⁄∫ ©ıÿ‘د©UP®£mhx. ˜{∏ Aufl
u¯ª¡µı⁄ı∫. Pà ˆ£ÿ” ¬gbı¤Øı⁄ GÏ.GÏ.
£m{ıP∫ (S.S.Bhatnagar) ˆ£ı÷®§¿ AUP«PÆ ¬h®£mhx.
A¡µx ^∂Ø ¨Øÿ]∞⁄ı¿ 1964&BÆ BsiÿS“
C¢vØı¬fl £ª £ıP[PŒæÆ ¨®£x ˜u]Ø £∂˜\ıu¯⁄U
Th[P“ A¯©UP®£mh⁄. C¢vØı ¨ ¡xÆ uÿ˜£ıx
£¿˜¡÷ ¯©Ø[P“ ˆuıh[P®£mk ˆ\تıÿ‘ ¡∏Qfl”⁄.
¬sˆ¡Œ Bµı¥a] : C¢vØı¬¿
¬sˆ¡Œ Bµı¥a] £ıµımhzuUP
AÕ¬¿ ¡Õ∫a] ˆ£ÿ÷“Õx.
ˆ£[P—¯µz u¯ª¯©∞h©ıPU
ˆPısk ˆ\Ø¿£mk ¡∏Æ C¢vØ
¬sˆ¡Œ Bµı¥a] |÷¡⁄Æ
(Indian Space Research Organisation
[ISRO]) ¬UµÆ H. \ıµı£ı∞fl ^∂Ø
£oØı¿ ¬∂¡ıUP©¯h¢ux. C¢vØ
¬sˆ¡Œ Bµı¥a] ¯©Ø[P“,
P∫{ıhPı¬fl u¯ª{Pµı⁄
ˆ£[P—∂æÆ
(I.GÏ.B∫.K),
˜PµÕı¬¿ v∏¡⁄¢uµÆ A∏Q¿
156
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xÆ£ı (¬UµÆ \ıµı£ı¥
¬sˆ¡Œ ¯©ØÆ) Gfl›Æ
ChzvæÆ, B¢vµ®
§µ˜u\zv¿
ˇÌ∂
˜Pımhı (\zwÏ u¡ıfl
¬sˆ¡Œ ¯©ØÆ)
Gfl›hzvæÆ, uÃ
{ımi¿ ©˜Pı¢v∂
Q∂
(vµ¡ Hƒ ¨¯”P“
¯©ØÆ, Liquid Propulsion
Systems Centre) Gfl›
hzvæÆ, AP©uı£ızv
B∂Ø£mhı ˆ\Øÿ¯PU ˜Pı“
æÆ A¯©¢x“Õ⁄. C¢vØı¬¿ ˆ\Øÿ¯PU ˜Pı“
ˆ\æzxÆ vmhÆ 1972&BÆ Bsk ¨u¿ ˆuıh[QØx.
1975&BÆ Bsk C¢vØı u⁄x ¨u¿ ˆ\Øÿ¯PU ˜PıÕı⁄
B∂Ø£mhı¯¡ ¬so¿ ˆ\æzvØx. £ıÏPµı Jfl÷,
£ıÏPµı Cµsk ˜£ıfl” ˆ\Øÿ¯PU ˜Pı“P¯Õ≤Æ
C¢vØı ¬so¿ ˆ\æzv≤“Õx. ˆ\Øÿ¯PU ˜Pı“
ˆ\æzxÆ ¬sˆ¡ŒU PªflP¯Õ≤Æ (Satellite Launching
Vehicles (SLVs), v”flS ˆ\Øÿ¯PU ˜Pı“ ˆ\æzxÆ
¬sˆ¡ŒU PªflP¯Õ≤Æ (Augmented Satellite Launching
Vehicles (ASLVs)), ߯Øa _ÿ÷Æ ˆ\Øÿ¯PU ˜Pı“
ˆ\æzxÆ ¬sˆ¡ŒU PªflP¯Õ≤Æ (Geo-Synchronous
Satellite Launching Vehicles (GSLVs)), x∏¡ ˆ\Øÿ¯PU ˜Pı“
ˆ\æzxÆ ¬sˆ¡ŒU PªflP¯Õ≤Æ (Polar Satellite Launch
Vehicles (PSLVs), C¢vØı ¬sˆ¡Œ∞¿ ˆ\æzv≤“Õx.
1982&BÆ Bsk ˆuıh[Q ¡∂¯\ØıP ¬so¿
ˆ\æzu®£mh C¢vØz ˜u]Ø ˆ\Øÿ¯PU ˜Pı“P“ (Indian
National Satellites (INSATs) {Æ {ımifl ˆuı¯ªU Pım],
ˆuı¯ªz ˆuıh∫, ¡Õ Buıµ[P¯Õ AÕ¬ku¿ ©ÿ÷Æ
|∫¡Qzu¿, _ÿ÷a `«¯ªU PsPıozu¿, ¡ı¤¯ª
©ÿ÷Æ uP¡¿ ˆuı»¿ ~m£ ¨¯”P“ BQØ x¯”PŒ¿
µm]Pµ ©ıÿ”[P¯ÕU ˆPısk ¡¢x“Õ⁄.
Ph¿ Bµı¥a]∞æÆ (Oceanography) C¢vØ ¬gbı¤
P“ ¨zv¯µ £vzx“Õ⁄∫. Aflhı∫miPı¬¿ {©x
¬gbı¤P“ J∏ Bµı¥a] ¯©Øzv¯⁄ A¯©zx“Õ⁄∫.
157

Aufl ˆ£Ø∫ uU]fl P[˜Pız∂ Gfl£uıSÆ. C¢vØı¬¿
£_¯©® µm] Hÿ£h GÆ.GÏ.
_¡ı{ıu¤fl
˜¡Õıs¯© Bµı¥a]P“ ˆ£∏Æ x¯n∂¢x“Õ⁄. {©x
HƒP¯nz ˆuı»¿ ~m£Æ H.§.˜·. A®x¿ Pªıfl
£[PŒ®§⁄ı¿ ¨fl˜⁄‘≤“Õx. Enƒ, G∂\Uv, Eµ[P“,
CØÿ§Ø¿, ˆ©flˆ£ı∏mP“, ¡ıfi∫v, Pv∂ØUPÆ,
˜¡v∞Ø¿ ˜£ıfl” £¿˜¡÷ x¯”PŒ¿ C¢vØı¬¿
Bµı¥a]P“ ¨fl˜⁄‘≤“Õ⁄.
{©x {ımiÿSz ˜u¯¡Øı⁄ ˆuı»¿~m£®
£oØıÕ∫PŒfl GsoU¯P¯Ø AÕ¬h ˜{∏¬fl Aµ_
1947&BÆ Bsk A‘¬Ø¿ ©¤u Bÿ”¿ S
Jfl‘¯⁄
A¯©zux. AUS ¬fl Po®§ÿS® §fl ˆ\fl¯⁄,
ˆh¿º, Pıflß∫, PµUß∫, ¨Æ£ı¥ ˜£ıfl” I¢x
Ch[PŒ¿ C¢vØz ˆuı»¿ ~m£ |÷¡⁄[P“ (Indian
Institutes of Technology) A¯©UP®£mh⁄. §fl⁄∫ π∫Q, A\ıÆ
£SvPŒ¿ ˜©æÆ C∏ |÷¡⁄[P“ Hÿ£mh⁄. C¢
|÷¡⁄[P“ £∞ÿ] ˆ£ÿ” ˆuı»¿ ~m£ ¡¿æ{∫P¯Õ
E∏¡ıUSQfl”⁄. ˆuı»¿ ~m£ ¡¿æ{∫P¯Õ®
£∞ÿ÷¬®£v¿ C¢vØı, Aˆ©∂UP IUQØ {ıkP“,
CµËØı¬ÿS Akzx ≠fl”ıÆ |¯ª∞æ“Õx. Po¤®
ˆ£ı‘ØıÕ∫P–USÆ C¢vØı¬¿ £g\¿¯ª. {©x
{ımi¿ Po¤ ¬gbı¤P–Æ, £oØıÕ∫P–Æ HµıÕ©ıP
E“Õ⁄∫.
Pÿ”¿ A¯hƒP“
1. ©ın¡∫ vmhUS ¬fl £oP¯ÕU S‘®§h ¨i≤Æ.
2. ©ın¡∫ vmhhºfl ˜{ıUP[P¯ÕU T”¨i≤Æ.
3. ©ın¡∫ I¢uıskz vmh[P“ £ÿ‘≤Æ
Azvmh[PŒfl Rà Hÿ£mh \ıu¯⁄P¯Õ®£ÿ‘≤Æ
G u ¨i≤Æ.
4. ©ın¡∫ u¤Øı∫ ©Ø©ıu¿, uıµıÕ ©Ø©ıu¿ ©ÿ÷Æ
EªP ©Ø©ıu¿ £ÿ‘ ¬¡∂UP ¨i≤Æ.
5. ©ın¡∫ C¢vØı¬¿ Hÿ£mk“Õ A‘¬Ø¿, ˆuı»¿
~m£ ¡Õ∫a]P¯Õ® £ÿ‘ ¬¡∂UP ¨i≤Æ.
158

_Ø©v®•k
I. \∂Øı⁄ ¬¯h¯Øz ˜u∫¢ˆukUPƒÆ
1. vmhUS A¯©UP®£mh Bsk
A. 1956 B. 1950
C. 1952 D 1954
2. I¢uıskz vmhzv¯⁄ ¡S®£x
A. vmhUS B. ˜u]Ø ¡Õ∫a]US
C. Aq\UvUS D §µu© A¯©a\∂fl
A桪PÆ
3. ˜{∏ Aµ_ §fl£ÿ‘Ø ˆ£ı∏ÕıuıµU ˆPı“¯P
A. u¤Øı∫ ©ØÆ B. uıµıÕ ©ØÆ
C. Pª®® ˆ£ı∏ÕıuıµÆ D. EªP ©ØÆ
4. C¢vØı¬¿ Aq\UvU S A¯©UP®£mh Bsk
A. 1945 B. 1948
C. 1954 D. 1955
5. C¢vØ ¬sˆ¡Œ Bµı¥a] |÷¡⁄Æ A¯©¢x“Õ ChÆ
A. ˆ£[P—∫ B. xˆh¿º
C. Iuµı£ız D ˆ\fl¯⁄
II. ˜Pıimh Ch[P¯Õ® ß∫zv ˆ\¥P
1. ¨u¿ I¢uıskz vmhÆ ________ US ¨UQØzx¡Æ
AŒzux.
2. EªP ¡∫zuP |÷¡⁄Æ A¯©UP®£mh Bsk ________
3. C¢vØ Aq\Uv vmhzvÿS AizuÕmh¡∫ ________
B¡ı∫.
4. uÃ{ımi¿ ________ Gfl” Chzv¿ Aqfl |¯ªØÆ
A¯©¢x“Õx.
159

III. §fl¡∏¡⁄¡ÿ¯”® ˆ£ı∏zxP
1. Ga.˜·. £ı£ı && Ezvµ®§µ˜u\Æ
2. GÏ.GÏ. £m{ıP∫ && i.GÏ.K. (D.S.O.)
3. i.GÏ. ˜Pızuı∂ && Cµı·Ïuı⁄Æ
4. ˜Pıhı && ].GÏ.I.B∫ (CSIR)
5. {˜µıµı && i.H.D.(D.A.E.)
IV. _∏UP©ıP ¬¯h،،UPƒÆ
1. vmhUS ¬fl £oP¯ÕU T÷P.
2. vmhhºfl ˜{ıUP[P¯ÕU S‘®§kP.
3. Pª®® ˆ£ı∏ÕıuıµÆ Gfl”ı¿ Gfl⁄?
4. u¤Øı∫ ©Ø©ıu¿ Gfl”ı¿ Gfl⁄?
5. C¢vØı¬¿ Aqfl |¯ªØ[P“ A¯©¢x“Õ
Ch[P¯ÕU S‘®§kP.
6. {Æ {ımi¿ ¬sˆ¡Œ Bµı¥a] ¯©Ø[P“ A¯©¢x“Õ
Ch[PŒfl ˆ£Ø∫P¯Õ G xP.
V. ¬∂¡ı⁄ ¬¯h u∏P
1. _u¢vµzvÿS® §”S C¢vØı¬¿ Hÿ£mh vmhmh
ˆ£ı∏Õıuıµ ¨fl˜⁄ÿ”Æ £ÿ‘ G xP.
2. _u¢vµÆ ˆ£ÿ”x ¨u¿ C¢vØı¬¿ Hÿ£mk“Õ
A‘¬Ø¿, ˆuı»¿~m£ ¡Õ∫a]∞¯⁄ ©v®§kP.
VI.
ˆ\¥¨¯”® £∞ÿ]P“
1. ©ın¡¯µz u[P“ £Sv∞æ“Õ ˆuı»ÿ\ı¯ªP“ £ÿ‘Ø
uP¡¯ªa ˜\P∂UPU T”ƒÆ.
2. ©ın¡∫ u[P“ £Sv∞¿ Hÿ£mk ¡∏Æ ˆ£ı∏Õıuıµ
©ıÿ”[P¯Õ® £ÿ‘ A‘u¿.
160

£ıhÆ & 9
C¢vØı¬fl ˆ¡Œ≤”ƒU ˆPı“¯P
Pÿ”¿ ˜{ıUP[P“
1. ©ın¡∫ C¢vØı¬fl ˆ¡Œ≤”ƒU ˆPı“¯P∞fl
¨UQØU T÷P¯Õ® ∂¢x ˆPı“–u¿.
2. ©ın¡∫ £g\ ^ªU ˆPı“¯P £ÿ‘Ø A‘¬¯⁄® ˆ£”¿.
3. ©ın¡∫ Ao˜\µıU ˆPı“¯P∞¯⁄U Pÿ”¿.
4. ©ın¡∫ ©shªU Tmk”¬fl ¨UQØzx¡zv¯⁄®
∂¢x ˆPı“–u¿.
5. ©ın¡∫ C¢vØı As¯h {ıkP–hfl ©ÿ”
{ıkP–h›Æ ˆPısk“Õ E”¬¯⁄ A‘u¿.
J∏ {ık EªQæ“Õ ©ÿ” {ıkP–hfl ˆPısk“Õ
E”ƒ ˆ¡Œ≤”ƒ G⁄ A‘Ø®£kQfl”x. J∏ {ımifl
ˆ¡Œ≤”¡ı⁄x J∏ ]ª ˆPı“¯PP“, ˜Pım£ıkP“
Ai®£¯h∞¿ A¯©¢uuıSÆ. A¯¡P¯Õ ˆ©ızu©ıP
ˆ¡Œ≤”ƒU ˆPı“¯P A¿ªx AØ¿{ımkU ˆPı“¯P G⁄
A¯«UQfl˜”ıÆ. EªP ¬¡Pıµ[PŒ¿ J∏ {ık
AUˆPı“¯P∞fl Ai®£¯h∞¿ ufl¯⁄ Dk£kzvU
ˆPı“¡¯u EªP ¬¡Pıµ[PŒ¿ A¢{ımifl £[S G⁄U
P∏xQfl˜”ıÆ.
C¢vØı¬fl ˆ¡Œ≤”ƒU ˆPı“¯P Pıª¤ A¿ªx
Si˜Øÿ” BvUPzv⁄ı¿ Hÿ£mh £ıv®PŒfl
§fl⁄o∞¿ E∏¡ıUP®£mhuıSÆ. C¢vØı¬fl ¨u¿
§µu© A¯©a\µı⁄ ·¡Ì∫ªı¿ ˜{∏ C¢vØ ˆ¡Œ≤”ƒU
ˆPı“¯P∞fl ¨ufl¯© ]ÿ§ B¡ı∫. 1947&BÆ Bsk ¨u¿
(1) EªPa \©ıuı⁄z¯u® ˜£qu¿, (2) Si˜Øÿ”U ˆPı“¯P
Gv∫®, (3) ˜£µµ_U ˆPı“¯P Gv∫®, (4) |”ˆ¡‘U
161

ˆPı“¯P Gv∫®, (5) £g\^ªÆ, (6) Ao ˜\µı¯©, (7)
As¯h {ımkhfl {m, (8) ©shªU Tmk”ƒ, (9)
Pı©flˆ¡¿z A¯©®§¿ £[S, (10) £Ø[Pµ¡ıu Gv∫®
BQØ⁄ C¢vØ ˆ¡Œ≤”ƒU ˆPı“¯P∞fl ¨UQØ
AÆ\[PÕıP ¬Õ[Q ¡¢x“Õ⁄.
1. EªPa \©ıuı⁄Æ ˜£qu¿ : C¢vØı IUQØ {ıkP“
\¯£∞fl A¯©v≤Æ ¨fl˜⁄ÿ”¨Æ Gfl›Æ ˆPı“¯P∞¿
{ƧU¯PU ˆPısk“Õx. A¯©v∞fl‘ ©¤u Sª
¨fl˜⁄ÿ”Æ C¿¯ª. 1945&BÆ Bsk ¨u¿ C¢vØı I.{ı.
\¯£∞fl E÷®§⁄µıP C∏¢x ¡∏Qfl”x. ˜{∏ A¡∫PŒfl
\˜Pıu∂ v∏©v. ¬·Øªm_ £sim IUQØ {ıkP“
ˆ£ıxa \¯£∞fl ¨u¿ ˆ£s u¯ª¡µıP 1953 & 54&BÆ
BskPŒ¿ £oØıÿ‘⁄∫. IUQØ{ıkP“ \¯£∞fl
E÷®§⁄∫ Gfl” ¨¯”∞¿ 1950&BÆ Bsk Hÿ£mh ¡h,
ˆufl ˆPı∂Ø® ˜£ı∂fl ˜£ıxÆ, 1956&BÆ Bsk `ØÏ
]UPºfl ˜£ıxÆ, Pı[˜Pı (1960 & 64) §µa]¯⁄∞fl ˜£ıxÆ,
A[˜Pıªı ]UPºfl ˜£ıxÆ C¢vØı EªP® £umh
|¯ª∞¯⁄ S¯”zvh A∏Æ£ık £mhx. Pı[˜Pı,
A[˜Pıªı, Pı\ı, ¯\®µÏ £SvPŒ¿ A¯©v¯Ø
|¯ª{ımih I.{ı¬ÿS EuƒÆ ¡¯P∞¿ C¢vØı u⁄x
Cµıq¡zv¯⁄ A›®§¯¡zux. 1991&BÆ Bsk Hÿ£mh
¡¯ÕShı® ˜£ı∫ ˆ{∏UPi¯Ø I.{ı. w∫zx ¯¡zvh
C¢vØı u⁄x ¨ Buµ¬¯⁄ AŒzux.
2. Si˜Øÿ”U ˆPı“¯P Gv∫® : C¢vØı B[Q˜ªØ∂fl
Si˜Øÿ”U ˆPı“¯P∞⁄ı¿ (Colonialism) PƒÆ
£ıv®§ÿS“Õı⁄x. Si˜Øÿ”U ˆPı“¯P∞fl Rà Hÿ£kÆ
ˆ£ı∏Õıuıµa _µshºfl w¯©P¯Õ®£ÿ‘ C¢vØı {flS
A‘¢v∏¢ux. G⁄˜¡ EªQfl G¢u® £Sv∞æÆ Si˜Øÿ”U
ˆPı“¯P G¢u J∏ ¡i¬æÆ |ª¡U Thıx G⁄ C¢vØı
P∏vØx. S‘®£ıP B]Øı, B®§∂UPı, Cªzwfl Aˆ©∂UP
{ıkPŒ¿ A¢|Ø∫ Si˜Øÿ”[P“ }UP®£k¡v¿ C¢vØı
AUP¯µ PımiØx. G⁄˜¡uıfl C¢vØı¬fl ˆ¡Œ≤”ƒU
162

ˆPı“¯P∞¿ Si˜Øÿ”U ˆPı“¯P Gv∫® J∏ ¨UQØ
AÆ\©ı⁄x.
3. ˜£µµ_U ˆPı“¯P Gv∫® : ˜©ÿS {ıkPŒfl ˜£µµ_U
ˆPı“¯P∞⁄ı¿ Hÿ£mh £Ø[Pµ ¬¯ÕƒP“ S‘zx
C¢vØı ¬»®n∫ƒ ˆPıshx. ¡º¯© UP {ık GŒØ
{ımi¯⁄ ˆ¡fl÷, Au¯⁄z ufl {ımkhfl C¯nzxU
ˆPısk BvUP |∫¡ıPÆ ˆ\¥¡¯u® ˜£µµ_U ˆPı“¯P
G⁄ A¯«UQfl˜”ıÆ. Azu¯PØ ˜£µµ_U ˆPı“¯P ¨u¿,
CµshıÆ EªP® ˜£ı∫P–US (1914 & 18 ©ÿ÷Æ 1939 & 45) J∏
ˆ£∏Æ Pıµn©ıP ¬Õ[QØx. C∆ƒªP® ˜£ı∫PŒ⁄ı¿
C¢vØı PƒÆ £ıvUP®£mhuıæÆ, CµshıÆ EªP®
˜£ı∫ ¨i¢u Eh˜⁄ _u¢vµÆ ˆ£ÿ”uıæÆ ˜£µµ_U
ˆPı“¯P G∆¡i¬¿ G[S |ª¬⁄ıæÆ Au¯⁄
Gv∫®£¯u C¢vØı S‘U˜PıÕıPU ˆPısi∏¢ux. ¨fl
|ª¬Ø ˜£µµ_U ˆPı“¯P∞fl ¡i¯¡¬h uÿ˜£ıx |ªƒÆ
¡Õ∫¢u {ıkPŒfl ˆ£ı∏Õıuıµ® ˜£µµ_U ˆPı“¯P
PƒÆ w¯©≤¯hØuıSÆ. G⁄˜¡ Gzu¯PØ ¡i¬ªı⁄
˜£µµ_U ˆPı“¯PˆØfl”ıæÆ Au¯⁄ C¢vØı Gv∫USÆ
J∏ {ıhıSÆ.
4. |”ˆ¡‘U ˆPı“¯P Gv∫® : ˜©¯ª {ıkP“ |”ˆ¡‘
A¿ªx C⁄U ˆPı“¯P∞¯⁄® §fl£ÿ‘⁄. A¯¡ B]Ø,
B®§∂UP ©UP¯Õ uıï©≤hfl {hzv⁄. 1919&BÆ Bsk
{¯hˆ£ÿ” £ı∂_ A¯©v ©ı{ımi¿ ·®£ıfl {ık C⁄a
\©zx¡zvÿSU ˜Pı∂U¯P ¬kzu˜£ıx ˜©ÿS {ıkP“
Au¯⁄ |µıP∂zu⁄. G¤›Æ ^⁄, ·®£ıfl {ıkPŒfl
G a]Øı⁄x ˜©¯ª {ıkPŒfl EØ∫¡ı⁄ Gsn®
˜£ıUQÿS J∏ ¨ÿ÷®“Œ Cmhx. Pı¢v ufl¯⁄ C¢vØ
¬ku¯ª® ˜£ı∂¿ Dk£kzvU ˆPı“–Æ ¨fl⁄∫ ˆufl
B®§∂UP Aµ]fl C⁄˜¡÷£ımi¯⁄ Gv∫zx® ˜£ıµıi
⁄ı∫. G¤›Æ P÷®£∫P–US Gvµı⁄ ˆufl B®§∂UP
ˆ¡“¯ÕØ∫ Aµ]fl "A£ı∫wm' Gfl÷ A¯«UP®£mh |”
˜¡ÿ÷¯©U ˆPı“¯P ˆuıh∫¢x }izux. A®§µa]¯⁄¯Ø
C¢vØı ¨ufl¨uº¿ 1946&BÆ Bsk I.{ı. \¯£∞¿
163

G ®§Øx. ˆ{¿\fl ©s˜hªı¬fl C¯h¬hı
˜£ıµımhzv⁄ıæÆ C¢vØı AŒzx¡¢u uı∫´P
Buµ¬⁄ıæÆ As¯©U Pıªzv¿uıfl |” ˜¡ÿ÷¯©U
ˆPı“¯P APÿ”®£mhx.
5. £g\ ^ªÆ : C¢vØıƒÆ ^⁄ıƒÆ
As¯h {ıkP“. C∏ {ıkP–US
¯h∞¿ £ª °ÿ”ıskPÕıP
¡µªıÿ÷ £ıµÆ£∂ØUP E”ƒ
}izx ¡¢ux. 1949&BÆ Bsk
^⁄ı ˆ£ıxƒ¯h¯© {ıhıP
E∏¡ı⁄˜£ıx C¢vØı A¢
{ımkhfl ˆ{∏UP©ıP® £«QØx.
^⁄ıƒUS ˜{∏ƒÆ, C¢vØıƒUS
`&ˆØfl&ªı≤Æ £ØnÆ ˜©ÿ
ˆPısh⁄∫. C∏{ıkP–Æ
1954&BÆ Bsk I¢x AÆ\[ ˜{∏ƒÆ `&ˆØfl&ªı≤Æ
P¯ÕU ˆPısh £g\
^ªU
ˆPı“¯P∞fl Ai®£¯h∞¿ J∏
J®£¢uzv¿ ¯PˆØ zvmh⁄.
A∆¯¡¢x AÆ\[P“ :
1. J∆ˆ¡ı∏¡∏Æ ©ÿ” {ımifl Jÿ÷¯©¯Ø≤Æ,
C¯”Øıs¯©¯Ø≤Æ ©vzu¿,
2. J∏¡∏UˆPı∏¡∫ Azx´”ı¯©,
3. J∏¡∫ ©ÿ” {ımifl E“ ¬¡Pıµ[PŒ¿ u¯ª
∞hı¯©,
4. \©zx¡Æ, £µÏ£µ {fl¯©P“ ©ÿ÷Æ
5. \©ıuı⁄a \P¡ıà BQØ⁄¡ıSÆ.
CUˆPı“¯P¯Ø 1955&BÆ Bsk C¢˜uı˜⁄]Øı¬¿
{¯hˆ£ÿ” £ıflk[ ©ı{ımi¿ Pª¢x ˆPısh 29&vÿSÆ
˜©ÿ£mh B®§∂UP & B]Ø {ıkP–Æ Hÿ÷U ˆPısh⁄.
As¯h {ıkP–hfl {m”¯¡ ¡Õ∫zxU ˆPı“¡v¿
CUˆPı“¯P Cfl÷Æ ©v®¯hØuıP ¬Õ[SQfl”x.
164

6. Ao˜\µı¯© : "Ao˜\µı¯©' A¿ªx "Tmka ˜\µı¯©'
G›Æ ¡ı∫z¯u¯Ø ¬.˜P. Q∏Ën˜©⁄fl E∏¡ıUQ⁄ı∫.
A¯u ·¡Ì∫ªı¿ ˜{∏ C¢vØ ˆ¡Œ≤”ƒU ˆPı“¯P∞fl
Ai®£¯hØıUQ⁄ı∫. CµshıÆ EªP® ˜£ı∏US® §fl⁄∫
Aˆ©∂UP IUQØ {ıkÆ, ¨fl⁄ı“ ˜\ı¬Øz ≥¤Ø›Æ
(CµËØı) £¤®˜£ı∫, Cµıq¡® ˜£ımi, AqB≤uU
S¬®, Cµıq¡ AoP¯Õ A¯©zu¿ ˜£ıfl” ˆ\Ø¿
PŒ¿ Dk£mk ¡¢u⁄. ¨uªıŒzx¡ Aˆ©∂UP IUQØ {ık
˜{m˜hı (NATO) Gfl›Æ ¡h AmªısiU J®£¢u A¯©®
§¯⁄≤Æ (North Atlantic Treaty Organisation) "^m˜hı' (SEATO)
ˆuflQ«US B]Ø {ıkP“ J®£¢u A¯©®§¯⁄≤Æ (South
East Asia Treaty Organisation) FUS¬zux. ˆ£ıxƒh¯©
CµËØı ˜©ÿQ¿ ¡ı∫\ı J®£¢u {ıkP¯Õ≤Æ (Warsaw Pact
Countries), Q«UQ¿ ˆ£ıxƒh¯©a ^⁄ı¬¯⁄≤Æ FU
S¬zux. Au⁄ı¿ EªP® £ıxPı®§ÿSÆ A¯©vUSÆ
ˆ£∏Æ Aa_÷zu¿ E∏¡ı⁄x. C¢vØı Czu¯PØ AoP“
Gu›h›Æ ˜\µ ¬∏Æ£¬¿¯ª. A˜u ˜£ı¿ C¢vØı G¢u
ˆ¡ı∏ {ımkhfl Ehfl£ık ˆPı“ÕƒÆ ¬∏Æ£¬¿¯ª.
C¢u |¯ª˜Ø Ao˜\µı¯© G⁄ A¯«UP®£kQ”x.
C¢|¯ª {k|¯ª G⁄®ˆ£ı∏“ £hıx. C¢|¯ª \∫¡˜u\®
§µa\¯⁄P¯Õ® ˆ£ı÷zu¡¯µ _u¢vµa ˆ\Ø¿£ık G⁄®
ˆ£ı∏“£kÆ. vuıP A®ˆ£ı x _u¢vµÆ ˆ£ÿ”
B®§∂UP, B]Ø {ıkP–Æ CUˆPı“¯P¯Ø® §fl£ÿ”
˜¡skˆ©⁄ C¢vØı ¬∏ƧØx. CUˆPı“¯PUS £ıflk[
©ı{ımi¿ {¿ªıuµƒ QmiØx. CUˆPı“¯P¯Ø Hÿ÷U
ˆPısh {ıkP“ A¯⁄zxÆ ˆ{∏[Q {m ˆPısh⁄.
Cx˜¡ Ao˜\µı CØUP©ıP (Non-Aligned Movement) E∏
ˆ¡kzux. C¢vØı¬fl ˜{∏,
≥˜PıϘª¬Øı¬fl
im˜hı, C¢˜uı˜⁄]Øı¬fl _P∫˜⁄ı, GQ®vfl {ı\∫ CU
ˆPı“¯P¯Ø ¨uº¿ Hÿ÷U ˆPısh u¯ª¡∫PÕı¡∫.
1961&BÆ Bsk ≥˜PıϘª¬Øz u¯ª{Pµı⁄ ˆ£¿Q
˜µmi¿ Ao˜\µı CØUP {ıkPŒfl ¨u¿ ©ı{ık {¯h
ˆ£ÿ”x. 1964&BÆ Bsk C∆¬ØUPzvfl CµshıÆ
©ı{ık GQ®væ“Õ ˆP¥˜µı¬¿ (Cairo) {¯hˆ£ÿ”x.
CUˆPı“¯P∞fl {ÿvmh[P¯Õ AÆ©ı{ımi¿ ªı¿ £Py∫
165

\ıÏv∂ ˆ¡Œ∞mhı∫. A¯¡P“ : (1) Aq B≤uU S¯”®,
(2) G¿¯ªz uPµı÷P¯Õ A¯©v≤hfl w∫zu¿, (3) A¢|Ø
BvUPÆ, Azx´”¿, v¯\ v∏®£¿, |”˜¡ÿ÷¯© &
BQØ⁄¯¡∞º∏¢x ¬ku¯ª, (4) \∫¡˜u\ Tmk”ƒ ≠ªÆ
x∂u® ˆ£ı∏Õıuıµ ¡Õ∫a]¯ØU ˆPısk¡∏u¿, (5) IUQØ
{ıkP“ \¯£USÆ, Aufl A¯©v ©ÿ÷Æ ¡Õ∫a]z
vmhzvÿSÆ ¨ Buµƒ AŒzu¿ BQØ⁄ BSÆ.
Ao˜\µı {ıkP“, IUQØ {ıkP“ \¯£∞¿ ≠fl”ıÆ
AoØıPa ˆ\Ø¿£mh⁄. Ao˜\µı {ıkPŒfl |ØıØ©ı⁄
¡ıu[P¯Õ Bu∂zu B]Ø, B®§∂UPı, Cªzwfl, Aˆ©∂UP
{ıkP“ ≠fl”ıÆ EªP {ıkP“ (Third World Countries) G⁄
A¯«UP®£mh⁄. C∏£uıÆ °ÿ”ısi¿ Ao˜\µı
CØUPÆ _©ı∫ 12 Ea] ©ı{ıkP¯ÕU Psk“Õx. C∆
¬ØUPzv¿ 112&USÆ ˜©ÿ£mh {ıkP“ £[S ˆPısk
E“Õ⁄. EªP {ıkP“ £¿˜¡÷ x∏¡[PÕıPa ˆ\Ø¿£mk
¡∏Æ CUPıªPmhzvæÆ EªP A¯©v¯Ø≤Æ, £ıx
Pı®§¯⁄≤Æ ˜{ıUP©ıPU ˆPısh C∆¬ØUPÆ Cfl÷Æ
˜u¯¡≤¯hØ Jfl”ıP˜¡ E“Õx.
7. As¯h {ıkP–hfl {mU ˆPı“¯P : C¢vØı
G®ˆ£ı xÆ ^⁄ı, £ıQÏuıfl, ¡[PıÕ˜u\Æ, ˜{£ıÕÆ,
ßhıfl, Øıfl©ı∫ (£∫©ı), Cª[¯P, ©ıªzwƒP“ ˜£ıfl”
u⁄x As¯h{ıkP–hfl {¿æ”¬¯⁄˜Ø ¯¡zxU
ˆPı“Õ ¬∏ÆQfl”x. C¢vØı u⁄x As¯h {ıkP–hfl
©shªU Tmk”ƒ (Regional Co-operation) Ai®£¯h∞¿
{mhfl ˆ\Ø¿£mk ¡∏Qfl”x. C¢vØı¬fl ¨fl⁄ı“
§µu©µı⁄ I.˜P. S‰µı¿ (I.K. Gujral) 1996&BÆ Bsk I¢x
AÆ\[PŒfl Ai®£¯h∞ªı⁄ C¢vØı¬fl "As¯h
{ımkU ˜Pım£ımi¯⁄' ˆ¡Œ∞mhı∫. A¯¡ (1) Gv∫£ı∫®
§¿ªı {m £ıµımku¿, (2) ©ÿ” {ımk Jÿ÷¯©¯Ø
©vzu¿, (3) §” {ımk E“ ¬¡Pıµ[PŒ¿ u¯ª∞hı¯©,
(4) u⁄x {ımk® £Sv¯Ø ©ÿ” {ımiÿˆPvµıP®
£Øfl£kzu A›©vØı¯©, (5) §µa\¯⁄¯Øz w∫zxU
ˆPı“¡v¿ ˜{µi® ˜£a_ BQØ⁄¡ıSÆ. C¯¡ S‰µı¿
˜Pım£ık G⁄ A¯«UP®£kQfl”⁄.
166

167

8. \ı∫U ≠ªÆ ©shªU Tmk”ƒ : C¢vØı, ©shªU
Tmk”¬¿ {ƧU¯PU ˆPısk“Õx. Cu⁄i®£¯h∞¿
£Ø›” ¡[PıÕ˜u\Æ C¢vØıƒhfl Jzx¯«zvh ¨fl
¡¢ux. Aufl ¬¯Õ¡ıP ˆuÿS B]Ø {ıkP“ \ı∫U
A¿ªx ©shªU Tmk”¬ÿPı⁄ ˆuÿPı]Øa \[PÆ
(South Asian Association for Regional Co-operation (SAARC) Gݮ
A¯©® E∏¡ıUP®£mhx. C∆¡¯©®§fl ¨u¿ ©ı{ık
1985&BÆ Bsk i\Æ£∫ v[P“ ¡[PıÕ ˜u\z u¯ª{Pµı⁄
hıUPı¬¿ {¯hˆ£ÿ”x. 1986&BÆ Bsk ˜{£ıÕzvfl
u¯ª{Pµı⁄ Pız©sk (Kathmandu) C∆¡¯©®§fl u¯ª¯©
ØP©ı⁄x, C∆¡¯©®§¿, (1) C¢vØı, (2) ¡[PıÕ ˜u\Æ,
(3) £ıQÏuıfl, (4) ˜{£ıÕÆ, (5) ßhıfl, (6) Cª[¯P,
(7) ©ıªzwƒP“ ˜£ıfl” 7 {ıkP“ uÿ˜£ıx A[PÆ ˆ£ÿ÷
E“Õ⁄. C∆¡¯©® J∏¡∏UˆPı∏¡∫ \≠P, ˆ£ı∏Õıuıµ,
£s£ımkz x¯”PŒ¿ Eu¬ ˆ\¥x ˆPı“¡¯u ˜{ıUP
©ıPU ˆPısk“Õx. C∆¡¯©® Gzu¯PØ Aµ]Ø¿ P∏x
ˆ£ı∏¯Õ≤Æ ˆPısiØ[P¬¿¯ª. E÷® {ıkP“ Si}∫,
G∂\Uv, uP¡¿ˆuıh∫, ˜£ıUS¡µzx, _ÿ÷a`«¿, Ch®
ˆ£Ø∫ƒ, _ÿ÷ªı, ¡oPÆ, ¨uΩk ˜£ıfl” x¯”PŒ¿
u[P–US“ Jÿ÷¯©≤hfl ˆ\Ø¿£h J®U ˆPısk“Õ⁄.
C¢{ıkP“ 1993&BÆ Bsk \ı®hı A¿ªx ˆuÿPı]Ø
¨fl›∂¯© ¡∫zuP J®£¢uÆ (South Asian Preferential Trade
Agreement (SAPTA) Jfl‘¯⁄a ˆ\¥x ˆPısh⁄. C∆
¡¯©® uÿ˜£ıx¡¯µ 12 Ea] ©ı{ıkP¯ÕU Psk“Õx.
C¢vØı ˆuÿPı]Ø® £Sv∞¿ A¯©v¯Ø≤Æ E÷v¯Ø≤Æ
|¯ª|÷zu u⁄x As¯h {ıkP–hfl Jzx¯«®£v¿
PƒÆ B∫¡©ıP C∏¢x ¡∏Qfl”x.
9. Pı©flˆ¡¿zv¿ £[S : C[Qªı¢vfl ¨fl⁄ı“ Si˜Øÿ”
{ıkP“ u[P–US“ ¡oP, £s£ımkz ˆuıh∫P¯ÕU
ˆPısi∏¢u⁄. A¯¡P“ Pı©flˆ¡¿z Gfl” A¯©®§¯⁄
Hÿ£kzv⁄. C¢vØıƒÆ A∆¡¯©®§¿ E÷®§⁄µı¥a
˜\∫¢ux. Pı©flˆ¡¿z {ıkP“ u[P–US“ P¿¬,
A‘¬Ø¿, ˆuı»¿ ~m£Æ, £s£ık ˜£ıfl” x¯”PŒ¿
Jzx¯«®hfl ˆ\Ø¿£mk ¡∏Qfl”⁄. A¢{ıkP–hfl
168

C¢vØı u⁄x E”¬¯⁄z xsizxU ˆPı“Õ ¬∏Æ£
¬¿¯ª.
10. £Ø[Pµ¡ıu Gv∫® : £Ø[Pµ¡ıu A¯©®P–Æ
£Ø[Pµ¡ıu¨Æ uÿ˜£ıx A¯©vUS Aa_÷zuªı¥ ¬Õ[Q
¡∏Qfl”⁄. C¢vØı £Ø[Pµ¡ıuzv¯⁄ Gv∫UQfl”x.
C¢vØı u⁄x As¯h {ıkP–h›Æ, ©ÿ” EªP
{ıkP–h›Æ ˜\∫¢x \∫¡˜u\ AÕ¬¿ £Ø[Pµ ¡ıuzv¯⁄
Gv∫®£v¿ Jzx¯«zvh Gfl÷Æ uØıµıP E“Õx.
As¯h {ıkP–h›Æ ©ÿ” {ıkP–h›Æ
C¢vØı¬fl E”ƒP“
^⁄ & C¢vØ E”ƒP“ : 1957&BÆ Bsk ¨u¿, ^⁄&C¢vØ
E”ƒPŒ¿ £ıv®P“ Hÿ£mh⁄. 1959&BÆ Bsk ^⁄ı
C¢vØıƒhfl G¿¯ªz uPµıÿ‘¯⁄ ¡Õ∫zux. A∆¡ısk
vˆ£zv¿ ^⁄ıƒUˆPvµıP G ¢u µm]¯Ø JkUP ^⁄ı
x∏®P¯Õ A›®§Øx. vˆ£zvfl uªı¥ ªı©ı C¢vØı
ƒUS Ki ¡¢uı∫. ^⁄ı C¢vØıƒhfl ˜£ı∂hz uØıµı⁄x.
1962&BÆ Bsk ^⁄ı C¢vØı¯¡z uıUQØx. A®˜£ı∂⁄ı¿
C¢vØı £ª Cfl⁄¿P–US“Õı⁄x. A®˜£ı∂¯⁄z
ˆuıh∫¢x 1976&BÆ Bsk¡¯µ C¢vØa&^⁄ E”¬¿ _¨P
|¯ª Aÿ÷®˜£ı⁄x. 1988&BÆ Bsk ¨fl⁄ı“ C¢vØ®
§µu©∫ Cµı„∆ Pı¢v ^⁄ı¬ÿS® £ØnÆ ˆ\¥u˜£ıxuıfl
´skÆ C¢vØa&^⁄ E”¬¿ _¨P |¯ª Hÿ£mhx.
A∆¡ısk C¢vØıƒÆ ^⁄ıƒÆ A‘¬Ø¿ ©ÿ÷Æ ˆuı»¿
~m£Æ, ¡ıfl˜£ıUS¡µzx, £s£ımk £∂¡∫zu¯⁄
˜£ıfl” ≠fl÷ J®£¢u[PŒ¿ ¯PˆØ zvmh⁄. 1993&BÆ
Bsk C∏{ıkP–Æ A¯©v ©ÿ÷Æ A¯©v Pızu¿
G›Æ ©ÿˆ”ı∏ J®£¢uzvæÆ ¯PˆØ zvmh⁄. 1996&BÆ
Bsk ^⁄z u¯ª¡∫ ‚Øı[ˆ·fl (Jiang Zemin)
C¢vØı¬ÿS ¡∏¯P ∂¢uı∫. A®˜£ıx C¢vØıƒÆ
^⁄ıƒÆ {ƧU¯P ¡Õ∫USÆ {h¡iU¯P J®£¢u[P“
{ıflQ¿ ¯PˆØ z vmh⁄. Ax ¨uÿˆPısk ^⁄&C¢vØ
E”¬¿ |¯ªØı⁄ ¨fl˜⁄ÿ”Æ Hÿ£mk ¡∏Qfl”x.
169

£ıQÏuı›hfl E”ƒP“ : C¢vØı¬ÿSÆ £ıQÏuı›USÆ
C¯h∞¿ §∂¬¯⁄Øı¿ Hÿ£mh PıØ[P“ B÷¡uÿS
}sh{ımP“ B∞⁄. Cfl⁄¨Æ PıË´µ® §µa]¯⁄ w∫UP®
£hıu Jfl”ıPƒÆ C∏ {ıkP–US¯h∞¿ ¡ıuzvÿS∂Ø
uıPƒ¨“Õx. _u¢vµzvÿS® §fl PıË´µzvfl ©fl⁄∫
PıË´¯µ C¢vØıƒhfl C¯nzuı∫. B⁄ı¿ £ıQÏuı¤¿
E“Õ PıË´µ ¬∏ƧP“ Cfl”ÕƒÆ C¯n®¯£
Gv∫®£xhfl A¯©v ¨Øÿ]P¯Õ ¨‘Øi®£væÆ
Dk£mk ¡∏Qfl”⁄∫. Azu¯PØ ¨Øÿ]P–US A¢|Ø
\UvP“ G∂ w∞¿ Gsˆn¥ Fÿ÷¡x˜£ıª Eu¬
¡∏Qfl”⁄. Au⁄ı¿ C¢vØı&£ıQÏuıfl C¯h∞¿ 1948,
1965, 1971 ©ÿ÷Æ 1999&C¿ (Pı∫Q¿ ˜£ı∫) ˜£ı∫P“
{¯hˆ£ÿ”⁄. 1966&BÆ Bsk uıËPsm J®£¢u¨Æ,
1972&BÆ Bsk ]ƪı J®£¢u¨Æ ˜{µi® ˜£a_ ¡ı∫z¯u,
Ehfl£ımifl ≠ªÆ §µa]¯⁄P¯Õz w∫zxU ˆPı“Õ ¡»
¡SUQfl”⁄. C¢vØ Aµ_ PıË´∂¿ ©UPÕım]¯Ø
A¯©zx“Õx. £ıQÏuı¤fl }shPıª Cµıq¡ Bm],
Cµıq¡zvfl ≠ª¨Æ, w¬µ¡ıuzv⁄ıæÆ PıË´¯µ
C¢vØı¬h∏¢x §∂UP ¨Øÿ]UQ”x. B⁄ı¿ C∏{ımk
©UP“ ©zv∞¿ G∆¬u P\®n∫a]≤Æ C¿¯ª.
C¢vØıƒÆ Cª[¯P≤Æ : C¢vØıƒÆ Cª[¯P≤Æ {¿ª
As¯h {ıkP“. Cª[¯P G®ˆ£ı xÆ C¢vØı¬fl
|ØıØ©ı⁄ |¯ª∞¯⁄ Bu∂zx ¡∏Æ {ıhıSÆ. 1990&BÆ
Bsk u«∫ C⁄®§µa]¯⁄z ˆuıh∫£ıP C¢vØı u⁄x
A¯©v PıUSÆ £¯h∞¯⁄ Cª[¯P Aµ]fl ˜¡sk
˜Pı–UQn[P Cª[¯PUS A›®§Øx. ©ÿ” ¡¯P∞¿
C∏{ıkPŒfl E”ƒÆ _¨P |¯ª∞˜ª˜Ø C∏¢x
¡∏Qfl”x.
EªP {ıkP–h⁄ı⁄ E”ƒP“ : 1973&BÆ Bsk ¡¯µ
C¢vØ&Aˆ©∂UP E”ƒP“ £ıµımkÆ ¡¯P∞¿ A¯©Ø
¬¿¯ª. 1974&BÆ Bsk Aˆ©∂UP ˆ¡Œ≤”ƒa ˆ\ت∫
ˆÌfl‘ QÏ][P∫ C¢vØı ¡¢uı∫. Ax ¨uÿˆPısk C∏
{ıkP–USÆ C¯h∞¿ ¡oPÆ, A‘¬Ø¿, ˆuı»¿~m£Æ
BQØ x¯”PŒ¿ Jÿ÷¯© |ª¬ ¡∏Qfl”x. C¢vØı
1953&BÆ Bsk ¨u¿ CµËØıƒhfl {¿ª E”¬¯⁄ ¯¡zx
170

¡¢x“Õx. C¢vØı u⁄x GLSz ˆuı»ÿ\ı¯ªP¯Õ
A¯©zvh CµËØı, §µıfl_, ˆ·∫©¤, C[Qªı¢x ˜£ıfl”
{ıkPŒfl Eu¬∞¯⁄® ˆ£ÿ÷“Õx. C¢vØı B]Øı¬fl
©ÿ” {ıkPÕı⁄ ·®£ıfl, ˆufl ˆPı∂Øı, ©˜ª]Øı,
][P®ß∫ ˜£ıfl” {ıkP–hfl ˆuıh∫¢x Jÿ÷¯©≤hfl
ˆ\تıÿ‘ ¡∏Qfl”x. A˜u ˜£ıfl÷ B®§∂UP {ıkP“,
©zvØ Q«US, P⁄hı, BÏv˜µºØı, Cªzwfl Aˆ©∂UP
{ıkP–h›Æ C¢vØı {¿æ”¬¯⁄® ˜£o ¡∏Qfl”x.
Pÿ”¿ A¯hƒP“
1. ©ın¡∫ C¢v؈¡Œ≤”ƒU ˆPı“¯P∞fl ¨UQØ
AÆ\[P¯Õ ¬ÕUP ¨i≤Æ.
2. ©ın¡∫ £g\ ^ªÆ, Ao˜\µıU ˆPı“¯PP¯Õ ¬¡∂UP
¨i≤Æ.
3. ©ın¡∫ ^⁄&C¢vØ E”ƒP¯Õ ¬¡ıvUP ¨i≤Æ.
4. ©ın¡∫ S‰µı¿ ˆPı“¯P¯Ø ¬ÕUP ¨i≤Æ.
5. ©ın¡∫ C¢vØı EªP {ıkP–hfl ˆPısk“Õ
E”ƒP¯ÕU ˜PıimkU Pımh ¨i≤Æ.
_Ø©v®•k
I. \∂Øı⁄ ¬¯h¯Øz ˜u∫¢ˆukUPƒÆ
1. C¢vØı I.{ı. \¯£∞fl E÷®§⁄∫ B⁄ Bsk
A. 1944 B. 1945
C. 1947 D. 1946
2. "A£ı∫ wm' ˆPı“¯P¯Ø® §fl£ÿ‘Ø {ık
A. ˆufl B®§∂UPı B. B]Øı
C. ^⁄ı D. B®§∂UPı
3. ¨u¿ Ao˜\µı CØUP ©ı{ık {¯hˆ£ÿ” ChÆ
A. ˆP¥˜µı B. hıUPı
C. ˆ£¿Q˜µm D. ·Pı∫zuı
4. \ı∫U A¯©®§fl u¯ª¯©∞hÆ
A. hıUPı B. Pız©sm
C. ©ı˜ª D. x v¿º
171

II. ˜Pıimh Ch[P¯Õ |µ®P
1. £ıflk[ ©ı{ık {¯hˆ£ÿ” Bsk __________ BSÆ.
2. £g\ ^ªÆ __________ ˜Pım£ıkP¯ÕU ˆPısk“Õx.
3. \ı∫U A¯©®§fl ¬∂¡ıUPÆ ________ _______ ________.
4. ^⁄&C¢vØ® ˜£ı∫ {¯hˆ£ÿ” Bsk __________.
5. Pı∫Q¿ ˜£ı∫ {¯hˆ£ÿ” Bsk __________.
II. §fl¡∏¡⁄¡ÿ¯”® ˆ£ı∏zxP
1. v∏©v. ¬·Øªm_ £sim && 1985
2. \ı∫U && 1996
3. \ı®hı && ≥˜PıϘª¬Øı
4. im˜hı && 1993
5. S‰µı¿ ˜Pım£ık && I.{ı. \¯£∞fl ¨u¿
ˆ£s u¯ª¡∫.
IV. _∏UP©ıP ¬¯hØŒUPƒÆ
1. ˜£µµ_U ˆPı“¯P Gfl”ı¿ Gfl⁄?
2. Ao˜\µı CØUPzvfl ¨UQØz u¯ª¡∫P“ Øı∫?
3. \ı®hı¯¡ ¬∂¡ıUSP.
4. \ı∫U {ıkP“ ˆ£Ø∫P¯Õ G xP.
5. Cµı„∆ Pı¢v G®ˆ£ı x ^⁄ıƒUS® £ØnÆ ˆ\fl”ı∫?
V. ¬∂¡ı⁄ ¬¯h u∏P
1. C¢vØı¬fl ˆ¡Œ≤”ƒU ˆPı“¯P¯Ø ¬ÕUSP.
2. C¢vØı As¯h {ıkP–h›Æ ©ÿ” EªP {ıkP–h›Æ
ˆPısk“Õ E”ƒP¯Õ ¬¡∂.
VI. ˆ\¥¨¯”® £∞ÿ]P“
1. ¡¯µ £hzv¿ C¢vØı¬fl As¯h {ıkP¯ÕU
S‘®§kP.
2. ©ın¡¯µ ˜{∏, `&ˆØfl&ªı¥, im˜hı, {ı\∫, C¢vØı
¡¢u ©ÿ” EªPz u¯ª¡∫PŒfl £h[P¯Õa ˜\P∂UPa
ˆ\ı¿ªƒÆ.
172

Si¯©∞Ø¿
AªS & I
£ıhÆ & 1
Tmhım] Aµ_ A¯©®
Pÿ”¿ ˜{ıUP[P“
1. ©ın¡∫ Tmhım] Aµ_ £ÿ‘Ø A‘¬¯⁄® ˆ£”¿.
2. ©ın¡∫ Tmhım] Aµ]fl AÆ\[P“ Gfl⁄ Gfl£¯uz
ˆu∂¢x ˆPı“–u¿.
3. ©ın¡∫ C¢vØU Tmhım] A¯©®§fl ufl¯©¯Øz
ˆu∂¢x ˆPı“–u¿.
4. ©ın¡∫ ©zvØ, ©ı|ª Aµ_P“ ©zvØ®£SvP“,
(≥¤Øfl §µ˜u\[P“) C¯h∞ªı⁄ E”¬¯⁄® ∂¢x
ˆPı“–u¿.
Tmhım] G›Æ ˆ£ı∏“£kÆ ˆ£h˜µ\fl (Federation)
Gfl” B[Qªa ˆ\ı¿ Cªzwfl ˆ©ı» ¡ı∫z¯uØı⁄ "§ˆhÏ'
(Foedus) Gfl£vº∏¢x ˆ£”®£mhuıSÆ. J∏ Tmhım]
Aµ_ Gfl£x ©ı|ª[P“ Jfl‘¯n¡vfl ¬¯Õ¡ı¿
˜uıfl÷¡uıSÆ. G⁄˜¡ J∏ Tmhım] Aµ]¿ ©zv∞¿ K∫
Aµ_Æ, ©ı|ª Aµ_P–Æ G⁄ C∏ Aµ_ A¯©®P“ E“Õ⁄.
C∆¬∏ Aµ_ A¯©®P–Æ G u®£mh (Written), ˆ{Q«ız
ufl¯© ˆPısh (Rigid) J∏ Aµ]ت¯©®a \mhzv⁄ı¿
£Q∫¢uŒUP®£mh _u¢vµ AvPıµ[P¯ÕU ˆPısk“Õ⁄.
©ÿˆ”ı∏ ¡¯P∞¿ T‘⁄ı¿ J∏ Tmhım] {ımi¿ ©zvØ
Aµ_Æ, ©ı|ª Aµ_P–Æ E“Õ⁄. Aˆ©∂UP IUQØ {ık,
173

BÏv˜µºØı, _¬m\∫ªı¢x, C¢vØı, P⁄hı ˜£ıfl”
{ıkP“ Tmhım] Aµ_P–US Euıµn[P“ BSÆ. J∏
{ımi¿ J˜µ J∏ Aµ_ A¯©® ©mkÆ C∏US˜©Øı⁄ı¿
A¢{ımi¯⁄ Jÿ¯”ص_ (Unitary State) {ık G⁄ A¯«U
Q˜”ıÆ. C[Qªı¢x ©ÿ÷Æ ˇª[Pı ˜£ıfl” {ıkP“
Jÿ¯”ص_P–US Euıµn[PÕıSÆ.
Tmhım] Aµ_PŒfl Ai®£¯h AÆ\[P“ : J∏ Tmhım]
Aµ_ {ıflS Ai®£¯h AÆ\[P¯ÕU ˆPısk“Õx. A¯¡
§fl¡∏©ı÷ : 1. Aµ]ت¯©®a \mhzvfl u¤ ¨u¿
BvUPÆ, 2. ©zvØ, ©ı|ª[P–UQ¯h∞ªı⁄ AvPıµ®
£Q∫ƒ, 3. Aµ]ت¯©®a \mhzvfl ˆ{Q«ız ufl¯©
©ÿ÷Æ, 4. _u¢vµ©ı⁄ }vzx¯” A¯©® E“Õ¯© BSÆ.
1. Aµ]ت¯©®a \mhzvfl u¤ ¨u¿ BvUPÆ :
J∆ˆ¡ı∏ Tmhım] Aµ_Æ A¡]ØÆ G u®£mh J∏
Aµ]ت¯©®a \mhzv¯⁄® ˆ£ÿ‘∏zu¿ ˜¡skÆ.
A∆¡µ]ت¯©®a \mhÆ ˆ{Q«ız ufl¯©≤¯hØ Jfl”ıP
C∏zu¿ ˜¡skÆ. ©zvØ |∫¡ıPÆ, \mh©fl”Æ ©ÿ÷Æ
©ı|ª |∫¡ıPÆ, \mh©fl”Æ BQد¡PŒfl AvPıµ[P“,
£oP¯Õ Aµ]ت¯©®a \mhÆ G¿¯ª ¡¯µØ¯”a
ˆ\¥x T÷Qfl”x. Aµ]ت¯©®a \mhzvÿS ¨µnıP
|∫¡ıP˜©ı A¿ªx \mh©fl”˜©ı ˆ\تıÿ÷u¿ Cتıx.
2. ©zvØ, ©ı|ª[P–UQ¯h∞ªı⁄ AvPıµ® £Q∫ƒ : J∏
Tmhım] Aµ]ت¯©®a \mhzv¿ ©zvØ Aµ_, ©ı|ª
Aµ_P–UQ¯h∞ªı⁄ AvPıµ[P“ £Q∫ƒ ˆ\¥Ø®£m
i∏zu¿ ˜¡skÆ. ˆ£ıx¡ıP, ˜u]Ø ¨UQØzx¡Æ ¡ı¥¢u
AvPıµ[P“ ©zvØ Aµ]ÿS JxUP®£kQfl”⁄. ©ı|ª
¨UQØzx¡Æ ¡ı¥¢u x¯”P“ ©ı|ª Aµ_P–US ¡«[P®
£kQfl”⁄. Aµ]ت¯©®a \mhzv¿ S‘®§h®£hıu
A¿ªx Gg]Ø AvPıµ[P“ (Residuary Powers) ©zvØ A¿ªx
©ı|ª[P“ ¡\Æ J®£¯hUP®£kQfl”⁄. C¢vØ Aµ]Ø
ª¯©®a \mhÆ ©zvØ Aµ]fl AvPıµ[P¯Õ ©zvØ®
174

£miغ¿ (Union List) S‘®§kQfl”x. A®£miغ¿ 97
x¯”P“ ChÆ ˆ£ÿ÷“Õ⁄. ©ı|ª® £miغ¿ 66
x¯”P“ ChÆ ˆ£ÿ÷“Õ⁄. ˆ£ıx A¿ªx J∏[Q¯n¢u
£miغ¿ 47 x¯”P“ ChÆ ˆ£ÿ÷“Õ⁄. S‘®§h®£hıu
A¿ªx Gg]Ø AvPıµ[P“ ©zvØ Aµ]fl ¡\Æ
J®£¯hUP® £mk“Õ⁄. C¢u® £miØ¿PŒ¿ H˜u›Æ
©ıÿ”Æ ˆ\¥Ø ˜¡skˆ©¤¿ Au¯⁄ Aµ]ت¯©®a
\mhzv∏zuÆ ≠ªÆ ©mk˜© ˆ\¥u¿ ¨i≤Æ.
3. Aµ]ت¯©®a \mhzvfl ˆ{Q«ızufl¯© : J∏
Tmhım] Aµ_ G u®£mh J∏ Aµ]ت¯©®a \mhz
v¯⁄® (Written Constitution) ˆ£ÿ‘∏USÆ. Au¯⁄ GŒv¿
v∏zu ¨iØıx. G⁄˜¡ Ax J∏ ˆ{Q«ı Aµ]ت¯©®a
\mhÆ G⁄®£kÆ. Azu¯PØ Aµ]ت¯©®a \mhzv¯⁄z
v∏zuÆ ˆ\¥Ø Pi⁄©ı⁄ ¨¯”∞¯⁄® §fl£ÿ” ˜¡si
∞∏USÆ. BÏv˜µºØı, _¬m\∫ªı¢x ˜£ıfl” {ıkPŒ¿
J∆ˆ¡ı∏ Aµ]ت¯©®a \mh v∏zu¨Æ ©UPŒfl J®
u¯ª® ˆ£ÿ˜” |¯”˜¡ÿ”®£h ˜¡skÆ. Aˆ©∂UPı¬¿
£ıµı–©fl”zvfl A÷v® ˆ£∏Æ£ıfl¯© Buµƒh›Æ,
{ıflQ¿ ≠fl÷ £[S ©ı|ªa \mh©fl”[PŒfl Buµƒh›Æ
uıfl Aµ]ت¯©®z v∏zu[P¯Õa ˆ\¥Ø ¨i≤Æ.
C¢vØı¬¿ Aµ]ت¯©®z v∏zu[P“ ≠fl÷ ˆ¡∆˜¡÷
¡¯PPŒ¿ ˆ\¥Ø®£kQfl”⁄. C¢vØ Aµ]ت¯©®a
\mhzvfl ]ª £SvP¯Õz v∏zuÆ ˆ\¥Ø {ıhı–©fl” C∏
A¯¡PŒfl ≠fl‘¿ C∏ £[S ˆ£∏Æ£ıfl¯© Buµƒ
˜u¯¡®£kQfl”x. J∏ ©ı|ªzvfl ˆ£Ø∂¯⁄ ©ıÿ÷u¿,
©ı|ª G¿¯ªP¯Õ ©ıÿ‘د©zu¿, vØ ©ı|ª[P¯Õ
E∏¡ıUSu¿ ˜£ıfl” v∏zu[P¯Õa ˆ\¥Ø {ıhı–©fl”zvfl
ˆ£∏Æ£ıfl¯© Buµƒ C∏¢uı¿ ©mkÆ ˜£ıx©ı⁄uıSÆ.
Aµ]ت¯©®a \mhzvfl J∏ ]ª ©ÿ” £SvP¯Õz
v∏zuÆ ˆ\¥Ø ˜¡skˆ©¤¿ {ıhı–©fl” C∏ A¯¡
PŒfl ≠fl‘¿ C∏ £[S ˆ£∏Æ£ıfl¯© BuµƒÆ {ımi
æ“Õ £ıv ©ı|ª \mh©fl”[PŒfl BuµƒÆ A¡]Ø©ıSÆ.
175

4. _u¢vµ©ı⁄ }vzx¯”≤Æ, Aufl }v©fl” ©÷ B¥ƒ
AvPıµ¨Æ : _u¢vµ©ı⁄ }vzx¯” ˆ\Ø¿£k¡x Tmhım]
Aµ]fl ufl¯©¯ØU S‘UQfl”x. Tmhım] ¨¯”∞¿
©zvØ, ©ı|ª Aµ_P“ Aµ]ت¯©®a \mh ¡¯µØ¯”U
S“ u[PÕx Aµ]ت¯©®U Ph¯©P¯Õ |¯”˜¡ÿ÷
Qfl”⁄. C∏¢u˜£ıvæÆ A¯¡P–UQ¯h∞¿ Huı¡ˆuı∏
¡¯P∞¿ ˜©ıu¿P“ Hÿ£kÆ. Azu¯PØ ˜©ıu¿P–USz
w∫ƒ Pın }v A‘ƒ¯µz ˜u¯¡®£kQ”x. G⁄˜¡ Tmhım]
Aµ]¿ w∫ƒUPı⁄ P∏zv¯⁄ ¡«[P˜¡ı A¿ªx Aµ]Ø
ª¯©®a \mhzv¯⁄ ¬ÕUP˜¡ı J∏ _u¢vµ }vzx¯”
A¡]ØÆ ˜u¯¡®£kQfl”x. Ea\ }v©fl”Æ GkUSÆ
¨i¬fl£i ©zvØ, ©ı|ª Aµ_P“ Jzx® ˜£ıu¿
˜¡skÆ. Cu¯⁄ Ea\ }v©fl”zvfl }v©fl” ©÷ B¥ƒ
AvPıµÆ G⁄ƒÆ A¯«UQ˜”ıÆ.
Tmhım] Aµ]fl |¯”P“ : Tmhım] Aµ_ A¯©®§¯⁄®
£ª Aµ]Ø¿ A‘b∫P“ Hÿ÷® £µ¡ªıP® £ıµımi≤“Õ⁄∫.
Tmhım] Aµ]fl |¯”P¯Õ® §fl¡∏Æ ¡∂P“ ¬ÕUS
Qfl”⁄ : 1. Tmhım] Aµ]¿ ]÷ ©ı|ª[P“ Jfl‘¯n¢x
E÷vØı⁄ Tmhµ_ A¯©zx Au⁄ı¿ ¡º¯© ˆ£÷Qfl”⁄,
2. £¿˜¡÷ C⁄[P“, £s£ıkP“, ˆ©ı»P“, \©Ø[P“
ˆPısh ˆ£∂Ø {ıkP–USU Tmhım] A¯©® EP¢uuıSÆ
3. C∆¡¯©®§¿ ¡mhıµ ©ÿ÷Æ £Sv® §µa]¯⁄P“
Eh⁄iØıPz w∫UP®£kQfl”⁄, 4. Tmhım] Aµ]⁄ı¿
]‘Ø ©ı|ª[PŒfl ©v® EØ∏Qfl”x, 5. ]÷ ©ı|ª[P“
u[P¯Õ® ˆ£ı∏Õıuıµ ¡¯P∞¿ ¡æ®£kzvU ˆPı“–Æ
{fl¯© £Ø®£uıP C∆¡µ_ ¨¯” E“Õx, 6. Cƨ¯”∞¿
G˜ua\vPıµ Aµ_P“ ˜uıfl÷Æ A£ıØÆ C¿¯ª, 7. CÆ
¨¯”∞¿ ©ı|ª[PŒfl v”¯©P“ FUS¬UP®£kQfl”⁄,
8. C∆¡µ]¿ ˜¡¯ª®£– AvP¿¯ª, 9. AvPıµÆ ¯©Ø®
£kzxuæÆ Cƨ¯”∞¿ C¿¯ª.
Tmhım] Aµ]fl S¯”P“ : 1. Cƨ¯”∞ªı⁄ Aµ_
ˆ\ªƒ¯hØuıSÆ, 2. ]ª \©Ø[PŒ¿ E“{ımk, ˆ¡Œ
176

{ımk ¬¡Pıµ[PŒ¿ ¨µs£ıkP“ G«UTkÆ, 3. ©zvØ,
©ı|ª[P–UQ¯h∞¿ E∂¯©, AvPıµÆ ˜£ıfl”¯¡
S‘zx £ª ˜©ıu¿P“ G« ¡ı¥®sk, 4. A∆¡ı÷ ©zvØ,
©ı|ª[P–UQ¯h˜Ø Hÿ£kÆ ˜©ıu¿PÕı¿ ˜u]Ø
J∏¯©®£ık £ıv®§ÿS“ÕıPªıÆ, 5. Pıª uı©u¨Æ,
FUPÆ √niUP®£kuæÆ |P«ªıÆ, 6. Aµ]ت¯©®a
\mhzvfl ˆ{Q«ız ufl¯©∞⁄ı¿ A∆¡®˜£ıx Hÿ£kÆ
\≠P, ˆ£ı∏Õıuıµ \¡ı¿P¯Õ® ˜£ıUQh Eh⁄ia \mhz
w∫ƒP¯Õ ¡«[Qh ¨iØıx.
©zvØ&©ı|ª E”ƒP“ : C¢vØı¬¿ uÿ˜£ıx 28 ©ı|ª[
P–Æ, 6 ©zvØ Bm]® £SvP–Æ (≥¤Øfl §µ˜u\[P“) 1
˜u]Ø u¯ª{P∫® £Sv≤Æ (ˆh¿º) E“Õ⁄. {©x Aµ]Ø
ª¯©®a \mhÆ E∏¡ıUQ≤“Õ Tmhım] Aµ_ A¯©®
§¯⁄® ˆ£ı÷zu¡¯µ∞¿ EªQfl ˜¡÷ G¢uU Tmhım]
Aµ_h›Æ Cu¯⁄ J®§h ¨iØıx. {©x {ımi¿ ©zvØ,
©ı|ª Aµ_P–UQ¯h∞ªı⁄ E”ƒP“ ˆ£∏Æ ¨UQØzx¡Æ
ˆ£÷Qfl”⁄. ˜u]Ø Jÿ÷¯©, J∏¯©®£ık, _u¢vµÆ
{ımifl C¯”Øıs¯©¯Ø® £ıxPızx ¡Õ∫zvh˜¡sk
ˆ©fl” ˜{ıUShfl ©zvØ, ©ı|ª Aµ_P–UQ¯h∞¿
AvPıµ[P¯Õ® £Q∫¢uŒUSÆ {©x Aµ]ت¯©®a
\mhzvfl 235 ¨u¿ 263 ¡¯µ∞ªı⁄ ¬vP“ ©zvØ Aµ]ÿSU
Tku¿ AvPıµ[P¯Õ ¡«[SQfl”⁄. C¢vØU Tmhım]
¨¯” _u¢vµ¨¯hØx©¿ª, \ı∫¢vØ[S¡x©¿ª. B⁄ı¿
©zvØ, ©ı|ª C∏ Aµ_P–Æ Jfl¯”ˆØıfl÷ \ı∫¢vØ[SÆ
ˆPı“¯P∞fl Ai®£¯h∞¿ CØ[S¡uıSÆ.
©zvØ, ©ı|ª Aµ_P–UQ¯h∞ªı⁄ E”ƒP¯Õ® §fl
¡∏Æ u¯ª®PŒfl Rà ¬ÕUPªıÆ : 1. \mh¨¯”∞ªı⁄
E”ƒP“, 2. |∫¡ıP ¨¯”∞ªı⁄ E”ƒP“ ©ÿ÷Æ, 3. |v
¡¯P∞ªı⁄ E”ƒP“ BQØ⁄¡ıSÆ.
1. \mh ¨¯”∞ªı⁄ E”ƒP“ : ˜u]Ø ¨UQØzx¡Æ ¡ı¥¢u
x¯”P“ ©zvØ® £miغ¿ ChÆ ˆ£ÿ÷“Õ⁄. £ıxPı®,
177

ˆ¡Œ{ımk ¬¡Pıµ[P“, C∏®® £ı¯uP“, Ag\¿
©ÿ÷Æ u¢v, PıQu® £nÆ ©ÿ÷Æ {ınØ[P“ ˜£ıfl” ]ª
¨UQØz x¯”P“ C®£miغ¿ ˜\∫UP®£mk E“Õ⁄.
©ı|ªa \mh ©fl”[P“ \mhØÿ÷Æ AvPıµÆ ˆ£ÿ÷“Õ
x¯”P“ ©ı|ª® £miغ¿ ChÆ ˆ£ÿ÷“Õ⁄. \mhÆ
©ÿ÷Æ J [S, Pı¡¿, ]¯”a\ı¯ªP“, ˆ£ıxa _PıuıµÆ,
E“Õım] A¯©®P“, ˜¡Õıs¯© ˜£ıfl” ]ª
¨UQØzx¯”P“ ©ı|ª® £miغ¿ ˜\∫UP®£mk“Õ⁄.
ˆ£ıx®£miغ¿ (Concurrent List) ˜\∫UP®£mk“Õ x¯”
PŒfl ´x ©zvØ, ©ı|ª C∏ Aµ_P–Æ \mh[P¯Õ CØÿ”
E∂¯© Esk. C∏¢u˜£ıvæÆ ¨µs£ık Hÿ£kÆ
ˆ£ı x ©zvØ Aµ_ CØÿ÷Æ \mh˜© ©ı|ª Aµ_a
\mhzv¯⁄¬h ˆ\¿¡ıUS UPuı¥ ¬Õ[SÆ. v∏©nÆ,
©n¬ªUS (Divorce), P¿¬, ˆuı»ªıÕ∫ {ªÆ ˜£ıfl”¯¡
ˆ£ıx®£miغ¿ ˜\∫UP®£mk“Õ x¯”PÕıSÆ.
2. |∫¡ıP ¨¯”∞ªı⁄ E”ƒP“ : ©ı|ª Aµ_P“ \ıuıµn
|¯ª∞¿ u[PÕx ¡¯µØ¯”USm£mh |∫¡ıP ¬¡Pıµ[
PŒ¿ ¨ AvPıµzv¯⁄≤Æ ˆPısk“Õ⁄. G¤›Æ
S‘®§mh ]ª |¯ª¯©PŒfl Rà ©zvØ Aµ_ ©ı|ª |∫¡ıP
¬¡Pıµ[PŒfl ´x u⁄x Pmk®£ımi¯⁄a ˆ\æzx
Qfl”x. Jmkˆ©ızu©ıP ©zvØ, ©ı|ª Aµ_P–UQ¯h∞
ªı⁄ |∫¡ıP E”ƒP¯Õ® §fl¡∏Æ ¡¯P∞¿ ¬ÕUPªıÆ :
(1) {ıhı–©fl”Æ \mhØÿ”UTiØ A¯⁄zx ¬¡µ[
PŒfl ´xÆ ©zvØ Aµ]fl |∫¡ıP AvPıµ[P“ ˆ\¿æ£i
ØıSÆ (¬v 162), (2) ©zvØa \mhzv¯⁄ ˆ\Ø¿£kzu
©ı|ª Aµ_P–US ©zvØ Aµ_ ˜u¯¡Øı⁄ ˆ{‘¨¯”P¯Õ
¡«[PªıÆ (¬v 257), (3) C¢vØU Siص_z u¯ª¡∫ ©ı|ª
B–{∫P¯Õ |ØUQ”ı∫. ©ı|ª[PŒ¿ ˆ\تıÿ÷Æ
B–{∫P“ ©zvØ Aµ]fl ˜{∂¯h §µv|vPÕı¥ CØ[S
Qfl”⁄∫. ©ı|ª |¯ª¯©P“ S‘zx A¡∫P“ ©zvØ
Aµ]ÿS £∏¡ A‘U¯PP¯Õ A›®Qfl”⁄∫, (4) ©zvØ®
178

£SvP¯Õ (Union Territories) ©zvØ Aµ_ ˜{∂¯hØıP |∫¡ıPÆ
ˆ\¥Qfl”x. C®£SvPŒfl x¯n B–{∫P“ A¿ªx
u¯ª¯© B¯nØ∫P¯Õ C¢vØU Siص_z u¯ª¡∫ |ØU
Qfl”ı∫, (5) C∏ ©ı|ª[P–UQ¯h∞¿ usp¯µ® £Øfl
£kzxu¿ ©ÿ÷Æ G¿¯ªP“ S‘zu uPµı÷P¯Õz w∫®£x
ˆuıh∫£ıP {ıhı–©fl”Æ ¬vP¯Õ ¡SUPªıÆ.
3. |v ¡¯P∞ªı⁄ E”ƒP“ : ©zvØ, ©ı|ª Aµ_P–U
Q¯h∞ªı⁄ |v AvPıµ[P¯Õ≤Æ C¢vØ Aµ]ت¯©®a
\mhÆ £Q∫¢uŒUQ”x. C∆ƒ”ƒP“ ]ª¡ÿ¯”® §fl¡∏Æ
¡¯P∞¿ ¬ÕUPªıÆ :
(1) ©zvØ Aµ_ ¡∏©ı⁄ ¡∂ ˜£ıfl” ¡∂P¯Õ ¬vzx,
A¡ÿ‘¯⁄ ¡`ºUQfl”x. C∆¡∂P“ ≠ªÆ ˆ£”®£kÆ
¡∏©ı⁄Æ ©zvØ, ©ı|ª[P–UQ¯h∞¿ £[Rk ˆ\¥Ø®£k
Qfl”x, (2) {ıhı–©fl”zvÿSm£mk ©zvØ Aµ_ ©ı|ª[
P–US PhflP¯Õ ¡«[PªıÆ. ©ı|ª Aµ_P“ ˆ£÷Æ Phfl
P–US ©zvØ Aµ_ §¯nØıÕ∫ E÷v ¡«[PªıÆ,
(3) C¢vØz u¯ª¯©U PnUS uoU¯P ØıÕ¯µU Siص_z
u¯ª¡∫ |Ø©⁄Æ ˆ\¥Q”ı∫. ©ı|ªU PnUSP“ ˆuıh∫£ı⁄
AvPıµ[P–Æ Ph¯©P–Æ A¡∂hÆ ¡«[P®£kQfl”⁄,
(4) ]ª ¡∂PŒfl ≠ªÆ ˆ£”®£kÆ ¡∏¡ı∞º∏¢x ©ı|ª[
P–US JxUP®£kÆ |v, ©ı|ª[P–UPı⁄ ©ı¤Ø Eu¬U
ˆPı“¯PP“ BQØ¡ÿ¯” B¥ƒ ˆ\¥vh I¢x BsiÿˆPı∏
¨¯” J∏ |vUS
¬¯⁄U Siص_z u¯ª¡∫ A¯©U
Qfl”ı∫.
{©x Aµ]ت¯©®a \mhÆ C∆¡ı”ıP ©zvØ,
©ı|ª Aµ_P–UQ¯h∞¿ AvPıµ[P¯Õ® £Q∫ƒ ˆ\¥
Qfl”x. ©zvØ, ©ı|ª C∏ Aµ_P–Æ u[P“ AvPıµ[
P¯Õa _u¢vµ©ıPa ˆ\Ø¿£kzu E∂¯© ˆ£ÿ÷“Õ⁄.
©zvØ & ©ı|ª E”ƒP¯Õ ¬\ı∂UP ¨fl⁄ı“ §µu©
A¯©a\∫ C¢vµı Pı¢v \∫UPı∂Øı S
¬¯⁄ |Øzuı∫.
AUS Aµ]ت¯©®a \mh ¡¯µØ¯”US“ ©zvØ,
179

©ı|ª Aµ_P–UQ¯h∞ªı⁄ E”ƒP¯Õ ˜©Æ£kzua ]ª
£∂¢x¯µP¯Õa ˆ\¥ux.
Pÿ”¿ A¯hƒP“
1. ©ın¡∫ Tmhım] Aµ_ Gfl”ı¿ Gfl⁄ Gfl£¯u ¬ÕUP
¨i≤Æ.
2. ©ın¡∫ Tmhım] Aµ]fl Ai®£¯h AÆ\[P¯Õ
¬ÕUP ¨i≤Æ.
3. ©ın¡∫ Tmhım] Aµ]fl |¯”P“, S¯”P¯Õ
¬¡∂UP ¨i≤Æ.
4. ©ın¡∫ ©zvØ, ©ı|ª[P–UQ¯h∞ªı⁄ E”ƒP¯ÕU
S‘®§h ¨i≤Æ.
_Ø ©v®•k
I. \∂Øı⁄ ¬¯h¯Øz ˜u∫¢ˆukUPƒÆ
1. "§ˆhÏ' Gfl£x J∏
A. Q˜µUP ¡ı∫z¯u B. Cªzwfl ¡ı∫z¯u
C. B[Qª ¡ı∫z¯u D. ˜©æ“Õ GxƒÆ
C¿¯ª.
2. Tmhım] Aµ]fl Ai®£¯h AÆ\©ıP E“Õ¯¡
A. C∏ ©ı|ª[P“ B. Jÿ¯” Aµ_ ©mkÆ
C. C∏ {ıkP“ D. ©zvØ Aµ_Æ,
©ı|ª[P–Æ
3. ©zvØ® £miغ¿ E“Õ x¯”PŒfl GsoU¯P
A. 67 B. 97
C. 47 D. 57
180

II. ˜Pıimh Ch[P¯Õ |µ®P
1. Aˆ©∂UP IUQØ {ık J∏ ________ Aµ_.
2. C¢vØı¬¿ Gg]Ø AvPıµ[P“ _______ Aµ]hÆ E“Õ⁄.
3. ©ı|ª® £miغ¿ ________, ________, ________ ˜£ıfl”
x¯”P“ E“Õ⁄.
4. Tmhım] Aµ_P“ ___________ }vzx¯”¯ØU ˆPısk
E“Õ⁄.
III. §fl¡∏¡⁄¡ÿ¯”® ˆ£ı∏zxP
1. ˆ£ıx®£miØ¿ &-& Tmhım] Aµ]fl J∏ AÆ\Æ
2. C∏®® £ı¯uP“ && Jÿ¯”ص_
3. ˆ{Q«ız ufl¯© && P¿¬
4. x¯n B–{∫ && ©zvØ® £miØ¿
5. C[Qªı¢x && ©zvØ Bm]® £SvP“
IV. _∏UP©ıP ¬¯hØŒ
1. Tmhım] Gfl”ı¿ Gfl⁄?
2. Tmhım] Aµ]fl AÆ\[P“ Øı¯¡?
3. Tmhım] Aµ]fl |¯”P¯Õa _∏UP©ıP ¬¡ıv.
4. ©zvØ, ©ı|ª Aµ_P–UQ¯h∞ªı⁄ E”ƒPŒfl ≠fl÷
u¯ª®P¯Õ® £miغhƒÆ.
V. ¬∂¡ı⁄ ¬¯h u∏P
1. Tmhım] Aµ]fl |¯”P“, S¯”P¯ÕU S‘®§kP.
2. C¢vØı¬¿ ©zvØ, ©ı|ª Aµ_P–UQ¯h∞ªı⁄
E”ƒP¯Õ ¬ÕUSP.
181

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1. ©zvØ, ©ı|ª Aµ_P–UQ¯h∞ªı⁄ AvPıµ® £Q∫ƒ
£ÿ‘Ø Am¯h®£hÆ Jfl÷ uØı∫ ˆ\¥P.
2. ©ın¡∫ C¢vØ ©ı|ª[P“, ©zvØ® £SvPŒfl
£miدªz uØı∂zu¿.
182

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C¢vØı¬fl ©zvØ Aµ_
Pÿ”¿ ˜{ıUP[P“
1. ©ın¡∫ ©zvØ |∫¡ıP, \mh©fl”, }vzx¯”
A[P[PŒfl AvPıµ[P“, £oP¯Õ® £ÿ‘ ∂¢x
ˆPı“–u¿.
2. ©ın¡∫ C¢vØ Siص_z u¯ª¡∫, x¯nU Siص_z
u¯ª¡∫, §µu© A¯©a\∫ BQ˜Øı∫ ˜u∫ƒUPı⁄
uSvP¯Õ® £ÿ‘ A‘u¿.
3. ©ın¡∫ A¯©a\µ¯¡a ˆ\Ø¿£kÆ ¬uÆ £ÿ‘Ø
A‘¬¯⁄® ˆ£”¿.
4. ©ın¡∫ C¢vØ {ıhı–©fl”zvfl AvPıµ[P“,
£oP¯Õ® £ÿ‘z ˆu∂¢x ˆPı“–u¿.
5. ©ın¡∫ C¢vØ Ea\ }v©fl”Æ ˆ\Ø¿£kÆ ¬uzv¯⁄®
∂¢x ˆPı“–u¿.
©zvØ Aµ_ uıfl {©x {ımifl ˜©¿ |¯ª Aµ\ıSÆ.
©zvØ Aµ]fl u¯ª¯©ØPÆ x v¿º∞¿ (New Delhi)
A¯©¢x“Õx. ©zvØ Aµ_ ©zvØ |∫¡ıPÆ, \mh ©fl”Æ,
}vzx¯” G⁄ A¯«UP®£kÆ ≠fl÷ A[P[P¯ÕU ˆPısk
E“Õx. ©zvØ |∫¡ıPÆ C¢vØU Siص_z u¯ª¡∫,
x¯nU Siص_z u¯ª¡∫ ©ÿ÷Æ §µu© A¯©a\∂fl
u¯ª¯©∞ªı⁄ A¯©a\µ¯¡¯ØU ˆPıshuıSÆ. ©zvØ
\mh©fl”Æ {ıhı–©fl”Æ G⁄ A¯«UP®£kQ”x. A∆
¡¯©® Cµı‰Ø \£ı G⁄®£kÆ ©ı|ª[PÕ¯¡¯Ø≤Æ
˜ªıU\£ı G⁄®£kÆ ©UPÕ¯¡¯Ø≤Æ (C∏ A¯¡P“)
ˆPıshuıSÆ. ©zvØ }vzx¯” C¢vØ Ea\ }v©fl”z
v¯⁄U ˆPısk“Õx. C∆¡[P[PŒfl A¯©®, AvPıµ[
P“, £oP¯ÕU RÃUPsh¡ı÷ ¬ÕUPªıÆ :
183

©zvØ Aµ_
|∫¡ıPÆ
\mh ©fl”Æ
}v v ©fl”Æ
C¢vØU Siص_z u¯ª¡∫
{ıhı– ©fl”Æ
C¢vØ Ea\ }v©fl”Æ
x¯nU Siص_z u¯ª¡∫
˜ªıU \£ı
Cµı‰Ø \£ı
C¢vØz u¯ª¯© }v£v
184
§µu© A¯©a\∫
25 ©ÿ” }v£vP“
A¯©a\µ¯¡U S
543 ˜£∫
©UPÕı¿
˜u∫¢ˆukUP®
£kQfl”⁄∫.
2 ˜£∫ C¢vØU
Siص_z
u¯ª¡µı¥
|ØUP®
£kQfl”⁄∫.
238 ˜£∫ ©ı|ªa \mh
©fl”[PŒ⁄ı¿
˜u∫¢ˆukUP®
£kQfl”⁄∫.
12 ˜£∫ C¢vØU
Siص_z
u¯ª¡µı¿
|ØUP®
£kQfl”⁄∫.

Siص_z u¯ª¡∫ : C¢vØU Siص_z u¯ª¡∫ {ımifl
¨u¿ Si©Pfl / Si©P“ B¡ı∫. Siص_z u¯ª¡˜µ {©x
Aµ]fl u¯ª¡µı¡ı∫. A¡∫ {©x {ımifl P EØ∫¢u
£u¬∞¯⁄ ¡QUQfl”ı∫. ©zvØ Aµ]fl A¯⁄zx |∫¡ıP
AvPıµ[P–Æ \mh®£i Siص_z u¯ª¡∂h˜© E“Õ⁄.
Siص_z u¯ª¡µıPz ˜u∫¢ˆukUP®£k¡uÿPı⁄ uSvP“ :
C¢vØU Siص_z u¯ª¡∫ £u¬USz ˜u∫uº¿ ˜£ımi∞h
J∏¡∫ §fl¡∏Æ uSvP¯Õ® ˆ£ÿ‘∏zu¿ ˜¡skÆ :
(1) A¡∫ C¢vØU Si©P⁄ı¥ / Si©PÕı¥ C∏zu¿
˜¡skÆ, (2) A¡∫ ¨®£z¯u¢x ¡Øv¯⁄® ß∫zv
A¯h¢u¡µıP C∏zu¿ ˜¡skÆ, (3) A¡∫ ©zvØ
Aµ]˜ªı, ©ı|ª Aµ]˜ªı A¿ªx E“Õım] A¯©®§˜ªı
FvØÆ ˆ£÷Æ £u¬ ¡Qzu¿ Thıx,(4) A¡∫ ˜ªıU \£ı
G⁄ A¯«UP®£kÆ ©UPÕ¯¡∞fl E÷®§⁄µı¡uÿS∂Ø
©ÿ” uSvP¯Õ® ˆ£ÿ‘∏zu¿ ˜¡skÆ, (5) A¡µx
ˆ£Ø¯µU Siص_z u¯ª¡¯µz ˜u∫¢ˆukUSÆ ¡ıUPıÕ∫
©fl”zv¿ (Electoral College) ChÆ ˆ£ÿ÷Æ S¯”¢u £m\
£zx ¡ıUPıÕ∫P“ ¨flˆ©ı»uæÆ (Proposals) ©ÿ÷ˆ©ı∏
£zx ¡ıUPıÕ∫P“ ¡» ˆ©ı»uæÆ (Seconders) ˜¡skÆ.
Siص_z u¯ª¡∂fl £u¬UPıªÆ 5 BskPÕıSÆ. A¡∫
´skÆ ˜u∫¢ˆukUP® £h uSv≤¯hØ¡µı¡ı∫.
C¢vØU Siص_z u¯ª¡¯µ ˜ªıU \£ı, Cµı‰Ø
\£ı¬fl
˜u∫¢ˆukUP®£mh E÷®§⁄∫P–Æ, A¯⁄zx
©ı|ª[PŒfl
˜u∫¢ˆukUP®£mh ©ı|ª \mh®
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u¯ª¡µıPz ˜u∫¢ˆukUP®£kÆ J∏¡∫ C¢vØz u¯ª¯©
}v£v∞fl ¨fl¤¯ª∞¿ £u¬ E÷v ˆ©ı»∞¯⁄ A¿ªx
£u¬® §µ©ınzv¯⁄ Hÿ÷U ˆPı“Õ¿ ˜¡skÆ.
Siص_z u¯ª¡∂fl AvPıµ[P–Æ £oP–Æ & 1. |∫¡ıP
AvPıµ[P“ : C¢vØ Aµ]ت¯©®a \mhzvfl£i ©zvØ
Aµ]fl |∫¡ıP AvPıµ[P“ A¯⁄zxÆ Siص_z
u¯ª¡∂h˜© E“Õ⁄. A∆¡vPıµ[P¯Õ A¡∫ ˜{∂¯h
185

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≠ª©ıP˜¡ı ˆ\Ø¿£kzuªıÆ. Siص_z u¯ª¡∫ u⁄x
£oP¯Õa ˆ\Ø¿£kzu Eu¬hƒÆ, A‘ƒ¯µ ¡«[QhƒÆ
§µu© A¯©a\∂fl u¯ª¯©∞ªı⁄ A¯©a\µ¯¡U S
E“Õx. ©zvØ Aµ]fl A¯⁄zx |∫¡ıP {h¡iU¯PP–Æ
Siص_z u¯ª¡∂fl ˆ£Ø∂˜ª˜Ø ˆ\Ø¿£kzu®
£kQfl”⁄.
Siص_z u¯ª¡∫ §µu© A¯©a\¯µ≤Æ, ©ÿ” ©zvØ
A¯©a\∫P¯Õ≤Æ, ©ı|ª B–{∫P¯Õ≤Æ, Ea\ }v©fl”zvfl
u¯ª¯© }v£v, ©ÿ” }v£vP¯Õ≤Æ, EØ∫}v©fl”
}v£vP¯Õ≤Æ ©ÿ÷Æ A¯⁄zx ¨UQØ A桪∫P¯Õ≤Æ
|ØUQfl”ı∫.
2. \mh AvPıµ[P“ : Siص_z u¯ª¡∫ J∏ Bsi¿
{ıhı–©fl”z¯uU S¯”¢u £m\Æ C∏ ¨¯”U TmkQ”ı∫.
Siص_z u¯ª¡∫ {ıhı–©fl”zvfl C∏ A¯¡PŒfl
Tmhz¯u˜Øı A¿ªx J∏ A¯¡∞fl Tmhz¯u˜Øı Jzv
¯¡UPƒÆ A¿ªx ¨iƒUSU ˆPısk ¡µƒÆ AvPıµÆ
ˆPısh¡∫. ˜ªıU \£ı G⁄®£kÆ ©UPÕ¯¡¯ØU P¯ªUP
Siص_z u¯ª¡∏US AvPıµÆ Esk. Siص_z u¯ª¡∫
Cµı‰Ø \£ı G⁄®£kÆ ©ı|ª[PÕ¯¡US 12 E÷®§⁄∫
P¯Õ |ØUQfl”ı∫. P¯ª, A‘¬Ø¿, CªUQØÆ ©ÿ÷Æ
\≠Pa ˜\¯¡ ˜£ıfl” x¯”PŒ¿ ]”®® ˆ£ÿ”¡∫PŒ¿
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B[Q˜ªı & C¢vØa \≠Pzv⁄∫ ˜ªıU \£ı¬¿ ˜£ıx©ı⁄®
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Aa\≠Pzv º∏¢x C∏ E÷®§⁄∫P–US Pı©¿ ˜ªıU
\£ı¬ÿS |ØUPªıÆ.
Siص_z u¯ª¡∫ {ıhı–©fl”zv¿ E¯µ |PÃzx
Q”ı∫. A¡∫ C∏ A¯¡PŒfl TmkU TmhzvæÆ A¿ªx
Huı¡x J∏ A¯¡∞¿ u¤ØıPƒÆ E¯µ |PÃzuªıÆ. C∏
A¯¡P–USÆ H˜u›Æ P∏zx ˜¡÷£ıkP“ Hÿ£k©ı∞fl
A¯¡P¯Õz w∫UP Siص_z u¯ª¡∫ ˜ªıU \£ı ©ÿ÷Æ
186

Cµı‰Ø \£ı¬fl TmkU Tmhz¯uU TmhªıÆ. {ıhı–
©fl”zv⁄ı¿ |¯”˜¡ÿ”®£kÆ G¢u J∏ ©˜\ıuıƒÆ
Siص_z u¯ª¡∂fl C¯\ƒ A¿ªx J®u¿ Cfl‘a
\mh©ıPıx. {ıhı–©fl”zvfl TmhÆ {¯hˆ£”ıu
\©Ø[PŒ¿ A¡\µa \mhzv¯⁄® §”®§UP Siص_z
u¯ª¡∏US AvPıµ¨sk.
3. |v AvPıµ[P“ : Siص_z u¯ª¡∂fl £∂¢x¯µ
∞¿ªı©¿ G¢uˆ¡ı∏ |v ©˜\ıuı¯¡≤Æ {ıhı–©fl”zv¿
A‘¨P®£kzu ¨iØıx. C¢vØ Aµ]ت¯©®a \mhÆ
C¢vØ Gv∫£ıµıa ˆ\ªƒ |v∞º∏¢x (Contingency Fund of India)
ˆ\ª¡»USÆ E∂¯©¯ØU Siص_z u¯ª¡∏US
¡«[Q≤“Õx. A¡∫ A¢|v∞º∏¢x {ıhı–©fl”zvfl
C÷v A[RPıµÆ ˆ£÷Æ ¨fl⁄∫ Aµ]fl Gv∫£ıµıa ˆ\ªƒ
P¯Õa \©ıŒUP Aµ_US ¨fl£nÆ ¡«[P AvPıµÆ ˆ£ÿ÷
E“Õı∫. I¢x BskP–US J∏ uh¯¡ A¿ªx ©ı|ª[
PŒfl ˜Pı∂U¯P∞fl ˜£∂¿ Siص_z u¯ª¡∫ J∏ |vU
S
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4. }v AvPıµ[P“ : Siص_z u¯ª¡∫ ¯PvP–US
©fl¤® ¡«[PƒÆ, ush¯⁄¯Ø Jzv¯¡UPƒÆ A¿ªx
S¯”UPƒÆ AvPıµÆ ˆ£ÿ÷“Õı∫. Siص_z u¯ª¡∫
Aµ]Ø¿ \mhÆ ˆuıh∫£ı⁄ ¬¡Pıµ[P“ ´x Ea\}v
©fl”zvfl B˜ªı\¯⁄¯Ø® ˆ£” E∂¯© ˆ£ÿ÷“Õı∫.
5. ˆ{∏UPi Pıª AvPıµ[P“ : C¢vØU Siص_z u¯ª
¡∂hÆ ˆ{∏UPi Pıª AvPıµ[P“ E“Õ⁄. A¯¡ : (A) ˜£ı∫
A¿ªx ˆ¡Œ{ımk® £¯hˆØk® A¿ªx B≤u® µm]∞fl
˜£ıx ˆ{∏UPi |¯ª¯Ø A‘¬zu¿, (B) ©ı|ª[PŒ¿
Aµ]ت¯©® |∫¡ıPÆ ˆ\غ«USƘ£ıx ˆ{∏UPi
|¯ª¯Ø A‘¬zu¿, ©ÿ÷Æ, (C) |v ˆ{∏UPi |¯ª∞¯⁄
A‘¬zu¿ BSÆ.
x¯nU Siص_z u¯ª¡∫ : {©x Aµ]ت¯©®a \mhÆ
J∏ x¯nU Siص_z u¯ª¡∫ ˜u∫¢ˆukUP®£h ¡¯P
187

1950 ¨u¿ {©x Siص_z u¯ª¡∫P“
hıUh∫
Cµı˜\¢vµ §µ\ız
1950&1962
hıUh∫
CµıuıQ∏Ënfl
1962&1967
hıUh∫
·ıR∫ E˜\fl
1967&1969
¬.¬. Q∂
1969&1974
£U∏wfl Aº AP©x
1947&1977
Gfl. \g^¡ ˆµmi
1977&1982
188

QØı¤ ˆ·∞¿][
1982&1987
B∫. ˆ¡[Pmµı©fl
1987&1992
hıUh∫ GÏ.i \∫©ı
1992&1997
˜P.B∫. {ıµıØnfl
1997&2002
hıUh∫ H.§.˜·. A®x¿ PªıÆ
2002&
189

ˆ\¥Q”x. A¡¯µ {ıhı–©fl”zvfl C∏ A¯¡P¯Õa
˜\∫¢u E÷®§⁄∫P–Æ ˜u∫¢ˆukUQfl”⁄∫. C®£u¬US®
˜£ımi∞kÆ J∏¡∫ C¢vØU Si©P⁄ı≤Æ, A¿ªx
Si©PÕı≤Æ, 35 ¡Øx |µÆ§Ø¡µıPƒÆ, Cµı‰Ø \£ı¬¿
J∏ E÷®§⁄µı¡uÿS∂Ø uSvP¯Õ≤Æ ˆ£ÿ‘∏zu¿
˜¡skÆ. x¯nU Siص_z u¯ª¡∂fl £u¬UPıªÆ I¢x
BskP“. x¯nU Siص_z u¯ª¡∫, £u¬ ¡»˜Ø
(Ex-Officio) Cµı‰Ø \£ı¬fl u¯ª¡µıPa ˆ\تıÿ÷Q”ı∫.
Siص_z u¯ª¡∫ Eh¿{ªU S¯”¡ı¿ u⁄x Ph¯©P¯Õ
Bÿ” Cتıu˜£ıxÆ A¿ªx {ımi¿ C¿ªıu ˜£ıxÆ
x¯nU Siص_z u¯ª¡∫ Siص_z u¯ª¡∂fl £oP¯ÕU
P¡¤®£ı∫. Siص_z u¯ª¡∫ £u¬, A¡µx £u¬
¬ªPªı¿, C”® A¿ªx Sÿ”zuıUP¿ (Impeachment) ≠ªÆ
PıºØıSƘ£ıx x¯nU Siص_z u¯ª¡∫ AvP£m\Æ
B÷ ©ıu PıªzvÿSz Siص_z u¯ª¡µıP® ˆ£ı÷®
¡QUPªıÆ.
§µu© A¯©a\∏Æ A¯©a\µ¯¡U S ƒÆ :
Aµ]ت¯©® \mhzvfl£i Siص_z u¯ª¡∏US
Eu¬hƒÆ A‘ƒ¯µ ¡«[QhƒÆ §µu© A¯©a\¯µz
u¯ª¡µıPU ˆPısh J∏ ©zvØ A¯©a\µ¯¡U S
ˆ\Ø¿£kQfl”x. Siص_z u¯ª¡∫ A¯©a\µ¯¡ ¡«[SÆ
A‘ƒ¯µ¯Ø ©÷ £∂^ª¯⁄a ˆ\¥Øa ˆ\ı¿ªªıÆ. B⁄ı¿
©÷ £∂^ª¯⁄U S® §fl⁄∫ A¢u A‘ƒ¯µ∞fl£i A¡∫
{h¢x ˆPı“–u¿ ˜¡skÆ.
§µu© A¯©a\∂fl |Ø©⁄Æ : ˜ªıU \£ı¬fl (©UPÕ¯¡)
ˆ£∏Æ£ıfl¯©U Pm]z u¯ª¡¯µU Siص_z u¯ª¡∫
§µu© A¯©a\µıP |ØUQfl”ı∫. ©ÿ” A¯©a\∫P¯Õ≤Æ,
Siص_z u¯ª¡∫ §µu© A¯©a\∂fl B˜ªı\¯⁄∞fl˜£∂¿
|ØUQfl”ı∫. ˜ªıU \£ı¬¿ G¢u J∏ Pm]USÆ u¤®
ˆ£∏Æ£ıfl¯© £ªÆ C¿¯ªˆØ¤¿ Siص_z u¯ª¡∂fl
P∏zx®£i G¢uUPm] A¯©a\µ¯¡¯Ø A¯©UP ¨i≤˜©ı
Aufl u¯ª¡¯µ A¡∫ A¯«zx Aµ_ A¯©UPU T”ªıÆ.
190

1947 & ¨u¿ C¢vØı¬fl §µu© A¯©a\∫P“
Gs ˆ£Ø∫ Bsk
1. v∏ ·¡Ì∫ªı¿ ˜{∏ 1947-1964
2. v∏ ªı¿ £Py∫ \ıÏv∂ 1964-1966
3. v∏©v C¢vµı Pı¢v 1966-1977
4. v∏ ˆ©ıµı∫‚˜u\ı¥ 1977-1979
5. v∏ \µs][ 1979-1980
6. v∏©v C¢vµı Pı¢v 1980-1984
7. v∏ Cµı‚∆ Pı¢v 1984-1989
8. v∏ ¬.§. ][ 1989-1990
191

1947 & ¨u¿ C¢vØı¬fl §µu© A¯©a\∫P“
Gs ˆ£Ø∫ Bsk
9. v∏ \¢vµ ˜\P∫ 1990-1991
10. v∏ §.¬. {µ]Æ© µı∆ 1991-1996
11. v∏ H.§. ¡ı‰˜£∞ ˜© 1996
12. v∏ Ga.i. ˜u¡ˆPÕhı 1996-1997
13. v∏ I.˜P. S‰µı¿ 1997-1998
14. v∏ H.§. ¡ı‰˜£∞ H®µ¿ 1998
15. v∏ H.§. ¡ı‰˜£∞ 1999-2004
16. hıUh∫ ©fl˜©ıPfl ][ 2004-2009
192

Siص_z u¯ª¡∫ A¯©a\∫P–US® £u¬® §µ©ın¨Æ
CµP]ØUPı®® §µ©ın¨Æ ˆ\¥x ¯¡UQfl”ı∫. §µu©
A¯©a\∫, ©ÿ” A¯©a\∫PŒfl FvØ[P¯Õ≤Æ, £iP¯Õ
≤Æ {ıhı–©fl”Æ |∫n∞UQfl”x. {ıhı–©fl”zv¿
E÷®§⁄µı¥ C¿ªıu¡∫ Th A¯©a\µı¥ |ØUP®
£hªıÆ. B⁄ı¿ A¡∫ 6 ©ıu[P–US“ {ıhı–
©fl”zvÿSz ˜u∫¢ˆukUP®£h¿ ˜¡skÆ.
A¯©a\∫P“ u¤®£mh ¨¯”∞æÆ, Jmk ˆ©ızu
©ıPƒÆ ©UPÕ¯¡US (˜ªıU \£ı) ˆ£ı÷®¯hØ¡∫PÕı¡∫.
©zvØ A¯©a\∫P“ ≠fl÷ ¡¯PØıP E“Õ⁄∫. §µu©
A¯©a\¯µz u¬µ ˜P§ˆ⁄m A¿ªx Bm]US
A¯©a\∫P“, Cµı\ı[P A¯©a\∫P“ (Ministers of State) x¯n
A¯©a\∫P“ G⁄ A¡∫P“ ≠¡¯PØıP A¯«UP®£kQfl”⁄∫.
˜P§ˆ⁄m A¯©a\∫P“ Aµ]fl ¨UQØz x¯”P¯Õ
|∫¡Qzx ˆ£∏Æ£ıªı⁄ ˆPı“¯PP¯Õz w∫©ı¤UQfl”⁄∫.
Cµshı¡x, ≠fl”ı¡x ¡¯P A¯©a\∫P“ ˜P§ˆ⁄m
E÷®§⁄∫P“ A¿ª. A¡∫P¯Õa ]”® ¬∏¢v⁄∫PÕıP
A¯«zuıˆªı»Ø A¡∫P“ ˜P§ˆ⁄m Tmh[PŒ¿ Pª¢x
ˆPı“Õ ¨iØıx. Cµı\ı[P A¯©a\∫ x¯n A¯©a\¯µ
¬hz uSv∞¿ EØ∫¢u¡µı¡ı∫. A¡∫ u¤zxÆ A¿ªx J∏
˜P§ˆ⁄m A¯©a\∂fl R Æ £oØıÿ”ªıÆ. x¯n A¯©a\∫
˜P§ˆ⁄m A¯©a\∏US Eu¬ØıÕµıP® £oØıÿ÷¡ı∫.
§µu© A¯©a\∂fl £u¬≤Æ AvPıµ[P–Æ : C¢vØı¬¿
Es¯©Øı⁄ |∫¡ıP AvPıµ[P“ §µu© A¯©a\∂hzv
˜ª˜Ø E“Õ⁄. §µu© A¯©a\∫ uıfl Aµ]fl x¯”P¯Õ
A¯©a\∫P–US JxURk ˆ\¥Q”ı∫. §µu© A¯©a\∫ G¢u
ˆ¡ı∏ A¯©a\¯µ≤Æ £u¬ ¬ªPU ˜PıµªıÆ.
§µu© A¯©a\∫, uıfl u¯ª¯© ¡QUSÆ, ˜P§ˆ⁄m
A¿ªx A¯©a\µ¯¡U Tmhzvfl ˜uv∞¯⁄≤Æ P∏x
ˆ£ı∏¯Õ≤Æ (Agenda) S‘zx ¨iƒ ˆ\¥¡ı∫. §µu©
A¯©a\˜µ ˜P§ˆ⁄mifl u¯ª¡∫. ©ÿ” A¯©a\∫P“
193

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ˆ£ı x §µu© A¯©a\∫ u⁄x ≠zu \PıUP“ C∏¡∫
A¿ªx ≠¡¯µ CØ¿£ıPU Pª¢uı˜ªı]UPªıÆ. §µu©
A¯©a\∫ £¿˜¡÷ x¯”PŒfl £oP¯Õ≤Æ ˜©ÿ£ı∫¯¡
∞kQ”ı∫.
˜P§ˆ⁄m A¿ªx A¯©a\µ¯¡ : |∫¡ıPzvfl ¯©Ø©ıP
¬Õ[SÆ ˜P§ˆ⁄m Gfl£x ≠zu A¯©a\∫P¯ÕU ˆPısh
J∏ u¤®£mh A¯©® BSÆ. Aµ]fl ¨UQØ ¨iƒP¯ÕU
˜P§ˆ⁄m GkUQfl”x. ©ÿ” A¯©a\∫P“ Aƨi¬fl£i
ˆ\Ø¿£ku¿ ˜¡skÆ.
{ıhı–©fl” Tmhz ˆuıh∫ {¯hˆ£÷Æ ˜uv, Jzv
¯¡UP®£kÆ ˜uvP¯ÕU S‘zx ¨iˆ¡k®£x ˜P§ˆ⁄m
ifl ¨UQØa \mh©fl”® £oØıSÆ. A¡\µa \mh[P¯Õ®
§”®§UP Siص_z u¯ª¡∏US ˜P§ˆ⁄m £∂¢x¯µP¯Õa
ˆ\¥Q”x. Aµ]Ø¿ \mhz v∏zu ©˜\ıuıUP¯ÕU ˆPısk
¡∏¡væÆ ˜P§ˆ⁄m ¨UQØ®£[S ¡QUQfl”x.
A¯⁄zx A¯©a\∫PŒfl P∏zxUP¯Õ≤Æ J∏[
Q¯nzx ˜u]ØU ˆPı“¯PP¯Õ ¡S®£x ˜P§ˆ⁄mifl
|∫¡ıP® £oØıSÆ. ˜P§ˆ⁄mifl ¬¡ıu Ai®£¯h∞¿
|v A¯©a\∫ Bsk ¡µƒ&ˆ\ªƒ vmhz¯u (Annual Budget)
uØı∫ ˆ\¥Q”ı∫. G⁄˜¡ |v ©˜\ıuıUPŒfl §”®§hÆ
˜P§ˆ⁄m˜hØıSÆ. Aufl §fl A¯¡ Siص_z u¯ª¡∂fl
£∂¢x¯µP–hfl ©UPÕ¯¡∞¿ A‘¨P®£kzu®£kQfl”⁄.
˜P§ˆ⁄m, Aµ]fl ˆ¡Œ{ımkU ˆPı“¯P¯Ø ¨iƒ
ˆ\¥Q”x. \∫¡˜u\ Ehfl£iU¯PP¯Õ A[RP∂UQfl”x.
˜©æÆ £¿˜¡÷ {ıkP–US C¢vØz yx¡∫P¯Õ
|Ø®£væÆ ¨UQØ®£[Q¯⁄ ¡QUQfl”x.
C¢vØ {ıhı–©fl”Æ : C¢vØ {ıhı–©fl”Æ {©x
{ımifl Siص_z u¯ª¡∫, ©ı|ª[PÕ¯¡ (Cµı‰Ø \£ı)
©ÿ÷Æ ©UPÕ¯¡ (˜ªıU \£ı) ¯ØU ˆPıshuıSÆ.
194

Cµı‰Ø \£ı E÷®§⁄µı¡uÿS∂Ø uSvP“ : Cµı‰Ø \£ı
E÷®§⁄µı¡uÿS J∏ ˜¡m£ıÕ∫ §fl¡∏Æ uSvP¯Õ®
ˆ£ÿ‘∏zu¿ ˜¡skÆ :
(1) A¡∫ J∏ C¢vØU Si©P⁄ı¥ / Si©PÕı¥
C∏zu¿ ˜¡skÆ, (2) 30 ¡Øx |µÆ§Ø¡µı∞∏zu¿
˜¡skÆ, (3) \mh®£iØı⁄ ©ÿ” uSvP¯Õ® ˆ£ÿ‘∏zu¿
˜¡skÆ, (4) A¡∫ ©ı|ª A¿ªx ©zvØ Aµ]¿ \Æ£ÕÆ
ˆ£÷Æ G¢u® £u¬¯Ø≤Æ ¡Qzu¿ Thıx, (5) A¡∫
©⁄|¯ª \∂∞¿ªıu¡µıP˜¡ı A¿ªx ˆ£ÿ” Ph¯⁄
v∏Æ£z uµ ¡UPÿ”¡µı¥ C∏zu¿ Thıx.
Cµı‰Ø \£ı J∏ |µ¢uµ A[P©ıSÆ. Au¯⁄U P¯ªUP
¨iØıx. Cµı‰Ø \£ı E÷®§⁄∫PŒfl £u¬UPıªÆ 6
BskPÕıSÆ. Aufl E÷®§⁄∫PŒ¿ ≠fl‘¿ J∏ £Sv
∞⁄∫ J∆ˆ¡ı∏ CµshıskÆ K¥ƒ ˆ£÷Qfl”⁄∫. Au⁄ı¿
Hÿ£kÆ Pıº∞h[P“ vØ E÷®§⁄∫PÕı¿ |µ®£®£k
Qfl”⁄.
˜ªıU \£ı E÷®§⁄µı¡uÿS∂Ø uSvP“ : ˜ªıU \£ı¬fl
E÷®§⁄µı¡uÿS J∏¡∫ RÃUPsh uSvP¯Õ® ˆ£ÿ‘∏zu¿
˜¡skÆ :
(1) A¡∫ C¢vØU Si©P⁄ı¥ / Si©PÕı¥ C∏zu¿
˜¡skÆ, (2) A¡∫ 25 ¡ØvÿSU S¯”ƒ¯hØ¡µı¥
C∏zu¿ Thıx, (3) {ımifl Huı¡x J∏ £Sv∞¿ A¡µx
ˆ£Ø∫ ¡ıUPıÕ∫ £miغ¿ Chƈ£ÿ‘∏zu¿ ˜¡skÆ,
(4) A¡∫ Aµ_ A桪Pzv¿ \Æ£ÕÆ ˆ£÷Æ £o∞¿
C∏zu¿ Thıx.
˜ªıU \£ı E÷®§⁄∫P“ I¢x BskP–USz
˜u∫¢ˆukUP®£kQfl”⁄∫. G¤›Æ §µu© A¯©a\∂fl
B˜ªı\¯⁄∞fl ˜£∂¿ £u¬U PıªÆ ¨i≤Æ ¨fl˜£ ˜ªıU
\£ı¯¡U Siص_z u¯ª¡∫ P¯ªUPªıÆ.
{ıhı–©fl”zvfl AvPıµ[P–Æ, £oP–Æ : C¢vØ
{ıhı–©fl”Æ \mhØÿ÷u¿, |∫¡ıPzv¯⁄ ˜©ÿ£ı∫¯¡
195

∞ku¿, ¡µƒ&ˆ\ªƒz vmhzv¯⁄ Hÿ”¿, ˆ£ıx©UP“
S¯”P¯Õ® ˜£ıUSu¿, ¡Õ∫a]z vmh[P“, \∫¡˜u\
E”ƒP“, E“{ımkU ˆPı“¯PP“ G⁄ £¿˜¡÷ u¯ª®
P¯Õ ¬¡ıvzu¿ ˜£ıfl” £ª £oP¯Õa ˆ\¥Qfl”x.
{ıhı–©fl”Æ Siص_z u¯ª¡∫ ´uı⁄ Sÿ”z uıUSu¿
P¯Õ ¬\ı∂UPƒÆ, Ea\ }v©fl”, EØ∫ }v©fl” }v£vP“,
u¯ª¯©z ˜u∫u¿ B¯nØ∫, C¢vØz u¯ª¯©U
PnUPı¥¡ıÕ∫ & uoU¯PØıÕ∫ BQ˜Øı¯µ Aµ]ت¯©®a
\mh ¬v¨¯”PŒfl£i £u¬ }UPÆ ˆ\¥ØƒÆ AvPıµÆ
ˆ£ÿ÷“Õx.
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˜P“¬P“ ˜Pm£ufl ≠ª©ıPƒÆ, Jzv¯¡®z w∫©ı⁄[
P“, ¬¡ıu[P“, w∫©ı⁄[P“ CØÿ÷u¿, Psh⁄z
w∫©ı⁄Æ A¿ªx {ƧU¯P∞¿ªız w∫©ı⁄z¯u ¬¡ıvzx
A¯¡∞¿ ˆPısk ¡∏u¿ ˜£ıfl”¯¡PŒfl ≠ª©ıPƒÆ
u⁄x Pmk®£ımi¯⁄a ˆ\æzv ¡∏Qfl”x. ©ı|ª[PŒfl
G¿¯ªP¯Õ ©ıÿ‘د©zvh {ıhı–©fl”zvÿ˜P AvPıµÆ
Esk.
}vzx¯” : }vzx¯” Aµ]fl ≠fl”ı¡x A[P©ıSÆ.
Czx¯” Si©UPŒfl E∂¯©P¯Õ≤Æ, _u¢vµzv¯⁄≤Æ
£ıxPı®£v¿ J∏ ¨UQØ®£[Q¯⁄ ¡QUQfl”x. {ımifl
\mh[P“, Aµ]ت¯©®§fl AÆ\[P¯Õ Aª], A¡ÿ‘ÿS®
ˆ£ı∏–¯µUSÆ J∏ ]”®£ı⁄ £o∞¯⁄≤Æ Czx¯”
ˆ\¥x ¡∏Qfl”x.
Ea\ }v©fl”Æ : C¢vØ Ea\ }v©fl”Æ J∏ u¯ª¯©
}v£v¯Ø≤Æ, 25 }v£vP¯Õ≤Æ ˆPısk“Õx. Ea\ }v
©fl”zvfl u¯ª¯© }v£v¯ØU Siص_z u¯ª¡∫
|ØUQfl”ı∫. ©ÿ” }v£vP¯Õ Ea\ }v ©fl”z u¯ª¯©
}v£v∞fl B˜ªı\¯⁄≤hfl |ØUQfl”ı∫.
Aµ]ت¯©®a \mhzvfl£i J∏¡∫ §fl¡∏Æ
uSvP¯Õ® ˆ£ÿ‘∏¢uı¿ ©mk˜© Ea\ }v©fl” }v£vØıP
196

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Si©PÕı¥ C∏zu¿ ˜¡skÆ, (2) J∏¡∫ S¯”¢u £m\Æ
I¢x BskP“ J∏ EØ∫ }v©fl”Æ A¿ªx C∏ EØ∫}v
©fl”[P“ A¿ªx AuÿS ˜©ÿ£mh EØ∫}v ©fl”[PŒ¿
ˆuıh∫¢x }v£vØıP® £o ∂¢v∏zu¿ ˜¡skÆ A¿ªx
(3) J∏¡∫ S¯”¢u£m\Æ £zx BskP“ J∏ EØ∫}v
©fl”zv¿ A¿ªx C∏ A¿ªx AuÿS ˜©ÿ£mh EØ∫}v
©fl”[PŒ¿ ˆuıh∫¢x ¡«UP‘bµıPa ˆ\تıÿ‘∞∏zu¿
˜¡skÆ A¿ªx (4) Siص_z u¯ª¡∫ P∏zvfl£i ]”®
UP \mh ¡¿æ{µı¥ C∏zu¿ ˜¡skÆ.
Ea\ }v©fl” }v£vP“ 65 ¡Øv¯⁄ A¯h≤Æ¡¯µ
£u¬∞¿ }i®£∫. Ea\ }v©fl”zvfl |µ¢uµ u¯ª¯©∞hÆ
x v¿º∞æ“Õx. G¤›Æ C¢vØU Siص_z u¯ª¡∂fl
C¯\ƒ ˆ£ÿ÷ C¢vØz u¯ª¯© }v£v∞fl ¨i¬fl£i
˜¡÷ G¢u ©ı|ªzvæÆ A¿ªx ChzvæÆ C¢}v©fl”
A©∫ƒ A¯©ØªıÆ.
Ea\ }v©fl”zvfl AvPıµ[P–Æ £oP–Æ
Ea\ }v©fl”zvfl }v¡¯µØ¯”
u⁄U˜P
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1. u⁄U˜P≤∂Ø }v ¡¯µØ¯” : C¢vØ Aµ]ت¯©®a
\mhÆ Ea\ }v©fl”zvÿ˜P≤∂Ø ]”® }v¡¯µØ¯”USm
£mh¯¡ØıP §fl¡∏¡⁄¡ÿ¯”U S‘®§kQ”x : (A)
C¢vØ Aµ]ÿSÆ J∏ ©ı|ªÆ A¿ªx AuÿS ˜©ÿ£mh
©ı|ª[P–US¯h∞ªı⁄ ]UP¿P“, A¿ªx (B) C¢vØ
197

Aµ_, Huı¡ˆuı∏ ©ı|ªÆ A¿ªx ©ı|ª[P“ Cflˆ⁄ı∏
”¨Æ ˆPısh ]UP¿P“, A¿ªx (C) Cµsk A¿ªx
AuÿS ˜©ÿ£mh ©ı|ª[P–UQ¯h∞ªı⁄ ]UP¿P“.
Ai®£¯h E∂¯©P¯Õ {¯h¨¯”®£kzx¡x ˆuıh∫£ıP
G Æ ]UP¿P–Æ Ea\ }v©fl”zvfl u⁄U˜P≤∂Ø }v ¡¯µ
د”USm£mhuıSÆ. C∆ƒ∂¯©P¯Õ {¯h¨¯”®£kzu
ˆ{‘¨¯”P¯Õ ¡«[PƒÆ, B¯nP“, }v©fl” Ezvµƒ
P¯Õ ¡«[PƒÆ Ea\ }v©fl”zvÿS AvPıµ¨sk. C¢
˜{ıUP[P–UPıP Ea\ }v©fl”Æ (1) BmˆPın∫
}v®˜£µı¯n, (2) Rà ©fl”zvÿS ¬kUSÆ Pmh¯Õ }v®
˜£µı¯n, (3) ¡«US ¬\ıµ¯nz u¯h B¯n, (4) E∂¯©
¬⁄ı }v®˜£µı¯n, (5) £zvµz¯uU ˆPısk ¡¢x
¨fl¤¯ª®£kzuU Rà ©fl”[P–US Ch®£kÆ Pmh¯Õ
˜£ıfl” }v©fl” EzvµƒP¯Õ® §”®§UPªıÆ.
2. ˜©¿¨¯”±k }v ¡¯µØ¯” : Ea\ }v©fl”˜© {ımifl
C÷v ˜©¿¨¯”±mk }v©fl”©ıSÆ. ©ı|ª EØ∫}v
©fl”[P“ ¡«[SÆ E∂¯©∞Ø¿ ©ÿ÷Æ Sÿ”¬Ø¿ (Civil and
Criminal) ¡«USP“ ´uı⁄ w∫®P–US Gvµı⁄ ˜©¿¨¯”
±mk ¡«USP¯Õ Ea\ }v©fl”Æ ¬\ı∂UQfl”x. A®£i®
£mh ¡«USP¯Õz w∫UP Aµ]ت¯©®a \mh®£i
˜©æÆ \mh ¬ÕUPÆ ˜u¯¡ˆØ⁄ EØ∫}v©fl”Æ \ıfl‘uÃ
AŒzuı¿ ©mk˜© A∆¡«USP¯Õ Ea\ }v©fl”zvfl ¨fl
ˆPısk ˆ\¿ª ¨i≤Æ.
3. B˜ªı\¯⁄ }v ¡¯µØ¯” : ˆ£ıx ¨UQØzx¡Æ ¡ı¥¢u
G¢uˆ¡ı∏ \mhÆ A¿ªx Es¯© ´uı⁄ Ea\ }v
©fl”zvfl P∏zv¯⁄®ˆ£” Aµ]ت¯©®a \mhÆ Siص_z
u¯ª¡∏US AvPıµzv¯⁄ ¡«[SQfl”x.
4. £¿˜¡÷ ¬u }v ¡¯µØ¯” : Ea\ }v©fl”Æ J∏ B¡n
}v©fl”©ıPa ˆ\Ø¿£kQfl”x. }v©fl” A¡©v®§¯⁄z
usiUSÆ E∂¯© E“£h J∏ }v©fl”zvÿS∂Ø §fl¡∏Æ
A¯⁄zx AvPıµ[P¯Õ≤Æ Ea\ }v©fl”Æ ˆ£ÿ÷“Õx :
198

A. Ea\ }v©fl”Æ §”®§USÆ \mhÆ C¢vØı¬fl
A¯⁄zx® £Sv∞æ“Õ }v©fl”[P¯Õ≤Æ Pmk®
£kzxÆ.
B. Siص_z u¯ª¡∂fl J®u¿ ˆ£ÿ÷ }v©fl”zvfl
ˆ£ıx¡ı⁄ ˆ\Ø¿¨¯”P“, ¡»¨¯”P¯Õ J [S
£kzxÆ ¬vP¯Õ E∏¡ıUP Ea\}v ©fl”zvÿS
AvPıµÆ ¡«[P®£mk“Õx.
C. Ea\ }v©fl”Æ u⁄x A¯©®§fl ´uı⁄ ¨ UPmk®
£ımi¯⁄≤Æ ˆPısk“Õx.
}v©fl” ©÷ B¥ƒ AvPıµÆ : Ea\ }v©fl”Æ Aµ]Ø
ª¯©®a \mhzvfl £ıxPı¡ª⁄ı¥a ˆ\Ø¿£kQfl”x.
\∫a¯\US∂Ø J∏ \mhzv¯⁄ Aµ]ت¯©®a \mhzvÿS
¨µnı⁄x G⁄ A‘¬USÆ }v©fl” ©÷ B¥ƒ AvPıµÆ
Ea\}v©fl”zvÿS E“Õx. Ea\ }v©fl”Æ C∆¡vPıµz¯ua
ˆ\Ø¿£kzxQfl”x. §fl¡∏¡⁄¡ÿ¯” u¤®£mh }v©fl”
©÷ B¥ƒ ˆ\¥≤Æ AvPıµ¨Æ C¢vØ Ea\ }v ©fl”zvhÆ
E“Õx. A¯¡ (A) ©zvØ ©ı|ª[P–UQ¯h∞ªı⁄ ]UP¿
P“, (B) IØ®£ıkP“, P∏zx ˜¡ÿ÷¯©P–US“ÕıSÆ
Aµ]ت¯©®a \mhzvfl AÆ\[P¯Õ ¬ÕUQ ˆuŒƒ
£kzxu¿, (C) Ai®£¯h E∂¯©P¯Õ® £ıxPızu¿,
(D) Aµ]ت¯©®a \mhzvÿS ¨µnıP \mh©fl”[P“
CØÿ÷Æ \mh[P“ BQØ⁄¡ıSÆ.
Pÿ”¿ A¯hƒP“
1. ©ın¡∫ ©zvØ Aµ]fl |∫¡ıP, \mh©fl”, }vz
x¯”PŒfl AvPıµ[P“, £oP¯Õ ¡∂¯\®£kzu
¨i≤Æ.
2. ©ın¡∫ C¢vØU Siص_z u¯ª¡∫, x¯nU Siص_z
u¯ª¡∫ BQ˜Øı∫ ˜u∫¢ˆukUP®£k¡uÿS∂Ø uSvP¯Õ
¬¡∂UP ¨i≤Æ.
199

3. ©ın¡∫ {ıhı–©fl”zvfl A¯©®, ©zvØ Aµ]fl
A¯©® £ÿ‘ ¬ÕUP ¨i≤Æ.
4. ©ın¡∫ C¢vØ Ea\ }v©fl”zvfl AvPıµ[P“,
£oP¯ÕU S‘®§h ¨i≤Æ.
_Ø ©v®•k
I. \∂Øı⁄ ¬¯h¯Øz ˜u∫¢ˆukUPƒÆ
1. ©zvØ Aµ]fl A[P[P“
A. C∏ A[P[P“ B. ≠fl÷ A[P[P“
C. J∏ A[PÆ D. {ıflS A[P[P“
2. ©zvØ A¯©a\µ¯¡U S ¬fl u¯ª¡∫
A. §µu© A¯©a\∫ B. Siص_z u¯ª¡∫
C. x¯nU Siص_z D. x¯n® §µu© A¯©a\∫
u¯ª¡∫
3. Cµı‰Ø \£ı¬fl E÷®§⁄∫ GsoU¯P
A. 238 E÷®§⁄∫P“ B. 248 E÷®§⁄∫P“
C. 250 E÷®§⁄∫P“ D. 12 E÷®§⁄∫P“
4. Ea\ }v©fl”zvfl |µ¢uµ u¯ª¯©∞hÆ
A. ˆ\fl¯⁄ B. ¨Æ¯£
C. ˆPı¿Pzuı D. x v¿º
II. ˜Pıimh Ch[P¯Õ |µ®P
1. {ıhı–©fl”zv¿ ___________ A¯¡P“ E“Õ⁄.
200

2. Siص_z u¯ª¡∫ ___________fl u¯ª¡µı¡ı∫.
3. §µu© A¯©a\∫ ___________∞fl u¯ª¡µı¡ı∫.
4. A¯©a\µ¯¡U S ___________vÿS Jmk ˆ©ızu©ıP
ˆ£ı÷® ¯hØuıSÆ.
III. §fl ¡∏¡⁄¡ÿ¯”® ˆ£ı∏zxP
1. Siص_z u¯ª¡∫ &-& RÃa\¯£
2. §µu© A¯©a\∫ &-& ≠fl”ıÆ A[PÆ
3. x¯nU Siص_z u¯ª¡∫ &-& Es¯©Øı⁄ u¯ª¡∫
4. }vzx¯” &-& ˆ£ØµÕ¬¿ u¯ª¡∫
5. ˜ªıU \£ı &-& Aæ¡¿¡»∞¿ Cµı‰Ø
\£ı¬fl u¯ª¡∫
IV. _∏UP©ıP ¬¯hØŒ
1. Siص_z u¯ª¡µıPz ˜u∫¢ˆukUP®£k¡uÿPı⁄ uSvP“
Gfl⁄?
2. C¢vØı¬¿ x¯nU Siص_z u¯ª¡∫ G∆¡ı÷
˜u∫¢ˆukUP®£kQ”ı∫?
3. ©zvØ A¯©a\µ¯¡U S ¬æ“Õ A¯©a\∫PŒfl
¡¯PP¯Õ ¬ÕUSP.
4. }v©fl” ©÷ B¥¬¯⁄® £ÿ‘ J∏ ]÷ S‘® G xP.
V. ¬∂¡ı⁄ ¬¯h u∏P
1. ©zvØ Aµ]fl A¯©® £ÿ‘ G xP.
2. §µu© A¯©a\∂fl AvPıµ[P¯Õ ¬ÕUSP.
3. Ea\ }v©fl”zvfl AvPıµ[P¯Õ≤Æ £oP¯Õ≤Æ
¬ÕUSP.
201

VI. Pÿ§zu¿, Pÿ”¿ ˆ\Ø¿P“
1. ©zvØ Aµ]fl A[P[P¯ÕU Pıs§USÆ ¬ÕUP®£h
Am¯h uØı∫ ˆ\¥P.
2. ©zvØ |∫¡ıP, \mh©fl”, }vzx¯” u¯ª¡∫PŒfl
ˆ£Ø∫P¯Õ ¡∂¯\®£kzxP.
202

Pÿ”¿ ˜{ıUP[P“
£ıhÆ & 3
©ı|ª Aµ_
1. ©ın¡∫ ©ı|ª Aµ_ A¯©® £ÿ‘Ø A‘¬¯⁄®
ˆ£”¿.
2. ©ın¡∫ B–{∫, ¨uª¯©a\∫, A¯©a\∫P“, \mh®
˜£µ¯¡z u¯ª¡∫ BQ˜Øı∂fl AvPıµ[P¯Õ≤Æ £o
P¯Õ≤Æ ∂¢x ˆPı“–u¿.
3. ©ın¡∫ ©ı|ª \mh©fl”Æ £ÿ‘ ˆu∂¢x ˆPı“–u¿.
4. ©ın¡∫ ©ı|ªzvæ“Õ }vzx¯” A¯©® £ÿ‘
ˆu∂¢x ˆPı“–u¿.
C¢vØı £ª ©ı|ª[P¯Õ E“ÕhUQØ K∫ Jfl‘ØÆ
BSÆ. C¢vØı¬¿ uÿ˜£ıx 28 ©ı|ª[P–Æ 6 ≥¤Øfl
§µ˜u\[P–Æ 1 ˜u]Ø u¯ª{P∫ £Sv≤Æ (ˆh¿º) E“Õ⁄.
C¢vØ Aµ]ت¯©®a \mhÆ ©ı|ª Aµ]fl (State Government)
AvPıµ[P¯Õ≤Æ £oP¯Õ≤Æ ˆuŒ¡ıP ¬ÕUSQfl”x.
C¢vØ {ıhı–©fl”zvÿS ©ı|ª[PŒfl G¿¯ªP¯Õ≤Æ,
˜u¯¡ Hÿ£ifl ©ı|ª[PŒfl ˆ£Ø∫P¯Õ≤Æ ©ıÿ÷Æ
AvPıµÆ E“Õx. Euıµn©ıP ©uµı_ ©ı|ªÆ Gfl‘∏¢u
ˆ£Ø∫ 1967&BÆ Bsk uÃ{ık G⁄ {ıhı–©fl”zv⁄ı¿
©ıÿ”®£mhx. Aµ]ت¯©®a \mhÆ S‘®§kÆ ©ı|ª®
£miغ¿ ChÆ ˆ£ÿ÷“Õ x¯”P¯Õ |∫¡QUSÆ ˆ£ı÷®
©ı|ª[P¯Õ˜Øa \ı∏Æ. C[S {ıÆ ©ı|ª
|∫¡ıPÆ,
\mh©fl”Æ ©ÿ÷Æ }vzx¯” £ÿ‘ ¬¡ıv®˜£ıÆ.
|∫¡ıPÆ : ©ı|ª Aµ\ı[Pzvfl Aµ_ A¯©®Æ ©zvØ
Aµ_ ˜£ıfl÷ ≠fl÷ A[P[P¯ÕU ˆPıshuıSÆ. A¯¡
|∫¡ıPÆ, \mh ©fl”Æ, ©ÿ÷Æ }vzu¯” BQØ⁄¡ıSÆ.
203

J∆ˆ¡ı∏ ©ı|ª |∫¡ıP¨Æ B–{¯µ≤Æ, ¨uª¯©a\¯µz
u¯ª¡µıPU ˆPısh A¯©a\µ¯¡¯Ø≤Æ E“ÕhUQØ
uıSÆ. Aµ]ت¯©®a \mhzvfl£i ©ı|ª Aµ]fl u¯ª¡
µıP B–{∫ ˆ£ØµÕ¬¿ ˆ\Ø¿£kQ”ı∫. A¯©a\∫P˜Õ
Es¯©Øı⁄ |∫¡ıP AvPıµ[P¯Õa ˆ\Ø¿£kzxQfl”⁄∫.
G¤›Æ \mh®£i G¿ªı |∫¡ıP AvPıµ[P–Æ B–{∂h˜©
E“Õ⁄. |∫¡ıP AvPıµ[P“ B–{∂fl ˆ£Ø∂˜ª˜Ø ˆ\Ø¿
£kzu®£kQfl”⁄. Aµ]ت¯©®a \mh ¬vP“ 151 ¨u¿
160 ¡¯µ B–{∂fl |Ø©⁄Æ, uSvP“, AvPıµ[P“,
£oP¯ÕU S‘®§kQfl”⁄.
B–{¯µ C¢vØU Siص_z u¯ª¡∫ ©zvØ
A¯©a\µ¯¡∞fl £∂¢x¯µ∞fl ˜£∂¿ |ØUQ”ı∫. J∏¡∫
B–{µıP |ØUP®£kÆ ¨fl ˆ£ıx¡ıP ©ı|ª ¨uª¯©a\∫
Pª¢uı˜ªı]UP®£kQ”ı∫. ˜©æÆ B–{∫, \Æ£¢u®£mh
©ı|ªzvÿS ˆ¡Œ∞º∏¢˜u |ØUP®£kQ”ı∫. Siص_z
u¯ª¡∫ J∏ ©ı|ª B–{¯µ A∏Pı¯©∞æ“Õ ≥¤Øfl
§µ˜u\zvfl Tku¿ |∫¡ıP® ˆ£ı÷®§¯⁄≤Æ P¡¤UP
|Ø©⁄Æ ˆ\¥ØªıÆ. Euıµn©ıP uÃ{ık B–{∫P“ £ª
¨¯” xa˜\∂ (£ısia˜\∂) ≥¤Øfl §µ˜u\ |∫¡ıPz
v¯⁄≤Æ P¡¤zx ¡¢x“Õ⁄∫.
uSvP“, £u¬UPıªÆ, E∂¯©P“ : Aµ]ت¯©®a
\mhÆ B–{∂fl uSv, £u¬UPıªÆ, E∂¯©P“ ©ÿ÷Æ
§”¡ÿ¯”® £ÿ‘ ¬¡∂UQfl”x. Aufl£i (1) J∏¡∫ C¢vØU
Si©P⁄ı¥ / Si©PÕı¥ C∏zu¿ ˜¡skÆ, (2) A¡∫ 35
¡Øv¯⁄ |µÆ§Ø¡µı¥ C∏zu¿ ˜¡skÆ, (3) A¡∫
{ıhı–©fl”zv˜ªı A¿ªx ©ı|ª \mh©fl”zv˜ªı J∏
E÷®§⁄µı¥ C∏zu¿ Thıx. A∆¡ı÷ A¡∫ Huı¡ˆuı∏
\mh©fl” A¯¡∞¿ E÷®§⁄µı¥ C∏®£ı˜µØı⁄ı¿
B–{∫ £u¬˜ØÿSƘ£ıx A¡µx E÷®§⁄∫ £u¬ uı⁄ıP
PıºØı⁄uıP® ˆ£ı∏“£kÆ, (4) A¡∫ FvØÆ ˆ£÷Æ
G¢u® £u¬∞¯⁄≤Æ ¡Qzu¿ Thıx.
B–{∂fl £u¬UPıªÆ ˆ£ıx¡ıP I¢x BskPÕıSÆ.
B⁄ı¿ Siص_z u¯ª¡∫ ¬∏ÆÆ ¡¯µ∞¿ A¡∫ £u¬∞¿
}iUPªıÆ. Siص_z u¯ª¡∫ G¢u¬u Pıµnz¯u≤Æ
S‘®§hı©¿ B–{¯µ® £u¬∞º∏¢x }UPªıÆ.
204

B–{∂fl AvPıµ[P–Æ £oP–Æ : B–{∫ §fl¡∏Æ
AvPıµ[P¯Õ® ˆ£ÿ÷ £oP¯Õ® ∂Q”ı∫ : (1) |∫¡ıP
AvPıµ[P“, (2) \mhzx¯” AvPıµ[P–Æ, £oP–Æ,
(3) |v AvPıµÆ, (4) }v AvPıµÆ ©ÿ÷Æ, (5) ©ÿ” §”
AvPıµ[P“.
1. |∫¡ıP AvPıµ[P“ : Aµ]ت¯©®a \mhzvfl£i
©ı|ª Aµ]fl |∫¡ıP AvPıµ[P“ A¯⁄zxÆ B–{∂h˜©
E“Õ⁄. A¡∫ ©ı|ª \mh ©fl”zv¿ ˆ£∏Æ£ıfl¯© £ªÆ
ˆPısh Pm]∞fl u¯ª¡¯µ ¨uª¯©a\µıPƒÆ A¡∂fl
B˜ªı\¯⁄∞fl ˜£∂¿ ©ÿ” A¯©a\∫P¯Õ≤Æ |ØUQfl”ı∫.
A¡∫ ©ı|ª Aµ]fl u¯ª¯© ¡«UP‘b¯µ≤Æ, Aµ_®
£oØıÕ∫ ˜u∫ƒ B¯nØzvfl u¯ª¡∫, ©ÿ” E÷®§⁄∫
P¯Õ≤Æ, £¿P¯ªU P«P[PŒfl x¯n ˜¡¢u∫P¯Õ≤Æ
|Ø©⁄Æ ˆ\¥Q”ı∫. B–{∏US, ©ı|ª Aµ]fl ˆ\Ø¿£ık
S‘zx Siص_z u¯ª¡∏US A‘U¯PP“ A›®Æ,
Aµ]ت¯©®a \mh®£iØı⁄ Ph¯© E“Õx. ©ı|ªzv¿
Siص_z u¯ª¡∫ Bm] voUP®£kÆ ˆ£ı x B–{∫
©ı|ªz¯u ˜{∂¯hØıP Bm] ˆ\¥Q”ı∫.
2. \mh©fl” AvPıµ[P–Æ £oP–Æ : J∏ A¯¡ A¿ªx
C∏ A¯¡P¯ÕU ˆPısh ©ı|ª \mh©fl”zv¿ B–{∏USÆ
£[S Esk. A¡∫ ©ı|ª \mh ˜©ª¯¡ E÷®§⁄∫P“ 1/6
£Sv∞⁄¯µ |Ø©⁄Æ ˆ\¥Q”ı∫. ©ı|ªzvfl C∏ \mh©fl”
A¯¡PŒæÆ A¿ªx \mh® ˜£µ¯¡∞¿ A¡∫ E¯µ
|PÃzx¡ı∫. ©ı|ª \mh©fl”Æ |¯”˜¡ÿ÷Æ G¢uˆ¡ı∏
©˜\ıuıƒÆ B–{∂fl C¯\ƒ ˆ£ÿ” §fl⁄˜µ \mh©ıSÆ.
3. |v AvPıµ[P“ : |v ©˜\ıuıUP“ \mh ©fl”zv¿
A‘¨PÆ ˆ\¥Ø®£k¡uÿS B–{∂fl A›©v ˜u¯¡®£k
Qfl”x. B–{∂fl £∂¢x¯µ∞¿ªı©¿ ©ı¤Ø ˜Pı∂U¯P
P¯Õ G ®£ ¨iØıx. ¡µƒ & ˆ\ªƒz vmhÆ \mh
©fl”zv¿ \©∫®§UP®£k¡¯u B–{∫ E÷v£kzu
˜¡skÆ. ©ı|ª Gv∫£ıµıa ˆ\ªƒ |v∞º∏¢x Gv∫£ıµıa
ˆ\ªƒP¯Õa \©ıŒUP |v ¡«[Qh Aµ]ت¯©®a
\mhÆ B–{∏US AvPıµÆ ¡«[Q≤“Õx.
205

4. }v AvPıµ[P“ : ©ı|ª Aµ]fl }v¡¯µØ¯”USm£mh
¬¡Pıµ[P“ ˆuıh∫£ıP Sÿ”Æ ∂¢x ush¯⁄ ˆ£ÿ÷
¡∏Æ Sÿ”¡ıŒP¯Õ ©fl¤UPƒÆ, ush¯⁄¯ØU S¯”UP
ƒÆ A¿ªx }UPƒÆ B–{∫ AvPıµÆ ˆ£ÿ÷“Õı∫. G¤›Æ
B–{∫ ush¯⁄P¯Õ AvP®£kzu AvPıµ[P“ ˆ£ÿ‘∏UP
¬¿¯ª.
5. ©ÿ” §” AvPıµ[P“ : ©ı|ª Aµ_® £oØıÕ∫ ˜u∫ƒ
B¯nØzvh∏¢x Bsk A‘U¯PP¯Õ B–{∫ ˆ£÷Q”ı∫.
A¯¡P¯Õa \mh©fl”zvfl £∂^ª¯⁄USÆ, J®uæUSÆ
\©∫®§UQfl”ı∫. A˜u ˜£ı¿ ©ı|ª Aµ]fl £¿˜¡÷ x¯”
PŒfl ¡µƒ, ˆ\ªƒ ˆuıh∫¯hØ u¯ª¯© uoU¯PØıÕ∂fl
A‘U¯P¯Ø≤Æ Th B–{∫ ˆ£÷Q”ı∫.
©ı|ªa \mh ©fl”Æ
Aµ]ت¯©®a \mhÆ J∆ˆ¡ı∏ ©ı|ªzvæÆ J∏
\mh©fl”Æ A¯©UP®£h ¡¯P ˆ\¥Qfl”x. ©ı|ªa
\mh©fl”Æ K∫ A¯¡ A¿ªx C∏ A¯¡P¯ÕU
ˆPıshuıP C∏UPªıÆ. ©ı|ªa \mh©fl”Æ B–{¯µ≤Æ,
K∫ A¯¡ A¿ªx C∏ A¯¡P¯ÕU ˆPısh
\mh©fl”zv¯⁄≤Æ E“ÕhUQØuıSÆ. C∏ A¯¡P¯ÕU
ˆPısh \mh©fl”[P“ •Pı∫, P∫{ıhPÆ, ©PıµımiµÆ
˜£ıfl” ©ı|ª[PŒ¿ ˆ\Ø¿£kQfl”⁄. uà {ımiæÆ
©ÿ” ©ı|ª[PŒæÆ \mh®˜£µ¯¡¯Ø ©mkÆ ˆPısh K∫
A¯¡ \mh©fl”[P“ ˆ\Ø¿£kQfl”⁄.
\mh® ˜£µ¯¡ : \mh® ˜£µ¯¡ ©UPÕı¿ ˜{∂¯hØıPz
˜u∫¢ˆukUP®£kÆ §µv|vP¯ÕU ˆPıshuıSÆ. G⁄˜¡
CÆ©fl”Æ ©ı|ªzv¿ Es¯©Øı⁄ AvPıµ ¯©Ø©ıP
¬Õ[SQfl”x. \mh® ˜£µ¯¡, ¡Øx ¡¢˜uı∫ ¡ıUS∂¯©
∞fl Ai®£¯h∞¿ ©UPÕı¿ ˜{∂¯hØıPz ˜u∫¢ˆukUP®
£mh E÷®§⁄∫P¯ÕU ˆPısk“Õx. ©UP“ ˆuı¯P∞fl
Ai®£¯h∞¿ CÆ©fl” E÷®§⁄∫PŒfl GsoU¯P
©ı|ªzvÿS ©ı|ªÆ ˜¡÷£kÆ. C∏¢u˜£ıvæÆ \mh®
˜£µ¯¡∞fl AvP£m\ GsoU¯P 500US Pı©æÆ Aufl
206

©ı|ªa \mh ©fl”Æ
B–{∫
¨uª¯©a\∫
A¯©a\µ¯¡
\mh ©fl”Æ
\mh©fl” ˜©ª¯¡
(˜©ª¯¡)
\mh® ˜£µ¯¡
(Rà A¯¡)
S¯”¢u£m\ GsoU¯P 60&USU S¯”Øı©æÆ C∏zu¿
˜¡skÆ. ]‘Ø ©ı|ª[P“ C∆¡µÆ§º∏¢x ¬v¬ªUS
ˆ£ÿ÷“Õ⁄. uà {ık \mh® ˜£µ¯¡∞¿ 234
E÷®§⁄∫P“ (MLAs) E“Õ⁄∫.
\mh ©fl” ˜©ª¯¡ : \mh ©fl” ˜©ª¯¡ ©ı|ªzvfl
˜©ª¯¡ A¿ªx ˜©¿ \¯£ØıSÆ. J∏ ©ı|ªzvfl \mh
˜©ª¯¡∞fl ˆ©ızu E÷®§⁄∫PŒfl GsoU¯P AÆ©ı|ªa
\mh® ˜£µ¯¡ E÷®§⁄∫PŒfl ˆ©ızu GsoU¯P∞¿ 1/3
£SvUS ˜©¿ C∏zu¿ Thıx. A˜u ˜{µzv¿ Aufl
E÷®§⁄∫PŒfl GsoU¯P 40&USU S¯”Øı©¿ C∏zu¿
˜¡skÆ. ˜©ª¯¡ E÷®§⁄∫P“ ©UPÕı¿ ˜{∂¯hØıPz
˜u∫¢ˆukUP®£k¡v¿¯ª. Aufl ˆ£∏Æ£ıªı⁄ E÷®§⁄∫
P“ Jÿ¯” ©ıÿ÷ ¡ıUS¨¯”∞¿ ¬Quıa\ıµ® §µv
|vzx¡ Ai®£¯h∞¿ ©¯”¨P©ıPz ˜u∫¢ˆukUP®
£kQfl”⁄∫.
\mh® ˜£µ¯¡z u¯ª¡∫ : \mh® ˜£µ¯¡ u⁄x E÷®§⁄∫
PŒ¿ C∏¡¯µa \mh®˜£µ¯¡z u¯ª¡µıPƒÆ, x¯nz
u¯ª¡µıPƒÆ ˜u∫¢ˆukUQfl”x. J∏¡∫ ufl⁄ı¿ \mh®
207

˜£µ¯¡ E÷®§⁄∫ £u¬∞¿ ˆuıhµ ¨iØıuˆ£ı x A¡∫
˜£µ¯¡z u¯ª¡∫ £u¬¯Ø ¬mk ¬ªP ˜¡skÆ. A¡∫
G®˜£ıx ˜¡sk©ı⁄ıæÆ £u¬ ¬ªPªıÆ. \mh®
˜£µ¯¡z u¯ª¡¯µ, \mh \¯£ 14 {ı“P“ A‘¬®U
ˆPıkzx §fl⁄∫ J∏ w∫©ı⁄zvfl ≠ª¨Æ £u¬∞º∏¢x
}UPªıÆ. Azu¯PØ w∫©ı⁄Æ ¡ıUˆPk®§fl˜£ıx ¡∏¯P
∂¢˜uı∂¿ ˆ£∏Æ£ıfl¯©∞⁄µı¿ |¯”˜¡ÿ”®£h
˜¡skÆ. \mh®˜£µ¯¡ P¯ªUP®£kƘ£ıx \mh®
˜£µ¯¡z u¯ª¡∫ u⁄x £u¬¯Ø ¬mk ¬ªP ˜¡siØ
v¿¯ª. vØ \mh®˜£µ¯¡ ¨u¿ uh¯¡ØıP A©∏Æ
¡¯µ A¡∫ \mh®˜£µ¯¡z u¯ª¡µıPz ˆuıh∫¢x }i®£ı∫.
\mh®˜£µ¯¡z u¯ª¡∫ £u¬ PıºØıP E“Õ˜£ıx,
x¯nzu¯ª¡∫ A¡µx £oP¯Õ® ∂Q”ı∫.
¨uª¯©a\∏Æ, A¯©a\µ¯¡≤Æ : ©ı|ªzv¿ Es¯©Øı⁄
AvPıµ[P¯Õa ˆ\Ø¿£kzx¡x ¨uª¯©a\∂fl u¯ª¯©∞
ªı⁄ A¯©a\µ¯¡ØıSÆ. B–{∫, ¨uª¯©a\¯µ≤Æ,
A¡µx £∂¢x¯µ∞fl£i ©ÿ” A¯©a\∫P¯Õ≤Æ |Ø©⁄Æ
ˆ\¥Q”ı∫. ˆ£ıx¡ıP, \mh®˜£µ¯¡∞¿ ˆ£∏Æ£ıfl¯©U
Pm]∞fl u¯ª¡˜µ ¨uª¯©a\µıP |ØUP®£kQ”ı∫. G¢u
ˆ¡ı∏ Aµ]Ø¿ Pm]≤Æ \mh®˜£µ¯¡∞¿ A÷v® ˆ£∏Æ
£ıfl¯©¯Ø® ˆ£”¬¿¯ªˆØ¤¿ u¤®ˆ£∏Æ£ıfl¯©
≤¯hØ Pm]∞fl u¯ª¡∏US A¯©a\µ¯¡¯Ø A¯©US
©ı÷ B–{∫ A¯«® ¬kUPªıÆ.
B⁄ı¿ A∆¡ı÷ A¯©a\µ¯¡ A¯©®£¡∫ B–{∫
S‘®§kÆ Pıª A¡Pı\zvÿS“ \mh® ˜£µ¯¡∞¿ u⁄US®
ˆ£∏Æ£ıfl¯© Buµƒ E“Õx Gfl£¯u |π§UP ˜¡skÆ.
¨uª¯©a\∂fl £u¬U PıªÆ |∫n∞UP®£mhufl÷.
\mh®˜£µ¯¡∞¿ ˆ£∏Æ£ıfl¯©∞⁄∂fl Buµƒ u⁄US
E“Õ¡¯µ J∏¡∫ A®£u¬∞¿ ˆuıhµªıÆ. ¨uª¯©a\∂fl
£u¬ ¬ªP¿ ¨ A¯©a\µ¯¡∞fl £u¬ ¬ªPªıSÆ.
¨uª¯©a\∂fl AvPıµ[P–Æ £oP–Æ : |∫¡ıPzvfl
Es¯©Øı⁄ u¯ª¡µı⁄ ¨uª¯©a\∫, ©ı|ª |∫¡ıPzvfl
208

¨fl˜⁄ıiØıPz vPÃQ”ı∫. A¡∫ §fl¡∏Æ AvPıµ[P¯Õ
≤Æ £oP¯Õ≤Æ ∂Q”ı∫ :
1. ¨uª¯©a\∂fl ¨u¿ £o u⁄x A¯©a\µ¯¡¯Ø
A¯©zu¿ BSÆ.
2. ¨uª¯©a\∫ u⁄x A¯©a\µ¯¡a \PıUP¯Õ ˆu∂ƒ
ˆ\¥¡xhfl A¡∫P–UPı⁄ x¯”P¯Õ≤Æ JxUS
Qfl”ı∫. A¡∫ J∏ A¯©a\¯µ® £u¬ ¬ªPU ˜PıµªıÆ.
A¡∫ u⁄x A¯©a\µ¯¡∞fl AÕ¯¡® ˆ£∂uıUPªıÆ
A¿ªx S¯”UPªıÆ.
3. ¨uª¯©a\˜µ A¯©a\µ¯¡∞fl u¯ª¡µı¡ı∫. A¯©a
\µ¯¡U Tmhzv¯⁄U Tmi u¯ª¯© uı[S£¡∏Æ
A¡˜µ.
4. ¨uª¯©a\∫ A¯⁄zx A¯©a\∫PŒfl £oP¯Õ≤Æ
ˆ£ıx¡ıP ˜©ÿ£ı∫¯¡∞kQ”ı∫.
5. ¨uª¯©a\∫ B–{∏USÆ u⁄x A¯©a\µ¯¡U S
¬ÿSÆ C¯h∞¿ J∏ C¯n®® £ıª©ıPa ˆ\Ø¿
£kQ”ı∫. A¯©a\∫PŒfl x¯”PŒº∏¢x B–{∏US
A›®£®£kÆ J∆ˆ¡ı∏ uP¡æÆ ¨uª¯©a\∫
≠ª©ıP˜¡ ˆ\¿ª ˜¡skÆ.
6. B–{∫ u⁄x £o∞¯⁄ Bÿ” ¨uª¯©a\∫ uS¢u
A‘ƒ¯µ∞¯⁄ ¡«[P ˜¡skÆ. \mh®˜£µ¯¡∞¿
¨uª¯©a\∏US ˆ£∏Æ£ıfl¯© £ªÆ S¯”≤Ƙ£ıx
\mh®˜£µ¯¡¯ØU P¯ªUP ¨uª¯©a\∫ B–{∏US
A‘ƒ÷zuªıÆ.
A¯©a\µ¯¡U S : A¯©a\µ¯¡U S Aµ]fl ˆ\Ø¿
P–US ©ı|ªa \mh©fl”zv¿ £vªŒUP Tmk® ˆ£ı÷®
¯hØuıSÆ. A¯©a\µ¯¡U S ¬fl A¯⁄zx A[Pzv⁄∫
P–Æ ©ı|ªa \mh©fl”zvfl E÷®§⁄∫PÕı¥ C∏zu¿
˜¡skÆ. A¯©a\µıP |ØUP®£kƘ£ıx \mh ©fl”
E÷®§⁄µı¥ C¿ªıu¡∫P“ 6 ©ıu PıªzvÿS“ \mh©fl”
E÷®§⁄∫ £u¬USz ˜u∫¢ˆukUP®£h¿ ˜¡skÆ. G¿ªı
A¯©a\∫P–Æ ¨uª¯©a\∂fl u¯ª¯©∞fl Rà J˜µ Ao
209

1952&¨u¿ uà {ımifl ¨uª¯©a\∫P“
Gs ˆ£Ø∫ Bsk
1. v∏ ]. Cµı\˜Pı£ıªa\ı∂ 1952&-1954
2. v∏ ˜P. Pı©µı‰ 1954-&1957
3. v∏ ˜P. Pı©µı‰ 1957-&1963
4. v∏ GÆ. £Uu¡a\ªÆ 1963-&1967
5. v∏ ].Gfl. Asnızx¯µ 1967-&1969
6. v∏ ¨. P∏nı|v 1969-&1971
7. v∏ ¨. P∏nı|v 1971-&1976
8. v∏ GÆ.‚. Cµı©a\¢vµfl 1977-&1980
9. v∏ GÆ.‚. Cµı©a\¢vµfl 1980-&1984
10. v∏ GÆ.‚. Cµı©a\¢vµfl 1985-&1987
11. v∏©v ·ı⁄Q Cµı©a\¢vµfl ·⁄¡∂ 1988
12. v∏ ¨. P∏nı|v 1989-&1991
13. ˆ\¿¬ ˆ·. ˆ·Øªºuı 1991-&1996
14. v∏ ¨. P∏nı|v 1996-&2001
15. ˆ\¿¬ ˆ·. ˆ·Øªºuı 2001
16. v∏ K. £fl‹∫ˆ\¿¡Æ 2001-&2002
17. ˆ\¿¬ ˆ·. ˆ·Øªºuı 2002-&2006
18. v∏ ¨. P∏nı|v 2006&200
210

ØıPa ˆ\Ø¿£kQfl”⁄∫. ¨uª¯©a\∫ £u¬∞¿ }iUSÆ
¡¯µ A¯©a\µ¯¡U S ƒÆ £u¬∞¿ C∏USÆ. \mh®
˜£µ¯¡ A¯©a\µ¯¡∞fl ´x {ƧU¯P C¿ªız w∫©ı⁄z¯u
(No-confidence motion) |¯”˜¡ÿ‘⁄ı¿ ©ı|ª A¯©a\µ¯¡
£u¬ ¬ªP ˜¡skÆ.
_∏[PU T‘⁄ı¿ ©ı|ª A¯©a\µ¯¡U S ©zvØ
A¯©a\µ¯¡U S ¯¡® ˜£ıª˜¡ AvPıµ[P¯Õ® ˆ£ÿ÷
E“Õx. ©ı|ªz u¯ª¯©a ˆ\تPÆ ≠ªÆ A¯©a\µ¯¡U
S ˆPı“¯PP¯Õ≤Æ, vmh[P¯Õ≤Æ {¯h¨¯”®£kzx
Q”x.
}vzx¯” : ©ı|ª }vz x¯”∞fl Ea\ |¯ª∞¿ EØ∫ }v
©fl”Æ (High Court) A¯©¢x“Õx. Aµ]ت¯©®a \mhzvfl
£i J∆ˆ¡ı∏ ©ı|ªzvæÆ J∏ EØ∫}v ©fl”Æ C∏zu¿
˜¡skÆ. C∏¢u ˜£ıvæÆ Cµsk A¿ªx AuÿS
˜©ÿ£mh ©ı|ª[P“, ≥¤Øfl §µ˜u\zvÿSÆ ˜\∫zx
ˆ£ıx¡ıP J∏ EØ∫}v ©fl”¨Æ C∏UPªıÆ. Au¯⁄
{ıhı–©fl”a \mhÆ A›©vUP ˜¡skÆ. Euıµn©ıP
ˆ\fl¯⁄ EØ∫}v ©fl” }v ¡¯µØ¯”∞fl (Jurisdiction) RÃ
uÃ{ıkÆ, x¯¡ ≥¤Øfl §µ˜u\¨Æ E“Õ⁄. EØ∫}v
©fl”zvfl ´x ©ı|ª Aµ]fl Pmk®£ık GxƒÆ C¿¯ª.
A¯©® : ©ı|ª EØ∫}v ©fl”zv¿ J∏ u¯ª¯©
}v£v≤Æ, Siص_z u¯ª¡µı¿ A∆¡®˜£ıx Hÿ£kÆ
˜u¯¡U˜Pÿ£ |ØUP®£kÆ, ©ÿ” }v£vP–Æ E“Õ⁄∫.
EØ∫}v©fl” }v£vPŒfl GsoU¯P J˜µ ©ıv∂ØıPƒÆ
|∫n∞UP®£mh Jfl”ıPƒÆ C¿¯ª. Siص_z u¯ª¡∫
EØ∫}v©fl” u¯ª¯© }v£v¯Ø C¢vØz u¯ª¯© }v£v
©ÿ÷Æ ©ı|ª B–{¯µU Pª¢uı˜ªı]zu §”˜P |ØU
Q”ı∫. B⁄ı¿ ©ÿ” }v£vP¯Õ |ØUSƘ£ıx Siص_z
u¯ª¡∫ TkuªıP EØ∫}v©fl”z u¯ª¯© }v£v¯Ø≤Æ
Pª¢uı˜ªı]UQ”ı∫. ˆ£ıx¡ıP P ≠zu (Senior Most) J∏
}v£v˜Ø u¯ª¯© }v£vØıP |Ø©⁄Æ ˆ\¥Ø®£kQ”ı∫.
EØ∫}v©fl”zvfl }v£vØıP |Ø©⁄Æ ˆ£” J∏¡∫
§fl¡∏Æ uSvP¯Õ® ˆ£ÿ‘∏zu¿ A¡]Ø©ıSÆ :
211

1. A¡∫ C¢vØU Si©Pfl / Si©PÕı¥ C∏zu¿
˜¡skÆ.
2. A¡∫ C¢vØı¬fl G¢u® £Sv∞ªı¡x E“Õ }v©fl”
A桪Pzvfl u¯ª¯©® ˆ£ı÷®§¿ C∏¢x S¯”¢u
£m\Æ 10 BskP“ A›£¡Æ ˆ£ÿ”¡µı∞∏zu¿
˜¡skÆ.
3. A¡∫ J∏ EØ∫}v ©fl”Æ A¿ªx AuÿS ˜©ÿ£mh
EØ∫}v ©fl”[PŒ¿ ¡«UP‘bµıP® £oØıÿ‘ S¯”¢u
£m\Æ 10 BskP“ A›£¡Æ ˆ£ÿ‘∏zu¿ ˜¡skÆ.
}v£vP“ u[P“ K¥ƒUPıª ¡Øuı⁄ 62 BskP“
¡¯µ £u¬∞¿ }iUPªıÆ. ˜u¯¡ˆØ¤¿ J∏¡∫ Siص_z
u¯ª¡∏US G zx ≠ªÆ ˆu∂¬zx £u¬ ¬ªPªıÆ. J∏
}v£v u¡”ı⁄ {h¡iU¯P A¿ªx v”¯©Øÿ”¡∫ G⁄
Sÿ”Æ \ımh®£mk {ıhı–©fl”zvfl J∆ˆ¡ı∏ A¯¡≤Æ
w∫©ı⁄Æ CØÿ‘⁄ı¿ Siص_z u¯ª¡∫ A¢u EØ∫}v ©fl”
}v£v¯Ø® £u¬∞º∏¢x }UPªıÆ.
EØ∫}v ©fl”zvfl AvPıµ[P–Æ £oP–Æ : EØ∫}v
©fl”Æ Ai®£¯h∞¿ ˜©¿¨¯”±mk }v ©fl”©ıSÆ.
EØ∫}v©fl”Æ C∏ ¡¯PØı⁄ £oP¯Õ® ∂Qfl”x. A¯¡
}v ¡«[P¿ ©ÿ÷Æ |∫¡ıP® £oPÕıSÆ.
u⁄x }v ¡«[SÆ £o∞¿ EØ∫}v ©fl”Æ u⁄U˜P
≤∂Ø u¤¨u¿ }v AvPıµzv¯⁄≤Æ ©ÿ÷Æ ˜©¿ ¨¯”
±mk }v ¡¯µØ¯”¯Ø≤Æ ˆPısk“Õx. EØ∫}v©fl”Æ
u⁄U˜P≤∂Ø u¤¨u¿ }v AvPıµzvfl Rà }v©fl” B¯n
P¯Õ≤Æ ©ÿ÷Æ EzvµƒP¯Õ≤Æ Ai®£¯h E∂¯©P¯Õ
{¯h¨¯”®£kzu ©mkfl‘ ©ÿ” ˜{ıUP[P–UPıPƒÆ
¡«[P AvPıµÆ ˆPısk“Õx. EØ∫}v ©fl”Æ BmˆPın∫
B¯n (Habeas Corpus), RÃ }v ©fl”zvÿS ¬kUSÆ B¯n
(Mandamus), ¡«US ¬\ıµ¯nz u¯h B¯n (Prohibition),
E∂¯© ¬⁄ı }v B¯n (Quo Warranto), £zvµz¯u
¨fl¤¯ª®£kzuU Rà ©fl”zvÿS ¬kUSÆ B¯n
212

(Certiorari) G⁄® £ª }v©fl” B¯nP¯Õ® §”®§USÆ
AvPıµÆ ˆPısk“Õx. ˜©æÆ EØ∫}v ©fl”Æ
P®£¿x¯”, ¡ıì÷v ¬∏®£Æ (Will), v∏©nÆ,
©n¬ªUS, ¡oPU S ©a \mhÆ (Company Law), }v©fl”
A¡©v® ˆuıh∫¯hØ ¡«USP“ ´xÆ Th u⁄x }v
¡¯µØ¯”¯ØU ˆPısk“Õx.
EØ∫}v ©fl”Æ E∂¯©∞Ø¿ ©ÿ÷Æ Sÿ”¬Ø¿ BQØ
C∏ ¡«USPŒfl ˜©¿¨¯”±mk }v¡¯µØ¯”∞¯⁄≤Æ
ˆ£ÿ÷“Õx. E∂¯©∞Ø¿ ¡«USPŒ¿ EØ∫}v©fl”Æ Hÿ÷U
ˆPı“–Æ ˜©¿ ¨¯”±kP“ Rà }v©fl”[PŒh∏¢x
¡¢u ¨u¿ ˜©¿ ¨¯”±hıP˜¡ı A¿ªx Cµshı¡x ˜©¿
¨¯”±hıP˜¡ı C∏UPªıÆ. Sÿ”¬Ø¿ ¡«USPŒ¿ EØ∫
}v©fl”Æ A©∫ƒ }v£v (Sessions Judge) A¿ªx Tku¿
A©∫ƒ }v£v (Additional Sessions Judge) BQ˜Øı∂fl w∫®
P–US Gvµı⁄ ˜©¿ ¨¯”±mk ¡«USP¯Õ≤Æ ¬\ı∂USÆ
}v ¡¯µØ¯”¯ØU ˆPısk“Õx.
|∫¡ıP AvPıµ[PŒfl£i EØ∫}v ©fl”Æ u⁄x R “Õ
}v©fl”[P“ G¿ªı¡ÿ‘¯⁄≤Æ Pmk®£kzuƒÆ A¡ÿ‘fl
£oP¯Õ ˜©ÿ£ı∫¯¡∞hƒÆ AvPıµÆ ˆ£ÿ÷“Õx.
A¢}v ©fl”[P“ u[PÕx £oP¯Õ ¨¯”ØıP® ∂¢vh
¬vP¯Õ≤Æ J [S¨¯”P¯Õ≤Æ EØ∫}v ©fl”Æ
¡SUQfl”x. Rà }v ©fl” ˜Pı®P¯ÕU (Files) Th EØ∫}v
©fl”Æ B¥ƒ ˆ\¥ØªıÆ. ¡«USP¯Õ J∏ }v ©fl”zv
º∏¢x Cflˆ⁄ı∏ }v©fl”zvÿSÆ ©ıÿ”ªıÆ. EØ∫}v
©fl”Æ u⁄USU R “Õ }v©fl”[P¯Õ ¬ÕUP A‘U¯P
P¯Õ A›®©ı÷Æ ˜PıµªıÆ.
}v |∫¡ıP ˜{ıUPzvÿPıP J∆ˆ¡ı∏ ©ı|ª¨Æ £ª
©ı¡mh[PÕıPƒÆ A¯¡ J∆ˆ¡ıfl÷Æ J∏ ©ı¡mh
}v£v∞fl }v ¡¯µØ¯”∞æÆ ˆ\Ø¿£kQfl”⁄. ©ı¡mh
}v£v∞fl Rà £i®£iØıP £oØıÿ÷Æ }v A桪∫P“
ˆ¡∆˜¡÷ ¡¯P }v |∫¡ıPzv¯⁄a ˆ\æzv ¡∏Qfl”⁄∫.
RÃ|¯ª }v£vP¯Õ, EØ∫}v ©fl”Æ ©ÿ÷Æ ©ı|ª Aµ_®
213

£oØıÕ∫ ˜u∫ƒ B¯nØÆ BQØ A¯©®P–hfl Pª¢x
B˜ªı]zx ¡SUP®£mh ¬vPŒfl£i, B–{∫ |ØUQfl”ı∫.
˜©ÿS‘®§h®£mk“Õ AvPıµ[P¯Õa ˆ\Ø¿£kzx
¡v¿ EØ∫}v©fl”Æ ¨ AvPıµ[P¯Õ® ˆ£ÿ÷ u⁄x
}v¡¯µØ¯”US“ _u¢vµzxhfl ˆ\تıÿ÷Qfl”x.
Au›¯hØ _u¢vµ® £o∞¯⁄ Aµ]ت¯©®a \mh
£ıxPı®P“ E÷v®£kzxQfl”⁄.
Pÿ”¿ A¯hƒP“
1. ©ın¡∫ ©ı|ª |∫¡ıPÆ, \mh©fl”Æ ©ÿ÷Æ
}vzx¯”∞fl AvPıµ[P“, £oP¯Õ® £miغh
¨i≤Æ.
2. ©ın¡∫ B–{∏US∂Ø uSvP¯Õ ¬¡∂UP ¨i≤Æ.
3. ©ın¡∫ ¨uª¯©a\∫ ©ÿ÷Æ A¯©a\µ¯¡U S ¬fl
AvPıµ[P“, £oP¯Õ ¬ÕUP ¨i≤Æ.
4. ©ın¡∫ ©ı|ª EØ∫}v ©fl”zvfl AvPıµ[P¯Õ≤Æ,
£oP¯Õ≤Æ S‘®§h ¨i≤Æ.
_Ø ©v®•k
I. \∂Øı⁄ ¬¯h¯Øz ˜u∫¢ˆukUPƒÆ
1. ©ı|ª B–{¯µ |Ø®£¡∫
A. C¢vØU Siص_z B. x¯nUSiص_z u¯ª¡∫
u¯ª¡∫
C. ˜ªıU \£ı u¯ª¡∫ D. C¢vØz u¯ª¯© }v£v
2. ©ı|ª A¯©a\µ¯¡U S ¬fl u¯ª¡∫
A. B–{∫ B. ¨uª¯©a\∫
C. \mh®˜£µ¯¡z D. E“x¯” A¯©a\∫
u¯ª¡∫
214

3. ¨uª¯©a\¯µ |Ø®£¡∫
A. §µu© A¯©a\∫ B. B–{∫
C. Siص_z u¯ª¡∫ D. \mh® ˜£µ¯¡z u¯ª¡∫
II. ˜Pıimh Ch[P¯Õ |µ®P
1. C¢vØı¬¿ _________ ©ı|ª[P–Æ _________ ≥¤Øfl
§µ˜u\[P–Æ E“Õ⁄.
2. B–{∫ ©ı|ªzvfl _______ ©ÿ÷Æ _______ u¯ª¡µı¡ı∫.
3. ¨uª¯©a\∫ _________ u¯ª¡µı¡ı∫.
4. B–{∂fl £u¬UPıªÆ ˆ£ıx¡ıP _______ BskPÕıSÆ.
5. ©ı¡mh }v£vP¯Õ _________ |ØUQ”ı∫.
III. §fl¡∏¡⁄¡ÿ¯”® ˆ£ı∏zxP
1. B–{∫ && \mh® ˜£µ¯¡
2. ¨uª¯©a\∫ && ˆ£ØµÕƒz u¯ª¡∫
3. \mh® ˜£µ¯¡z u¯ª¡∫ && ©ı|ªa \mh©fl” ˜©ª¯¡
4. \mh©fl” ˜©ª¯¡ && Es¯©Øı⁄ u¯ª¡∫
IV. _∏UP©ıP ¬¯hØŒUPƒÆ
1. ©ı|ª \mh®˜£µ¯¡ £ÿ‘ ]÷ S‘® G xP
2. A¯©a\µ¯¡U S .
3. EØ∫}v ©fl”zvfl A¯©®§¯⁄ _∏UP©ıP ¬¡ıv.
V. ¬∂¡ı⁄ ¬¯h u∏P
1. ¨uª¯©a\∂fl AvPıµ[P“, £oP“ Øı¯¡?
2. B–{∂fl AvPıµ[P“, £oP“ Øı¯¡?
3. EØ∫}v ©fl”zvfl AvPıµ[P“, £oP“ Øı¯¡?
215

VI. Pÿ§zu¿ ©ÿ÷Æ Pÿ”¿ ˆ\Ø¿P“
1. ©ı|ª Aµ]fl |∫¡ıP A¯©®§¯⁄ ¬ÕUSÆ ¬ÕUP®
£h Am¯h uØı∫ ˆ\¥P.
2. ©ın¡∫ uÃ{ık B–{∫, ¨uª¯©a\∫, A¯©a\∫P“
©ÿ÷Æ As¯h ©ı|ª[PŒfl B–{∫P“, ¨uª¯©a\∫
PŒfl ˆ£Ø∫P¯Õ® £miغh¿.
216

AªS & II
£ıhÆ & 4
C¢vØz ˜u∫u¿ B¯nØÆ
Pÿ”¿ ˜{ıUP[P“
1. ©ın¡∫ C¢vØz ˜u∫u¿ B¯nØÆ J∏ _u¢vµ©ı⁄
Aµ]ت¯©®a \mh A¯©® Gfl£¯u® ∂¢x
ˆPı“–u¿.
2. ©ın¡∫ ˜u∫u¿ B¯nØzvfl A¯©®§¯⁄z ˆu∂¢x
ˆPı“–u¿.
3. ©ın¡∫ C¢vØz ˜u∫u¿ B¯nØzvfl AvPıµ[P“,
£oP¯Õ® £ÿ‘U Pÿ”¿.
4. ©ın¡∫ u¯ª¯©z ˜u∫u¿ B¯nØ∫, ©ÿ” ˜u∫u¿
B¯nØ∫PŒfl |Ø©⁄Æ £ÿ‘ ˆu∂¢x ˆPı“–u¿.
5. ©ın¡∫ ©ı|ªz ˜u∫u¿ B¯nØÆ, Aufl £oP“
£ÿ‘Ø A‘¬¯⁄® ˆ£”¿.
C¢vØz ˜u∫u¿ B¯nØÆ J∏ _u¢vµ©ı⁄ Aµ]Ø
ª¯©®a \mh A¯©® BSÆ. C∆¡ı¯nØÆ x
v¿º∞¿ A¯©¢x“Õx. C∆¡ı¯nØÆ {ımifl A¯⁄zx
˜u∫u¿ £oP¯Õ≤Æ ˜©ÿ£ı∫¯¡∞kQ”x. Cu¯⁄
""|∫¡ı\fl \ufl'' Gfl÷Æ A¯«UQfl”⁄∫.
A¯©® : C¢vØz ˜u∫u¿ B¯nØÆ ≠fl÷ E÷®§⁄∫
P¯ÕU ˆPısh K∫ A¯©® BSÆ. Cv¿ J∏ u¯ª¯©z
˜u∫u¿ B¯nØ∏Æ, Cµsk ©ÿ” ˜u∫u¿ B¯nØ∫P–Æ
E“Õ⁄∫. A¡∫P“ A¯⁄¡¯µ≤Æ C¢vØU Siص_z
u¯ª¡∫ |Ø©⁄Æ ˆ\¥Q”ı∫. u¯ª¯©z ˜u∫u¿ B¯nØ∏Æ,
217

©ÿ” ˜u∫u¿ B¯nØ∫P–Æ uı[P“ £u¬˜Øÿ”
{ıŒº∏¢x B÷ BskP“ ¡¯µ £u¬∞º∏®£∫.
˜u∫u¿ B¯nØ∫PŒfl A¢uÏx Ea\ }v©fl”
}v£vP–US C¯nØı⁄uıSÆ. C¡∫PŒfl FvØ[P–Æ,
£iP–Æ C¢vØ Ea\}v ©fl” }v£vPŒfl FvØ[P–USÆ
£iP–USÆ \©©ıP E“Õ⁄. C¡∫PÕx FvØ[P–Æ
£iP–Æ C¢vØı¬fl ˆuıS® |v∞º∏¢x (Consolidated
Fund of India) ¡«[P®£kQfl”⁄.
AvPıµ[P–Æ £oP–Æ : ˜u∫u¿ B¯nØÆ §fl¡∏Æ
¨UQØ® £oP¯Õ® ∂Qfl”x :
1. {ıhı–©fl”z ˜u∫u¿P¯Õ {hzxu¿,
2. ©ı|ª \mh©fl”[P–UPı⁄ (≥¤Øfl §µ˜u\[P“
E“£h) ˜u∫u¿P¯Õ {hzxu¿,
3. Siص_z u¯ª¡∫, x¯nU Siص_z u¯ª¡∫ £u¬
P–UPı⁄ ˜u∫u¿P¯Õ {hzxu¿ BQØ⁄¡ıSÆ.
˜©ÿS‘®§mh ˆ\Ø¿P–hfl ˆuıh∫¯hØ £o
PÕıP (A) ¡ıUPıÕ∫ £miدªz uØı∂zu¿, (B) ˜u∫u¿
˜uvP¯Õ |∫n∞zu¿, (C) ˜u∫u¿P¯Õ ˜©ÿ£ı∫¯¡
∞ku¿, (D) ¡ıUS GsoU¯P ©ÿ÷Æ ¨iƒP¯Õ A‘¬UP
Hÿ£ık ˆ\¥u¿, (E) J∏ {ıhı–©fl” A¿ªx ©ı|ªa
\mh©fl” E÷®§⁄∫ ˜u∫u¿ S‘zu \∫a¯\P“ G Ƙ£ıx
A¡∫ uSv¯Ø C«UQfl”ıµı A¿ªx C¿¯ªØı Gfl£x
£ÿ‘Ø A‘ƒ¯µ¯ØU Siص_z u¯ª¡∏US ¡«[Su¿
˜£ıfl”¡ÿ¯”≤Æ ∂Qfl”x.
B¯nØzvfl _u¢vµz ufl¯© : ˜u∫u¿ B¯nØzvfl
£[S Aa\ıo ˜£ıfl”uıSÆ. B¯nØzvfl £ıµ£m\fl¯©
Aufl _u¢vµz ufl¯©≤hfl ¨UQØ©ıP® §¯nUP®£mk
E“Õx. u¯ª¯©z ˜u∫u¿ B¯nØ∫ ©ÿ÷Æ §” ˜u∫u¿
B¯nØıÕ∫PŒfl Cfl‘د©Øı® £oP“ \mhÆ §fl
¡∏¡⁄¡ÿ‘ÿS ¡¯P ˆ\¥Q”x :
218

A. ˜u∫u¿ B¯nØ∫ |Ø©⁄Æ ¬∏®£zvfl Ai®£¯h
∞¿ A¯©¢uufl÷. C¢u |Ø©⁄Æ 6 BskP“ £u¬U
PıªÆ A¿ªx J∏¡∫ 65 ¡Øv¯⁄ Gmku¿ C¡ÿ‘¿
Gx ¨fl⁄˜uı Aufl£i |ØUP®£kQfl”ı∫.
B. J∏ ˜u∫u¿ B¯nدµ Ea\}v ©fl” }v£v¯Ø }UP
§fl£ÿ”®£kÆ ¡»∞æÆ A˜u ¨¯”∞æÆ uıfl }UP
¨i≤Æ.
C. J∏ B¯nØ∂fl £o |£¢u¯⁄ A¡µx |Ø©⁄z
vÿS® §fl A¡∏US® £ıuP©ıP ©ıÿ”®£hU Thıx.
D. J∏ ˜u∫u¿ B¯nدµz u¯ª¯©z ˜u∫u¿ B¯n
Ø∂fl £∂¢x¯µ∞¿ªı©¿ £o∞º∏¢x }USu¿
¨iØıx.
E. B¯nØÆ u⁄x £oP¯Õ® ∂¢vh ©zvØ, ©ı|ª
Aµ_P“ ˜u¯¡Øı⁄ £oØıÕ∫P¯Õ B¯nØzvÿS
Q¯hzvha ˆ\¥Ø Ph¯©®£mk“Õ⁄.
u¯ª¯©z ˜u∫u¿ AvPı∂ : J∆ˆ¡ı∏ ©ı|ªzvæÆ J∏
u¯ª¯©z ˜u∫u¿ AvPı∂ E“Õı∫. C¢vØz ˜u∫u¿
B¯nØÆ ©ı|ª Aµ]fl / ≥¤Øfl §µ˜u\zvfl J∏
A桪¯µz u¯ª¯©z ˜u∫u¿ AvPı∂ØıP |Ø©⁄Æ
ˆ\¥Q”x A¿ªx ˆ£Ø∂mk £o∞ª©∫zxQ”x. Azu¯PØ
|Ø©⁄Æ ©ı|ª Aµ_ / ≥¤Øfl §µ˜u\ |∫¡ıPzxhfl
Pª¢uı˜ªı]UP®£mk ˆ\¥Ø®£kQ”x.
©ı|ª ˜u∫u¿ £o∞¯⁄ ˜©ÿ£ı∫¯¡∞kÆ AvPıµÆ
u¯ª¯©z ˜u∫u¿ AvPı∂US ¡«[P®£kQ”x. ©ı|ªz
˜u∫u¿ £oP¯Õ Jmkˆ©ızu©ıP ˜©ÿ£ı∫¯¡∞ku¿,
ˆ{‘®£kzxu¿, PsPıozu¿ BQØ⁄ ©ı|ªzvæ“Õ
u¯ª¯©z ˜u∫u¿ AvPı∂∞fl Rà E“Õ⁄.
C¢vØz ˜u∫u¿ B¯nØÆ {ıhı–©fl” ©ÿ÷Æ ©ı|ª
\mh\¯£ ˆuıSvP–USz ˜u∫u¿ £ı∫¯¡ØıÕ∫PÕıP
219

C¢vØz u¯ª¯©z ˜u∫u¿ B¯nØÆ
¯
u¯ª¯©z ˜u∫u¿ B¯nØ∫
¯
˜u∫u¿ B¯nØ∫P“
¯
u¯ª¯©z ˜u∫u¿ AvPı∂
¯
©ı¡mhz ˜u∫u¿ AvPı∂
¯
˜u∫u¿ AvPı∂
¯
¡ıUS® £vƒ A桪∫
¯
¡ıUSa \ı¡i AvPı∂
¯
¡ıUS A桪∫
(ˆ£ıx®£ı∫¯¡ØıÕ∫P“ ©ÿ÷Æ ˜u∫u¿ ˆ\ªƒP“ £ı∫¯¡
ØıÕ∫P“) Aµ_ A桪∫P¯Õ |ØUQfl”x. A¡∫P“
B¯nØÆ J®£¯hUSÆ £o∞¯⁄® ∂Qfl”⁄∫. £ı∫¯¡
ØıÕ∫ |Ø©⁄Æ Gfl£x \mhß∫¡©ı⁄ Jfl”ıSÆ. A¡∫P“
B¯nØzvÿS A‘U¯P¯Ø ˜{∂¯hØıP A›®Qfl”⁄∫.
©ı|ªz ˜u∫u¿ B¯nØÆ : Aµ]ت¯©®z v∏zua
\mh[P“ 73 ©ÿ÷Æ 74&fl £i ©ı|ªz ˜u∫u¿ B¯nØ[P“
A¯©UP®£mk“Õ⁄. J∆ˆ¡ı∏ ©ı|ª / ≥¤Øfl §µ˜u\
˜u∫u¿ B¯nØ¨Æ E“Õım] A[P[PÕı⁄ ©ı{Pµım]U
P«P[P“, {Pµım]P“, ©ı¡mh Fµım]P“, Fµım]
220

Jfl‘Ø[P“, Qµı© Fµım]P“ ©ÿ÷Æ §” E“Õım]
A¯©®P–UPı⁄ ˜u∫u¿P¯Õ {hzu AvPıµÆ ˆPısh¯¡
ØıSÆ. C¯¡ C¢vØz ˜u∫u¿ B¯nØzvfl Pmk®£ımi¿
C¿ªı©¿ u¤ØıP CØ[SQfl”⁄. uÃ{ımi¿ ©ı|ªz
˜u∫u¿ B¯nØÆ ˆ\fl¯⁄∞¿ A¯©¢x“Õx.
Pÿ”¿ A¯hƒP“
1. ©ın¡∫ C¢vØz ˜u∫u¿ B¯nØzvfl A¯©®§¯⁄
¬¡∂UP ¨i≤Æ.
2. ©ın¡∫ ˜u∫u¿ B¯nØzvfl £oP¯Õ ¬ÕUP
¨i≤Æ.
3. ©ın¡∫ ˜u∫u¿ B¯nØ∫P“ |Ø©⁄Æ £ÿ‘U S‘®§h
¨i≤Æ.
4. ©ın¡∫ ©ı|ª[PŒ¿ G¢u A¯©® E“Õım]z
˜u∫u¿P¯Õ {hzxQfl”x Gfl£¯u ¬ÕUP ¨i≤Æ.
_Ø ©v®•k
I. \∂Øı⁄ ¬¯h¯Øz ˜u∫¢ˆukUPƒÆ
1. C¢vØz ˜u∫u¿ B¯nØÆ J∏
A. _u¢vµ©ı⁄ A¯©® B. \mhß∫¡ A¯©®
C. u¤Øı∫ A¯©® D. ˆ£ıx |÷¡⁄Æ
2. C¢vØz ˜u∫u¿ B¯nØÆ A¯©¢x“Õ ChÆ
A. ¨Æ¯£ B. ˆ\fl¯⁄
C. x v¿º D. ˆPı¿Pzuı
3. ˜u∫u¿ B¯nØ∫P“ C¡µı¿ |ØUP®£kQfl”⁄∫
A. §µu© A¯©a\∫ B. B–{∫
C. C¢vØU Siص_z D. A¯©a\µ¯¡U S
u¯ª¡∫
4. E“Õım]z ˜u∫u¿P¯Õ C˜u A¯©® {hzxQfl”x
A. ©ı|ªz ˜u∫u¿ B. ©zvØ ˜u∫u¿
B¯nØÆ
B¯nØÆ
C. ©ı¡mhz ˜u∫u¿ ¡ı∂ØÆ D. £ı∫¯¡ØıÕ∫P“
221

II. ˜Pıimh Ch[P¯Õ |µ®P
1. C¢vØz ˜u∫u¿ B¯nØÆ _________ G⁄ƒÆ A¯«UP®
£kQfl”x.
2. ˜u∫u¿ B¯nØ∫PŒfl £u¬UPıªÆ _____ BskPÕıSÆ.
3. ˜u∫u¿ B¯nØ∫PŒfl uSv _____ }v£vP–USa
\©©ıSÆ.
4. Aµ]ت¯©®z v∏zua \mhÆ _____ ©ÿ÷Æ _____
BQد¡PŒfl Rà ©ı|ªz ˜u∫u¿ B¯nØ[P“
A¯©UP®£mk“Õ⁄.
III. §fl¡∏¡ÿ¯”® ˆ£ı∏zxP
1. u¯ª¯©z ˜u∫u¿ B¯nØ∫&& Aµ]ت¯©®a \mh
A¯©®
2. u¯ª¯©z ˜u∫u¿ AvPı∂ && 73 ©ÿ÷Æ 74 v∏zu[P“
3. C¢vØz ˜u∫u¿ B¯nØÆ && ©ı|ªz ˜u∫u¿ AvPı∂
4. E“Õım] A¯©®PŒfl
˜u∫u¿
&& ©ı¡mh AÕƒ
5. ˜u∫u¿ AvPı∂ && C¢vØz ˜u∫u¿ B¯nØÆ
IV. _∏UP©ıP ¬¯hØŒUPƒÆ
1. ˜u∫u¿ B¯nØ∫P¯Õ |Ø©⁄Æ ˆ\¥¡x Øı∫?
2. ˜u∫u¿ B¯nØ∫PŒfl £oUPıªÆ G∆¡Õƒ?
3. u¯ª¯©z ˜u∫u¿ AvPı∂¯Ø |Ø®£x Øı∫?
4. E“Õım] A¯©®PŒfl ˜u∫u¿P¯Õ G¢u A¯©®
{hzxQ”x.
V. ¬∂¡ı⁄ ¬¯h u∏P
1. C¢vØz ˜u∫u¿ B¯nØzvfl AvPıµ[P“, £oP“
Øı¯¡?
2. ©ı|ªz ˜u∫u¿ B¯nØzvfl A¯©®, £[Q¯⁄
¬ÕUSP.
222

£ıhÆ & 5
˜u∫u¿P“
Pÿ”¿ ˜{ıUP[P“
1. ©ın¡∫ ˜u∫u¿P“ £ÿ‘Ø A‘¬¯⁄® ˆ£”¿.
2. ©ın¡∫ ˜u∫u¿ ¨¯”PŒfl ¡¯PP¯Õ® ∂¢x
ˆPı“–u¿.
3. ©ın¡∫ {ıhı–©fl”Æ, ©ı|ªa \mh ©fl”[P“,
E“Õım] A¯©®PŒfl E÷®§⁄∫P“ G∆¡ı÷
˜u∫¢ˆukUP®£kQfl”⁄∫ Gfl£¯u® ∂¢x ˆPı“–u¿.
4. ©ın¡∫ ©UP“ §µv|vPŒfl £[Q¯⁄® £ÿ‘z ˆu∂¢x
ˆPı“–u¿.
{ıhı–©fl”Æ, ©ı|ªa \mh ©fl”[P“, E“Õım]
A¯©®P–US J∏ S‘®§mh PıªzvÿS ¡ıUPıÕ∫P“
u[P“ §µv|vP¯Õz ˜u∫¢ˆukUSÆ ˆ\غ¯⁄z ˜u∫u¿P“
G⁄ A¯«UQ˜”ıÆ. ˜u∫uºfl˜£ıx ¡ıUPıÕ∫P“ Av
¨UQØzx¡Æ ˆ£÷Qfl”⁄∫. ˜u∫u¿P“ Cfl‘ §µv|vzx¡
Aµ_ A¯©¡x CتıuuıSÆ. ˆ£ıx¡ıP C∏ ¡¯PØıPz
˜u∫u¿ ¨¯”P“ E“Õ⁄. A¯¡PŒ¿ Jfl÷ ˜{∫¨Pz
˜u∫uæÆ ©ÿˆ”ıfl÷ ©¯”¨Pz ˜u∫uæÆ BSÆ. C¢vØı¬¿
˜£ıxz ˜u∫u¿P“ I¢x BskP–US J∏ ¨¯” {hzu®
£kQfl”⁄. ˜u∫u¿P“ {ıhı–©fl”Æ, ©ı|ªa \mh©fl”[P“
©ÿ÷Æ E“Õım] A¯©®P–US {hzu®£kQfl”⁄.
˜{∫¨Pz ˜u∫u¿P“ : Cƨ¯”∞¿ ¡ıUPıÕ∫P“ u[P–US
¬∏®£©ı⁄ ˜¡m£ıÕ∫P–US ˜{∫¨P©ıP ¡ıUPŒzx
u[P“ §µv|vP¯Õz ˜u∫¢ˆukUQfl”⁄∫. C¢vØı¬¿
˜ªıU \£ı ©ÿ÷Æ ©ı|ªa \mh® ˜£µ¯¡ E÷®§⁄∫P“
223

Cƨ¯”∞¿ I¢x BskU PıªzvÿSz ˜u∫¢ˆukUP®£k
Qfl”⁄∫. Cƨ¯”∞¿ J∆ˆ¡ı∏ ¡ıUPıÕ∏Æ uı[P“
¬∏ÆÆ ˜¡m£ıÕ∫PŒfl ]fl⁄[P–US GvµıPz u[P“
¡ıUQ¯⁄® £vzx ¡ıUPŒUQfl”⁄∫. A∆¡ı÷ £v¡ı⁄
¡ıUSPŒ¿ P AvP GsoU¯P∞¿ ¡ıUSP¯Õ® ˆ£÷Æ
˜¡m£ıÕ∫ ˜u∫¢ˆukUP®£mhuıP A‘¬UP®£k¡ı∫.
|¯”P“ :
1. Cƨ¯” PƒÆ ©UPÕım]z ufl¯©≤¯hØuıSÆ.
Hˆ⁄¤¿ ¡ıUPıÕ∫P“ u[P“ §µv|vP¯Õ ˜{∫¨P
©ıP ˜u∫¢ˆukUSÆ J∏ ¡ı¥®§¯⁄ Cƨ¯”∞¿
ˆ£÷Qfl”⁄∫.
2. Cƨ¯”∞⁄ı¿ §µv|vP–USÆ ¡ıUPıÕ∫P–USÆ
C¯h∞¿ ˆ{∏UP©ı⁄ ˆuıh∫ Hÿ£h ¡ı¥®
E“Õx.
3. Aµ]غ¿ ©UP“ w¬µ £[Q¯⁄ Bÿ” Cƨ¯”
B∫¡≠mkQfl”x.
4. ˆ£ıx¡ıP, ˜{∫¨Pz ˜u∫uº¿ ˜¡m£ıÕ∫P“ u[P“
ˆPı“¯PP¯Õ≤Æ vmh[P¯Õ≤Æ ¡ıUPıÕ∫ ¨fl
A‘¬UQfl”⁄∫. Cu⁄ı¿ Aµ]fl ˆ\Ø¿£ıkP¯Õ
©UPÕı¿ ∂¢xˆPı“Õ ¨iQfl”x.
5. Cƨ¯”∞¿ {¿ª §µv|vP¯Õz ˜u∫¢ˆuk®£uÿS
¡ı¥® E“Õx.
S¯”P“ :
1. C¢vØı¬¿ £ª ¡ıUPıÕ∫P“ £i®£‘ƒ Aÿ”¡∫
PÕıPƒÆ ˆuŒ¡ÿ”¡∫PÕıPƒÆ E“Õuı¿ u¯ª¡∫
PŒfl ˜£a_UPÕı¿ A¡∫P“ GŒv¿ D∫UP®£k
Qfl”⁄∫. Aufl ¬¯Õ¡ıP ]ª ˜{µ[PŒ¿ v”¯©Øÿ”
_Ø{ª¡ıvP–Æ ˜u∫¢ˆukUP®£mk ¬kQfl”⁄∫.
2. C∆¡¯Pz ˜u∫u¿ AvPa ˆ\ªƒ¯hØuıPƒÆ P®
ˆ£∂Ø AÕ¬¿ Hÿ£ıkP“ ˆ\¥Ø®£h ˜¡siØ
Jfl”ıPƒÆ E“Õx.
224

3. £¿˜¡÷ \ıvP“, \©Ø[P“, ˆ©ı»P“ E“Õ J∏
\¨uıØzv¿ §ÕƒP“ ˜©æÆ ¡æUP Cƨ¯”∞¿
¡ı¥®sk.
4. Aa\ En∫¬fl Pıµn©ıP {¿ª‘ƒ¯h˜Øı∫ ˜u∫uº¿
£[˜PÿPı©¿ ¬mk¬kQfl”⁄∫.
5. ©UPÕım]∞¿ {ƧU¯PØÿ”¡∫P–US Cƨ¯”
EP¢uu¿ª.
©¯”¨Pz ˜u∫u¿ : Cƨ¯”∞¿ ©UP“ J∏ ¡ıUPıÕ∫
©fl”zv¯⁄z ˜u∫¢ˆukUQfl”⁄∫. AÆ©fl”Æ A¡∫PÕx
§µv|vP¯Õz ˜u∫¢ˆukUQfl”x. C∆¡¯Pz ˜u∫u¿
¨¯”¯Ø ©¯”¨Pz ˜u∫u¿ G⁄ A¯«UQ˜”ıÆ.
|¯”P“ :
1. ¡Øx ¡¢˜uı∫ ¡ıUS∂¯© ¨¯”∞⁄ı¿ Hÿ£kÆ S¯”
P¯Õ Cƨ¯”∞ªı⁄ ˜u∫u¿ }USQfl”x.
2. Cƨ¯”∞¯⁄ ©UPÕım] £ıµÆ£∂ØÆ C¿ªıu J∏
{ımiæÆ ˆ\Ø¿£kzuªıÆ.
3. Cƨ¯”∞¿ Aµ]Ø¿ Pm]PŒfl ¨UQØzx¡Æ
S¯”UP®£kQfl”x.
4. ˆ£∂Ø {ıkP–US Cƨ¯” EP¢uuıSÆ.
5. Cƨ¯”∞⁄ı¿ S¯”¢u ˆ\ª˜¡ Hÿ£kÆ.
S¯”P“ :
1. Cƨ¯” ©UPÕım]z ufl¯©Øÿ”x.
2. ¡ıUPıÕ∫P“ Aµ]غ¿ AvP Dk£ık ˆPı“¡
v¿¯ª.
3. Cƨ¯”∞¿ ¯P≥miÿSÆ ªg\zvÿSÆ ¡ı¥®sk.
4. Cƨ¯”∞¿ ¡ıUPıÕ∫PŒfl ¨UQØzx¡Æ PƒÆ
S¯”Qfl”x.
5. Cƨ¯”∞¿ ¡ıUPıÕ∫P–USÆ §µv|vP–US¯h
∞ªı⁄ ˜{∂¯hz ˆuıh∫ Q¯hØıx.
225

C¯hz ˜u∫u¿ : J∏ ˜¡m£ıÕ∂fl £u¬UPıªzv¿ A¡µx
£u¬ ¬ªP¿ A¿ªx C”®§⁄ı¿ Hÿ£kÆ {ıhı–©fl”
A¿ªx ©ı|ªa \mh©fl”U Pıº Chzv¯⁄ |µ®£ {hzu®
£kÆ ˜u∫u¿ C¯hz ˜u∫u¿ G⁄ A¯«UP®£kQ”x.
E£ ˜u∫u¿ : {ıhı–©fl”z¯u˜Øı A¿ªx ©ı|ªa \mh
©fl”z¯u˜Øı Au›¯hØ £u¬U PıªÆ ¨i≤Æ ¨fl˜£
P¯ªzx¬mk {hzxÆ ˆ£ıxz ˜u∫u¿ E£ ˜u∫u¿ G⁄
A¯«UP®£kQ”x.
E“Õım] A¯©®P“ ˜u∫u¿ : E“Õım] A¯©®
A¿ªx E“Õım] Aµ_ Gfl£ufl ˆ£ı∏“ J∏ £Sv∞fl
©UP“ u[P“ £Sv ¬¡Pıµ[P¯Õz uı[P˜Õ |∫¡QzxU
ˆPı“–u¿ BSÆ. Aufl Ai®£¯hU ˆPı“¯P Gfl⁄
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E“Õım] Aµ_ : E“Õım] Aµ_ {P∫®” E“Õım]
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74&¡x Aµ]Ø¿ \mhz v∏zua \mhÆ ≠fl÷ ¡¯P {Pµım]
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{P∫®” Fµım]P“, {Pµım]U P«P[P“, ©ı{Pµım]
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A¯©®P“ ©ı{Pµım]P“ BSÆ.
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73&¡x Aµ]ت¯©® v∏zua \mhzvfl£i 1994&BÆ
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uÃ{ımi¿ §fl¡∏Æ ¡¯P∞ªı⁄ ≠fl÷ Pmh Qµı©
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Qµı©zvæÆ J∏ Fµım], (2) ¡mhıµ AÕ¬¿ £ª Qµı©
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u¯ª¯©® ˆ£ı÷®˜£ÿQ”ı∫. u¯ª¡¯µ≤Æ, x¯nz
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I¢x BskPÕıSÆ.
Fµım] ¨¯”∞fl ≠fl”ı¡x Pmh A¯©® ©ı¡mh
Fµım]P“ BSÆ. ©ı¡mh Fµım]PŒfl u¯ª¡˜µ Aufl
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ˆukUP®£mh £Sv E÷®§⁄∫P“ ˜u∫¢ˆukUQfl”⁄∫.
©UP“ £Sv E÷®§⁄∫P¯Õ ˜{∂¯hØıPz ˜u∫¢
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Fµım]∞fl £u¬UPıªÆ ¨i≤Æ ¨fl Ax P¯ªUP®
£k©ı∞fl 6 ©ıu PıªzvÿS“ AuÿSz ˜u∫u¿ {hzu®
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{Pµ E“Õım] A¯©®P“ : Aµ]ت¯©®a \mhÆ
©ı{Pµım]U P«PÆ, {Pµım]P“, {P∫®” Fµım]P¯Õ {Pµ
E“Õım] A¯©®PÕıP A[RP∂zx“Õx. C∏¢u
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¡ı∂Ø[P“ (Contonment Boards), A‘¬UP®£mh £Sv
S UP“ (Notified Area Committee) BQØ⁄ƒÆ ©ÿ” ]ª {Pµ
E“Õım] A¯©®PÕıSÆ.
{Pµım] A¯©®§fl ˜©¿ Pmhzv¿ ©ı{Pµım]U
P«P[P“ E“Õ⁄. CÆ©ı{Pµım]U P«P[P“ ˆ£∂Ø
{Pµ[PŒ¿ |÷¡®£kQfl”⁄. ˆ£ıx¡ıP, 10 Cªm\Æ
©UP“ ˆuı¯P¯Ø≤Æ AuÿS ˜©æÆ ˆPısh ˆ£∏
{Pµ[P“ ©ı{Pµım]PÕıP A¯©UP®£kQfl”⁄. Euıµn©ıP
ˆ\fl¯⁄, ¨Æ¯£, ˆPı¿Pzuı, ˆh¿º BQØ⁄ C¢vØı¬¿
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ˆ\fl¯⁄, ©x¯µ, ˜Pıبzy∫, ˜\ªÆ, v∏a] ©ÿ÷Æ
v∏ˆ{¿˜¡º ˜£ıfl” 6 ©ı{Pµım]U P«P[P“ E“Õ⁄.
©ı{Pµım]U P«Pzvfl Aµ]Ø¿ u¯ª¡∫ ˜©Ø∫ B¡ı∫.
A¡∫ ©ı{Pµz u¢¯u G⁄ƒÆ ©ı{P∂fl ¨u¿ Si©Pfl /
Si©P“ G⁄ƒÆ A¯«UP®£kQ”ı∫. ˜©Ø¯µ≤Æ, £Sv
E÷®§⁄∫P¯Õ≤Æ ©UP“ ˜{∂¯hØıPz ˜u∫¢ˆukUQfl”⁄∫.
£Sv E÷®§⁄∫P“ x¯n ˜©Ø¯µz ˜u∫¢ˆukUQfl”⁄∫.
A¡∫PÕx £u¬UPıªÆ 5 BskPÕıSÆ. ©ı{Pµım]U P«P
E÷®§⁄∫PŒfl 2/3 £[S ˆ£÷Æ£ıfl¯© £ªzxhfl
w∫©ı⁄Æ CØÿ‘ ˜©Ø∫, x¯n ˜©Ø¯µ® £u¬∞º∏¢x
}UPªıÆ.
{Pµ E“Õım] Aµ]¿ {Pµım]P“ Cµshı¡x Chz¯u
¡QUQfl”⁄. {Pµım] G›Æ ˆ\ı¿ {P∫ A¿ªx ©ı{P∂fl
_Ø&Bm]¯ØU S‘UQfl”x. uà {ımi¿ 100&USÆ
˜©ÿ£mh {Pµım]P“ E“Õ⁄. J∆ˆ¡ı∏ {Pµım]∞æÆ
u¯ª¡∫, x¯nz u¯ª¡∫, £Sv E÷®§⁄∫P“ E“Õ⁄∫.
u¯ª¡¯µ≤Æ, £Sv E÷®§⁄∫P¯Õ≤Æ ©UP“ ˜{∂¯h
ØıPz ˜u∫¢ˆukUQfl”⁄∫. x¯nz u¯ª¡¯µ® £Sv
E÷®§⁄∫P“ u[P–US“ ˜u∫¢ˆukzxU ˆPı“Qfl”⁄∫.
A¡∫P“ 5 BskP“ £u¬ ¡QUQfl”⁄∫.
J∆ˆ¡ı∏ ]÷{P∫® £Sv∞æÆ J∏ {P∫®” Fµım]
A¯©® Hÿ£kzu®£mk“Õx. Av¿ ˜u∫¢ˆukUP®£mh
E÷®§⁄∫P“ E“Õ⁄∫. CuÿPıP {P∫®” Fµım] £ª
£SvPÕıP® §∂UP®£mk“Õx. J∆ˆ¡ı∏ £Sv≤Æ J∏
E÷®§⁄¯µ ©mk˜© ˜u∫¢ˆukUQfl”x. {P∫®” Fµım]
∞fl u¯ª¡¯µ≤Æ, E÷®§⁄∫P¯Õ≤Æ ©UP“ ˜{∂¯hØıPz
˜u∫¢ˆukUQfl”⁄∫. A¡∫P–Æ I¢x BskP“ £u¬
¡QUQfl”⁄∫. {Pµım]z u¯ª¡∫, E÷®§⁄∫P¯Õ® ˜£ıfl”
A˜u |¯ª∞¯⁄≤Æ, AvPıµ[P¯Õ≤Æ ©ÿ÷Æ E∂¯©
P¯Õ≤Æ C¡∫P–Æ ˆ£ÿ÷“Õ⁄∫.
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ˆukUP®£mh {ıhı–©fl”, ©ı|ªa \mh©fl”, E“Õım]
A¯©®PŒfl E÷®§⁄∫P“ ©UP“ §µv|vP“ G⁄
A¯«UP®£kQfl”⁄∫. ©UP–UPı⁄ A¡∫PÕx £[SÆ
ˆ£ı÷®P–Æ P ¨UQØ©ı⁄¯¡. {ıhı–©fl”, ©ı|ªa
\mh©fl” E÷®§⁄∫P“ ©UP–US u¤®£mh ¨¯”∞¿
ˆ£ı÷®¯hØ¡∫P“ B¡∫. {ıhı–©fl” E÷®§⁄∫P“
{ıhı–©fl”zvfl ≠ªÆ u[P“ £oP¯Õ® ∂Qfl”⁄∫.
©ı|ªa \mh©fl” E÷®§⁄∫P“ ©ı|ª AÕ¬¿ A¯©a\∫
PÕıPƒÆ ©UPŒfl §µv|vPÕıPƒÆ u[P“ £o∞¯⁄®
∂Qfl”⁄∫. ˜©Ø∫, {Pµz u¯ª¡∫, u¯ª¡∫ ˜£ıfl˜”ı∫
£¿˜¡÷ E“Õım] A¯©®UPŒfl Aµ]Ø¿ |∫¡ıQ
PÕı¡∫. E“Õım] A¯©®PŒfl Aµ]Ø¿ u¯ª¡∫P“
©ı{Pµım]U P«P[P“, {Pµım]P“ ©ÿ÷Æ Fµım]PŒfl
Tmh[P–USz u¯ª¯© uı[SQfl”⁄∫. A¡∫P“
E“Õım] A¯©®PŒfl B¡n[P¯Õ® £µı©∂zx A∆
¡¯©®PŒfl A桪∫P“ ´x |∫¡ıP AvPıµzv¯⁄≤Æ
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˜©ÿ£ı∫¯¡∞ku¿ £o ¨UQØ©ı⁄uıSÆ.
Pÿ”¿ A¯hƒP“
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P¯Õ ¬ÕUP ¨i≤Æ.
2. ©ın¡∫ ˜{∫¨P, ©¯”¨Pz ˜u∫u¿PŒfl |¯”P“,
S¯”P¯ÕU S‘®§h ¨i≤Æ.
3. ©ın¡∫ E“Õım] A¯©®PŒfl ¡¯PP¯Õ ¬¡∂UP
¨i≤Æ.
4. ©ın¡∫ 73&¡x Aµ]ت¯©®a \mhv∏zua \mhz
v¯⁄ ¬ÕUP ¨i≤Æ.
5. ©ın¡∫ ©UP“ §µv|vPŒfl £[Q¯⁄≤Æ ˆ£ı÷®
P¯Õ≤Æ ¬ÕUP ¨i≤Æ.
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I. \∂Øı⁄ ¬¯h¯Øz ˜u∫¢ˆukUPƒÆ
1. ˜ªıU\£ı E÷®§⁄∫PŒfl £u¬U PıªÆ
A. {ıflS BskP“ B. ≠fl÷ BskP“
C. I¢x BskP“ D. Cµsk BskP“
2. E“Õım] A¯©®PŒfl £u¬U PıªÆ
A. ≠fl÷ BskP“ B. B÷ BskP“
C. {ıflS BskP“ D. I¢x BskP“
3. ˜©Ø¯µz ˜u∫¢ˆuk®£¡∫P“
A. ˜{∂¯hØıP ©UP“ B. E÷®§⁄∫P“
C. ¨uª¯©a\∫ D. B–{∫
II. ˜Pıimh Ch[P¯Õ |µ®P
1. C¢vØı¬¿ ˆ£ıxz ˜u∫u¿P“ _____ BskP–UˆPı∏
¨¯” {hzu®£kQfl”⁄.
2. ˆ£ıx¡ıP _____ ¡¯PØı⁄ ˜u∫u¿ ¨¯”P“ E“Õ⁄.
3. Qµı©z u¯ª¡¯µ ©UP“ _____ BPz ˜u∫¢ˆukUQfl”⁄∫.
4. ˜©Ø¯µ ©UP“ _____ BPz ˜u∫¢ˆukUQfl”⁄∫.
III. §fl¡∏¡⁄¡ÿ¯”® ˆ£ı∏zxP
1. 73&¡x Aµ]ت¯©®a && 74¡x v∏zuÆ
\mhzv∏zuÆ
2. {P∫£ıºPı && ©ı{Pµım]U P«PÆ
3. ˜©Ø∫ && Fµım] |∫¡ıPÆ
4. {Pµz u¯ª¡∫ && {P∫®” Fµım]
5. u¯ª¡∫ && {Pµım]
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IV. _∏UP©ıP ¬¯hØŒUPƒÆ
1. ˜u∫u¿ Gfl”ı¿ Gfl⁄?
2. ˜u∫u¿ ¡¯PP¯Õ ¬ÕUSP.
3. C¯hz ˜u∫u¿ Gfl”ı¿ Gfl⁄?
4. E“Õım] Aµ_ ¡¯PP¯Õ ¬ÕUSP.
V. ¬∂¡ı⁄ ¬¯h u∏P
1. ˜{∫¨Pz ˜u∫uºfl |¯”P“, S¯”P“ Øı¯¡?
2. E“Õım] A¯©®PŒfl E÷®§⁄∫P“ G∆¡ı÷ ˜u∫¢
ˆukUP®£kQfl”⁄∫?
3. ©UP“ §µv|vPŒfl £[S, ˆ£ı÷®P“ Øı¯¡?
VI. ˆ\¥¨¯”® £∞ÿ]P“
1. E“Õım] Aµ]fl ¡¯PP“ ˆPısh ¬ÕUP Am¯h
Jfl÷ uØı∫ ˆ\¥P.
2. E“Õım] _Ø&Aµ]fl A¯©®§¯⁄U Pıs§USÆ
Am¯h® £hÆ Jfl÷ uØı∫ ˆ\¥x Au¯⁄ ¡S®
£¯”∞¿ £ı∫¯¡US ¯¡UPƒÆ.
232

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Si≤∂¯©
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2. ©ın¡∫ ¡ıUPıÕ∫ A¯hØıÕ Am¯h, ¡ıUPŒzu¿
¨¯”P“ £ÿ‘Ø A‘¬¯⁄® ˆ£”¿.
3. ©ın¡∫ Si≤∂¯©US∂Ø uSvP¯Õ® £ÿ‘ ˆu∂¢x
ˆPı“–u¿.
4. ©ın¡∫ Aµ]Ø¿ Pm]PŒfl ]fl⁄[P“ £ÿ‘ ˆu∂¢x
ˆPı“–u¿.
5. ©ın¡∫ ¡ıUPıÕ∫PŒfl Ph¯©P¯Õ® ∂¢x
ˆPı“–u¿.
"Si©Pfl' G⁄® ˆ£ı∏“£kÆ "]mi\fl'
Gݮ
B[Qªa ˆ\ı¿ Cªzwfl ˆ©ı» ¡ı∫z¯uØı⁄ "]¬Ï'
Gfl£vº∏¢x ˆ£”®£mhuıSÆ. Aaˆ\ı¿ {Pµ&{ımi¿
(City-State) ¡]®£¡∫ G›Æ ˆ£ı∏“ ˆPıshuıSÆ. {Pµ&
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¡∫P¯ÕU S‘UP® £Øfl£kzu®£mhx. J∏ {ımifl Si
©UP“, ¨ Si≤∂¯© ©ÿ÷Æ Aµ]Ø¿ E∂¯©P¯Õ
A›£¬UQfl”⁄∫.
Si©UPŒfl E∂¯©P“ : {©x Aµ]ت¯©®a \mhÆ {Æ
{ımifl Si©UP–US® §fl¡∏Æ E∂¯©P¯Õ ¡«[S
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1. Ai®£¯h E∂¯©P“.
2. Si©UP“ ©mk˜© ˆ£ıx®£u¬P¯Õ ¡QUPz uSv
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u¯ª¡∫, §µu© A¯©a\∫, Ea\, EØ∫ }v©fl” }v£v
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3. Si©UP“ ©mk˜© ˜ªıU \£ı ©ÿ÷Æ ©ı|ª \mh
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Ø¡∫P“.
4. Si©UP“ ©mk˜© {ıhı–©fl”, ©ı|ªa \mh
©fl”[PŒfl E÷®§⁄∫PÕıPz uSv≤¯hØ¡∫P“.
Si©UPŒfl Ph¯©P“ : 1976&BÆ Bsk CØÿ”®£mh
42&¡x Aµ]ت¯©®z v∏zua \mhzvfl£i A¯⁄zxU
Si©UP–Æ §fl£ÿ” ˜¡siØ Ai®£¯hU Ph¯©P“
¡SUP®£mk“Õ⁄. A¯¡P“ : (1) Aµ]ت¯©®a \mhz
v¯⁄≤Æ Aufl S‘U˜Pı“ ©ÿ÷Æ |÷¡⁄[P¯Õ≤Æ
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C¯”Øıs¯©, Jÿ÷¯© ©ÿ÷Æ J∏¯©®£ımi¯⁄®
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Si≤∂¯©∞fl ¡¯PP“ : Si≤∂¯© C∏ ¡¯P®£kÆ. A¯¡
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Si≤∂¯© BQØ⁄¡ıSÆ. J∏ {ımi¿ |µ¢uµ©ıP ¡ı Æ
(E¯”¬h©ıPU ˆPıs˜hı∫) Si©UP¯Õ® ˆ£ÿ˜”ıµıPU
ˆPısk §”USÆ S«¢¯uP“ §”®£ı¿ Si©UPÕıQfl”⁄∫.
Euıµn©ıP C¢vØU Si©UP–US® §”USÆ S«¢¯uP“
CØÿ¯PØıPƒÆ ufl¤a¯\ØıPƒÆ C¢vØU Si©UPÕı
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Si©PÕıQfl”ı∫. Euıµn ©ıP C¢vØ∫P“ £ª∫ Aˆ©∂UP
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(NRIs) G›Æ uSv∞¯⁄ ¡«[Q≤“Õx.
Si≤∂¯©∞fl ufl¯©: {©x C¢vØ Aµ]ت¯©®a
\mhÆ C¢vØU Si©Pfl / Si©P“ G⁄®£kÆ Jÿ¯”U
Si≤∂¯©¯Ø ©mkÆ ¡«[SQ”x. B⁄ı¿ Aˆ©∂UP
IUQØ {ık, _¬m\∫ªı¢x ˜£ıfl” ]ª Tmhµ_ {ıkPŒ¿
Tmhım] A¿ªx ˜u]ØU Si©UP“ ©ÿ÷Æ S‘®§mh
©ı|ªzvfl Si©UP“ G›Æ Cµm¯hU Si≤∂¯© ¨¯”
E“Õx.
¡ıUPŒUSÆ E∂¯©P“ : ¡ıUS∂¯©® ˆ£” ¡Øx Jfl˜”
uSvØıSÆ. S‘®§mh J∏ ¡Øv¯⁄ G¥vØ ©UP“
A¯⁄¡∏USÆ ¡ıUS∂¯© ¡«[P®£kQ”x. Cu¯⁄
¡Øx¡¢˜uı∫ A¯⁄¡∏USÆ ¡ıUS∂¯© A¿ªx ˜u∫u¿
¡ıUS∂¯© G⁄ A¯«UQfl”⁄∫. C¢vØı¬¿ 18 ¡Øv¯⁄
G¥vØ G¡∏Æ ¡ıUPŒUPz uSv≤¯hØ¡∫. A¡∫P–¯hØ
ˆ£Ø∫P“ ¡ıUPıÕ∫ £miغ¿ ˜\∫UP®£kQfl”⁄. ˜u∫u¿
B¯nØÆ A¡∫P–US ¡ıUPıÕ∫ A¯hØıÕ Am¯h∞¯⁄
¡«[SQfl”x.
¡ıUPıÕ∫ A¯hØıÕ Am¯h : C¢vØz ˜u∫u¿ B¯nØÆ
¡ıUPıÕ∫ A¯hØıÕ Am¯h∞¯⁄ A‘¨PÆ ˆ\¥x“Õx.
C∆¡m¯h∞¿ ¡ıUPıÕ∂fl ˆ£Ø∫, ¡Øx, £ı¿, ¨P¡∂,
ˆuıSv∞fl S‘±k Gs ©ÿ÷¨“Õ uP¡¿P“ Ah[Q
≤“Õ⁄. ¡ıUSa \ı¡iP–US“ ~¯«≤Ƙ£ıx ¡ıUPıÕ∫P“
235

C∆¡¯hØıÕ Am¯h¯Øz u[P–hfl ¯¡zxU ˆPı“–
u¿ ˜¡skÆ. ¡ıUPıÕ∫ A¯hØıÕ Am¯h ¡«[P®ˆ£”ıu
¡ıUPıÕ∫P“ ¡ıUPŒUPa ˆ\¿æƘ£ıx u[P–hfl
§fl¡∏Æ Huı¡ˆuı∏ Buıµzv¯⁄ ¯¡zxU ˆPı“–u¿
˜¡skÆ. A¯¡ (1) SkÆ£ Enƒ Am¯h, (2) Kmk{∫
E∂©Æ, (3) ~¯«ƒ E∂¯© \ıfl‘uà (Passport Certificate)
BQØ⁄¡ıSÆ. J∆ˆ¡ı∏ ¡ıUPıÕ∏Æ u[P“ £Sv∞¿
¡ıUPıÕ∫ A¯hØıÕ Am¯h∞¯⁄ Aµ_ A桪∫P“
¡«[SÆ ˆ£ı x Au¯⁄® ˆ£ÿ÷ ˜u∫u¿ B¯nØzxhfl
Jzx¯«zu¿ A¡]Ø©ıSÆ.
¡ıUPŒUSÆ ¨¯” : ¡ıUPŒUSÆ ¨¯”∞¯⁄ C∏¡¯P®
£kzuªıÆ. A¯¡ ˆ¡Œ®£¯hØı⁄ ¡ıUS®£vƒ, CµP]Ø
uÿ˜£ı¯uØ ¡ıUPıÕ∫ A¯hØıÕ Am¯h∞fl ©ıv∂
¨fl £UPÆ
§fl £UPÆ
¡ıUS®£vƒ Gfl£⁄ BSÆ. uÿ˜£ıx C∆¬∏ ¡ıUPŒUSÆ
¨¯”PŒæÆ ¡ıUQ¯⁄® £vƒ ˆ\¥Ø fl⁄qa
236

\ıu⁄[P“ £Øfl£kzu®£kQfl”⁄. Cu¯⁄ fl⁄q
¨¯”∞¿ ¡ıUPŒzu¿ G⁄ A¯«UQ˜”ıÆ.
1. ˆ¡Œ®£¯hØı⁄ ¡ıUS®£vƒ : J∏ ¡ıUPıÕ∫ u⁄x
¡ıUQ¯⁄ ˆ¡Œ®£¯hØıPz ˆu∂¬zuı¿ Au¯⁄ ˆ¡Œ®
£¯hØı⁄ ¡ıUS®£vƒ G⁄ A¯«UQ˜”ıÆ. ˆ¡Œ®£¯h
Øı⁄ ¡ıUS®£vƒ ¨¯”USa ]”¢u EuıµnÆ ¯PP¯Õ
EØ∫zvU Pımi {£∫P¯Õz ˜u∫¢ˆukzuªıSÆ. Cƨ¯”
∞¿ CµP]ØÆ PıUP®£k¡v¿¯ª. Cƨ¯” ¡ıUPıÕ∫
GsoU¯P ˆ£∏©Õ¬æ“Õ ˆ£ıxz ˜u∫u¿P–US®
£Øfl£hıx. Cƨ¯”∞æ“Õ ˆ¡Œ®£¯hz ufl¯©∞⁄ı¿
¡ıUPıÕ∂fl ¬∏®£ E∂¯© ©÷UP®£kQ”x.
2. CµP]Ø ¡ıUS® £vƒ : Cƨ¯”∞¿ ¡ıUPıÕ∫P“
u[P“ ¡ıUS∂¯©¯Ø CµP]Ø©ıPa ˆ\تıUSQfl”⁄∫. u¤®
£mh ¡ıUPıÕ∂fl ¬∏®£zv¯⁄® ˜£ımi∞kÆ ˜¡m
£ıÕ˜µı A¿ªx Ehfl ¡ıUPŒUSÆ ¡ıUPıÕ˜µı A‘Ø
¨iØıx. Euıµn©ıP C¢vØı¬¿ {hzu®ˆ£÷Æ ˆ£ıxz
˜u∫u¿PŒ¿ Cƨ¯” §fl£ÿ”®£kQ”x. C[S ¡ıUPıÕ∫
P–US ˜¡m£ıÕ∫PŒfl ˆ£Ø∫P–Æ, ]fl⁄[P–Æ ˆPısk
Aa]h®£mh ¡ıUSzuı“P“ ¡«[P®£kQfl”⁄. ¡ıUPıÕ∫
uıfl ¬∏ÆÆ ˜¡m£ıÕ∂fl ˆ£Ø∏US Gv˜µ S‘®§mh
J∏ S‘∞¯⁄ Cmk ¡ıUSzuı¯Õ ¡ıUS® ˆ£mi∞¿
˜£ıh ˜¡skÆ. Cƨ¯”∞ªı⁄ CµP]Ø ¡ıUS® £vƒ
¨¯” C¢vØı, Aˆ©∂UPı ©ÿ÷Æ C[Qªı¢x ˜£ıfl”
{ıkPŒ¿ §fl£ÿ”®£kQ”x.
Aµ]Ø¿ Pm]PŒfl ]fl⁄[P“ : J∆ˆ¡ı∏ Aµ]Ø¿ Pm]≤Æ
u⁄UˆP⁄ J∏ ]fl⁄Æ ˆPısk“Õx. C¢vØz ˜u∫u¿
B¯nØÆ, {ıhı–©fl”Æ, ©ı|ªa \mh ©fl”[P–US®
˜£ımi∞kÆ ˜¡m£ıÕ∫P–USa ]fl⁄[P¯Õ JxUS
Qfl”x. Qµı© Fµım]P“ ©ÿ÷Æ {Pµım]U P«P[P“
˜£ıfl” E“Õım] A¯©®P–US {hzu®£kÆ ˜u∫uæUS
©ı|ªz ˜u∫u¿ B¯nØÆ ]fl⁄[P¯Õ JxUSQfl”x.
237

Pÿ”¿ A¯hƒP“
1. ©ın¡∫ Si©UPŒfl E∂¯©P¯ÕU S‘®§h ¨i≤Æ.
2. ©ın¡∫ Si©UPŒfl Ai®£¯hU Ph¯©P¯Õ®
£miغh ¨i≤Æ.
3. ©ın¡∫ ¡ıUS∂¯©P¯Õ ¬ÕUP ¨i≤Æ.
4. ©ın¡∫ ¡ıUPıÕ∫ A¯hØıÕ Am¯h∞¯⁄® £ÿ‘
¬¡∂UP ¨i≤Æ.
5. ©ın¡∫ ¡ıUPŒUSÆ ¨¯” £ÿ‘ ¬ÕUP ¨i≤Æ.
_Ø ©v®•k
I. \∂Øı⁄ ¬¯h¯Øz ˜u∫¢ˆukUPƒÆ
1. ]mi\fl G›Æ ˆ\ı¿ Cƈ©ı»∞º∏¢x ˆ£”®£mhx
A. Q˜µUPÆ B. Cªzwfl
C. Ï£ı¤ØÆ D. E∏x
2. C¢vØı¬¿ ¡ıUPŒUSÆ E∂¯©UPı⁄ ¡Øx
A. 21 BskP“ B. 25 BskP“
C. 18 BskP“ D. 20 BskP“
3. Si©UP“ ˆ£ıx¡ıP C∆¡ı÷ ¡¯P®£kzu®£kQfl”⁄∫
A. C∏ ¡¯PØıP B. {ıflS ¡¯PØıP
C. I¢x ¡¯PØıP D. J∏ ¡¯PØıP
4. Aˆ©∂UP IUQØ {ımi¿ E“Õ Si≤∂¯© ¡¯P
A. Cµm¯hU Si≤∂¯© B. Jÿ¯”U Si≤∂¯©
C. ©ı|ªU Si≤∂¯© D. ˜©æ“Õ GxƒÆ C¿¯ª
238

II. ˜Pıimh Ch[P¯Õ |µ®P
1. Si©UP“ ¨ ________ ©ÿ÷Æ ________ E∂¯©P¯Õ
A›£¬UQfl”⁄∫.
2. C¢vØı¬¿ ¡ıUPıÕ∫ A¯hØıÕ Am¯h∞¯⁄ _____
_____ _____ A‘¨PÆ ˆ\¥x“Õx.
3. ¡ıUPŒUSÆ ¨¯” _____. ©ÿ÷Æ _____ G⁄ C∏¡¯PØıP
¡¯P®£kzu®£mk“Õx.
4. Aµ]Ø¿ Pm]PŒfl ]fl⁄[P¯Õ _____ _____ _____
JxUSQfl”x.
5. C¢vØı¬¿ _____ Si≤∂¯© ©mk˜© E“Õx.
III. §fl¡∏¡⁄¡ÿ¯”® ˆ£ı∏zxP
1. ¡ıUPŒUSÆ ¡Øx && ˜u∫u¿ B¯nØÆ
2. Cµm¯hU Si≤∂¯© && 18 BskP“
3. ]fl⁄[P¯Õ JxUS¡x && ¯PP¯Õ EØ∫zxu¿
4. ˆ¡Œ®£¯hØı⁄
¡ıUS®£vƒ
&& 42&¡x v∏zua \mhÆ
5. Ai®£¯hU Ph¯©P“ && Aˆ©∂UP IUQØ {ık
IV. _∏UP©ıP ¬¯hØŒUPƒÆ
1. Si≤∂¯© Gfl”ı¿ Gfl⁄?
2. "¡Øx¡¢˜uı∫ A¯⁄¡∏USÆ ¡ıUS∂¯©' Gfl”
ˆ\ı¿º¯⁄ ¬ÕUSP.
3. ¡ıUPıÕ∫ A¯hØıÕ Am¯h∞¯⁄ ¡«[S¡x Øı∫?
V. ¬∂¡ı⁄ ¬¯h u∏P
1. C¢vØU Si©UPŒfl E∂¯©P¯Õ≤Æ, Ph¯©P¯Õ≤Æ
¬ÕUSP.
2. ¡ıUS∂¯©, ¡ıUPıÕ∫ A¯hØıÕ Am¯h, ¡ıUPŒUSÆ
¨¯” BQØ⁄ £ÿ‘ ¬∂¡ıP G xP.
239

VI. Pÿ§zu¿ ©ÿ÷Æ Pÿ”¿ ˆ\Ø¿
Si©UP“ E∂¯©P“, Ph¯©P“ Ah[QØ ¬ÕUP
Am¯h Jfl÷ uØı∫ ˆ\¥x Au¯⁄ ¡S®£¯”∞¿
£ı∫¯¡US ¯¡UPƒÆ.
240

¬∞Ø¿
C¢vØı & K∫ A‘¨PÆ
{Æ{ık £fl¯©a ]”®¯hzx. C[S £ª
¡sn[P–Æ Esk. ˜{ÿ¯”Ø, Cfl¯”Ø
C¢vØı¬¿ J∏ PıªÆ u¬∫zuz ufl¯© (timelessness) ≤Æ
|ªƒQfl”x. {√⁄ Pıªzvfl ©ıÿ”[P“, ¨¢¯uØ
Pıªzxhfl J®§k ¯P∞¿, PƒÆ ˜¡P©ıP
|PÃQfl”⁄. ¨flˆ£¿ªıÆ, C¢vØı ˆ©¿ª˜¡ ©ıÿ”Æ
A¯h¢ux. ¡ıÃU¯P∞fl Jfl‘µsk T÷PŒ¿ ©mkÆ
©ıÿ”[P¯Õ A›©vzux. B⁄ı¿ Cfl¯”Ø ©ıÿ”[P“
G¿ªı ¡ıÃU¯PU T÷P¯Õ≤Æ £ıv®£x ©mkfl‘,
Aµ]Ø¿, ˆ£ı∏ÕıuıµÆ, \¨uıØÆ, ~m£Æ ©ÿ÷Æ
Pªıa\ıµÆ ˜£ıfl” G¿ªı¡ÿ÷“–Æ E∏©ıÿ”Æ
Jfl¯”˜Ø |PÃzv≤“Õx. Ph¢u 50 ¡∏h[P–US
˜©ªı⁄ PıªÆ, _u¢vµ C¢vØı¬¿ |Pâu
©ıÿ”[P¯Õz ˆuŒƒ ˆ\¥ØƒÆ ©v®§hƒÆ J∏
A¯©®§¯⁄ {©USz u∏Qfl”x.
G¿ªı ©ıÿ”[P–Æ {¿ª ©ıÿ”[PÕıP˜¡ C∏¢u⁄
Gfl£¯u® £¯”\ıÿ”z ˜u¯¡∞¿¯ª. Gfl”ıæÆ,
¨¢¯uØ Pıªzv¯⁄ ¬hƒÆ ˜©ªı⁄ ¨fl˜⁄ÿ”Æ
Hÿ£mhx Gfl£¯u Gkzxa ˆ\ı¿ª˜¡ ˜¡skÆ. J∏
]ª §nUSP“ / ¡«USP“ ©mk˜© ˆ¡Œ®£ıhı¥
˜uıfl‘⁄. Au⁄ı¿ ˜©Æ£ımi¿ ˆ\ı¿ªz uS¢u
¡¯P∞¿ ¨fl˜⁄ÿ”Æ C¿ªıv∏¢ux Gfl£x J∏
H©ıÿ”˜©. G¿ªı¡ÿ¯”≤Æ ¬h P ¨UQØ©ı⁄ \ıu¯⁄
J∏ £ªÆ ¡ı¥¢u ˜u^Øz¯u≤Æ, £ÿ¯”≤Æ E∏¡ıUP
¨i¢ux Gfl£˜u. Aµ]غ¿ \⁄{ıØP ¨¯”®£i
£[˜PÿP ¡ı¥®§∏¢uxÆ Ca\ıu¯⁄PŒ¿ Jflˆ”⁄ªıÆ.
S¯”£ıkP“ |¯”ؘ¡ ˆufl£i›Æ Th, _u¢vµÆ
©ÿ÷Æ u¤©¤u E∂¯©P“ ˜£ıfl”¯¡ C∏¢u⁄
Gfl£x Cflˆ⁄ı∏a ]”®. {ımk®£ÿ÷ Au⁄ı¿
ˆ¡Œ®£kÆ ˜{ØÆ {ıÆ {©x As¯h{ıkP¯Õ®
ˆ£ı∏zu {h¡iU¯PP¯Õ {hzvØ ¡¯P∞¿
ˆu∂Ø¡∏Qfl”⁄.
241

ˆ£ı∏Õıuıµ ¨fl˜⁄ÿ”Æ A∆¡Õƒ v∏®v
u∏¡uıP C¿¯ª; Gfl”ıæÆ ¨¢¯uØ ¡∏h[P¯Õ
¬hƒÆ uÿ\©ØÆ ¨fl˜⁄ÿ”Æ {fl”ıP˜¡ E“Õx.
{ımi¿ |âu ]ª |PÃa]P“ {Ư© ˆ©a_Æ
¡¯PØı⁄¯¡ØıP C¿¯ª Gfl£x J∏ Po®.
£fl⁄ımk ¬¯ÕØımk® ˜£ımiPŒ¿ C¢vØı¬fl
\ıu¯⁄P“ ]”®£ıP˜¡ C¿¯ª. B]Ø {ıkP¯Õ ¬hƒÆ
§flu[QØ |¯ª∞¿ C¢vØı E“Õx Gfl£x ˆuŒƒ.
P¿¬Ø‘ƒ, {ª¡ıà ©ÿ÷Æ ¡ıÃU¯Pz uµÆ
˜£ıfl”¡ÿ‘æÆ {Æ {ık Cfl›Æ Hï© |¯ª∞˜ª˜Ø
E“Õx Gfl£x ¡∏zuÆ uµUTiØ Jfl÷. Aµ_U
S÷URm¯h≤Æ Pmk®£ımi¯⁄≤Æ ©mkÆ {Ƨ⁄ı¿
Ax ¯PØı⁄uıP˜¡ ¨i≤Æ. ˜{ı§“ £∂_ ˆ£ÿ” {©x
A©∫vØı ˆ\fl T÷Q”ı∫ : "˜u¯¡ C∏¢u˜£ıxÆ, {©x
Aµ_ ˜£ıx©ı⁄ AÕ¬¿, P¿¬Ø‘ƒ ©ÿ÷Æ {ª¡ıÃ
ˆ£ı∏zu¡¯µ∞¿, Eÿ\ıPzxhfl ˆ\Ø¿£h¬¿¯ª.'
Gfl”ıæÆ, C¢vØı J∏ ˆ¡ÿ‘ {¯h ˜£ıkÆ {ıhıPz
u¯ªyUSÆ Gfl” {ƧU¯P |ªƒQfl”x. HÿP⁄˜¡,
{Æ{ık J∏¨¯⁄®hfl ufl›“ C∏¢x, ufl¯⁄
¬k¬zxU ˆPısk ˆ¡Œ¡µƒÆ ˆuıh[Q≤“Õx.
¬ŒÆ§º∏¢x ¬ªQ ©ÿ” {ıkP–hfl Aµ]Ø¿ ∑v∞¿
{k|¯ªUSÆ ¡¢v∏UQfl”x. {©USa \ıuP©ı⁄ \¨uıØ
&Aµ]Ø¿ ©ıÿ”[P–Æ |Pâu ¡snÆ E“Õ⁄.
TiØ ^UQµ˜© C¢vØı EªP Aµ[Q¿ ˆ¡ÿ‘
{ıØQØıPz vP Æ. C[˜P ¡ıÃU¯Pz uµÆ ˜©Æ£kÆ.
AÓƯ\ ¡»∞¿ ©ÿ” ©UP–US ˜{ØÆ u∏Æ
¡¯P∞¿, \ı∫§fl¯©≤hfl ˆ\Ø¿ £k˜¡ı©ı⁄ı¿, {ıÆ
u¯ª yUS˜¡ıÆ, √÷ {¯h ˜£ık˜¡ıÆ.
u. ¡\¢uS©µfl
u¯ª¡∫ : £zuıÆ ¡S®
¬∞Ø¿ zuPU S
AªS I : C¢vØı : ¡mhıµ® £fl¯©
£ıhÆ 1
C¢vØz x¯nUPshÆ
Pÿ”¿ ˜{ıUP[P“
1. ©ın¡∫ C¢vØz x¯nU Pshzvfl £ª
£∂©ın[P¯Õ A‘¢x ˆPı“¡xÆ, ¬ØzuæÆ
2. ©ın¡∫ C¢vØ |ªz˜uıÿ”[P“, Pªıa\ıµ[P“
©ÿ÷Æ (©ua)\ı∫§fl¯©¯Ø ˆu∂¢x ¬Øzu¿.
¬∞¿ |ª{kU˜PımiÿS ¡hUQ¿ B]ØU
Pshzvfl ˆufl£Sv∞¿ A¯©¢x“Õx {©x x¯nU
PshÆ. EªP |ª®£µ®§¿ 2.5 \u¬Quz¯u ©mkÆ
ufl›“ AhUQØ ˜£ıvæÆ, EªP ©UP“ ˆuı¯P∞¿ 16
\u¬Quz¯u® ˆ£ÿ÷“Õx. Psh[PŒfl |ª®
£µ®hfl J®§kÆ ˜£ıx, C¢vØ |ª®£µ® ]‘ØuıP
C∏¢u˜£ıvæÆ Psh[PŒ¿ Pın®£k¡x ˜£ıª˜¡
|ª A¯©®, Pıª |¯ª, CØÿ¯Pz uı¡µ[P“, ©s
˜£ıfl” CØÿ¯PU PıµoPŒæÆ Pªıa\ıµU PıµoPÕı⁄
ˆ©ı», ©uÆ, C⁄Æ ©ÿ÷Æ £«UP¡«UP[PŒæÆ £ª
˜¡÷£ıkP“ |¯”¢x Pın®£kQfl”x. G⁄˜¡ C¢vØı
J∏ x¯nU Psh©ıPU P∏u®£kQfl”x.
£ª¬u©ı⁄ CØÿ¯P A¯©®, Pªıa\ıµÆ, ©uÆ,
C⁄Æ, ˆ©ı»P“ Pın®£k¡uı¿ C¢vØı x¯nU
PshÆ Gfl” uSv¯Ø® ˆ£÷Qfl”x.
242
243

A¯©¬hÆ : B]ØU Pshzvfl ˆufl£Sv∞æÆ
C¢vØ® ˆ£∏[Phºfl u¯ª®£Sv∞æÆ C¢vØı
A¯©¢x E“Õx. C¢vØı¬fl ˜©ÿQ¿ A˜µ§Øz
w£Pÿ£¨Æ, Q«UQ¿ C¢˜uı^⁄ı w£Pÿ£¨Æ A¯©¢x,
J∏ ˜P¢vµ A¯©®¯£ {Æ {ımiÿSz u∏Qfl”⁄.
A¯©¬ha ]”®§ ⁄ı¿ C¢vØı EªQ¿ G¿ªı
{ıkP–h›Æ ˆuıh∫ ˆPı“Õ ¨i≤Æ. C¢vØı¬fl P
}sh PhÿP¯µ≤Æ, x¯”¨P[ P–Æ ˜©ÿS ©ÿ÷Æ
Q«US {ıkP–hfl ¡oPz ˆuıh∫ §ÿSÆ, Ph¿
˜£ıUS¡µzxUSÆ ¡¯Pˆ\¥x {©US E÷x¯nØıP
¬Õ[SQfl”⁄. ¡hUQ¿ A¯©¢x“Õ C©Ø ©¯ªP–Æ
ˆuÿQ¿ A¯©¢x“Õ C¢vØ® ˆ£∏[PhæÆ
C¢vØı¬ÿS CØÿ¯P AµsPÕıP ¬Õ[SQfl”⁄
(£hÆ 1.1).
£µÁÀ
C¢vØı 8 o 4' ¡h Am\zvº∏¢x 37 o 5' ¡h Am\Æ
¡¯µ∞æÆ 68 o 7' Q«USz w∫UPzvº∏¢x 97 o 2' Q«USz
w∫UPÆ ¡¯µ∞æÆ £µ¬≤“Õx. ˜©æÆ 23½ o ¡h
Am\˜µ¯P (PhP˜µ¯P) C¢vØı¬fl S÷UPıP Ki
C¢vØı ¯¡ Cµsk \©£ıP[PÕıP® §∂UQfl”x
(£hÆ 1.2).
1. PhP Am\zvÿS ˆuÿQ¿ E“Õ C¢vØ
w£Pÿ£®£Sv.
2. PhP Am\zvÿS ¡hUQ¿ E“Õ ”C¢vØ
w£Pÿ£® £Sv.
{Æ{ık ¬®£µ®§fl Ai®£¯h∞¿ H«ı¡x
ˆ£∂Ø {ıhıSÆ. C¢vØı¬fl ˆ©ızu® £µ® 3.3
¿ºØfl \.Q.´mhµıSÆ. C¢vØı ¡hUS ˆuÿPıP 3,214
Q.´mh∫ }Õ¨Æ Q«US ˜©ÿPıP 2,933 Q.´mh∫ APª¨Æ
ˆPısk E“Õx. ˜©æÆ 6,600 Q.´mh∫ }ÕÆ ˆPısh
P }sh PhÿP¯µ¯Ø≤Æ ˆPısk“Õx. A¢u©ıfl &
|U˜Pı£ı∫, Cªm\zwƒPŒfl PhÿP¯µ¯Ø≤Æ ˜\∫zxU
ˆPıshı¿ C¢vØU PhÿP¯µ∞fl }ÕÆ 7,516 Q.´mh∫
BSÆ.
244
IúWôlTô
TPm 1.1
245

PhP Am\Æ {©x {ım¯h w£Pÿ£ C¢vØı ©ÿ÷Æ ”
w£Pÿ£ C¢vØı Gfl” Cµsk £ıP[PÕıP®
§∂UQfl”x.
GÀø»PÒ
C©Ø©¯ªP“ C¢vØı¬fl ¡hUS G¿¯ªPÕıSÆ.
ˆuÿ˜P C¢vØ® ˆ£∏[PhæÆ, ˜©ÿ˜P Aµ§UPhæÆ,
Q«UQ¿ ¡[PıÕ ¬∂ShıƒÆ G¿¯ªPÕıP E“Õ⁄.
C¢vØı¬fl ¡h˜©ÿS®£SvPŒ¿ B®Pı¤Ïuıfl,
£ıQÏuıfl, ¡hUQ¿ ˜{£ıÕÆ, ^⁄ı, ßmhıfl, Q«UQ¿
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276
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ˆ£÷Qfl”x.
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ˆPı“Qfl”⁄∫.
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C. uı˜©ıu∫ A¯n D. Ïhıflº A¯n
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1. ß©zvØ ˜µ¯PUSÆ, PhP ˜µ¯PUSÆ C¯h˜Ø E“Õ
£Sv _________ .
2. PıË´∫ £“ÕzuıUQ¿ E“Õ _________ H∂ J∏ ]”¢u
_ÿ÷ªız uª©ıSÆ.
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E“Õx? H˜u›Æ Jfl‘¯⁄ ¬¡∂.
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282

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2. SŒ∫PıªÆ
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286
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©¯ªØi¡ıµzvº∏¢x Eؘµ ˆ\¿ªa ˆ\¿ª
ˆ¡®£Æ S¯”¡uı¿ uÃ{ımi¿ ˆ\fl¯⁄, ©x¯µ
˜£ıfl” Ch[ P¯Õ¬h Fmi ©ÿ÷Æ ˆPı¯hUPı⁄º¿
PUS¯”¢u ˆ¡®£ |¯ª˜Ø £v¡ıQfl”x.
©øÇUPõ»®
C¢vØı¬¿ ˜Pı¯h ©ÿ÷Æ SŒ∫ Pıªzv¿
E∏¡ıSÆ A zu ˜¡÷£ımi⁄ı¿ √_Æ £∏¡UPıÿ÷P“
©¯«¯Øz ˜uıÿ÷¬UQfl”⁄.
C¢vØı¬¿ ·¸fl ¨u¿ {¡Æ£∫ ¡¯µ
£∏¡UPıÿ‘⁄ı¿ ©¯« ˆ£ı»Qfl”x.
TPm 3.3
290
YeLô[
úRNm
C¢vØı¬¿ ˆ£ı»≤Æ ©¯«¯Ø Cµsk §∂¡ıP®
§∂UPªıÆ.
1. ˜Pı¯hUPıª ©¯«
2. SŒ∫Pıª ©¯«
÷PõøhUPõ» ©øÇ
©ı∫a ¨u¿ ˆ\®hÆ£∫ ¡¯µ C¢vØı¬ÿS ˜Pı¯hU
PıªÆ. CÆ©ıu[PŒ¿ C¢vØı¬fl ¡h˜©ÿS®
£SvPŒ¿ Pıÿ÷ ˆ¡®£©¯h¢x, ¬∂¡¯h¢x
˜©¿˜{ıUQ G Qfl”x. G⁄˜¡ C[S S¯”¢u A zu
¯©ØÆ Jfl÷ E∏¡ıQfl”x (£hÆ 3.4).
S¯”¢u A zuz¯u Dkˆ\¥ØU Pıÿ”ı⁄x
Eص zu £Sv∞º∏¢x, S¯”¡ zu® £Sv¯Ø
˜{ıUQ √_Æ. ¡h˜©ÿS C¢vØı¬fl S¯”¢u
A zuz¯u Dkˆ\¥Ø ˆuÿQº∏¢x √_Æ CUPıÿ÷ |ª
{kU˜Pım¯hU Ph¢x ¡h A¯µU˜PıÕzv¿ ~¯«≤Æ
˜£ıx, ¬∞fl _«ÿ] Pıµn©ıPz v¯\©ı‘,
ˆufl˜©ÿQº∏¢x √_Qfl”x. G⁄˜¡uıfl, ˆufl
A¯µU˜PıÕzvº∏¢x √_Æ CUPıÿ÷ ˆufl
˜©ÿS® £∏¡UPıÿ÷ G⁄®£kQfl”x.
291

öuß÷©ØS £¸ÁUPõØÖ
ˆufl˜©ÿS® £∏¡UPıÿ÷ ·¸fl ©ıu BµÆ£zv¿
C¢vØı¯¡ ˜{ıUQ √\z ˆuıh[SÆ. C¢vØı¬fl
¡i¡¯©® Pıµn©ıP Cx Cµsk Q¯ÕPÕıP®
§∂Qfl”x. A¯¡ :
(i)
(ii)
Aµ§UPh¿ Q¯Õ (Arabian Sea branch) ©ÿ÷Æ
¡[PıÕ ¬∂Shı Q¯Õ (Bay of Bengal branch)
§∂ƒPÕıSÆ.
Aµ¤UPhÀ QøÍ
ˆufl˜©ÿS® £∏¡UPıÿ‘fl J∏Q¯Õ Aµ§U
Ph¯ªU Ph¢x C¢vØı¬fl ˜©ÿSU PhÿP¯µ¯Ø
˜{ıUQ √_Qfl”x. ˆufl˜©ÿS® £∏¡UPıÿ÷ ˜©ÿSU
P¯µ˜Øıµzv¿ ¡hUS& ˆuÿPıP A¯©¢x“Õ ˜©ÿS
ˆuıh∫a] ©¯ªPŒ⁄ı¿ ukUP®£mk Eؘµ G Qfl”x.
Eؘµ G Æ Pıÿ‘fl }µı¬ _∏[Q, ˜©ÿSz ˆuıh∫a]
©¯ªPŒfl ˜©ÿS® £SvPŒ¿ P⁄©¯« ˆ£ı»Qfl”x.
C[S BskUS 250 ˆ\.´mh∏US ˜©¿ ©¯« ˆ£ı»
Qfl”x.
Dµ®£uUP Pıÿ÷ ©¯« ˆ£¥u §fl⁄∫ ¡”sh
Pıÿ”ıP ©ı‘ ˜©ÿSz ˆuıh∫a] ©¯ªPŒfl Ea]¯ØU
Ph¢x Aufl Q«USa \∂¬¿ R»”[SQfl”x. ¡”sh
Pıÿ‘ÿS ©¯« u∏Æ ufl¯©∞fl¯©Øı¿ ˜©ÿSz
ˆuıh∫a] ©¯ªPŒfl Q«UQæ“Õ uUPın •hß ©¯«
©¯”ƒ® §µ˜u\©ıP E“Õx.
TPm 3.4
292
Á[PõÍ ÂShõU QøÍ
ˆufl˜©ÿS® £∏¡UPıÿ‘fl ©ÿˆ”ı∏ Q¯Õ
¡[PıÕ ¬∂ShıU Ph¯ªU Ph¢x C¢vØı¬fl
¡hQ«UQ¿ ~¯« Qfl”x. CUPıÿ÷ C©Ø©¯ª∞⁄ı¿
ukUP®£mk ˜©ˆª ¢x, SŒ∫¢u C©Ø©¯ª∞fl
293

¡hQ«US® £SvPŒ¿ 300 ˆ\.´.US ˜©ªı⁄ P⁄
©¯«¯ØU ˆPıkUQfl”x. §fl, CUPıÿ÷ ¡h˜©ÿPıPz
v∏Ƨ P[¯Pa \©ˆ¡Œ∞¿ ¨ AÕ¬¿ ©¯«¯ØU
ˆPıkUQfl”x. ˆuıh∫¢x CUPıÿ÷ |ª®£Sv¯Ø
A¯h¢x u⁄x Dµ®£uzv¯⁄ C«®£uı¿ ©¯« AÕƒ
S¯”Qfl”x. C÷v∞¿ ¡h˜©ÿQ¿ E∏¡ı⁄ uıÃ
A zu ¯©Øz¯u A¯h≤Æ ˜£ıx CUPıÿ÷ ¨ÿ‘æÆ
¡”sk ¬kQfl”x. G⁄˜¡ C[S ˆ£¥≤Æ ˆ\ıÿ£
©¯«Øı¿ C®£Sv £ı¯ª¡⁄©ıPU Pım]ØŒUQfl”x.
C[Suıfl uı∫ £ı¯ª¡⁄Æ A¯©¢x“Õx.
SκPõ» ©øÇ
AU˜hı£∫ ¨u¿ ©ı∫a ¡¯µ `∂Øfl ˆufl A¯µU
˜PıÕzv¿ §µPı]UQfl”x. G⁄˜¡ C[S |ªƒÆ ˜Pı¯h
ˆ¡®£zv⁄ı¿ Pıÿ‘fl A zuÆ S¯”¢x uıà A zuÆ
E∏¡ıQfl”x.
A˜u \©Øzv¿ ¡h A¯µU˜PıÕzv¿ SŒ∫PıªÆ
|ªƒÆ, G⁄˜¡ w£Pÿ£ C¢vØı¯¡¬hƒÆ ”w£Pÿ£
£Sv∞¿ `∂ØUPv∫P“ \ı¥¡ıP ¬ ¡v⁄ı¿ ˆ¡®£Æ
S¯”¢x A zuÆ AvP∂zx EØ∫ A zu ¯©ØÆ Jfl÷
¡h˜©ÿS C¢vØı¬¿ E∏¡ıQfl”x. C∆¡ zu
˜¡÷£ım¯h DkPmh ¡h A¯µU˜PıÕzvº∏¢x ˆufl
A¯µU˜PıÕz¯u ˜{ıUQ Pıÿ÷ √_Æ. ¡hUQº∏¢x
√_Æ CUPıÿ÷ ¬∞fl _«ÿ]∞⁄ı¿ v¯\©ı‘
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£∏¡UPıÿ÷ Gfl£∫. CuÿS "§fl⁄¯h≤Æ £∏¡UPıÿ÷'
(Retreating Monsoon) Gfl÷Æ ˆ£Ø∫ Esk. ¡hQ«US®
£∏¡UPıÿ÷ Eص zu® £Sv∞º∏¢x √_¡uı¿
¡”sh Pıÿ”ıP˜¡ E“Õx. CUPıÿ÷ ”w£Pÿ£
C¢vØı¬ÿS ©¯«¯ØU ˆPık®£ v¿¯ª. B⁄ı¿ Cx
¡[PıÕ ¬∂ShıU Ph¯ªU PhUSÆ ˜£ıx Dµ®£uz¯u®
ˆ£ÿ÷ w£Pÿ£ C¢vØı¬fl Q«USU PhÿP¯µ¯Ø ˜{ıUQ
√_Qfl”x (£hÆ 3.5). A[S“Õ ©¯ªUSfl÷PÕı¿
ukUP®£mk PhÿP¯µ® £SvP–US ©¯«¯ØU
294
TPm 3.5
295

ˆPıkUQfl”x. CUSfl÷P“ C©Ø©¯ª¯Ø® ˜£ıfl÷
Eص©ıPƒÆ C¿¯ª, ˆuıh∫a]ØıPƒÆ C¿¯ª. G⁄˜¡,
CUPıÿ÷ ˆufl˜©ÿS® £∏¡UPıÿ¯”® ˜£ıª
P⁄©¯«¯ØU ˆPık®£v¿¯ª.
¡hQ«US® £∏¡UPıÿ÷ SŒ∫Pıªzv¿ w£Pÿ£
C¢vØı¬fl Q«USU PhÿP¯µ® £SvUS ©mk˜©
©¯«¯ØU ˆPıkUQfl”x. Q«USU PhÿP¯µ C®£∏¡U
Pıÿ÷ ©¯«¯Øz u¬µ Ø¿Pıÿ‘⁄ıæÆ ©¯«¯Ø®
ˆ£÷Qfl”x. SŒ∫ Pıªzv¿ ¡[PUPhº¿ ˆuıh∫¢x
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Cu⁄ı¿ Ph˜ªıµ[PŒ¿ ˆ¡“Õ® ˆ£∏USÆ, E∞∫
©ÿ÷Æ £∞∫a ˜\u¨Æ ¬¯ÕQfl”⁄.
Ca˜\u[PŒº∏¢x £ıxPı®¯£® ˆ£” EuƒÆ
|¯ªØı⁄ w∫® H˜u›Æ Eshı Gfl÷ Bµı¥P.
uspº ¤µa]øÚ Hß?
{fl‹∫ ˆ£∏©Õ¬¿ ˆ£∏Q¡∏Æ ©UP“ ˜u¯¡¯Ø®
ß∫zv ˆ\¥Ø® £Øfl£kzu®£mk ¡∏Qfl”x. ˜©æÆ
{Pµ¯©Ø©ıuªıæÆ, PıflQ∑m Pmih[PÕıæÆ, v”¢u
ˆ¡ŒP“ S¯”Øz ˆuıh[Q≤“Õ⁄. v”¢u
ˆ¡ŒP“uıfl |ª}∂⁄Õƒ v∏Æ£ƒÆ ©¯«}∂fl ≠ªÆ
ˆ£ÿ÷UˆPı“Õ ¡»ˆ\¥≤Æ £SvØıSÆ. £∏¡©¯«
ˆ£ı¥zux, }∫®£ÿ”ıUS¯” ˜©æÆ AvP∂zux. G⁄˜¡
©UP“ |ªzui }¯µ {Ƨ≤“Õ Pıµnzuı¿ Au¯⁄ P
AvP AÕ¬¿ Qn÷P“, S«ı¥U Qn÷P“ ≠ªÆ
GkUQfl”⁄∫. Cu⁄ı¿ |ªzui }∫©mhÆ S¯”¢x
Qn÷P“ ¡”sk ¬kQfl”⁄.
C¢v¯õÂß ©øDz® }º ÁÍ[PЮ
C¢vØı¬¿ ¡∏ha \µı\∂ ©¯«∞fl AÕƒ 4,000
P⁄ Q.´. A∆¡ı˜” B÷PŒ¿ £ı≤Æ }∂fl KmhÆ
1,869 P⁄ Q.´. ©¯« £∏¡Pıª[PŒfl ≠fl÷
296
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}∂fl AÕƒÆ 690 P⁄ Q.´. |ªzui }∂º∏¢x ˜©¿
C¯”UP®£kÆ }∂fl ¡∏ha \µı\∂ AÕƒ 432 P⁄ Q.´.
\µı\∂ØıP, _©ı∫ 1,122 P⁄ Q.´. }µı⁄x
£Øfl£ımiÿS“ E“Õx; {©x ˜u¯¡P¯Õ®
ˆ£ı∏zu ©mi¿ C¢}∫ ˜£ıx©ı⁄uıSÆ Gfl”ıæÆ,
}¯µ® £Øfl£kzx¡v¿ §µa\¯⁄P“ Esk;
Auı¡x }∫ AÕ¬fl £µ¡¿, £µ® ©ÿ÷Æ PıªÆ
ˆ£ı∏zxÆ, J˜µ ^µıP C¿¯ª.
{©x {ımifl 20 ¨UQØ Bÿ÷¡iPı¿PŒ¿ 6
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C®ˆ£ı ˜u, {©x {ımi¿ }∫ J∏ ¡Õ∫a]¯Øz
ukUSÆ ¡Õ©ıP ©ı‘¡∏Qfl”x. }∂fl AÕƒ ©ÿ÷Æ
uµ®£ÿ”ıUS¯”∞¯⁄z w∫USÆ ¡sn©ıPz ˜u]Øz
vmh[P“ (uk® ©ÿ÷Æ w∫ƒa ˆ\Ø¿ vmh[P“) £ª
wmh®ˆ£ÿ÷ ˆ\Ø¿£hz x¡[Q≤“Õ⁄.
©øÇ}º AÖÁøh (÷\P¨¦)
©¯« ˆ£¥≤Æ Pıª[PŒ¿ ©¯« }¯µa ˜\P∂zxz
˜u¯¡®£kÆ ˆ£ı x ©¯« ˆ£¥Øıu \©Ø[PŒ¿
E£˜ØıQ®£x ©¯«}∫ A÷¡¯h BSÆ.
uspº umk¨£õk & Hß?
1. yØ}∫ ¡Õ[P“ AvP©ıP E£˜ØıP®£kzu®£mk
E“Õuı¿ G®ˆ£ı xÆ {¿ª usp∏US
umk®£ık Hÿ£mk“Õx.
2. ˜¡P©ıP ¡Õ∫¢x ¡∏Æ {Pµ©Ø©ıuªı¿
CØÿ¯PØıP ©¯«}∫ ˜\P∂USÆ £SvP“ S¯”¢x
¡∏Qfl”⁄.
3. £∏¡©¯« ˆ£ı¥zx ¬k¡uı¿ ˜©ı\©ı⁄ `Ã|¯ª
Hÿ£kQfl”x.
4. ©¯«∞fl AÕƒ S¯”¢x ¬k¡uı¿ |ªzui }¯µa
\ı∫¢x C∏UP ˜¡siØ |¯ª Hÿ£kQfl”x.
297

5. AvP©ıP |ªzui }∫ E£˜ØıQUP ˜¡si
E“Õuı¿ }∫ ©mhzvfl AÕƒ S¯”¢x C÷vØıPU
Qn÷P“ ¡ÿ‘¬kQfl”⁄.
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1. yØ }∏US ©ıÿ÷ BuıµÆ ©¯«}∫ ©mk˜©.
2. usp∫z umk®£ım¯hz w∫UPz ˜u¯¡Øı⁄
AÕƒ ©¯« ˜u¯¡.
3. ©¯«}∫ A÷¡¯h∞fl ≠ªÆ usp∫ umk®
£ım¯hz w∫UPªıÆ.
4. |ªzui }¯µ® £ıxPıUP A¯⁄zx }∫®§i®
PŒæÆ ©¯«}¯µz ˜uUP ˜¡skÆ.
5. ©¯«}∫ A÷¡¯h (˜\P∂®) Jfl÷uıfl |µ¢uµz
w∫ƒ BSÆ.
©øÇ}øµ Hß ÷\ªUP ÷Ásk®?
1. |ªzui }∂fl AÕƒ S¯”Øı©¿ £ıxPıUP
©¯«}¯µa ˜\P∂UP ˜¡skÆ.
2. }∫ ©mhzvfl AÕƒ S¯”Øı©¿ C∏UPa ˜\P∂UP
˜¡skÆ.
3. |ªzui }∂fl ufl¯©¯Ø EØ∫zua ˜\UP
˜¡skÆ.
4. PhÿP¯µ Kµ[PŒ¿ Ph¿ }∂fl Fk∏¡¯ªz ukUP
©¯«}¯µa ˜\UP ˜¡skÆ.
5. _¡∫PŒ¿ Hÿ£kÆ ¬∂\¿P¯Õz ukUP ©¯«}¯µa
˜\UP ˜¡skÆ.
©øÇ}º AÖÁøh GßÓõÀ GßÚ?
1. Cx ˜{µiØıP ©¯«}¯µ ˜\P∂USÆ J∏ ˆ\Øÿ£ık
BSÆ.
2. ©¯«}¯µa ˜\P∂zx ˜{µiØıP E£˜ØıQUPªıÆ
A¿ªx |ªzui }∫®§i®PŒ¿ ˜\zx
E£˜ØıQUPªıÆ.
298
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©¯«}µı⁄x RÃUPsh C∏¡»PŒ¿ ˜\P∂UP®
£kQfl”x.
1. }∫z ˆuımiPŒ¿ ˜\P∂zx, £ıxPızx ˜{µiØıP
E£˜ØıQ®£x.
2. E¯” Qn÷PŒ¿ ˜\P∂zx §”S E£˜ØıQ®£x.
©øÇ}º AÖÁøh ö\´²® ¬øÓPÒ
1. √kPŒfl T¯µPŒæÆ, _ÿ‘≤“Õ
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2. G[ˆP[S v”¢u / S«ı¥U Qn÷P“ E“Õ⁄˜¡ı
A¡ÿ‘¿ √kPŒ¿ ¬ Æ ©¯« }¯µz ˜uUQ
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3. v”¢u ˆ¡Œ∞¿ ¬ Æ ©¯«}¯µ Gflˆ⁄fl⁄
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Pÿ”¿ A¯hƒP“
1. ©ın¡∫P“ C¢vØı¬fl Pıª|¯ªa ]”®¯£z
ˆu∂¢x ˆPı“–Æ v”¯©¯Ø® ˆ£÷Qfl”⁄∫.
2. ˜¡Õıs¯© Gfl£x £∏¡UPıÿ‘fl ´uı⁄a
`uımhÆ Gfl£¯u ©ın¡∫P“ Pÿ”‘Qfl”⁄∫.
3. ©ın¡∫P“ ˆ¡∆˜¡÷ £∏¡[PŒfl T÷P“
©ÿ÷Æ ©¯«P“ £ÿ‘ ˆuŒƒ ˆ£÷Qfl”⁄∫.
4. ©¯«}∫ A÷¡¯h Hfl ¨UQØzx¡Æ ˆ£ÿ”x
Gfl£¯uU Pÿ”‘Qfl”⁄∫.
299

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1. ˆ\®hÆ£∫ ¨u¿ ©ı∫a ¡¯µ C¢vØı¬¿ |ªƒÆ £∏¡Æ
A. ¡”sh £∏¡Æ B. ˜Pı¯h
C. ©¯« D. SŒ∫
2. PhP ˜µ¯P∞¿ `∂Ø JŒ ˆ\[SzuıP ¬ Æ ©ıuÆ
A. ·⁄¡∂ B. §®µ¡∂
C. ˜© D. ·¸fl
3. SŒ∫Pıªzv¿ AvP Pıÿ” zuÆ E“Õ £Sv
A. ˆufl ˜©ÿS® £Sv B. ˆufl Q«US® £Sv
C. ¡hQ«US® £Sv D. ¡h˜©ÿS® £Sv
4. w£Pÿ£ C¢vØı¬¿ SŒ∫PıªÆ
A. ˆ¡®£©ı⁄x B. SŒµı⁄x
C. u©ı⁄x D. PU SŒµı⁄x
5. ¡hQ«US® £∏¡UPıÿ”ı¿ ©¯« ˆ£÷Æ £Sv
A. uUPın •hß B. ˜©ÿSU PhÿP¯µ
C. Q«USU PhÿP¯µ D. ˜PµÕı
II. ˜Pıimh Ch[P¯Õ |µ®P
1. C¢vØı¬¿ AvP ˆ¡®£|¯ª E“Õ ©ıuÆ
__________
2. Ph¿ ©mhzvº∏¢x Eؘµ ˆ\¿ªa ˆ\¿ª
ˆ¡®£|¯ª __________
3. ˜Pı¯hUPıªzv¿ AvP ˆ¡®£|¯ª £v¡ıSÆ £Sv
__________
300
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5. ˜©ÿSz ˆuıh∫a] ©¯ª∞fl Q«US® £Sv __________
BSÆ.
III. §fl¡∏¡⁄¡ÿ¯”® ˆ£ı∏zxP
1. ˆufl˜©ÿS® £∏¡UPıÿ÷ && i\Æ£∫ ¨u¿ §®µ¡∂ ¡¯µ
2. ¡hQ«US® £∏¡UPıÿ÷ && uı∫ £ı¯ª¡⁄Æ
3. ¡”sh §µ˜u\Æ && ˜Pı¯h ©¯«
4. ©¯« ©¯”ƒ §µ˜u\Æ && SŒ∫Pıª ©¯«
5. SŒ∫PıªÆ && ˆ\®hÆ£∫ ¨u¿ {¡Æ£∫
¡¯µ
IV._∏UP©ıP ¬¯hØŒUPƒÆ
1. ¡ı¤¯ª Gfl”ı¿ Gfl⁄?
2. C¢vØı¬fl Pıª|¯ª® §∂ƒP“ Øı¯¡?
3. ˆufl˜©ÿS® £∏¡UPıÿ‘fl C∏ Q¯ÕP“ Øı¯¡?
4. C¢vØı¬fl ˜Pı¯h ¡ı»h[P“ ]ª¡ÿ¯”U T÷P.
5. w£Pÿ£ C¢vØı¬¿ SŒ∫PıªÆ u©ıP C∏UPU
PıµnÆ Gfl⁄?
6. ©¯«}∫ A÷¡¯h Gfl”ı¿ Gfl⁄?
V. ¬∂¡ı⁄ ¬¯h u∏P
1. C¢vØı¬fl ˜Pı¯hUPıªÆ, SŒ∫PıªÆ J®§kP.
2. ˆufl ˜©ÿS® £∏¡UPıÿ÷ & ¬¡∂.
3. ¡hQ«US® £∏¡UPıÿ÷ & ¬¡∂.
4. ©¯«}∫ A÷¡¯h∞fl ¨UQØzx¡Æ £ÿ‘ ¬¡∂.
301

VI. ˆ\¥¨¯”® £∞ÿ]P“
1. C¢vØ ¡¯µ£hzv¿ ˆufl ˜©ÿS ©ÿ÷Æ ¡hQ«US®
£∏¡UPıÿ‘fl v¯\P¯ÕU S‘®§kP.
2. C¢vØ ¡¯µ£hzv¿ ˆufl˜©ÿS ©ÿ÷Æ ¡hQ«US®
£∏¡U Pıÿ”ı¿ ©¯« ˆ£÷Æ £SvP¯Õ
˜¡÷£kzvU PımkP.
302

AªS & III : uı¡µÆ ©ÿ÷Æ ©s
£ıhÆ 4
CØÿ¯Pz uı¡µ¨Æ ©sqÆ
Pÿ”¿ ˜{ıUP[P“
1. ©ın¡∫ £¿˜¡÷ ¡¯PØı⁄ uı¡µ[P¯Õ® £ÿ‘
A‘¢x ˆPı“Õ¿.
2. ©ın¡∫ uı¡µ[P¯Õ® £ıxPıUSÆ ¨¯”P¯Õ®
£ÿ‘≤Æ A¡ÿ‘fl A¡]Øz¯u® £ÿ‘≤Æ ˆu∂¢x
ˆPı“Õ¿.
3. ©ın¡∫ ©s ˜uıfl÷Æ ¨¯”P“ S‘zxÆ,
©sofl ¡¯PP¯Õ® £ÿ‘≤Æ ∂¢x ˆPı“Õ¿.
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1. `∂Ø JŒ
2. ©¯«®ˆ£ı»ƒ
3. ©s
CÆ≠fl‘¿ H˜u›Æ Jfl÷ S¯”¢uıæÆ Ax uı¡µ
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(ii) C¯ª≤v∫ uı¡µ[P“ (Deciduous Vegetation)
(iii) £ı¯ª¡⁄z uı¡µ[P“ (Desert Vegetation)
1. ©ø»zuõÁµ[PÒ
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£SvP“, ˜©ÿSz ˆuıh∫a] ©¯ª∞fl ˜©ÿSa \∂ƒP“
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C¯¡ Bsk ¨ ¡xÆ £_¯©ØıPU Pın®£kÆ.
G⁄˜¡ C¯¡ "£_¢uı¡µ[P“' (Evergreen Vegetation)
Gfl”¯«UP®£kQfl”⁄. G§fl, ˜u¡ uı∏, ˆ\Æ©µÆ (Rose
wood), P∏[Pıº ˜£ıfl”¯¡ £_¢ uı¡µ[P“.
_©ı∫ 1,000 ´mh∫ ¨u¿ 2,500 ´mh∫ ¡¯µØı⁄
Eصzv¿ ˆ¡®£¨Æ, ©¯«≤Æ S¯”¡ıP C∏USÆ.
A[S ©µ[P“ Ah∫¢x ¡Õµı©¿, £_¯©ØıP C∏UPıx.
KµÕƒ ©¯« ˆ£¥xÆ, ©¯« }∫ u[Pıuuı¿ u¤zu
©µ[P–Æ, u∫a ˆ\iP–Æ, ˆPıiP–Æ Pª¢x
304
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305

Pın®£kÆ. Cz uı¡µ[P¯ÕU ˆPısh £Sv Pª®U
PıkP“ (Mixed Forest) Gfl”¯«UP®£kÆ.
_©ı∫ 2,500 ´mh∏US ˜©ªı⁄ Eص[PŒ¿ ˆ¡®£Æ
P PU S¯”¢x £¤ |¯”¢x Pın®£kÆ. C[S
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Hÿ”¡ı÷ F] ˜£ıfl” C¯ªP¯Õ® ˆ£ÿ÷“Õ⁄. G⁄˜¡,
CÆ©µ[P¯ÕU ˆPısh PıkP“ "F]∞¯ªU PıkP“'
(Coniferous Forest) G⁄®£kÆ.
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£¤ ≠i∞∏®£uı¿ C[S uı¡µ[P“ ¡Õ∏¡uÿPı⁄
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2. Cø»²vº uõÁµ[PÒ
uı¡µ[P“ ¡Õµz ˜u¯¡Øı⁄ `Ã|¯ª C∏®§›Æ
J∏]ª ©ıu[P“ ©mk˜© ©¯« C∏¢uı¿ A[S ¡Õ∏Æ
uı¡µ[P“ ¡”m]¯Øz uıUS®§iUP C¯ªP¯Õ
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Ev∫zx £mk® ˜£ı⁄x ˜£ıªz ˜uıfl÷Æ. Czu¯PØ
uı¡µ[P¯ÕU ˆPısh PıkP¯Õ "C¯ª≤v∫ PıkP“'
(Deciduous Forests) Gfl£∫. C¢vØı¬¿ CUPıkP“
"£∏¡©¯«U PıkP“' Gfl÷Æ A¯«UP®£kQfl”⁄.
C¢vØı¬fl uUPın •hß, ˜©ÿSz ˆuıh∫a]
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C¢v¯U PõkPÒ öPõÒøP
INDIAN FORESTRY POLICY
P }sh Pıª©ıP˜¡ PıkP“ ˆPı“¯P
ˆPısh {ıkP“ ]ª¡ÿ÷“ C¢vØıƒÆ Jfl÷. C[S
1894 ¨uªıP˜¡ PıkP“ ˆPı“¯P Esk. Cx
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ˆPı“¯P∞fl ¨UQØ AÆ\[P“ £ıxPı®Æ PıkP“
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CØÿ`«¿ \©fl£ımi¯⁄z v∏Æ£U
ˆPın∫uæÆ.
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PhÿP¯µ® £SvPŒ¿ ©n¿ ˜©kPŒfl
Fk∏¡¯ªz ukzu¿.
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Eÿ£zvz v”¯⁄ AvP∂zu¿.
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Hÿ¯hØ ©ıÿ÷ PıquæÆ.
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A zu[P¯ÕU S¯”zu¿.
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CØÿ¯Pz uı¡µ® £ıxPı® (Conservation of Forest)
: ©UP“ ˆuı¯P ˆ£∏Q¬mh CUPıªzv¿ PıkP¯ÕU
Si∞∏®PÕıP ©ıÿ÷¡x A»ƒUS ¡»¡SUSÆ.
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A∂® AvP∂zx¬mhx. P[¯Pa \©ˆ¡Œ, S·µız,
£g\ı®, µı·Ïuıfl ©ÿ÷Æ ˆufl¤¢vØ® £SvPŒ¿
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308
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Gkzxa ˆ\¿ª ¨iØıx, Ïh∫!
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E[P–“
J∏ ˆPıiØ ˜£µı¯\ C∏¢uı¿,
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Cx Gfl ©µÆ C¿¯ª, ¬ÿ£uÿS;
Cx G[P“ A¯⁄¡∂fl Bz©ı¬æÆ
E¯”¢x“Õx.
A¡“ G[P“ ˜u¡¯u.
309

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C¯ª©US, u¯«a\zx ˜£ıfl”¯¡ ©¯«Øı¿ }UP® £mk
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¿ºØfl ˆÌU˜h∫ |ª[P–Æ, ©ÿ” Pıµn[PÕı¿
Cfl ˆ⁄ı∏ ¿ºØfl ˆÌU˜h∫ |ª[P–Æ √nıUP®
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ˆ¡“ÕÆ AvP∂zx, ¡sh¿ ©s £iƒP“ ¡Ø¿PŒ¿
£i¢x £∞∫P–USa ˜\uÆ ¬¯Õ¬USÆ. Cu⁄ı¿ ¬¯Õ
|ª[P“ √s|ª[PÕıQ £∞∂hz uSvØÿ”⁄¡ıSÆ.
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GsoU¯PUS S¯”Øı©¿ ©µ[P¯Õ {h˜¡skÆ
Gfl” S‘U˜Pı¯Õ ¯¡zv∏¢u⁄∫. Pıª®˜£ıUQ¿
C®£«UP[P“ ©¯”¢x ¬mh⁄. PıkP¯Õ A»¬
º∏¢x PıUP {©x Aµ_Æ £ª \mh[P¯Õ
CØÿ‘≤“Õx. J∆ˆ¡ı∏ ©ı|ªzvæÆ ¡⁄zx¯”
A¯©UP® £mk“Õx. ˜hµıl¤æ“Õ ¡⁄zx¯”
Bµı¥a] |÷¡⁄Æ Pımk® ˆ£ı∏mP“ ˆuıh∫£ı⁄®
£¿˜¡÷ Bµı¥a]P“ ˜©ÿˆPısk ©µ[PŒfl
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ˆ¡mkÆ E∂©Æ ˆ£ÿ”¡∫P“ S‘®§mh PıªzvÿS“
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\mhÆ CØÿ”® £mk“Õx. 1950&BÆ Bsk ¨u¿
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vmhz¯u, Pımk CªıPı¬⁄∫ £ª ©ı¡mh[PŒ¿
A¨ªıUQ E“Õ⁄∫. C¢u ¨¯”˜Ø S©∂ £∞∫ ¨¯”
Gfl”¯«UP®£kQfl”x. Cufl ˜{ıUPÆ S¢u AÕ¬¿
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310
PımiªıPı |ª[P¯ÕU Szu¯PUS GkUSÆ
|ª¿ªı H¯«P¯Õ S©∂uı∫P“ Gfl£∫. A¢ua
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Enƒ® £∞∫P¯Õ≤Æ ¬¯Õ¬UPªıÆ.
Cƨ¯” S©∂uıµ∫PŒhÆ ©µÆ ¡Õ∫USÆ ©⁄®
£ıfl¯©¯Ø≤Æ, Pımifl A¡]Øz¯u≤Æ, A¯u®
£ıxPıUSÆ ¨¯”¯Ø≤Æ En∫zxQfl”x.
uÃ{ımi¿ 1984&BÆ Bsifl \∫˜¡∞fl£i
PıkPŒfl ˆ©ızu £µ®£Õƒ 2.2 ¿ºØfl ˆÌU˜h∫.
ˆ©ızu |ª®£µ®§¿ 17 ¬ UPımk® £SvP“
PıkPÕıSÆ. B⁄ı¿ ˆ\fl” ]ª ¡∏h[PŒ¿ PıkP“
|¯”ؘ¡ A»¢x¬mh⁄.
PõkPÒ, ©ø»PÒ
Pımifl "ÌÆ' Gfl” K¯\,
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A¡∫uÆ ¡ıÃU¯P∞fl
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311

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uıx®ˆ£ı∏mP“, ©UQØ uı¡µ[P“, £ıUj∂ØıUP“
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1. ©n¿
2. ¡sh¿©s
3. ˆ\Æ©s
4. P∂\¿ ©s
5. ©¯ª ©s
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C¢vØı¬fl PhÿP¯µ˜Øıµ® £SvP“, Bÿ÷®£k
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uUPın •hß∞fl ¡h˜©ÿS® £Sv∞¿ P∂\¿
©s AvP AÕ¬¿ E“Õx. ©s xP“P–UQ¯h˜Ø
C¯hˆ¡Œ PU S¯”¡ıP C∏®£uı¿, ©¯«}¯µ
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314
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Eÿ£zvUS Hÿ”x. £∏zv, ¯P∞¯ª, ÕPı¥,
Gsˆn¥ ¬zxUP“ ˜£ıfl” £∞∫P–Æ, PÆ, ˜\ıÕÆ,
v¯⁄ ˜£ıfl” uı¤Ø ¡¯PP–Æ CÆ©so¿ {fl”ıP
¡Õ∫Qfl”⁄.
©ø» ©s
©¯ªPŒfl Ai¡ıµzv¿ Ah∫¢u PıkP“ C∏US
hzv¿, u¯«a\zx AvP¨“Õ Pımk ©s E“Õx.
C©Ø©¯ª, ˜©ÿSz ˆuıh∫a] ©¯ª, Q«US ©¯ªU
Sfl÷P“, w£Pÿ£ C¢vØı¬fl EØ∫£SvPŒæÆ
CÆ©s Pın®£kQ”x. ©¯ªa \∂ƒPŒæÆ, Ea]∞æÆ
©s KkÆ }∂⁄ı¿ A∂UP®£k¡uı¿, \∂ƒPŒæ“Õ
©s ¡Õ©ÿ÷U Pın®£kÆ. S‘®£ıP £ı¯”PŒæ“Õ
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Gfl£∫. CÆ©s ˜uımh® £∞∫P–USÆ, \ı¯ªP“
A¯©UPƒÆ £Øfl £kQ”x.
©s A¨¦
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©sn∂® Gfl£∫. CØÿ¯Pa \UvPÕı⁄ }∫, Pıÿ÷
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£ıvUP®£mk“Õx. ©¯ª® §µ˜u\[PŒæÆ, •hß®
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£µı©∂UP CØæÆ.
(1) ©s A∂®§¯⁄U Pmk®£kzxu¿ : ©¯ªa
\∂ƒPŒfl S÷U˜P ¡µ®P¯Õ A¯©zx,
©sn∂®¯£z u¬∫UPªıÆ. C∆¡µ®P¯Õa "\©EصU
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ukUP ©µÆ, ˆ\i, ˆPıiP¯Õ ¡Õ∫UP ˜¡skÆ. ¡Õ∏Æ
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_«ÿ] ¨¯”¯ØU ¯PØıÕ ˜¡skÆ. ©s¡ÕÆ
£ıxPıUP EuƒÆ ˜¡÷ ]ª ¨¯”P“ :
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(ii) ©sofl S¯”P¯Õ }USÆ ¨¯”
(iii) uS¢u Eµ[P¯Õ® £Øfl£kzxu¿ ˜£ıfl”¯¡
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£ıxPı®£ufl A¡]Øz¯u≤Æ ˆu∂¢x ˆPıshx.
2. uÿ˜£ıx PıkPŒfl £ıxPı®§¯⁄ En∫¢x {ıÆ
˜©ÿˆPı“–Æ {h¡iU¯PP¯Õ A‘¢x ˆPıshx.
3. u¤©¤u¤fl Ph¯© ©µ[P¯Õ® £ıxPı®£x,
¡Õ∫®£x Gfl£u¯⁄® ∂¢x ˆPıshx.
4. ©s ¡Õ[P¯Õ ˜©Æ£kzx¡x, ©s A∂®§¯⁄z
ukzx ©s¡Õ[P¯ÕU Pı®£ufl A¡]Øz¯u
En∫¢x ˆPıshx.
316
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1. AvP ˆ¡®£¨Æ ©¯«≤Æ E“Õ §µ˜u\zv¿ ¡Õ∏Æ
uı¡µÆ
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C. £_¯©©ı”ıU PıkP“ D. F]∞¯ªU PıkP“
2. C©Ø©¯ªa \∂ƒPŒ¿ Pın®£kÆ PıkP“
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C. ¯hPı D. £_¯© ©ı”ıU PıkP“
3. P[¯Pa \©ˆ¡Œ∞¿ Pın®£kÆ uı¡µ[P“
A. _¢uµ¡⁄U PıkP“ B. u¯µP“
C. ¯hPı D. F]∞¯ªU PıkP“
4. PhÿP¯µ˜Øıµ[PŒ¿ Pın®£kÆ ©s ¡¯PP“
A. ¡sh¿ ©s B. ]¡® ©s
C. ©n¿ D. P∂\¿ ©s
5. £∏zva \ıS£iUS Hÿ” ©s
A. P∂\¿©s B. ¡sh¿
C. ©n¿ D. ˆ\Æ©s
II. ˜Pıimh Ch[P¯Õ |µ®P
1. _______ PıkP“ 1,000 º∏¢x 2,000 ´m∫ EØµÆ ¡¯µ
¡ÕµUTiØx.
2. uUPın •hß∞¿ Pın®£kÆ uı¡µ[P“ _________
3. ”w£Pÿ£ C¢vØı¬¿ Pın®£kÆ uı¡µ[P“
_________
4. P[¯Pa \©ˆ¡Œ∞¿ E“Õ \x® |ªUPıkP“
_________
5. ©nº¿ PU S¯”¢u AÕƒ __________ E“Õuı¿
¬¡\ıØz vÿS Hÿ”x C¿¯ª.
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Pın® £kQfl”x.
III. §fl¡∏¡⁄¡ÿ¯”® ˆ£ı∏zxP
1. ¡sh¿ ©s &-& £∏® ¡¯PP“
2. P∂\¿ ©s && ˜uUS
3. ]¡® ©s && _¢uµ¡⁄U PıkP“
4. £_¯© ©ı”ı uı¡µ[P“ && £∏zv
5. DµUPıkP“ && ˆ{¿
IV. _∏UP©ıP ¬¯hØŒUPƒÆ
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2. F]∞¯ªU PıkP“ C¢vØı¬¿ G[˜P
Pın®£kQfl”⁄? Hfl?
3. P»¨P[P“ G∆¡ı÷ \x® |ª[PÕıP ©ı÷Qfl”⁄?
4. ¡sh¿ ©sofl Sn[P¯Õ ¬¡∂?
5. ©n¿ uı¡µ ¡Õ∫a]US EP¢uıP C¿¯ª Hfl?
V. ¬∂¡ı⁄ ¬¯h u∏P
1. C¢vØı¬fl ©s ¡¯PP¯Õ® £ÿ‘ K∫ Pmk¯µ
¡¯µP.
2. PıkP¯Õ® £ıxPıUP ˜¡siØufl A¡]Øz¯u
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3. ©s ¡ÕÆ G∆¡ı÷ £ıxPıUP®£h ˜¡skÆ?
VI. ˆ\¥¨¯” £∞ÿ]
1. C¢vØ® £hzv¿ ©s ¡¯PP¯ÕU PımhƒÆ.
2. } ¡ıÃQfl” £Sv∞¿ E“Õ CØÿ¯Pz uı¡µ[P¯Õ
£miغkP.
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AªS & V : C¢vØ® £∞∫P“
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£∞∫P“, Enƒ® £ıxPı®
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2. ©ın¡∫ w£Pÿ£ C¢vØ® £∞∫P“ £ÿ‘ Pÿ÷U
ˆPı“Õ¿.
3. ©ın¡∫ ”w£Pÿ£ C¢vØ® £∞∫P“ £ÿ‘ A‘¢x
ˆPı“Õ¿.
4. ©ın¡∫ J∆ˆ¡ı∏ £∞∏Æ ¡Õ∫¡uÿ˜Pÿ”
`Ã|¯ª® £ÿ‘ Pÿ÷U ˆPı“Õ¿.
5. ©ın¡∫ J∆ˆ¡ı∏ ©ı|ªzvæÆ AvP©ıP
Eÿ£zvØıSÆ £∞∫P“ £ÿ‘ ˆu∂¢x ˆPı“Õ¿.
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£ª ¡¯PØı⁄ ©s ¡ÕzuıæÆ, ˜¡÷£mh £∏¡
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C¢vØı ˜u¯¡Øı⁄ £∞∫P¯Õ ¬¯Õ¬®£v¿ J∏ u¤
Chz¯u ¡QUQfl”x. C¢vØı¬¿ |ªƒÆ `«æU˜Pÿ£
319

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£∞∫P“ ChzvÿS ChÆ ˜¡÷£k¡uÿPı⁄
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£∏® ¡¯PP“, P∏Æ, Gsˆn¥ ¬zxUP“, £ı⁄®
£∞∫P“ (Beverages), C¯«®£∞∫P“ (Fibre Crops) G⁄®
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(i) w£Pÿ£ C¢vØ® £∞∫P“
(ii) ”w£Pÿ£ C¢vØ® £∞∫P“
1. w£PØ£ C¢v¯¨ £°ºPÒ
w£Pÿ£ C¢vØı¬¿ ˆ{¿, P∏Æ, v¯⁄ ¡¯PP“,
£∏® ¡¯PP“, Gsˆn¥ ¬zxUP“, Pı®§, £∏zv
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hflP¯Õ¬h AvP˜©ØıSÆ. G⁄˜¡, ˜£ıx©ı⁄
AÕ¬ÿS Enƒ® ˆ£ı∏mP“ ˜\zx ¯¡UP®
£mk“Õ⁄ Gfl£u¯⁄ Cx E÷v ˆ\¥Qfl”x.
C∏®§›Æ, uÿˆ£ı xÆTh, _©ı∫ 200 ¿ºØfl
©UP–US Enƒ Q¯hUQfl” |¯ª¯©≤Æ _©ı∫
50 ¿ºØfl ©UP–US £], £mi¤∞fl ˆPık¯©US
Cfl÷Æ BÕıQ ¡∏Qfl” |¯ª¯©≤Æ E“Õx. Cufl
¬¯Õ¡ıP £ª∫ C”UQfl” |¯ª¯©≤Æ Pın®£k
Qfl”x. C¢u ˜©ı\©ı⁄ |¯ª¯© ©UP–US ˜©æÆ
}iUPı©¿ C∏UP uÿˆ£ı x“Õ Enƒ® £ıxPı®
¨¯”¯Ø ]”®£ıPa ˆ\Ø¿£kzxu¿ A¡]Ø©ıSÆ.
GvºöPõÒÍ ÷Ási¯ \ÁõÀ
Enƒ®£ıxPı®˜£ J∏ \¡ı¿uıfl. G¿˜ªıµıæÆ
ˆ£∏¯©ØıP® ˜£\®£kÆ Enƒ® £ıxPı®U ˆPı“¯P
∞fl ¨UQØ ˜{ıUP©ı⁄x ©UP–USU S¯”¢u
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Q¯hUP® ˆ£”ıu, ¡÷¯©∞¿ ¡ıkÆ ©UP–US Enƒ
Q¯hUPa ˆ\¥¡x˜© BSÆ. ˜©æÆ CUˆPı“¯P∞fl£i
& ˜¡Õıs ˆ£ı∏mPŒfl Eÿ£zv¯Ø AvP∂UPa ˆ\¥Ø,
£ª ¨Øÿ]P“ ˜©ÿˆPı“Õ®£mk ¡∏Qfl”⁄. J∏
Pıªzv¿ C¢vØı Enƒ® ˆ£ı∏mP¯Õ C”US©v
ˆ\¥ux Gfl£x S‘®§hz uUPuıSÆ.
©ÿ÷Æ Enƒuı¤Ø[PÕı⁄ A∂], ˜Pıx¯©
BQØ ¡ÿ‘¯⁄ ˆPı“¨u¿ ˆ\¥¡uÿSÆ, A¡ÿ‘¯⁄®
£ıxPı®£uÿSÆ BSÆ ˆ\ª¬¯⁄≤Æ ˜\∫zxuıfl
Enƒ® ˆ£ı∏mPŒfl ¬¯ª |∫nØÆ ˆ\¥Ø®
£kQfl”x. ˆ£ıx¡ıPU T‘⁄ı¿ Enƒ® ˆ£ı∏m
P¯ÕU ˆPı“¨u¿ ˆ\¥x C∏®§¿ ¯¡®£xÆ,
˜\UP®£mh ˆ£ı∏mP¯Õ ©UP–US ©ºƒ ¬¯ª∞¿
ˆ£ıx ¡«[S ¨¯”∞¿ (PDS) AŒ®£xÆ C¢vØ
EnƒU P«Pzvfl ¨UQØ ˜{ıUP[P“ BSÆ.
333

Ckö£õ¸Ò ©õÛ¯[PÒ (INPUT SUBSIDIES)
]ª ¡∏h[PÕıP˜¡, Enƒ® ˆ£ı∏mPŒfl ¬¯ª
H¯« ©UPŒfl ¡ı[SÆ v”›US Hÿ£ |∫nØÆ ˆ\¥Ø®
£kQfl”x. ˜©æÆ Aµ\ı[PÆ Enƒ uı¤Ø[PŒfl
¬ÿ£¯⁄¯Ø KµÕ¬ÿSU S¯”zx Pmk®£ımiÿS“
¯¡z x“Õx. Auı¡x ˜¡Õıs ©UPŒfl Enƒ
uı¤Ø[PŒfl J∏ £Sv¯ØU ˆPı“¨u¿ ˆ\¥Qfl”
A∏Qæ“Õ \¢¯u® £SvPŒ¿ uı¤Ø[PŒfl ¬¯ª
S¯”¡ıP E“Õx G⁄ªıÆ. Cu¯⁄a \∂UPmkÆ
¡¯P∞¿, A¡∫P–US ˜¡Õıs¯©z ˆuıh∫£ı⁄ EµÆ,
}∫fl\Uv, }∫ ˜£ıfl”¡ÿ‘¯⁄® ˆ£÷¡uÿPıP ©ı¤ØÆ
¡«[P®£kQfl”x. C®ˆ£ı x C¢u ©ı¤Ø AÕƒ
ˆ{Q Æ ufl¯©¯Ø® ˆ£ÿ‘∏UQfl”x.
AvP®£iØı⁄ }∫£ı¥a_uªı¿ }∫ ˜u[SÆ |¯ª
¯Ø≤Æ, AvP®£iØı⁄ Eµkuªı¿ E®z ufl¯©
¯Ø≤Æ Hÿ£kzx¡˜uık ©soæ“Õ \zxÆ S¯”UP®
£k¡uı¿, ¨i¡ıP ©sofl \zx S¯”¢x ¬kQfl”x.
©ı¤Øz ˆuı¯P AvP©ıP ¡«[P® £mkÆ Th Aµ_
¨uΩk Q¯hUPıuuı¿ ˜¡Õıs¯©z ˆuıh∫£ı⁄®
£ª˜u¯¡P¯Õa \∂¡µa ˆ\¥Ø Cتı©¿ ˜¡Õıs
Eÿ£zv S¯”¢x ¡∏Qfl”x.
ÁÇ[S Âø» (ISSUE RICE)
{ımk ©UP¯Õ® ˆ£ı∏Õıuıµ |¯ª∞fl Ai®
£¯h∞¿ C∏ §∂¡ıP® §∂UPªıÆ. Jfl÷ ¡÷¯©U
˜PımiÿS RÃ E“Õ¡∫P“ (Below Poverty Line - BPL)
©ÿˆ”ıfl÷ ¡÷¯©U ˜PımiÿS ˜©¿ E“Õ¡∫P“ (Above
Poverty Line - APL). Enƒ® ˆ£ı∏mPŒfl ¬|˜ØıP ¬¯ª
Øı⁄x ˜©ÿS‘®§mh C∏ §∂¬⁄∏USÆ Hÿ£ |∫nØÆ
ˆ\¥Ø®£kQfl”x. G¤›Æ, C¢u ¨¯” ¨ÿ‘æÆ
\∂ˆØfl÷ T÷¡uÿS C¿¯ª Gfl”ıæÆ, ¡÷¯©U
˜Pımi¯⁄ AÕ¬kÆ ¨¯” \∂¡µa ˆ\¥Ø®£hıuuı¿,
Es¯©∞¿ ¡÷¯©U ˜PımiÿSU R»∏USÆ £ª∏Æ
¬k£mk® ˜£ıQfl”⁄∫. Ax©mk©¿ªı©¿, ¡÷¯©U
˜PımiÿS ˜©º∏USÆ ]ª∏Æ uƯ© ¡÷¯©U
334
˜PımiÿS“ ˜\∫zxU ˆPısk ©ºƒ ¬¯ª® ˆ£ı∏mP“
Es¯©∞¿ Q¯hUP ˜¡siØ¡∏USU Q¯hUPı©¿
˜£ıP ¡»ˆ\¥Qfl”⁄∫. A∆¡ı˜” ¡÷¯©U ˜PımiÿSU
Rà E“Õ¡∫USU Q¯hUP ˜¡siØ \æ¯PP¯Õ≤Æ
£‘zxU ˆPı“Qfl”⁄∫. Cu⁄ı˜ª˜Ø Aµ\ı[Pzvfl
|v®£ÿ”ıU S¯”¯Ø S¯”USÆ ˜{ıUPz˜uık, Enƒ®
ˆ£ı∏mP¯Õ ¡ı[SÆ ˆ\ªƒz ˆuı¯P¯Ø
S¯”®£uÿPıP ˆ£ıx ©UP–US ¡«[S ¬¯ª∞fl
|∫nØ AÕ¯¡ Aµ\ı[PÆ Tmh ˜¡si≤“Õx.
ˆ£ıx¡ıP, ˆ£ı∏Õıuıµa ˆ\ªƒ Gfl£x uı¤Ø[P¯ÕU
ˆPı“¨u¿ ˆ\¥¡uÿS BSÆ ˆ\ªƒÆ ˜©æÆ S¯”¢u
Pı® ¬¯ª∞¿ (MSP), ©ÿ÷Æ Enƒ® ˆ£ı∏“PŒfl
ˆPı“¨u¿, ˜£ıUS¡µzx® £µı©∂® BQØ¡ÿ‘ÿS
BSÆ ˆ\ªƒ ˜£ıfl”¯¡PÕıSÆ. ˆ£ı∏Õıuıµa ˆ\ªƒ
TkuªıP C∏®£uÿS ¨UQØU PıµnÆ ˆ\Øÿ¯PØıP
EØ∫zu® ˆ£ÿ” S¯”¢u Pı® ¬¯ª∞fl AvP∂®Æ
©ÿ÷Æ EnƒU P«Pzvfl v”¯©Øÿ” ]ª
ˆ\Ø¿£ıkP–˜©ØıSÆ. Cu⁄ı¿uıfl, ¡÷¯©U
˜PımiÿS ˜©æ“Õ ©UPŒfl ¡«[S¬¯ªØı⁄x (Issue
price), ¡÷¯©U ˜PımiÿSU Rà E“Õ ©UPŒfl
¬¯ª¯ØU PımiæÆ AvP©ı E“Õx. Auı¡x
A¡∫PŒfl (APL) ¡ı[SÆ v”›US ˜©ªıP˜¡ E“Õx.
Cu⁄ı¿ ˆ£ıx¬|˜ØıPÆ ¨¯”∞¿ ¬¯ªØı⁄x
PƒÆ \∂Qfl”x. ˆ£ıx¬|˜ØıP ¯©Ø[PŒ¿
¡«[P®£kÆ ˆ£ı∏mP“ ]ª \©Ø[PŒ¿ uµUS¯”¬¿
E“ÕuıæÆ, A¡∫P“ ©UP¯Õ AqSQfl” ¨¯”∞¿
©UP–US v∏®v Cfl¯©ØıæÆ ˆ£∏Æ£ıªı⁄ ©UP“
uÿˆ£ı x ©ºƒ ¬¯ªU P¯hPŒ¿ ¡ı[S¡¯uz
u¬∫zx P¯hPŒ˜ªı, \¢¯uPŒ˜ªı ¡ı[S ¡uÿS
¨fl¡∏Qfl”⁄∫. \ıuıµnU P¯hPŒ¿ uµ©ı⁄®
ˆ£ı∏mP“ Q¯hUP® ˆ£÷¡˜uık PU S¯”¢u
AÕ¬ÿSÆ, ©ÿ÷Æ Tkuªı⁄ AÕ¬ÿSÆ Th
¡ı[S¡uÿS A›©v AŒzx“Õx.
\¢øuz ÷uøÁ
ˆ£ıx¬|˜ØıP ¨¯”∞¿ Q¯hUP® ˆ£÷Æ ©ºƒ
¬¯ª® ˆ£ı∏mP“, ¡÷¯©U ˜PımkUSU Rà E“Õ
335

©UPŒfl Enƒ® ˆ£ı∏mPŒfl ˜u¯¡∞¿ _©ı∫ 25
¬ U Pımi¯⁄ ©mk˜© ß∫zv ˆ\¥Qfl”x. ¡÷¯©U
˜PımiÿS ˜©¿ E“Õ¡∫ P¯hPŒº∏¢x ˆ£ı∏mP¯Õ
SvØıP ¡ı[S¡uı¿ ˜u¯¡P“ AvP∂UQfl”⁄ Gfl÷
T”ªıÆ. S¢u ˆPı“¨u¿ AŒ®§¯⁄U PımiæÆ
AvP©ıP C∏USÆ £m\zv¿ Aufl ¬¯Õ¡ıP ¬¯ª
EØ∏Æ |¯ª E“Õx. Czu∏nzv¿ H¯« ©UP“
£ıv®§ÿS Em£kQfl”⁄∫.
E¯«®§ÿS Enƒ ¡«[S vmhÆ (Food-for-work
scheme)
H¯« ©UPŒfl ¡ı[SÆ v”¯⁄ (Purchasing Power)
AvP∂UPa ˆ\¥≤Æ ˜{ıU˜Pık, E¯«USÆ H¯«
©UP–US Tº ©ÿ÷Æ Enƒ uı¤Ø[P“
¡«[P®£kQfl”⁄. CzvmhÆ Gv∫£ı∫zu AÕƒ ˆ¡ÿ‘
ˆ£”¬¿¯ª Gfl˜” T”ªıÆ. ©zvØ Aµ_ Enƒ
uı¤ØzvÿS® ˆ£ı÷® HÿPƒÆ, ©ı|ª[P“ |vUS®
ˆ£ı÷® HÿSÆ G⁄ Gv∫ £ı∫UP®£mhx. B⁄ı¿
©ı|ª[PŒfl |v®£ÿ”ıUS¯” Pıµn©ıPz uh[P¿
Hÿ£mk“Õx. £¿˜¡÷ ©ı|ª[P“ Czvmhzv¯⁄
Cfl›Æ A©¿£kzu BµÆ§UP¬¿¯ª Gfl˜” T”ªıÆ.
£∂¢x¯µP“ (Suggested Recommendation)
CØ[Q ¡∏Æ Enƒ ¡«[S ¯©Ø[PŒ¿
v”¯©Øÿ” ˆ\Øÿ£ımi¯⁄≤Æ, ¯PØıh¿ ˜£ıfl”
RÃzuµ©ı⁄ ˆ\Ø¿P¯Õ≤Æ u¬∫zx AvPa ˆ\ªƒ
BPı©¿, uµ©ı⁄ uı¤Ø[P¯Õ ¡«[S¡uÿS
Ezvµ¡ıuÆ AŒUSÆ Ch[P–US ¡«[S
¯©Ø[P¯Õ ©ıÿ÷u¿ A¡]Ø©ıSÆ.
¡∏[Pıªa \¢¯u≤Æ u¯h∞¿ªı ¡ıoP¨Æ
(Futures Market and Free Trade)
uÿˆ£ı x {¯h¨¯”∞¿ E“Õ ©ı¤Ø¨Æ
S¯”¢u Pı® ¬¯ª≤Æ ©ı÷uæUS Em£h ˜¡skÆ.
AiUPi Hÿ£kÆ ¬¯ª©ıÿ”zv¯⁄z ukUPƒÆ,
¬ÿ£¯⁄∞¿ v∏®v C¿ªıx C∏¢x ¡∏Æ ]÷
336
¬¡\ı∞P¯ÕU PıUPƒÆ ¡∏[Pıªa \¢¯u ¨¯”¯Ø
Eÿ\ıPzxhfl §fl£ÿ÷u¿ ˜¡skÆ. uP¡¿ ˆuı»¿
~m£zvfl ¬¯Õ¡ı¿ Pa ]”®£ıP CØ[Q¡∏Æ
ˆuı¯ªzˆuıh∫ ¨¯”∞fl Eu¬Øı¿ ˜¡Õıs ©UP“
u©x Eÿ£zv® ˆ£ı∏mP¯Õ v∏®v˜Øık ¬ÿ£¯⁄
ˆ\¥Ø ¨iQfl”x. ""£∞∫ Pı®•mk ¨¯”'' (Crop
Insurance Scheme) A¨¿£kzu®£mh §”S ˜¡Õıs
©UP¯Õ CØÿ¯P∞fl ^ÿ”zvº∏¢x PıUSÆ ¡¯P∞¿
Aµ\ı[P˜© A¡∫P–US Pı®•mk \¢uı ˆuı¯P ∞fl
ˆ£∏Æ£Sv¯Ø Hÿ÷U ˆPı“Qfl”x. CUPı•mkz
vmhzuı¿ Enƒ uı¤Ø[P¯Õ ©ı|ª[P–US
C¯h˜Ø A›®¡uÿPı⁄ u¯h, £∂©ıÿ”[P“,
Hÿ÷©v, |÷¡⁄[P–US E∂zuı⁄ PhflP“ (Institutional
Credit), ¡∫zuPU PhflP“ BQØ¡ÿ‘ÿS C∏¢u u¯hP“
G¿ªıÆ uÕ∫zu®£mh⁄. C¢u u¯h∞¿ªı ¡ıo£
¨¯”∞⁄ı¿ Eÿ£zv AÕ¬ÿSÆ ~P∫¬fl AÕ¬ÿSÆ
E“Õ ˜¡÷£ımi¯⁄ \∂ˆ\¥¡˜uık, Pa\ı®
ˆ£ı∏mP¯Õ E£˜ØıQ®£v¿ v”¯©¯ØU ¯PØı–u¿,
\ıuP©ıP E“Õ £SvPŒ¿ Eÿ£zv ˆ\¥Ø A›©vzu¿
˜£ıfl”¯¡P“ {¯h¨¯”®£kzu® £kQfl”⁄.
PÀÂUS EnÄ (FOOD-FOR-EDUCATION)
P¿¬ |¯ªØ[PŒ¿, S‘®£ıP, £“ŒPŒ¿
£∞æÆ ©ın¡∫PŒfl GsoU¯P¯Ø AvP∂UPa
ˆ\¥ØƒÆ, G z u‘ƒ ˆ£ÿ˜”ı∫ ¬Quz¯u °÷
\u¬Qu©ıP AvP∂UPa ˆ\¥≤Æ ˜{ıUPz˜uıkÆ P¿¬US
Enƒz vmhÆ ˆ\Ø¿ £kzu®£mk ¡∏Qfl”x.
ˆ£ıx¡«[S ¨¯”¯Ø (PDS) ©ıÿ‘ H¯«P–US
A¡∫PŒfl ¡∏©ı⁄zvÿ˜Pÿ£ Enƒ ˆ£÷¡uÿPı⁄
Am¯hP“ (Food Coupon) ¡«[P®£kQfl”⁄.
©ı{ª Aµ\ı[P¨Æ Qµı©® ˆ£ı÷®£ıÕ∫ ≠ª©ıP,
©UPŒfl ˆ£ıx {ª›UPıP |v Eu¬ ˆ\¥Qfl”x.
Aufl£i Qµı© ©UPŒ¿ {º¡¯h¢˜uı∏US A¡∫PŒfl
E¯«®§ÿ˜Pÿ£ EnƒU T®£flP˜Õık £n¨Æ
ˆPıkUP®£kQfl”x.
337

÷ÁÍõsø© EØ£zvø¯ AvPUPa ö\´uÀ
(Enhancing Agriculture Productivity)
Aµ\ı[P©ı⁄x, ˜¡Õıs ˆuıh∫£ı⁄ ¡\v
¡ı¥®UP¯Õ AvP∂UPƒÆ, £ª¡»PŒ¿ ©UP–US
Ph›u¬ AŒUPƒÆ, {√⁄z ˆuı»¿~m£[P¯Õ
¬∂¡ıUPƒÆ, ©ı|ª ©ÿ÷Æ ¡mh AÕ¬¿ Enƒ
Eÿ£zv∞¿ ufl|¯”ƒ ˆ£”a ˆ\¥¡uÿSÆ |v Eu¬
AŒUQfl”x. ˜©æÆ ¨UQØ Enƒ® £∞∫PÕı⁄ ˆ{¿
©ÿ÷Æ ˜Pıx¯© ©mk©¿ªıx \ıuP©ı⁄ |¯ª¯©P“
E“Õ Ch[PŒ¿ Cuµ Enƒ® £∞∫P¯Õ® £∞∂hƒÆ
FUS¬zx ¡∏Qfl”x. ˜©æÆ ˜¡Õıs¯©US
Cfl‘د©Øıu ˜u¯¡P–US, S‘®£ıP, }∫£ı\⁄Æ
˜£ıfl”¡ÿ‘ÿS, u¤®£mh ¨¯”∞¿ |vEu¬ ˆ\¥Ø®
£kQfl”x. S¢u AÕƒ Enƒ Eÿ£zv ˆ\¥Qfl”
¬uzvæÆ, uı¤Ø[PŒfl u¯h∞¿ªı ¡ıoP ¨¯”
∞⁄ıæÆ ˜¡¯ª¡ı¥® Q¯h®£uı¿, Qµı©[PŒ¿
uÿˆ£ı x ¡÷¯© |¯ª¯© S¯”¢x ¡∏Qfl”x
G⁄ªıÆ. ˜©ÿS‘®§mh¡ÿ‘¯⁄ ˆ\Ø¿£kzx¡uÿS
I¢x BskP“ A¡Pı\ PıªÆTh ˆPıkUP®£kQ”x.
BP˜¡ C¢vØı¡ı⁄x J∏ S‘®§mh PıªˆPk¬ÿS“
Enƒ £ıxPı®z vmhzvfl ≠ªÆ J∏ Efl⁄u©ı⁄
|¯ª¯©¯Ø |a\Ø©ıP A¯h≤Æ Gfl£v¿ ]‘xÆ
IØ¿¯ª.
Pÿ”¿ A¯hƒP“
1. ©ın¡∫P“ £ª £∞∫P–USa \ıuP©ı⁄
_ÿ÷a`«¿, \≠P ©ÿ÷Æ ˆ£ı∏Õıuıµ |¯ªP¯Õ®
∂¢x ˆPı“–Æ v”¯⁄® ˆ£÷Q”ı∫P“.
2. Enƒ® £∞∫P¯Õ ©ÿ” £∞∫PŒº∏¢x
˜¡÷£kzvz ˆu∂¢x ˆPı“Qfl”⁄∫.
3. ˜¡Õıs¯©∞¿ ©ın¡∫P“ £s¯©∞¯⁄®
˜£ıÿ”z ˆu∂¢x ˆPı“Qfl”⁄∫.
4. \≠P ©ÿ÷Æ Enƒ® £ıxPı®§ÿS Hÿ¯hØ
{h¡iU¯PP¯Õ ©ın¡∫P“ A‘Qfl”⁄∫.
338
_Ø©v®•k
I. \∂Øı⁄ ¬¯hØz ˜u∫¢ˆukUPƒÆ
1. ¡”m]∞æÆ ¡Õ∏Æ £∞∫
A. ˆ{¿ B. P∏Æ
C. £∏® ¡¯PP“ D. ˜Pıx¯©
2. w£Pÿ£ C¢vØı¬¿ ˆ{¿ AvP©ıP Eÿ£zv ˆ\¥≤Æ
©ı|ªÆ
A. B¢vµ® §µ˜u\Æ B. P∫{ıhPÆ
C. uÃ{ık D. ˜PµÕı
3. ug\ı≈∫ ©ı¡mhzv¿ E“Õ ˆ{¿ Bµı¥a] ¯©ØÆ
A. SÆ£˜PınÆ B. ug\ı≈∫
C. Bkx¯” D. £ı£{ı\Æ
4. P∫{ıhPzv¿ P∏Æ AvPÆ Eÿ£zv ˆ\¥≤Æ ©ı|ªÆ
A. ˆ£¿ªı∂ B. ©ısiØı
C. ¯©`∫ D. uı∫¡ı∫
5. \n¿ £∞∫ AvP©ıP ¬¯Õ≤Æ ©ı|ªÆ
A. •Pı∫ B. ©zvØ®§µ˜u\Æ
C. J∂Ï\ı D. ˜©ÿS ¡[PıÕÆ
II. ˜Pıimh Ch[P¯Õ |µ®P
1. ˆ{¿ J∏ _________ £∞µıSÆ.
2. P∏Ƨ¿ _________ Gfl” C¤®a \zx C∏UQfl”x.
3. uÃ{ımi¿ Lôl© ®û[Ùm UûX _________
4. úUtÏ YeLô[j§p úR«ûX A§Lm NôÏT¥f ùNnÙm
Tϧ þþþþþþþþþþþþþþþþþþþþ BÏm.
5. Ck§Vô®u úLôÕûU L[g£Vm _________ .
339

III. §fl¡∏¡⁄¡ÿ¯”® ˆ£ı∏zxP
1. Pı®§ && Ezvµ® §µ˜u\Æ
2. P∏Æ && P∫{ıhPÆ
3. ˜Pıx¯© && ©zvØ® §µ˜u\Æ
4. B®§“ && B¢vµ® §µ˜u\Æ
5. £∏® ¡¯PP“ && C©ı\ª® §µ˜u\Æ
&& ˜PµÕı
IV. _∏UP©ıP ¬¯hØŒUPƒÆ
1. w£Pÿ£ C¢vØı¬¿ ¬¯Õ≤Æ ¨U¡Vl £∞∫P“
Øı¯¡?
2. ˆ{¿ £∞∫ ¡Õµz ˜u¯¡Øı⁄ `Ã|¯ªP“ Øı¯¡?
3. ˜u∞¯ª C¢vØı¬¿ G¢ˆu¢u ©ı|ª[PŒ¿
£∞∂h®£kQfl”x?
4. v¯n®£∞∫P“ £ÿ‘ S‘® ¡¯µP.
5. P∏Æ G∆¡ı÷ £∞∂h®£kQfl”x?
V. ¬∂¡ı⁄ ¬¯h u∏P
1. uÃ{ımi¿ ˆ{¿ \ıS£i ˆ\¥≤Æ ¨¯”¯Ø ¬¡∂.
2. úLôÕûUf NôÏT¥ Øû\«û]Ùm T«¬PlTÓm
TÚYeLû[Ùm, TϧLû[Ùm Tt± ®Y¬.
3. C¢vØı¬¿ ¬¯Õ≤Æ ˆ¡∆˜¡÷ £∞∫P“ ©UP–US
£Ø›“Õ¯¡ØıP E“Õ⁄ Gfl£¯u ¬¡∂.
VI. ˆ\¥¨¯”® £∞ÿ]P“
1. C¢vØ |ª¡¯µ® £hzv¿ J∆ˆ¡ı∏ ˜¡Õıs £∞∫
£µ¡¯ª≤Æ S‘UPƒÆ (u¤zu¤ |ª ¡¯µ £hzv¿
ˆ\¥¡x {¿ªx).
340

AªS VI : ˆuı»ªP[P“
£ıhÆ 6
C¢vØz ˆuı»ªP[P“
Pÿ”¿ ˜{ıUP[P“
1. ©ın¡∫ {Æ {ımifl ˆ£ı∏Õıuıµ ¨fl˜⁄ÿ”zv¿
ˆuı»ÿ\ı¯ªPŒfl £[Q¯⁄ A‘u¿.
2. ©ın¡∫ {Æ{ımifl £¿˜¡÷ ˆuı»ÿ\ı¯ªP¯Õ®
£ÿ‘ ∂¢x ˆPı“Õ¿.
3. ©ın¡∫ \Uv u∏Æ (energy resources) ¡Õ[P¯Õ®
£ÿ‘ ˆu∂¢x ˆPı“Õ¿.
4. ©ın¡∫ £¿˜¡÷ ¡¯PØı⁄z ˆuı»ÿ\ı¯ªPŒfl
£ØflP¯Õ® £ÿ‘ A‘¢x ˆPı“Õ¿.
5. ©ın¡∫ P⁄µPz ˆuı»ÿ\ı¯ªP“ G∆¡ı÷ Cuµz
ˆuı»¿PŒfl (˜£ıUS¡µzx, ¬Øı£ıµÆ)
¡Õ∫a]US EuƒQfl”⁄ Gfl£¯uz ˆu∂¢x
ˆPı“Õ¿.
ˆuı»¿P“
©¤u∫P“ EØ∫¡ı⁄, ¡Õ∫a]دh¢u \¨uıØ {£∫P“
B¡∫. ©¤u¤fl Cfl‘د©Øıu Ai®£¯hz ˜u¯¡P“
Enƒ, E¯h, E¯”¬hÆ BSÆ. ©¤ufl u⁄x ¡ıÃU¯P
¨¯”¯Ø PƒÆ ¡\vP“ |¯”¢uuıPƒÆ, _ª£©ı⁄
ˆ£ı x ˜£ıUS UPuıPƒÆ, BhÆ£µÆ UPuıPƒÆ
©ıÿ‘U ˆPı“¡uÿS Ai®£¯hz ˜u¯¡P¯Õz u¬µ ©ÿ”
£ª ˜u¯¡P–Æ ¡\vP–Æ ˜u¯¡®£kQfl”⁄. A∆¬u˜©,
341

v∏®vPµ©ı⁄ ¡ıÃU¯P¯Ø A¯h¡uÿSÆ £¿˜¡÷£mh
¡\vP“ ˜u¯¡®£kQfl”⁄. C¯¡ G¿ªı¨Æ £ªv”®£mh
ˆ£ı∏Õıuıµ {h¡iU¯PP“ ≠ª©ıP˜¡ ˆ£”®£kQfl”⁄.
Eÿ£zvz ˆuı»ÿ\ı¯ªP“ Gfl” ˆ£ı∏Õıuıµ
{h¡iU¯P Pa\ı® ˆ£ı∏mP¯Õ (raw materials) ¨ ¯©®
ˆ£ı∏ÕıP (finished product) ©ıÿ÷Æ ˆ\تıSÆ. {√⁄Pıª®
ˆ£ı∏Õıuıµ ˜©Æ£ımiÿS, ˆuı»¿x¯”∞fl
¨fl˜⁄ÿ”Æ uÿˆ£ı x ¨fl ˜u¯¡ØıP E“Õx.
Au⁄ı¿uıfl EªQ¿ ]‘Ø ©ÿ÷Æ ˆ£∂Ø, ¡Õ∫a]
A¯h¢u ©ÿ÷Æ ¡Õ∫a] A¯h¢x ˆPısi∏USÆ
{ıkP“ A¯⁄zx˜© u[PŒfl ¡Õ[P¯Õ ¡»¨¯”®
£kzvz ˆuı»¿ ¡Õ∫a]¯Øz x∂u®£kzx Qfl”⁄.
J∏ ¡mhıµzvfl ˆuı»¿x¯” {h¡iU¯PP–US
Buıµ©ıP C∏®£x A[S“Õ CØÿ¯P ¡Õ[P˜ÕØıSÆ.
ˆuı»ÿ\ı¯ªPŒfl £µ¡¿ A[S“Õ ¡Õ[PŒfl
£µ¡¯ª® ˆ£ı∏zx A¯©Qfl”x. C¢vØı £¿˜¡÷
¡Õ[P“ |¯”¢u J∏ {ıhıSÆ. C∏®§›Æ,
ˆuı»¿x¯” ¨ ¡x©ıP ¡Õµ Cت¬¿¯ª. AuÿSU
PıµnÆ ˆuı»ÿ\ı¯ªP–USz ˜u¯¡ Øı⁄
≠ª®ˆ£ı∏mPŒfl £µ¡¿ ^µÿ÷ Pın®£k¡˜u. ˆuı»¿
{h¡iU¯PP–USz ˜u¯¡Øı⁄z uıx® ˆ£ı∏mPŒfl
£µ¡¿ C¢vØı¬¿ S‘®§mh £SvPŒ¿ ˆ\‘¢x
Pın®£k¡x S‘®§hzuUP Jfl”ıSÆ.
ˆuı»ªP[P“
J∏ {ımi›¯hØ ˆuı»¿ {h¡iU¯PP–US
Buıµ©ıP C∏®£x A¢{ımi¿ Q¯hUP®ˆ£÷Æ
¡Õ[P˜Õ. K∂hzvfl ˆuı»¿ ¨fl˜⁄ÿ”zvÿS A[S
Q¯hUSÆ Pa\ı®ˆ£ı∏mPŒfl Eÿ£zv˜Ø ˆ£∂xÆ
¨UQØzx¡Æ ˆ£÷Qfl”x. CØÿ¯P ¡Õ[P“, PıkP“,
©ÿ÷Æ ˜¡Õıs £∞∫PŒfl Eÿ£zv BQØ¡ÿ‘fl
£µ¡¿ ^µÿ÷ J∏ ]ª S‘®§mh £Sv∞¿ ©mk˜©
ˆ\‘¢x Pın®£kQfl”x. G⁄˜¡, ˆuı»¿ {h¡iU¯P
P–Æ A¡ÿ‘fl £µ¡æU˜Pÿ£ ˜¡÷£kQfl”⁄.
342
C¢vØı¬¿ Q¯hUSÆ ≠ª® ˆ£ı∏mPŒfl Ai®
£¯h∞¿ ˆuı»¿P¯Õ ≠fl÷ ¡¯PPÕıP® §∂UPªıÆ.
1. uıx® ˆ£ı∏mP“ \ı∫¢u ˆuı»ªP[P“
2. Pımk® ˆ£ı∏mP“ \ı∫¢u ˆuı»ªP[P“
3. ¬¡\ıØ® ˆ£ı∏mP“ \ı∫¢u ˆuı»ªP[P“
uõx¨ö£õ¸mPÒ \õº¢u öuõÈÀPÒ
C¢vØı¬¿ Pın®£kÆ P¤©® ˆ£ı∏mP¯Õ
≠fl÷ ¡¯PPÕıP® §∂UPªıÆ (£hÆ 6.1). A¯¡Øı¡⁄ :
1. E˜ªıPU P¤©[P“ (Metalic minerals)
2. E˜ªıP©¿ªıuU P¤©[P“ (Non-metalic minerals)
3. G∂ˆ£ı∏“ ¡Õ[P“ (Fuel resources)
E÷»õPU PÛ©[PÒ
C¢vØı¬¿ £ª¡¯PØı⁄ E˜ªıPU P¤©[P“
Pın®£kQfl”⁄. A¡ÿ÷“ C∏Æzuıx, ©[P‹_,
u[PÆ, uıµÆ, ˆ¡“Œ, Aæ¤ØÆ BQد¡ {©x
ˆ£ı∏Õıuıµzv¿ ˆ£∂xÆ ¨UQØzx¡Æ ˆ£÷Qfl”⁄.
C∏Æz uıxƒÆ ©[P‹_Æ {ımifl ˆuı»¿ ¡Õ∫a]US
PƒÆ Cfl‘د©Øıu¯¡. C¢vØı¬¿ •Pı∫, J∂\ı,
˜©ÿS ¡[PıÕÆ BQØ ©ı|ª[PŒ¿ E˜ªıPuıxUP“
SvØıPU Pın®£kQfl”⁄. S‘®£ıP, C¢u
©ı|ª[PŒ¿ C∏Æz uıxƒÆ, ©ı[P‹_Æ AvP
AÕ¬¿ Q¯hUQfl”⁄ P∫{ıhP ©ı|ªzvæ“Õ
˜Pıªı∂¿ u[PÆ ˆ¡mi GkUP® £mhx. uÿ˜£ıx
˜£ıx©ı⁄¯¡ Q¯hUPıuuı¿ u[Pa _µ[P[P“
≠h®£mk ¡∏Qfl”⁄. ˜©æÆ Aæ¤Øz uıx¡ı⁄
£ıU¯Èmk uÃ{ımi¿ AvP AÕ¬¿ Q¯hUQfl”x.
C∏Æ, ©[P‹_ BQØ uıxUP“ •Pı∫, J∂\ı
©ÿ÷Æ ˜©ÿS ¡[PıÕzvæÆ, u[PÆ P∫{ıhPzvæÆ
Aæ¤ØÆ uÃ{ımiæÆ Q¯hUQfl”⁄.
343

TPm 6.1
344
E÷»õP©À»õuU PÛ©[PÒ
¯©Pı, _snıÆUP¿, ‚®\Æ BQد¡P“
E˜ªıP ©¿ªıu uıxUPÕıSÆ. ¯©Pı, _snıÆUP¿
BQد¡ ˆuı»¿ ¡Õ∫a]US® ˆ£∂xÆ EuƒQfl”⁄.
CÆ≠fl÷ E˜ªıP©¿ªıu uıxUP–Æ B¢vµı,
Cµı·Ïuıfl, uÃ{ık ©ÿ÷Æ ©zvاµ˜u\Æ ˜£ıfl”
©ı|ª[PŒ¿ ˆ¡mi ˆØkUP®£kQfl”⁄.
Gö£õ¸Ò ÁÍ[PÒ
|ªUP∂, ˆ£m˜µıºØÆ, CØÿ¯P ¡ı≤ BQØ⁄
¨UQØ G∂ˆ£ı∏“ ¡Õ[PÕıSÆ. J∏ {ımifl
ˆ£ı∏Õıuıµ ¨fl˜⁄ÿ”zv¿ G∂ˆ£ı∏“ ¡Õ[P“ ¨UQØ
£[S ¡QU Qfl”⁄. ˆuı»¿ x¯”∞fl x∂u ¡Õ∫a]US®
ˆ£m˜µıºØ ˆ£ı∏mP“ ˆ£∂xÆ EuƒQfl”⁄.
C¢°ÿ”ısifl ¨ufl¯©Øı⁄ G∂ˆ£ı∏ÕıP ¬Õ[SÆ
C®ˆ£m˜µıºØÆ A\ıÆ, ©PıµıËiµÆ BQØ
©ı|ª[PŒ¿ SvØıP Eÿ£zv ˆ\¥Ø®£kQfl”x.
uà {ımi¿ Pı¬∂ ˆh¿hı® £Sv PŒ¿ ˆ£m˜µıºØÆ
Psk§iUP® £mk“Õx. C¢vØı¬fl \Uv ≠ª[PŒ¿
|ªUP∂ ¨UQØ©ı⁄uıSÆ. {Æ {ımifl \Uv ≠ª[PŒfl
˜u¯¡∞¿ 67 ¬ UPık (A⁄¿fl\Uv uØı∂®
Em£h) |ªUP∂Øı¿ ß∫zv ˆ\¥Ø®£kQ”x.
C¢vØı¬fl ˆuı»¿ ¡Õ∫a]∞¿ |ªUP∂∞fl £[S
PƒÆ ¨UQØ©ı⁄uıSÆ. •Pı∫, J∂\ı, ˜©ÿS ¡[PıÕÆ
©ÿ÷Æ B¢vµ®§µ˜u\Æ BQØ ©ı|ª[P“ |ªUP∂
Eÿ£zv∞¿ S‘®§hzuUP ©ı|ª[PÕıSÆ. |ªUP∂
∞fl J∏ ¡¯PØı⁄ £ ® |ªUP∂ uà {ımiæ“Õ
ˆ{¥˜¡º∞¿ ˆ¡mi ˆØkUP®£kQfl”x.
|ªUP∂ •Pı∫, J∂\ı, ˜©ÿS ¡[PıÕÆ, B¢vµı
BQØ ©ı|ª[PŒæÆ, ˆ£m˜µıºØÆ A\ıÆ, ©PıµıËiµı,
uÃ{ık ¨uªı⁄ ©ı|ª[PŒæÆ SvØıPU
Q¯hUQfl”⁄.
345

ˆ£ıx¡ıP, E˜ªıPz uıxUP–Æ, G∂ˆ£ı∏“
¡Õ[P–Æ J∏[˜P Q¯hUSÆ £SvPŒ¿ ˆuı»¿
{h¡iU¯PP“ PƒÆ ]”¢x ¬Õ[SQfl”⁄.
GkzxUPımhıP •Pı∫, J∂\ı ©ÿ÷Æ ˜©ÿS ¡[PıÕÆ
E“Õh[QØ uıx¡ÕÆ UP ¡mhıµzv¿ P⁄µPz
ˆuı»ÿ\ı¯ªP“ A¯©Ø® ˆ£ÿ÷“Õ⁄.
PÚµPz öuõÈ»P[PÒ
P⁄µPz ˆuı»ªP[P–“ Jfl”ı⁄ C∏Æ GLSz
ˆuı»ÿ\ı¯ª, {ımifl ˆuı»¿ ¡Õ∫a]∞¿ PƒÆ
¨UQØ©ı⁄ Jfl”ıSÆ. C∏Æ & GLS B¯ªP“ •Pı∫,
J∂\ı ©ÿ÷Æ ˜©ÿS ¡[PıÕ ©ı|ª[PŒ¿
|÷¡®£mk“Õ⁄. C∏Æ&GLS B¯ªP“ u¤Øı∫
x¯”∞⁄µıæÆ ©ÿ÷Æ ˆ£ıxzx¯”∞⁄µıæÆ
|∫¡QUP®£kQfl”⁄ (£hÆ 6.2).
ˆ£ıPı˜µı, x∫Pıß∫, §ªı¥, π∫˜Pªı, ·ıƈÂmß∫,
£zvµı¡v, ˜\ªÆ, ¬\ıP®£mi⁄Æ, Ìıψ£m BQØ
Ch[PŒ¿ C∏Æ&GLS ˆuı»ªP[P“ E“Õ⁄.
hõmhõ C¸®¦&GLS |ÖÁÚ® (TISCO)
C¢vØı¬¿ 1907&¿ ·ıƈÂm‚ ˜{ı¡ı‚ hımhı
Gfl£¡µı¿ C∏Æ&GLSz ˆuı»ªPÆ •Pı∂¿ E“Õ
·ıƈÂmß∂¿ |÷¡®£mhx. Cx˜¡ ¨ufl¨uº¿
u¤Øı∫ x¯”∞⁄µı¿ |÷¡®£mh ˆ£∂Ø AÕ¬ªı⁄
C∏Æ&GLSz ˆuı»ªP©ıSÆ. Cx˜¡ C¢vØı¬¿
C∏Æ&GLSz ˆuı»ªPzvÿS ¬zyfl‘Øx G⁄ªıÆ
(£hÆ 6.3). C∏Æ&GLSz ˆuı»ÿ\ı¯ªUS ˜u¯¡®£kÆ
¨UQØ ≠ª®ˆ£ı∏mP“ C∏ÆÆ, |ªUP∂≤Æ BSÆ.
C¯¡ CµskÆ P⁄©ı⁄ ˆ£ı∏mP“ Gfl£uı¿,
ˆuı»ÿ\ı¯ªP“ C∏USÆ £SvP–USU ˆPısk ˆ\¿ª
˜£ıUS¡µzxa ˆ\ªƒP“ AvP©ıSÆ. G⁄˜¡ Cu¯⁄z
u¬∫®£uÿPıP C∏Æ&GLSz ˆuı»ªP[P“ ˆ£ıx¡ıP
C∏Æzuıx ˆ¡miˆØkUP®£kÆ £SvUS A∏Q˜ªı
346
TPm 6.2
347

\
TPm 6.3
348
A¿ªx |ªUP∂ ˆ¡miˆØkUP®£kÆ £SvUS
A∏Q˜ªı A¯©UP®£kQfl”⁄.
C∏Æ ©ÿ÷Æ |ªUP∂¯Øz u¬µ ©[P‹_,
_snıÆUP¿, hıª¯©m ˜£ıfl” uıx® ˆ£ı∏mP–Æ
C∏Æ&GLS Eÿ£zvUSz ˜u¯¡®£kQfl”⁄. hımhı
C∏Æ&GLSz ˆuı»ªPÆ ·ıƈÂmß∂¿
x¡UP®£mhuÿS ¨UQØ Pıµn©ıP C∏¢u¯¡ :
1. C∏Æzuıx •Pı∫ ©ÿ÷Æ J∂\ı ©ı|ª[PŒ¿
C∏¢x Q¯hUQfl”x.
2. |ªUP∂ uı˜©ıu∫ £“ÕzuıUS® £Sv∞¿ Q¯hU
Qfl”x.
3. ©[P‹_, •Pı∂æÆ, hıª¯©m J∂\ı¬æÆ
Q¯hU Qfl”⁄.
4. {ımifl £ª £SvP–hfl ·ıƈÂmß∫ Cµ∞¿
¡si® £ı¯uØı¿ C¯nUP®£mk“Õx.
5. C[S _ÿ÷®”® £Sv∞¿ S¯”¢u
FvØzvÿS ˆuı»ªıÕ∫P“ HµıÕ©ıPU
Q¯hUQfl”⁄∫.
6. ˆuı»ªP[P“ ©ÿ÷Æ ˆuı»ªıÕ∫P–USz
˜u¯¡Øı⁄ √kP“ BQØ⁄ Pmk¡uÿS Hÿ”
\©|ª®£SvP–Æ C[S E“Õ⁄.
7. ˆuı»ÿ\ı¯ªUSz ˜u¯¡Øı⁄ uspµı⁄x
_¡∫n˜µPı (Subarnarekha) Bÿ‘º∏¢x ˆ£”®
£kQfl”x.
Czu¯PØ \ıuP©ı⁄ `Ã|¯ªØı¿ ·ıƈÂmß∂¿
C∏Æ&GLSz ˆuı»ªPÆ |÷¡®£mk Ax ˜©fl˜©æÆ
{flS ¡Õ∫a]دh¢x“Õx.
Cx˜£ıª˜¡ C∏Æ ©ÿ÷Æ |ªUP∂ Q¯hUSÆ
£SvPŒ¿ C∏Æ & GLSz ˆuı»ªP[P“ x¡UP®£mk
¡Õ∫a] ˆ£ÿ÷“Õ⁄. C¯¡PŒfl A¯©¬hzv¯⁄
C¢vØ® £hzvfl Eu¬≤hfl ˆu∂¢x ˆPı“ÕªıÆ.
349

CØ¢vµ[P“ C∏Æ&GLS ˆ£ı∏mP¯ÕU ˆPısk
uØı∂UP®£kQfl”⁄. B⁄ı¿ CØ¢vµ[P¯ÕU ˆPısk
£¿˜¡÷ ¬u©ı⁄® ˆ£ı∏mP“ uØı∂UP®£kQfl”⁄.
P®£¿ Pmku¿, BPıØ ¬©ı⁄[P“ uØı∂®,
¡ıP⁄[P“ uØı∂®, A÷¯¡a ]Qa¯\U P∏¬P“
uØı∂® ©ÿ÷Æ £ª¡ÿ‘fl uØı∂®§ÿSÆ ¡Õ∫a]USÆ
Pıµn©ıP A¯©¡x C∏Æ&GLSz ˆuı»ªP[
P˜ÕØıSÆ.
˜©ÿS ¡[PıÕzv¿ ]zuµg\fl Gfl›hzv¿
uØı∂UP®£kÆ Cµ∞¿ Gg]flP–Æ uÃ{ımi¿
ˆ£µÆß∫ Gfl›hzv¿ uØı∂UP®£kÆ Cµ∞¿
ˆ£miP–Æ EªPÕ¬¿ ˆ£Ø∫ ˆ£ÿ”¯¡.
C¢vØı¬¿ G∂ˆ£ı∏“ ¡Õ[PÕı⁄ |ªUP∂,
ˆ£m˜µıºØÆ BQØ¡ÿ‘¯⁄ Ai®£¯hØıPU ˆPısk
Gsˆn¥ _zvP∂® |¯ªØ[P–Æ, ˆ£m˜µıºØ &
Cµ\ıØ⁄z ˆuı»ªP¨Æ (Petro-Chemical Industries), x¯n®
ˆ£ı∏mP“ \ı∫¢u ˆuı»ªP[P–Æ ¡Õ∫a] ˆ£ÿ÷“Õ⁄.
C¢vØı¬¿ Pa\ı Gsˆn¥ C”US©v ˆ\¥Ø®£mk
_zvP∂UP®£mk ¡∏Qfl”x. G⁄˜¡uıfl Gsˆn¥
_zv P∂® |¯ªØ[P“ x¯”¨P[P–US A∏Q˜ª˜Ø
A¯©¢ x“Õ⁄. _zvP∂UP®£mh GsˆnØı⁄x S«ı¥
¡»ØıPz ˆuı»ÿ£SvP–US A›®£®£kQfl”x.
Põmk¨ö£õ¸mPÒ \õº¢u öuõÈØ\õø»PÒ
C¢vØı¬¿ CØÿ¯Pz uı¡µ[P“ ˆ£∂xÆ
˜¡÷£ık ¯hØuıP E“Õx. £ª¡¯PØı⁄ PıkP“
E“Õ⁄. A¯¡PŒ º∏¢x ˆ£”®£kÆ ˆ£ı∏mP“
£ª¡¯P®£mhuıP E“Õ⁄. A¡ÿ÷“ ¨UQØ©ı⁄ ]ª
ˆ£ı∏mP“ ©mkÆ ˆuı»ªP[PŒfl ¡Õ∫a]∞¿
¨UQØzx¡Æ ˆ£÷Qfl”⁄ Gfl£¯u≤Æ £ı∫UPªıÆ.
1. PıkPŒº∏¢x Q¯hUSÆ ©µ[P“ ˆ£∏Æ£ıæÆ
Pmih[P“ PmhƒÆ ©ÿ÷Æ ˆuı»ªP[P“
PmhƒÆ, ©µa\ı©ıflP“ ˆ\¥¡uÿSÆ £Øfl
£kzu®£kQfl”⁄.
350
2. ˜©ÿSz ˆuıh∫a] ©¯ª®£Sv∞¿ Cµ®£∫
©µ[P“ SvØıP ¡Õ∫Qfl”⁄. Cu⁄ı¿ w£Pÿ£
C¢vØı ¬¿ Cµ®£∫ ˆ£ı∏mP“ SvØıPU
Pın®£k Qfl”⁄.
3. PıkPŒæ“Õ ©µ[PŒº∏¢x uØı∂UP®£kÆ
©µU T¯«U ˆPısk PıQuÆ uØı∂UP®
£kQfl”x. uÃ{ık, ©PıµıËiµÆ, ˜©ÿS
¡[PıÕÆ, ©zvØ® §µ˜u\Æ BQØ ©ı|ª[PŒ¿
PıQuz ˆuı»ªP[P“ SvØıP E“Õ⁄. ©zvØ
§µ˜u\zv¿ E“Õ ˜{£ı {P∂¿ ˆ\¥vzuı“
PıQuz ˆuı»ªPÆ A¯©¢ x“Õx.
4. PıkPŒº∏¢x ˆ£”®£kÆ AµUS, ˆ© S
˜£ıfl” ˆ£ı∏mP“ ˆ£∞sm uØı∂®£uÿS
£Øfl£kQfl”⁄. C∆¡ı÷ £¿˜¡÷ ˆuı»ÿ
\ı¯ªPŒ¿ Pımk® ˆ£ı∏mP“ £Øfl£kzu®
£kQfl”⁄. PıkPŒº∏¢x ˆ£”®£kÆ J∏]ª
ˆ£ı∏mP“ Si¯\z ˆuı»¿PŒfl ¡Õ∫a]USÆ
Buıµ©ıP E“Õ⁄.
ÂÁ\õ¯¨ ö£õ¸mPÒ \õº¢u öuõÈ»P[PÒ
£¿˜¡÷ ˆuı»ªP[P–US ˜¡siØ Pa\ı®
ˆ£ı∏mP“ ˜¡Õıs £∞∫PŒº∏¢x ˆ£”®£kQfl”⁄.
A¡ÿ÷“ ]ª¡ÿ‘¯⁄® £ÿ‘U Pıs˜£ıÆ.
\ºUPøµ Bø»PÒ
Ezvµ®§µ˜u\Æ, uÃ{ık, B¢vµ®§µ˜u\Æ BQØ
©ı|ª[PŒ¿ ˆ£∏Æ£ıªı⁄ £SvPŒ¿ P∏Æ
£∞∂h®£kQfl”x. P∏Ƨº∏¢x \∫UP¯µ Eÿ£zv
ˆ\¥≤Æ \∫UP¯µ B¯ªP“ {ımi¿ £µ¡ªıPU
Pın®£kQfl”⁄. C∏®§›Æ A¡ÿ‘fl £µ¡¿
Ezvµ®§µ˜u\Æ, uÃ{ık BQØ¡ÿ‘¿ SvØıPU
Pın®£kQfl”x.
£¸zv ö{\Áõø»PÒ
351

£∏zv £∞∂h®£kÆ £SvPŒ¿ £∏zv
ˆ{\¡ı¯ªP“ ¡Õ∫a] ˆ£ÿ÷“Õ⁄. S‘®£ıP,
¨Æ¯£∞¿ £∏zv ˆ{\¡ı¯ªP“ ˆ\‘¢x Pın®
£kQfl”⁄.
¬®ø£°À £¸zv ö{\Áõø»PÒ
£∏zv ˆ{\¡ı¯ªP“ ¨ufl¨uº¿ ¨Æ¯£∞¿uıfl
A¯©UP®£mh⁄. ¨Æ¯£∞fl §fl|ª®£Sv (hinterland)
£∏zv ¬¯Õ¡uÿS EP¢uuıP E“Õx. £∏zv
ˆ{\¡ı¯ªUS ˜¡siØ Pa\ı® ˆ£ı∏Õı⁄ £∏zv
Q¯h®£uıæÆ, ˆuı»¿ ¡Õ∫a]USz ˜u¯¡Øı⁄ ]ª
£sP“ \ıuP©ıP A¯©¢x“ÕuıæÆ, C[S
ˆ{\¡ı¯ªP“ AvP GsoU ¯P∞¿ ¡Õ∫a]
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£∏zv C¯« A÷£hı©¿ C∏UP Hÿ”uıP E“Õx.
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Pın®£k¡uı¿ Ax ""C¢vØı¬fl ©ıflˆ\Ïh∫'' Gfl÷
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uÃ{ımi¿ ©x¯µ, ˜Pıبzy∫ BQØ Ch[PŒ¿
£∏zv ˆ{\¡ı¯ªP“ AvP GsoU¯P∞¿ E“Õ⁄.
˜Pıبzy∫ ""uÃ{ımifl ©ıflˆ\Ïh∫'' G⁄
A¯«UP® £kQfl”x.
C¢v¯õÂÀ öuõÈ»P[PЮ, ©õ\øhu¾®
£v˜⁄ ¡¯PØı⁄z ˆuı»ªP[PŒ⁄ı¿ {©x {ık
ˆ£∂xÆ ©ı_£mk“ÕuıP Psh‘Ø®£mk“Õx.
A¯¡P“ ]ˆ©sm, A⁄¿ fl \Uv|¯ªØÆ, G∂\ıµıØz
ˆuı»ªPÆ, \∫UP¯µ, EµÆ, J∏[Q¯n¢u C∏Æ GLS
ˆuı»ªPÆ, Gsˆn¥ _zvP∂® |¯ªØÆ, ©µUTÃ
©ÿ÷Æ ˜£®£∫ ˆuı»ªPÆ, Cµ\ıØ⁄ EµÆ, ßa]UˆPı¿º
©∏¢xz ˆuı»ªPÆ, ˜uı¿ £u¤kÆ ˆuı»ªPÆ,
E∞∫PıUSÆ ©∏¢x, \ıØÆ ˜uı¥zu¿, Pıµa˜\ıhı, ˆ\Æ
E∏USu¿, uıµÆ E∏USu¿ ©ÿ÷Æ Aæ¤ØÆ
E∏USu¿ ˜£ıfl”¡ÿ‘fl ˆuı»ªP[P“ BSÆ.
352
ˆ©ızuÆ E“Õ 1,551 ˆuı»ªP ¡¯PPŒ¿ 17 ¡¯PPŒ¿
©ı\¯h¡x ˆuŒ¡ıPU Psh‘Ø®£mk“Õx.
H”US¯”Ø 1,266 ˆuı»ªP ¡¯PPŒ¿
©ı_UPmk®£ımk ¡\vP“ |÷¡®ˆ£ÿ÷“Õ⁄.
´u¨“Õ 130 ˆuı»ªP ¡¯PP“ ©ı\¯hu¿ Pıµn©ıP
≠h®£mk¬mh⁄.
©zvØ ©ı_U Pmk®£ımk ¡ı∂ØÆ, ©ı|ª ©ı_U
Pmk®£ımk ¡ı∂Ø[P–hfl Pª¢x B˜ªı]zx,
{ımi¿ ©ı_£mk“Õ £SvP¯ÕU Psh‘¢x
Pmk®£kzu u¤ ¨Øÿ] Gkzx ¡∏Qfl”x. A¯¡P“ :
¡ı®§ (S·µız), ][P˜µº (Ezvµ®§µ˜u\Æ), ˜Pı∫£ı,
CµımªÆ, {Phı (©zvØ® §µ˜u\Æ), iU£ı¥ (A\ıÆ),
uªa˜\∫ (J∂\ı), £zµı¡v (P∫{ıhPÆ), P∆µı (˜©ÿS
¡[PıÕÆ), ufl£ız (•Pı∫), £ıº, ˜·ızß∫ (Cµı·Ïuıfl),
©nº, ¡hBÿPık (uÃ{ık), ¬\ıP®£mi⁄Æ, £mhfl
˜\÷ (B¢vµ® §µ˜u\Æ), ˆ\Æß∫ (©PıµıËiµÆ), {·ı®Pı∫
(ˆh¿º), ˜Pı¬¢zPı∫ (£g\ı®), EuØU ©sh¿
(˜PµÕı), ©ÿ÷Æ hı∫¡˜⁄ı, PªıÆ® (C©ı\ª® §µ˜u\Æ)
Gfl” Ch[PÕıSÆ.
\nÀ öuõÈØ\õø»PÒ
˜©ÿS ¡[PıÕ ©ı|ªzv¿ \n¿ SvØıP
£∞∂h®£kQfl”x. \n¿ ˆuı»ÿ\ı¯ªP“
AÆ©ı|ªzv¿ S‘®£ıP Ì˙UŒ {vUP¯µ∞¿
AvP©ıPU Pın® £kQfl”⁄.
C¡ÿ¯”z u¬µ PÆ£Œ ˆ{\¡ı¯ªP–Æ £mk
ˆ{\¡ı¯ªP–Æ ©ÿ÷Æ ˆ\Øÿ¯P C¯« uØı∂®
BQد¡P“ Auÿ˜Pÿ” \ıuP©ı⁄ `Ã|¯ªP“ |ªƒÆ
£SvPŒ¿ A¯©Ø®ˆ£ÿ÷“Õ⁄. ˜©æÆ ˜¡÷ ]ª
ˆuı»ÿ\ı¯ªP–Æ, ]÷ˆuı»¿P–Æ, £¿˜¡÷ Si¯\z
ˆuı»¿P–Æ C¢vØı¬¿ ¡Õ∫a]¯Ø® ˆ£ÿ÷“Õ⁄.
353

E[P–USz ˆu∂≤©ı?
C¢vØı £ÿ‘Ø ]ª ˆ£ı∏Õıuıµ Es¯©P“ 2002 & 03
* ˆ©ızu E“{ımk Eÿ£zv (Gross National Product)
5.7 ¬ UPık ¡Õ∫¢x“Õx.
* ˆ\¿æª∫ ˆuı¯ª˜£]P“ (Cellular Phones) 1998&¿
1.0 ¿ºØ⁄ıP C∏¢x uÿˆ£ı x 17
¿ºØflPÕıP EØ∫¢x“Õ⁄.
* C∏\UPµ ¡ıP⁄[P“ (Two Wheelers) 1998&¿ 28
¿ºØflPÕıP C∏¢x Cfl÷ 51 ¿ºØflPÕıP
EØ∫¢x“Õ⁄.
* √mkU PhflP“ 1998&¿ 186,000 ¿ºØfl
π£ı¥PÕıP C∏¢x uÿˆ£ı x 810,000 ¿ºØfl
π£ı¥PÕıP ¡Õ∫¢x“Õ⁄.
* {©x {ımifl A¢|Øa ˆ\ª¡ıoa ˜\® 90
§¿ºØfl hıª∫PÕıP EØ∫¢x B]Øı¬˜ª˜Ø
≠fl”ı¡x ˆ£∂Ø ˜\®£ıPU P∏u®£kQfl”x.
* ˆ\®hÆ£∫ 2003&¿ Pı∫PŒfl ¬ÿ£¯⁄ ˆ¡S¡ıP
EØ∫¢x 13 ¬ UPımk ¡Õ∫a]¯ØU
Pımi≤“Õx.
* ˆ\fl” ¡∏hÆ (2001 & 02) ˆ¡Œ Buıµz x¯” (Out
sourcing Sector) ∞¿ ©mkÆ 160,000 vØ
£o|¯ªP“ E∏¡ıUP®£mk“Õ⁄.
£¯ßPÒ
{ımifl ˆ£ı∏Õıuıµ ¨fl˜⁄ÿ”zvÿS ˆuı»ªP[
P˜Õ ¨UQØ PıµnÆ. P⁄µPz ˆuı»¿P“, ˆ{\ƒz
ˆuı»¿P“ ©ÿ÷Æ Cuµ £ª ˆuı»¿PŒfl ¡Õ∫a]Øı¿
E∏¡ı⁄¯¡˜Ø ØıSÆ. ˆuı»ªP[PŒfl ¡Õ∫a]∞⁄ı¿
£¿ªı∞µU PnU Pı⁄ ©UP–US ˜¡¯ª¡ı¥®U
Q¯hzx“Õx. £¿˜¡÷ ˆuı»ªP[PŒ¿ Eÿ£zv
ˆ\¥Ø®£kÆ Gsnÿ” ¨ ¯©® ˆ£ı∏mP“ (Finished
Products) ©UPŒfl ¡ıÃU¯P∞¿ £Øfl£kzu®£mk
354
©UP–US ©⁄|¯”¯¡ Hÿ£kzv¡∏Qfl”⁄. Au⁄ı¿
©UPŒfl ¡ıÃU¯P GŒuıQfl”x. A¡∫PÕx ¡ıÃU ¯Pz
uµ¨Æ EØ∏Qfl”x. ˆuı»ÿx¯” ¨fl˜⁄ÿ”zvfl
¬¯Õ¡ıP ˜£ıUS¡µzx, E“{ımk ¡ıo£Æ, \∫¡˜u\
¡ıo£Æ ˜£ıfl” £ª x¯”PŒæÆ ¨fl˜⁄ÿ”Æ Hÿ£mk
E“Õx. {Pµ[PŒfl GsoU¯P {ı–US {ı“ ˆ£∏Q
¡∏¡xhfl {ımifl ˜u]Ø ¡∏©ı⁄¨Æ ˆ£∏Q
¡∏Qfl”x. ˜©æÆ £ª x¯”PŒ¿ ¨fl˜⁄ÿ”Æ Hÿ£hz
ˆuı»ªP[P“ ˆ£∂xÆ x¯n∂Qfl”⁄.
ˆuı»ªP[P“ & S¯”˜¡P ¡Õ∫a]
ˆuı»ªP Eÿ£zv AÕ¯¡ (Index of Industrial
Production (IIP)) |÷¡⁄U Tÿ÷®£i 2000 &01 ¿
ˆuı»ªP[PŒ¿ S¯”˜¡P ¡Õ∫a] Pın®£mh⁄.
ˆuıh∫¢x 2001&02 æÆ AvP©ı⁄a ˆ\‘ƒhfl
S¯”˜¡P ¡Õ∫a] Pın®£mhx. Eÿ£zv®
ˆ£ı∏mPŒfl Hÿ÷©v≤Æ, Ai®£¯h ¡\vP–USz
˜u¯¡Øı⁄¡ÿ¯” Eÿ£zv ˆ\¥≤Æ ˆuı»ªP[P–Æ
¡Õ∫a] ¬Quzv¿ S¯”˜¡Pz v¯⁄˜Ø Psk“Õ⁄.
ˆuı»ªP[PŒfl ¡Õ∫a] 2001&02¿ (H®µ¿ & i\Æ£∫)
2.3 ¬ UPıhıPU S¯”¢x“Õx. C˜u PıªU
Pmhzv¿ ¨¢vØ ¡∏hÆ ˆuı»ªP[PŒfl ¡Õ∫a]
5.8 ¬ UPıhıP C∏¢ux S‘®§hzuUPx. C∆ ¡∏h
¨u¿ 9 ©ıu[PŒ¿ Psh‘Ø®£mh ˆuı»ªP ¡Õ∫a]
Ph¢u 10 ¡∏h[PŒfl ¡Õ∫a]∞¿ PU S¯”
¡ı⁄uıSÆ. ¬Øı£ıµzvæÆ, ¨uΩk ˆ\¥¡væÆ,
E“{ımiæÆ, ˆ¡Œ{ımiæÆ ˜u¯¡P“ AvPÆ
C¿ªıu Pıµn[PŒ⁄ıæÆ, ˆuı»ªP[PŒfl ¡Õ∫a]
∞¿ ˆuı¥ƒ Hÿ£mk“Õx. ˆuıh∫a]Øı⁄ AvP ¡mi
¬QuzuıæÆ, Ai®£¯h ¡\vPŒfl u¯hPŒ⁄ıæÆ,
|ªÆ ©ÿ÷Æ ˆuı»ªıÕ∫ £ÿ”ıUS¯”∞⁄ıæÆ
u¤Øı∫ ¨uΩkÆ, ˆuı»ªP Eÿ£zv≤Æ |÷zuÆ
ˆPısk“Õ⁄.
ˆuı»ªP[PŒfl S¯”˜¡P ¡Õ∫a] A¯⁄zx
¨UQØ® §∂ƒPŒæÆ PsPıoUP®£mk ¡∏Qfl”x.
355

H®µ¿ & i\Æ£∫ 2000&¿ Eÿ£zv® §∂¬fl ¡Õ∫a] 6
¬ U PıhıP C∏¢ux. B⁄ı¿ 2001&¿, A˜u
PıªPmhzv¿ ¡Õ∫a] 2.4 ¬ UPıhıPU S¯”¢x“Õx.
fl\ıµ Eÿ£zv ∞æÆ H®µ¿ & i\Æ£∫ 2001&¿ ¡Õ∫a] 2.7
¬ UPıhıPU S¯”¢x“Õx. C˜u PıªPmhzv¿ 2000&¿
ˆuı»ªP ¡Õ∫a] 4.8 ¬ UPıhıP C∏¢ux. P¤©[P“
ˆ¡mi Gk®£væÆ 2001&¿ (H®µ¿ & i\Æ£∫) Eÿ£zv
¡Õ∫a] 1.1 ¬ UPıhıPU S¯”¢ux. B⁄ı¿ 2000&¿
(H®µ¿ & i\Æ£∫) Eÿ£zv ¡Õ∫a] 4.4 ¬ UPıhıP
C∏¢ux.
Pÿ”¿ A¯hƒP“
1. ˆuı»ªP[PŒfl Cfl‘د©Øı¯©¯Ø® £ÿ‘
©ın¡∫P“ A‘¢x ˆPı“Qfl”⁄∫.
2. ˆuı»ªP[PŒfl A¯©¬h® £sP¯Õ® £ÿ‘
©ın¡∫P“ ˆu∂¢x ˆPı“Qfl”ı∫P“.
3. ©ın¡, ©ın¬Ø∫ P¤¡Õ[PŒfl £µ¡¿ ©ÿ÷Æ
ˆuı»ªP[PŒfl £µ¡¿ £ÿ‘ ˆu∂¢x
ˆPı“Qfl”⁄∫.
4. ˆuı»¿PŒfl ¨fl˜⁄ÿ” |¯ªP“ £ÿ‘ ©ın¡
©ın¬P“ ˆu∂¢x ˆPı“Qfl”⁄∫.
5. ˆ¡∆˜¡÷ ˆuı»¿P¯Õ ˜¡÷£kzvU PımkÆ
v”¯©¯Ø≤Æ ©ın¡, ©ın¬P“ ˆ£÷Q”ı∫P“.
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I.\∂Øı⁄ ¬¯h¯Øz ˜u∫¢ˆukUPƒÆ
1. uÃ{ımi¿ ˆ£m˜µıºØÆ Q¯hUP® ˆ£÷Æ ˆh¿hı
£Sv
A. uıµ£µo B. ¯¡¯P
C. Pı¬∂ D. £ıªı÷
2. C¢vØı¬¿ |ªUP∂ Q¯hUSÆ ¡mhıµÆ
A. uı˜©ıu∫ £“ÕzuıUS B. §µÆ©zvµı £“ÕzuıUS
C. {∫©uı £“ÕzuıUS, D. u£v £“ÕzuıUS
356
3. P∫{ıhPı¬¿ u[P¡Ø¿P“ E“Õ £Sv
A. ¯©`∫ B. ˜Pıªı∫
C. ˆ£[P—∫ D. ©siØı
4. SvØıP £ıU¯Èm Eÿ£zv ˆ\¥≤Æ ©ı|ªÆ
A. B¢vµ §µ˜u\Æ B. •Pı∫
C. £g\ı® D. uÃ{ık
5. B]Øı¬¿ P®ˆ£∂Ø ©µÆ A÷USÆ B¯ªP“ E“Õ
wƒ
A. A¢u©ıfl wƒ B. |˜Pı£ı∫ wƒ
C. ªm\zwƒ D. ¤Pı¥ wƒ
II. ˜Pıimh Ch[P¯Õ |µ®P
1. uÃ{ımi¿ £ ® |ªUP∂ Eÿ£zv ˆ\¥≤Æ
£Sv______
2. ˆ£m˜µıºØÆ Q¯hUSÆ ¡hC¢vØ ©ı|ªÆ
___________
3. •Pı∫, J∂\ı ©ÿ÷Æ ˜©ÿS ¡[PıÕÆ BQØ⁄
___________ ¡mhıµ©ıSÆ.
4. uÃ{ımi¿ ©x¯µ ©ÿ÷Æ ___________ BQØ¡ÿ‘¿
£∏zv ˆ{\¡ı¯ªP“ SvØıP E“Õ⁄.
5. ___________ C¢vØı¬fl ©ıflˆ\Ïh∫' G⁄ A¯«UP®
£kQfl”x.
III. §fl¡∏¡⁄¡ÿ¯”® ˆ£ı∏zxP
1. ]zuµg\fl && £∏zv ˆ{\¡ı¯ª
2. ˆ£µÆß∫ && C∏Æ GLS ˆuı»ªPÆ
3. ·ıƈÂmß∫ && Cµ∞¿ Gg]fl B¯ª
4. ˜{£ı {P∫ && Cµ∞¿ ˆ£mi B¯ª
5. ¨Æ¯£ && Aa_UPıQu B¯ª
357

IV._∏UP©ıP ¬¯hØŒUPƒÆ
1. C¢vØı¬æ“Õ ¨UQØ ≠fl÷ ¡¯P ˆuı»ªP[P“
Øı¯¡?
2. C¢vØı¬¿ Pın®£kÆ ¨UQØ uıx®ˆ£ı∏mP“
Øı¯¡?
3. P⁄µPz ˆuı»ªP[P“ G∆¬uÆ ˆuı»¿ ¡Õ∫a]US
EuƒQfl”⁄?
4. PıkPŒº∏¢x ˆ£”®£kÆ ¨UQØ® ˆ£ı∏mP“
Øı¯¡?
5. £∏zv ˆ{\¡ı¯ªP“ G∆¬hzv¿ ˆ\‘¢x Pın®
£kQfl”⁄?
V. ¬∂¡ı⁄ ¬¯h u∏P
1. hımhı C∏Æ&GLS B¯ª A¯©Øa \ıuP©ıP C∏¢u
Pıµn[P¯ÕU T÷P.
2. Pımk® ˆ£ı∏mP“ \ı∫¢u ˆuı»ªP[P“ £ÿ‘
¬∂¡ıP G uƒÆ.
VI. ˆ\¥¨¯”® £∞ÿ]
C¢vØ®£hzv¿ ˆuı»ªP[P¯Õ ¡¯P®£kzvU
S‘UPƒÆ.
358

AªS VII : Pmk©ı⁄[P–Æ ˜\¯¡P–Æ
£ıhÆ 7
Pmk©ı⁄[P–Æ ˜\¯¡P–Æ
Pÿ”¿ ˜{ıUP[P“
1. ©ın¡∫ J∏ {ımifl ¡ıÃU¯PzuµÆ Eص
˜\¯¡P“ G∆¬uÆ ¨UQØzx¡Æ ˆ£÷Qfl”⁄
Gfl£¯uz ˆu∂¢x ˆPı“Õ¿.
2. ©ın¡∫ J∏ {ımifl ¡Õ∫a]∞¿ ˜£ıUS¡µzx
G∆¡ı÷ ¨xˆPæÆ£ıP A¯©Qfl”x Gfl£¯uz
ˆu∂¢x ˆPı“Õ¿.
3. ©ın¡∫ Cµ∞¿ ˜£ıUS¡µzx, \ı¯ª®˜£ıUS¡µzx
BQØ¡ÿ‘fl ufl¯©P“ ©ÿ÷Æ Ah∫zv
˜¡÷£ımi¯⁄ A‘¢x ˆPı“Õ¿.
4. ©ın¡∫ ¨UQØ x¯”¨P[P“, ¨UQØ ¬©ı⁄
|¯ªØ[P¯Õ® £ÿ‘Ø ¬¡µ[P¯Õ A‘¢x
ˆPı“Õ¿.
5. ©ın¡∫ ¡ıÃU¯Pzuµ ˜©Æ£ımiÿS P¿¬ G∆¡ı÷
AizuÕ©ıP E“Õx Gfl£¯uz ˆu∂¢x ˆPı“Õ¿.
6. ©ın¡∫ Ai®£¯hz˜u¯¡P–“ Jfl”ı⁄ √mk
¡\v∞fl ¡Õ∫a]¯Ø® £ÿ‘ A‘¢x ˆPı“Õ¿.
7. ©ın¡∫ {ª¡ıìÿS ¡»¡SUSÆ ˆ\Ø¿¨¯”
P¯Õz ˆu∂¢x ˆPı“Õ¿.
J∏ {ık £ª¬u©ı⁄ CØÿ¯P ¡Õ[P¯Õ® ˆ£ÿ÷
C∏®§›Æ ¡÷¯© |¯”¢u {ıhıP C∏®§fl A¢{ık
¨fl˜⁄ÿ”Æ A¯h¡x PƒÆ Pi⁄Æ. J∏ {ımi›¯hØ
¡ıÃU¯PzuµÆ EØ∫¢uı¿uıfl A¢{ımifl ¡÷¯©
J»≤Æ. ¡ıÃU¯PzuµÆ Eص ˜¡sk©ı⁄ı¿ {ımifl
359

¡\v ¡ı¥®UP“ ˆ£∏P˜¡skÆ. J∏ {ımi›¯hØ
¡Õ∫a]∞æÆ, ¨fl˜⁄ÿ”zvæÆ A¢{ımiæ“Õ
˜\¯¡P“ ˆ£∏Æ£[S ¡QUQfl”⁄. J∏ {ımifl
˜£ıUS¡µzx ¡\vP“, P¿¬, {ª¡ıà ©ÿ÷Æ
√mk¡\v BQØ ˜\¯¡P“ A¢{ımifl ¡Õ∫a]∞¿
ˆ£∂xÆ ¨UQØzx¡Æ ˆ£÷Qfl”⁄.
J∏ {ımifl ˜\¯¡PÕı⁄ ˜£ıUS¡µzx, P¿¬,
{ª¡ıà ©ÿ÷Æ √mk¡\v BQد¡ ¡ıÃU¯Pz
uµz¯u EØ∫zx¡˜uık {ımifl ¨fl˜⁄ÿ”zvæÆ
ˆ£∏Æ£[S ¡QUQfl”⁄.
EªPÕ¬¿ £ª ¡Õ∫¢u {ıkP–hfl ˆuı»¿ ~m£z
x¯”∞¿ ˜£ımi∞kÆ C¢vØı¬¿ ©UPŒfl ¡ıÃU¯Pz
uµÆ ¨ÿ‘æÆ EØ∫¢uuıP C¿¯ª. C¢vØı _u¢vµÆ
A¯h¢x IÆ£z¯u¢x BskP–US ˜©ªıQ≤ÆTh
{ımi¿ ¡÷¯©≤Æ, Hï©≤Æ Cfl›Æ C∏¢x
¡∏Qfl”⁄. ©UPŒfl ¡ıÃU¯Pz uµzv¯⁄
EØ∫zx¡uÿS C¢vØ Aµ\ı[PÆ £ª ¨Øÿ]P¯Õ
Gkzx ¡∏Qfl”x. Azu¯PØ ¨Øÿ]PŒfl ¬¯Õ¡ıP,
˜£ıUS¡µzx, P¿¬, {ª¡ıà ©ÿ÷Æ √mk¡\v BQØ
˜\¯¡PŒ¿ S‘®§hzuUP ¨fl˜⁄ÿ”Æ Hÿ£mk
¡∏Qfl”x G⁄U T‘⁄ı¿ ¯PØıPıx.
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J∏ {ımi›¯hØ ¡Õ∫a]∞æÆ, ¨fl˜⁄ÿ”zvæÆ
˜£ıUS¡µzx ¨xˆPæÆ£ıP A¯©Qfl”x.
{ımi›¯hØ ˜£ıUS¡µzvÿSÆ, |ªz˜uıÿ”
A¯©®§ÿSÆ ˆ{∏[QØ ˆuıh∫ E“Õx. ˆ£ıx¡ıP,
\©ˆ¡Œ® £SvPŒ¿ ˜£ıUS¡µzx ¡\v Ah∫zv
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£SvPŒ¿ ˜£ıUS¡µzx ¡Õ∫a] ˆ£”ıu |¯ª∞æÆ
E“Õ⁄. ˜£ıUS¡µzx C¯nØ A¯©®§fl ¡Õ∫a]≤Æ
©UPŒfl AvP® £µ¡æUS Pıµn©ıQfl”x.
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£∂©ın[P“ BSÆ.
Cµ°À ÷£õUSÁµzx
B]Øı¬˜ª˜Ø C¢vØı¬¿uıfl Cµ∞¿
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362
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366
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368
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A¯µ¡”sh £ı¯ªØıSÆ. C®£SvPŒ¿ ©UP“
ˆ{∏UPÆ PƒÆ S¯”¡ıP E“Õx. C¢vØı¬fl ˆh¿º
≥¤Øfl §µ˜u\z v¿ ©UP“ ˆ{∏UPÆ u©ı⁄uıP˜¡
E“Õx. C¢vØı¬fl ©UPmˆuı¯P®£µ¡¿ A[S
|ªƒÆ uª A¯©®, Pıª|¯ª, ©s¡¯P, ˜¡Õıs
|¯ª, ˆuı»¿ ¡Õ∫a], ˜\¯¡P“ ˜£ıfl”¡ÿ‘fl
Ai®£¯h∞¿ A¯©Qfl”x.
£õ¼Ú ÂQu®
2001&BÆ Bsifl ©UPmˆuı¯P PnUˆPk®§fl
£i C¢vØı¬¿ 1,027 ¿ºØfl ©UP–Æ, A¡∫P–“
523.8 ¿ºØfl BsP–Æ, 488.6 ¿ºØfl ˆ£sP–Æ
E“Õ⁄∫. 1901&BÆ Bsi¿ 1,000 BsP–US 977
ˆ£sPÕıP C∏¢u ¬QuÆ Cfl÷ 929 ˆ£sPÕıPU
S¯”¢x¬mhx. C¢vØı¬fl ˜PµÕı¬¿ ©mkÆuıfl
BsP¯Õ¬h® ˆ£sP“ AvPÆ. Kµı∞µÆ
BsP–US 950 USÆ AvP ˆ£sP¯ÕU ˆPısh
381

©ı|ª[P“ C©ı\ª® §µ˜u\Æ, B¢vµ® §µ˜u\Æ, ˜Pı¡ı,
P∫{ıhPı, ©o®ß∫, J∂\ı, uÃ{ık, ©ÿ÷Æ \siPı∫.
©ÿ” ©ı|ª[PŒ¿ PU S¯”¢u ¬Quzv¿ ˆ£sP“
E“Õ⁄∫.
Bs & ˆ£s ¬QuÆ S¯”¡¯uz ukUP Aµ_ £ª
¡»PŒ¿ ¨Øÿ] Gkzx ¡∏Qfl”x. ˆ£sP–USU
P¿¬, \©E∂¯© AŒ®£xhfl P¿¬∞fl ≠ªÆ \≠P
©ıÿ”zvÿ Pı⁄ ¬»®n∫a]¯Ø≤Æ Hÿ£kzxQfl”x.
C¢vØ Aµ_ Pk¯©Øı⁄ ¨Øÿ]¯Ø ˜©ÿˆPısk
ˆ£sofl v∏©n ¡Ø¯u AvP∂®£x, SkÆ£
{ªzvmhz¯u® £µ®¡x, ˆ£ıxU P¿¬¯Ø AŒ®£ufl
≠ªÆ "]‘Ø SkÆ£Æ' Gfl” CªUQ¯⁄ A¯hØ®
£ık£kQfl”x. Czvmh[P“ ©zvØ, ©ı|ª Aµ_PŒfl
Tmk ¨Øÿ]∞¿ ˆ\Ø¿£kzu® £kQfl”⁄.
©Ûu ÁÍ ÷©®£õmiØPõÚ FUS¨¦PÒ
1996&BÆ Bsk ·¸¯ª 4 & 5 BÆ ˜uvPŒ¿
ˆh¿º∞¿ TiØ ¨uª¯©a\∫PŒfl ©ı{ımi¿ 2000
BsiÿS“ A¯hØ £ª CªUSP“ ¡SUP®£mh⁄.
1. Qµı©, {P∫®”[PŒ¿ 100 \u¬Qu _zu©ı⁄
Si}∫ ¡«[S¡x.
2. Qµı©, {P∫®”[PŒ¿ BµÆ£ ©∏zx¡
¡\vP¯Õ |÷ƒ¡v¿ °÷ \u¬uÆ ¨ ¯©
ˆ£÷¡x.
3. A¯⁄¡∏USÆ BµÆ£U P¿¬¯Ø AŒ®£x.
4. √i¿ªıu H¯« ©UP–US √kPmh |v≤u¬
AŒ®£x.
5. ©vØ Enƒz vmhz¯u G¿ªı Qµı©, {P∫®”,
˜\∂ ©UP–USÆ, §flu[QØ ©UP–USÆ ¬∂ƒ
£kzx¡x.
6. G¿ªı Qµı©[P¯Õ≤Æ C¯n®£x.
7. ¡÷¯©U ˜PımiÿSÆ Rà E“Õ ©UP–US
ˆ£ıx¬|˜ØıPz¯u J [S£kzx¡x.
382
¡÷¯©¯Ø J»zx, Ai®£¯h ¡\vP¯Õ
©UP–US AŒzx ©UPŒfl ¡ıÃU¯Pz uµz¯u
EØ∫zx¡xuıfl C∆¬ªUSPŒfl ˜{ıUPÆ. Cu¯⁄a
ˆ\¥Øı¬mhı¿ G¢u J∏ |¯ªØı⁄ ¡Õ∫a]≤Æ
Hÿ£hıx. ¡÷¯© G[Q∏¢uıæÆ Ax ¡Õ∫a]USz u¯h
Gfl£uıP˜¡ C¢vØı ¨ ¯©ØıP {ÆQfl”x.
ˆuıh∫a]Øı⁄ £fl⁄ımka ˆ\Ø¿¨¯”P“, EªP
©Ø©ıu¿ ˜£ıfl”¯¡PŒfl ≠ªÆ G¿ªı ©UPŒfl
¡ıÃU¯PzuµÆ EØ∏Æ Gfl” {ƧU¯P∞fl
Ai®£¯h∞¿ IUQØ {ımka \¯£ ¬¡ıu[PŒ¿
AUP¯”≤hfl TiØ {¿ª {h¡iU¯PPŒ¿ {Æ{ık
Dk£mk“Õx. A∆¡ı˜” IUQØ {ıkP“ \¯£∞fl ©ÿ”
|÷¡⁄[P“ Aµ_P“ \ı∫¯hØ {h¡iU¯PPŒæÆ
Dk£mk“Õ⁄.
Gmhı¡x I¢uısk vmhzvfl (1992 & 97) ¨UQØ
˜{ıUPÆ ©¤u¡Õ ˜©Æ£ıhıSÆ. Cv¿ \≠P ¡Õ∫a]
S‘®§hzuUP ¡¯P∞¿ ˜©Æ£mk“Õx. 1995 & 96 fl
˜u]Ø ¡Õ∫a] ¬QuÆ 7.1 ¬ UPıhıP E“Õx. A¢u
¡Õ∫a] ¬QuÆ |¯ª£kzu®£mk“Õx. ˜©æÆ
u¯hØÿ” ¡ıo£¨Æ, EªP©Ø©ıuæÆ ¡Õ∫a]¯Ø
FUS¬zx“Õ⁄ Gfl£u¯⁄z ˜u]Ø ¡Õ∫a] ¬QuÆ
E÷v®£kzxQfl”x.
Jfl£uı¡x I¢uıskz vmhÆ 1997 & 2002¿
C¢vØı _u¢vµÆ A¯h¢u 50 &Æ Bsk ˆuıh[P®
£mhx. Cv¿ E“Õ vmh[P“.
1. £∞∫zˆuı»æUS ¨UQØzx¡Æ AŒzx Qµı©
¡Õ∫a]¯Ø ˜©Æ£kzx¡x; ˜£ıx©ı⁄ ˜¡¯ª
¡ı¥®§¯⁄ E∏¡ıUQ ¡÷¯©¯Ø J»®£x.
2. ˜¡P©ı⁄® ˆ£ı∏Õıuıµ ¡Õ∫a], |¯ªØı⁄
¬¯ª¡ı], Enƒ®£ıxPı® ˜£ıfl”¡ÿ¯”
S‘®£ıP PƒÆ §flu[QØ \≠Pzv⁄∏US
¡«[S¡x.
383

3. _zu©ı⁄U Si}∫, BµÆ£ ©∏zx¡ ¡\v,
PmhıØU P¿¬, Si∞∏®P“, Qµı©[P¯Õ
C¯nzu¿ A¯⁄zxÆ S‘®§mh PıªUPmhz
vÿS“ |¯” ˜¡ÿ”®£h˜¡skÆ.
4. ©UPmˆuı¯P ¡Õ∫a]¯ØU S¯”®£x.
5. \≠P ¬»®n∫a]∞fl ≠ªÆ G¿ªı ©UP¯Õ≤Æ
Dk£kzv _ÿ÷®”a `«¯ª |¯ª®£kzxu¿.
6. ˆ£sP¯Õ ˜©|¯ª®£kzxu¿, §flu[QØ,
©¯ªa \ıv∞⁄∫, uıÃzu®£mh¡∫ \≠P®
ˆ£ı∏Õıuıµ ¡Õ∫a].
7. £g\ıØzx Aµ_, Tmk”ƒ, _Ø ¨Øÿ] ≠ªÆ
©UP¯Õ Jfl÷£kzv ¡Õ∫a]¯Ø FUS¬zu¿.
8. ufl⁄ƧU¯P¯Ø ¡Õ∫zu¿
Czvmh[PŒ¿ C¢vØ KµÕ¬ÿS ¨fl˜⁄ÿ”Æ
Psk {¿ª |¯ª∞¿ ¡ıÃU¯Pz uµÆ Eص £ık£mhx
PƒÆ ˆuŒƒ.
Pÿ”¿ A¯hƒP“
1. ©ın¡∫P“ ©¤u¡ÕÆ ©ÿ÷Æ ©UPmˆuı¯P
PnUˆPk® £ÿ‘ A‘¢x ˆPı“Qfl”⁄∫.
2. ©ın¡∫P“ ©UP“ £µ¡¿, Ah∫zv, ¡Õ∫a]
BQØ¡ÿ¯” A‘¢x ˆPı“Qfl”⁄∫.
3. ©ın¡∫P“ £ıº⁄UTmk £ÿ‘ A‘¢x
ˆPı“Qfl”⁄∫.
4. ©ın¡∫P“ SkÆ£{ªzvmhÆ, §”® ¬Quz¯uU
S¯”UP ˜¡siØufl A¡]ØÆ £ÿ‘ A‘¢x
ˆPı“Qfl”⁄∫.
_Ø ©v®•k
I. \∂Øı⁄ ¬¯h¯Øz ˜u∫¢ˆukUPƒÆ
1. ©UPmˆuı¯P “Œ¬¡µÆ Gzu¯⁄ BskUS J∏
¨¯” PnUˆPkUP®£kQfl”x
A. £zx BskP“ B. C∏£x BskP“
C. ¨®£x BskP“ D. J∏ ¡∏hÆ
384
2. 1991&Æ ¡∏h PnUˆPk®§fl£i C¢vØı¬fl
©UPmˆuı¯P
A. 406.3 ¿ºØfl B. 846.3 ¿ºØfl
C. 1,000 ¿ºØfl D. 400 ¿ºØfl
3. ˜¡Õıs ˆuı»¿ ˆ\¥Ø Hÿ” GŒuı⁄® £Sv
A. ©¯ª® §µ˜u\Æ B. •hß® §µ˜u\Æ
C. \©ˆ¡ŒP“ D. £ı¯ª¡⁄Æ
4. Pı¬∂, ˜Pıuı¡∂, Q∏Ënı, ©Pı{v ¡i|ª[P“
A. ˜©ÿSU PhÿP¯µ®£Sv B. Q«USU PhÿP¯µ®£Sv
C. C©Ø©¯ªz ˆuıh∫ D. £“Õz uıUS
II. ˜Pıimh Ch[P¯Õ |µ®P
1. C¢vØı¬¿ AvP ©UPmˆuı¯P E“Õ ©ı|ªÆ
_________
2. _________ £Sv∞¿ ©UP“ ¡ıáuÿS Hÿ” `«¿
C¿¯ª.
3. C©Ø©¯ª∞fl _________ £Sv∞¿ £«[Si ©UP“
(©¯ª ¡ıà ©UP“) ©mkÆ ¡]UQfl”⁄∫.
4. _______________ ©ı|ªzvfl ˆ£∏Æ£Sv £ı¯ª |ª©ıP
E“Õuı¿ u©ı⁄ ©UPmˆuı¯PØıP E“Õx.
5. ˜©ÿS PhÿP¯µ∞¿ AvP GsoU¯P∞¿ ©UP“
Pın®£kÆ £SvP“ _________
III. §fl¡∏¡⁄¡ÿ¯”® ˆ£ı∏zxP
1. A\ıÆ && C©Ø©¯ª,
SŒ∫ & S¯”¢u ©UP“
2. PıË´∫ £“ÕzuıUS -&& u¯ª{P∫, £fl⁄ımk ©UP“
{PµÆ (Cosmopolitan)
3. ˆh¿º && ¡hQ«US ©ı|ªÆ,
©¯ª\ıv∞⁄∫
385

4. •hß® §µ˜u\Æ && Q«USU PhÿP¯µ
5. Cµı·Ïuıfl && EØ∫|ª[P“ £ı¯ª¡⁄®£Sv &--
S¯”¢u Ah∫zv
IV. _∏UP©ıP ¬¯hØŒUPƒÆ
1. ©UPmˆuı¯PU PnUˆPk® Gfl”ı¿ Gfl⁄?
2. G¢u ©ı|ª[PŒ¿ AvP ©UPmˆuı¯PP“ E“Õ⁄?
3. £ıº⁄ ¬QuÆ £ÿ‘ ]÷S‘® ¡¯µP.
4. P[¯Pa \©ˆ¡Œ Hfl AvP ©UPmˆuı¯P¯Ø® ˆ£ÿ÷
E“Õx?
5. ©¯ª®£Sv∞¿ S¯”¢u ©UP“ ¡]UPU PıµnÆ
Gfl⁄?
V. ¬∂¡ı¯⁄ ¬¯h u∏P
1. C¢vØı¬fl ©UPmˆuı¯P® £µ¡¯ª® £ÿ‘ ¬∂¡ıP
¬¡∂.
2. C¢vØ ¡Õ∫a]US® ˜£ıh®£mhz vmh[P“ £ÿ‘
¬∂¡ıP ¬¡∂.
VI. ˆ\¥¨¯”® £∞ÿ]P“
1. ˆPıkUP®£mk“Õ C¢vØ ¡¯µ®£hzv¿ ©UPm
ˆuı¯P® £µ¡¯ª GŒØ ¡¯P BµoP“ (patterns)
≠ªÆ ¡¯µP.
386

AªS IX : ¡Õ∫¢x ¡∏Æ C¢vØı
G
£ıhÆ 9
a]≤÷Æ C¢vØı
Pÿ”¿ ˜{ıUP[P“
1. ©ın¡∫ C¢vØı¬fl ˜©Æ£ımi¯⁄® £ÿ‘z
ˆu∂¢x ˆPı“–u¿, C¢vØı¬fl \ıu¯⁄P“,
u¯hP“ £ÿ‘≤Æ A‘¢x ˆPı“Õ¿.
2. ©ın¡∫ C¢vØ ¡Õ∫a]UPıPz vmhmh
I¢uısk vmh[P“, Aufl ¬¯ÕƒP“,
\ıu¯⁄P“, u¯hP“ £ÿ‘ A‘¢x ˆPı“–u¿.
3. ©ın¡∫ vmh Cªm]Ø[P“, ˜{ıUP[P“,
©UP–Æ, Aµ_Æ ˆ\¥Ø ˜¡siØ ˆ\Ø¿P“ £ÿ‘
A‘¢x ˆPı“–u¿.
4. ©ın¡∫ C¢vØı¬¿ |Pâx¡∏Æ G a]¯Ø≤Æ
ˆ\Ø¿P¯Õ≤Æ ˆu∂¢x ˆPı“–u¿.
©UPŒfl Ai®£¯hz ˜u¯¡PÕı⁄ Enƒ, E¯h,
C∏®§hÆ BQد¡P¯Õ® ß∫zv ˆ\¥Ø ˜¡siØx
J∆ˆ¡ı∏ {ımk Aµ]fl u¯ªØıØ Ph¯©ØıSÆ.
Azxhfl ©UPŒfl Gsn[P“, Pÿ£¯⁄P“, P¯ªP“,
˜£ıUS¡µzx, P¿¬, _PıuıµÆ, ©∏zx¡Æ ˜£ıfl” Cuµ
¡\vP¯Õ≤Æ ¡Õ®£kzv ©UPŒfl ¡ıÃU¯Pz
uµzv¯⁄≤Æ EØ∫zu ˜¡skÆ.
Cfl÷ C¢vØı £ª x¯”PŒ¿ ¨fl˜⁄ÿ”Æ
A¯h¢x C∏¢u˜£ıxÆ, ˆ£∏Æ£ıªı⁄ ©UPŒfl
Ai®£¯hz ˜u¯¡P¯Õ ¨ ¯©ØıP® ß∫zvˆ\¥Ø
¨iج¿¯ª. C¢vØı¬fl u¤{£∫ ¡∏©ı⁄Æ PƒÆ
387

S¯”ƒ. Cx Aˆ©∂UPı¬fl u¤{£∫ ¡∏©ı⁄zv¿ 60¿
J∏ £[Suıfl. AvP AÕ¬ªı⁄ ©UP“ ¡÷¯©U
˜PımiÿSU RÃ ¡ıÃQfl”⁄∫.
G⁄˜¡, C¢vØ Aµ_ C¢|¯ªP¯Õz v∏zuÆ ˆ\¥Ø
vmhmh® ˆ£ı∏Õıuıµa ˆ\Ø¿¨¯”P¯Õ≤Æ, \≠P
¡Õ∫a]z vmh[P¯Õ≤Æ ¡Szx ˆ\Ø¿£kzxQfl”x.
P ˜¡P©ı⁄ ©UP“ ˆuı¯P AvP∂® {©x ¡Õ∫a]¯Ø
ˆ£∏©Õ¬¿ £ıvUQfl”x.
1950&BÆ Bsk ¨u¿ ˜u]Ø vmhUS ¬¯⁄
|÷¬ I¢uıskz vmh[P“ £ª wmi ˆ\Ø¿£kzv
¡∏Qfl”x. I¢uıskz vmh[PŒfl ¨UQØ ˜{ıUPÆ
©UPŒfl ˜u¯¡P¯Õ® ß∫zv ˆ\¥x ¡ıÃU¯Pz uµz¯u
EØ∫zx¡xÆ, {ımifl ˆ£ı∏Õıuıµ, \≠P ¨fl˜⁄ÿ”z
vÿPı⁄ ¡»P¯ÕU Psh‘¢x {ım¯h G¿ªı
¡»PŒæÆ ¨fl˜⁄ÿ”® £ı¯u∞¿ A¯«zxa ˆ\¿¡x
©ıSÆ.
¨u¿ I¢uıskz vmhÆ 1951&56&¿ wmh®ˆ£ÿ”x.
Cx¡¯µ Jfl£x I¢uısk vmh[P“ |¯”˜¡ÿ”®
£mk“Õ⁄. C¢uz vmh[PŒfl ¨UQØ ˜{ıUPÆ
ˆ£ı∏Õıuıµa ^∫v∏zuÆ, ©¤u¡Õ ˜©Æ£ık, u¤Øı∫
©Ø©ıUSu¿, ˆ£ıxzx¯” |÷¡⁄[P¯Õa ^µ¯©®£x
©ÿ÷Æ u¯hØÿ” ¡ıo£Æ ˆ£∏US¡x BQد¡
PÕıSÆ.
C¢vØ Aµ\ı[PÆ S‘®§hzuUP AÕ¬¿ {ımifl
ˆ£ı∏Õıuıµ ¡Õ∫a]∞¿ ¨fl˜⁄ÿ”Æ Psk“Õx.
S‘®£ıP 1991&º∏¢x Hÿ£mh ˆ£ı∏Õıuıµz uıµıÕ
©Ø©ıu¿ C¢vØ® ˆ£ı∏ÕıuıµÆ |v |¯ª¯©∞¿
¨fl˜⁄ÿ”Æ Pın Eu¬ÿ÷. ˜©æÆ ˆuı»¿P“,
˜¡Õıs¯©, Enƒ Eÿ£zv BQد¡ S‘®§hzuUP
¡¯P∞¿ ¨fl˜⁄ÿ”Æ A¯h¢x“Õ⁄. {ƨ¯hØ
Eÿ£zv® ˆ£ı∏mP¯Õ ˆ¡Œ{ıkPŒ¿ ¬ÿPƒÆ, AvP
˜¡¯ª ¡ı¥®§ÿSÆ, ¡∫zuP ¡Õ∫a]USÆ ¡»
Pıs§zx“Õx. I¢uıskz vmh[P“ ≠ªÆ {ık £ª
x¯”PŒ¿ ¨fl˜⁄‘≤“Õx Gfl£v¿ G∆¬u
Iب¿¯ª.
388
_©ı∫ 40 & 50 ¡∏h[P–US ¨fl {©x
¨fl˜⁄ı∫P“ £«¯©Øı⁄ ¨¯”∞¿ ˜¡Õıs¯©∞¿
Dk£mi∏¢u⁄∫. vØ A‘¬Ø¿ ~m£® £ıxPı®
¨¯”P“ ¡«UQ¿ C¿ªı©¿ C∏¢u Pıµnzuı¿
uı¤Ø[P“ ¨v∫a] ˆ£” AvP PıªÆ GkzxU
ˆPısh⁄. ˜©æÆ \ıS£i∞fl AÕƒÆ S¯”¡ıP
C∏¢ux. £∞∫zˆuı»º¿ vØ ¨¯”P“, £∞∫
£ıxPı®, ˆ\Øÿ¯P Eµ[P“ £Øfl £kzx¡x
˜£ıfl”¯¡ C¿ªıu Pıµnzuı¿ Enƒ® £ÿ”ıU
S¯”≤Æ |ª¬Øx. E £¡∫ Th Enƒ® £ÿ”ıU
S¯”Øı¿ Hï©∞¿ C∏¢u⁄∫.
1960&BÆ BsiÿS® §”S ˜¡Õıs ˆuı»º¿
˜¡P©ı⁄ ©ıÿ”Æ Hÿ£mhx. {√⁄¨¯”∞¿ w¬µa
\ıS£i ˆ\¥Ø®£mhx. £_¯©®µm] £µ¡ªıP A‘¨P®
£kzu®£mk uµ©ı⁄ ¬¯uP“, Eµ[P“, ßa]UˆPı¿º
©∏¢xP“, iµıUh∫P“ £Øfl£kzu®£mk Eÿ£zv
AvP∂UPz ˆuıh[QØx. Cfl÷ C¢vØı 200 ¿ºØfl
hflP“ Enƒ uı¤Ø[P¯Õ Eÿ£zv ˆ\¥Qfl”x.
˜Pıx¯© Eÿ£zv∞¿ EªQ¿ ^⁄ı, IUQØ Aˆ©∂UPı
¬ÿS Akzu£iØıP ≠fl”ı¡x Chzv¿ C¢vØı
E“Õx. £fl⁄ımk ˜¡Õıs Bµı¥a] |÷¡⁄Æ
Cfl›Æ J∏ ]ª BskPŒ¿ C¢vØı Aˆ©∂UPı¯¡
¬h ˜Pıx¯© Eÿ£zv∞¿ ¨fl˜⁄‘ Cµshı¡x
Chz¯u® ˆ£ÿ÷¬kÆ Gfl÷ T÷Qfl” AÕ¬ÿS
¨fl˜⁄‘≤“Õx.
C¢v¯õÂß I¢uõskz vmh[PÒ £ØÔ Kº £õºøÁ
1. ¨u¿ I¢uıskz vmhÆ (1951 & 1956) : CzvmhÆ
˜¡Õıs¯©US ¨fl›∂¯© AŒzx {ımifl
˜¡Õıs, }∫£ı\⁄, fl Eÿ£zvz x¯”PŒ¿
¨fl˜⁄ÿ”z¯u Hÿ£kzv≤“Õx.
2. CµshıÆ I¢uıskz vmhÆ (1956 & 1961) : Cz
vmhÆ ˆuı»¿ ¡Õ∫a]US ¨fl›∂¯© AŒzux.
Cufl ≠ªÆ £ª P⁄µPz ˆuı»ªP[P“ |÷¡®£mh⁄.
389

ˆuı»¿ ˆPı“¯P∞¿ £ª©ı÷u¿P¯Õ≤Æ Hÿ£kzv⁄.
Afl¤Ø Eu¬ AvP AÕ¬¿ ˜Pıµ®£mhx.
3. ≠fl”ı¡x I¢uıskz vmhÆ (1961 & 1966) : Cufl
˜{ıUPÆ {ık ufl¤¯”ƒ ˆ£÷¡xuıfl. B⁄ı¿ ˜u]Ø
¡Õz¯u® £Øfl£kzx¡v¿ Hÿ£mh ]UPªıæÆ
ˆ£ı∏Õıuıµa ˆ\Ø¿ ¨¯”P“ Afl¤Ø ¨uΩm¯ha
\ı∫¢x C∏¢uuıæÆ Gv∫£ı∫zu ˆ¡ÿ‘¯Ø®
ˆ£”¬¿¯ª.
4. Bskz vmh[P“ (1966 & 67 & 68, 68 & 69) :
≠fl”ı¡x I¢uıskz vmh ˜uı¿¬∞⁄ı¿ S¢u
ˆ{∏UPi¯Ø \©ıŒUP Bskz vmh[P“
˜£ıh®£mh⁄. ˆuıh∫a] ØıP ≠fl÷ BskP“,
Bskz vmh[P“ ©mk˜© vmhmk
ˆ\Ø¿£kzu®£mh⁄.
5. {ıflPı¡x I¢uıskz vmhÆ (1969 & 1974) : Cufl
˜{ıUPÆ ˜¡P©ı⁄® ˆ£ı∏Õıuıµ ¡Õ∫a], ˜©æÆ
\≠Pzvæ“Õ Hÿ”z uıÃP¯ÕU P¯Õ¡x, ¡ıÃU¯Pz
uµz¯u EØ∫zx¡x BSÆ. Czvmhzv¿ §flu[QØ
£SvP–US ¨fl›∂¯© AŒUP®£mhx. |¯ªØı⁄,
ufl¤¯”ƒ A¯h¢u ˆ£ı∏Õıuıµz¯u® ˆ£”, Au¯⁄
˜©Æ£kzx¡xuıfl Cufl S‘U˜Pı“. B⁄ı¿ £n
√UP¨Æ, £ª ˜£ıµımh[P–Æ, \≠Pzv¿ Hÿ£mh
S«®£[P–Æ, u¯hP–Æ Gv∫£ı∫zu ˆ¡ÿ‘¯Øz
uµ¬¿¯ª.
6. I¢uı¡x I¢uıskz vmhÆ (1974 & 1979) :
Hï©¯Ø }US¡x, }shPıª Ai®£¯h∞¿ 1974 &
75&º∏¢x 1985 & 86 ¡¯µ ˜£ıh®£mhx. §fl⁄∫
Bskz vmh[PÕıP ©ıÿ”®£mhx. _«¿ vmh[P“
E∏¡ıUQ §fl⁄∫ Au¯⁄≤Æ u“–£i
ˆ\¥x¬mh⁄∫.
7. B”ı¡x I¢uıskz vmhÆ (1980 & 1985) :
ˆ£ıx¡ı⁄ ¡Õ∫a]˜Ø Cufl S‘U˜PıÕıSÆ. I¢uısk
vmh[PŒ ⁄ı¿ ©ıÿ”Æ Hÿ£mhx Gfl£x C¢u
I¢uıskz vmhzv¿ C∏¢xuıfl ˆu∂Ø¡¢ux.
390
8. H«ı¡x I¢uıskz vmhÆ (1985 & 1990) : Enƒ
uı¤Ø[PŒfl Eÿ£zv¯Ø® ˆ£∏US¡x ˜¡¯ª
¡ı¥® §¯⁄ AvP∂®£x ¨UQØU S‘U˜PıÕıSÆ.
B⁄ı¿ ˆ£ıxzx¯” |÷¡⁄[P“ Gv∫£ı∫zu AÕ¬¿
ˆ\Ø¿£hıu Pıµnzuı¿ CzvmhÆ ˆ¡ÿ‘
ˆ£”¬¿¯ª.
9. Gmhı¡x I¢uıskz vmhÆ (1992 & 1997): 1990&91,
1991&92, BQØ ≠fl÷ BskP–US Bskz
vmh[P“ wmh®£mh⁄. 1992 ¿ I¢uıskz vmhÆ
wmh®£mhx. Cufl ¨UQØ ˜{ıUPÆ ©¤u¡Õ
˜©Æ£ık, u¤Øı∫ ©Ø©ıu¿, ˆ£ıxzx¯” |÷¡⁄[
P¯ÕU S¯”zu¿, ˆ£ı∏Õıuıµa ^µ¯©® ˆ\¥u¿
BQد¡ØıSÆ. Cx KµÕƒ ˆ¡ÿ‘ ˆ£ÿ” vmhÆ
BSÆ. ˆ£ı∏Õıuıµ _u¢vµÆ ˆ©x¡ıP E∏¡ı⁄x.
10. Jfl£uı¡x I¢uıskzvmhÆ (1997 & 2002) :
©¤u¡Õ ˜©Æ£ık, u¤Øı∫©Ø©ıu¿, u¤Øı∫
x¯”US ¡ı¥®U ˆPıkzu¿ BQØ¡ÿ‘ÿS AvP
¨UQØzx¡Æ AŒUP® £mhx. ^µ¯©®
ˆuıhµ®£mhx. EªP©Ø©ıuºfl Pıµn©ıP
ˆ¡Œ{ımk ¨uΩkP“ C¢vØı¬¿ ¨uΩk
ˆ\¥Ø®£mk ˆuı»ªP[P“ BµÆ§UP®£mh⁄. C¢vØ
©UPmˆuı¯P Eÿ£zv® ˆ£ı∏mP¯Õ ¬ÿP {¿ª
\¢¯u Gfl£¯u |π§zux.
2001 ˆ\®hÆ£∫ 9/11 ¿ Hÿ£mh ]‘x uÕ∫a]US® §”S
C¢vØı uP¡¿ ˆuı»¿ ~m£zv¿ (IT) ¨fl˜⁄‘
¡∏Qfl”x.
11. £zuı¡x I¢uıskz vmh[P“ (2002 & 2007) :
Enƒ uı¤Ø[P“, £∏® ¡¯PP“, Gsˆn¥
¬zxUP“ BQد¡P“ Eÿ£zv AvP∂USÆ Gfl÷
Gv∫£ı∫UP®£kQ”x. AvP ©UP“ ˆuı¯P
ˆ£∏UPzvæÆ S‘®§hzuUP AÕ¬¿ ¡÷¯©U ˜Pım
iÿSURà E“Õ¡∫PŒfl GsoU¯P S¯”≤Æ Gfl”
Gv∫£ı∫® E“Õx.
391

I¢uıskz vmh[PŒfl ≠ªÆ ˆuı»¿ ˜¡P©ıP
¡Õ∫¢ux. £sim ·¡Ì∫ªı¿ ˜{∏ C¢vØz
ˆuı»¿PŒfl ¡Õ∫a]¯Ø I¢uıskz vmh[P“ ≠ªÆ
ˆuıh[Q ¯¡zuı∫. ©ımk ¡siP“, C∏ \UPµ
¡ıP⁄[P“, v ¡siP“, ˜£∏¢xP“, Cµ∞¿
ˆ£miP“, ˆ£∂Ø ¬©ı⁄[ PŒfl Eÿ£zv ˆ£∏QØx.
ˆ£ıxzx¯”, u¤Øı∫ x¯”∞¿ ¨fl˜⁄ÿ”Æ Hÿ£mk
£ª P⁄µPz ˆuı»ªP[P–Æ, ˆ©flˆuı»ªP[P–Æ
|÷¡®£mh⁄. ˆ£∂Ø, ]‘Ø ˆuı»ªP[PŒfl ¡Õ∫a]
˜¡P©ıUP®£mhx. ˆuı»ÿ ˜£m¯hP“ E∏¡ıUP®
£mh⁄.
C¢vØı¬fl ˜¡P©ı⁄ ¡Õ∫a]∞fl ¬¯Õ¡ıP
£ªx¯”PŒ¿ Cfl÷ C¢vØı ¨fl⁄o∞¿ E“Õx.
Aq\Uv, ¬sˆ¡Œ Bµı¥a], ˆ\Øÿ¯PU˜Pı“
Eÿ£zv, Au¯⁄ ¬sˆ¡Œ∞¿ A›®u¿,
Po®ˆ£ı‘, ˆ©fl ˆ£ı∏“ Eÿ£zv ˜£ıfl”¡ÿ‘¿ S¢u
¡Õ∫a]دh¢x“Õx. ©¤uz v”¯©∞¿ C¢vØı
EªQ¿ ≠fl”ı¡x Chz¯u® ˆ£÷Qfl”x.
Ph¢u ≠fl”ıskPÕıP C¢vØı¬fl Hÿ÷©v
AvP∂zx“Õx. £fl⁄ımk ≠ªu⁄[P“ C¢vØU P⁄µPz
ˆuı»ÿ\ı¯ªP¯Õ≤Æ, ©ÿ” ˆuı»¯ª≤Æ FUS¬zu⁄.
C¢vØ Aµ_Æ, u¤Øı∫, Aµ]fl ¨uΩmkU ˆPı“¯P∞¿
^µ¯©®P¯Õ Hÿ£kzvØx. C¢vØı¬fl ˜{ıUPÆ
C¢vØ ˆuı»ÿ\ı¯ªPŒfl Eÿ£zv® ˆ£ı∏mP¯Õ
£fl⁄ımka \¢¯u¯Ø® §izx ˜u¯¡Øı⁄ Afl¤Ø
ˆ\ª¡ıo¯Ø Dmk¡˜u BSÆ. ˜©æÆ ˜uı¿
ˆ£ı∏mP“, B¯hP“, uØı∂UP®£mh B¯hP“
Eÿ£zv∞æÆ P¡⁄Æ ˆ\æzx Qfl”x. ˜¡¯ª
¡ı¥®§¯⁄ Hÿ£kzv Hï©¯Ø ¬µmk¡˜u C¢vØz
vmh[PŒfl ¨UQØU S‘U˜PıÕıSÆ.
EªQfl ¨fl⁄o∞¿ E“Õ ¡ıP⁄[P“, ¡ıP⁄
Ev∂® £ıP[PŒfl Eÿ£zv |÷¡⁄[P“ C¢vØ
392
ˆuı»ªP[PŒ¿ ¨uΩk ˆ\¥x TmhıP Eÿ£zv¯Ø
˜©ÿˆPı“Qfl”⁄∫. C¢vØı¯¡z uÕ©ıPU ˆPısk Pı∫
ˆuı»ªP[P“ |¯”Ø BµÆ§UP®£mk“Õ⁄. ¡ıP⁄
F∫vz ˆuı»¿PŒ¿ AvP ©ıÿ”Æ Hÿ£mk“Õx.
C¢vØı¬fl hımhı Pı∫ |÷¡⁄Æ, ˆ·∫©¤∞fl ˆ£flÏ
|÷¡⁄zxhfl C¯n¢x Pı∫ uØı∂U Qfl”⁄∫. ˆuı»¿
~m£® £Sv∞¿ C¢vØı P®ˆ£∂Ø ¡Õ∫a]¯Ø
Gmi≤“Õx. ¬sˆ¡Œ Bµı¥a]∞¿ C¢vØı uÿ˜£ıx
Aˆ©∂UP IUQØ {ımkhfl ˜£ımi∞kQfl”x.
C¢vØı¬fl {√⁄ ¬sPªÆ IRS IC ¨ ¡xÆ C¢vØz
ˆuı»¿~m£zuı¿, C¢vØı¬¿ uØı∂UP®£mhuıSÆ.
Cx uıx¡Õ[P¯Õ ©v®§h P Eu¬ØıP E“Õx.
˜©æÆ, Cv¿ |÷¡®£mk“Õ \Uv ¡ı¥¢u ~m£©ıP
£∂˜\ıvUSÆ P∏¬ (Sensor), ˆuı¯ª≤n∫ƒ® ˆ£ı∏mP“
¡∫zuP ∑v∞æÆ ¡Õ∫a] ˆ£” EuƒQfl”x. ¬sPªÆ
Bµı¥a] ©mkÆ A¿ªı©¿ ¬©ı⁄ |¯ªØÆ, x¯”¨PÆ,
P®£¿ PmkÆ uÕÆ ˜£ıfl” ¨UQØ©ı⁄ Ch
A¯©®PŒfl §Æ£[P¯Õ≤Æ ˆ£” ¡ı¥®“Õx.
¬sˆ¡Œ∞¿ S‘®§hzuUP ¡Õ∫a]¯Ø C¢vØı
ˆ£ÿ÷“Õx (£hÆ 9.1).
C¢vØ ¬sˆ¡Œ Bµı¥a] |÷¡⁄zvfl |ª
{kU˜Pımk ¬sPª HƒuÕÆ (Equatorial Rocket Launching
Station) v∏¡⁄¢uµÆ A∏Qæ“Õ xÆ£ı¬¿
|÷¡®£mk E“Õx. C¢|÷¡⁄Æ 1968&¿ IUQØ
{ıkP“ \¯£UPıP HƒuÕz¯u A∫®£ozux.
C¢vØ ¬sˆ¡Œ Bµı¥a] (ISRO) C¢vØ
¬sˆ¡Œ Bµı¥a]US ¯©Ø©ıP ¡Õ∫¢x“Õx.
Áͺa]°ß uõUP®
£ª x¯”PŒ¿ C¢vØı ¡Õ∫a] ˆ£ÿ÷“Õx.
S‘®£ıP P¿¬, ©∏zx¡Æ BQØ¡ÿ‘¿ S¢u
¡Õ∫a]∞¯⁄® ˆ£ÿ÷“Õx. 1947&¿ C¢vØı _u¢vµÆ
A¯h¢u˜£ıx C¢vØ∂fl \µı\∂ ¡ıÃU¯P 27
¡∏h[PÕıSÆ. uÿ˜£ıx Ax 67 BP EØ∫¢x“Õx.
393

TPm 9.1
394
A]p ªu ¨ûXVm
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AÔ ªu ¨ûXVm
AûQ/¿oTôN] §hPeLs
P¿¬Ø‘¯¡® ˆ£ı∏zu¡¯µ, _u¢vµÆ
A¯h¢u˜£ıx 10 ¬ UPıhıP C∏¢ux. Cfl÷ 61
¬ UPıhıP EØ∫¢x“Õx. ˆ£s P¿¬∞¿ P®ˆ£∂Ø
©ıÿ”Æ |Pâx“Õx. B∞µU PnUPı⁄ }∫z˜uUP[P“
Pmh®£mk“Õ⁄. {¿¡ıìæÆ P¿¬∞æÆ ¨fl˜⁄ÿ”Æ
Psk“Õx. C∏¢xÆ {Æ {ık Cfl›Æ ¡Õ∫a]
ˆ£”˜¡skÆ.
¡Õ∫a]∞fl {k˜¡ \≠P® ˆ£ı∏Õıuıµa ]UP¿P“
E“Õ⁄. B⁄ı¿ Hï©∞æÆ ·⁄{ıØPÆ u¯«zx“Õx.
£«¯©Øı⁄® ˆ£ı∏ÕıuıµU ˆPı“¯PP¯Õz u¬∫zx,
vØ ˆPı“¯PP¯Õ C¢vØı §fl£ÿ”z ˆuıh[Q≤“Õx.
E»P©¯©õu¼À C¢v¯õ
EªP©Ø©ıu¿ C¢vØı¬¿ Cµsk ¡»
|PÃPŒ¿ ˆ\Ø¿£kQfl”x. C¢vØı¬¿ ¡ıÃU¯P∞fl
G¿ªı |¯ª PŒæÆ Cufl uıUPÆ ˆu∂Ø¡¢x“Õx.
C¯¡ ˆ£ı∏Õı uıµzvfl ¡»˜Ø Fk∏¬ ©÷
¡i¡z¯u≤Æ, CØUSÆ ¬uz¯u≤Æ ©ıÿ‘
A¯©zx“Õ⁄. Cu⁄ı¿ C¢vØı EªQ¿ u⁄x
Chzv¯⁄z vh®£kzv, ©ıÿ”©¯h¢x As¯h
{ıkP–hfl {¿ª ˆuıh∫ ¯¡zxU ˆPı“Õ ¨i≤Æ.
C¢vØı¬fl P¿¬ ©ÿ÷Æ Pªıa\ıµ ¡ıÃU¯P, ˆuı¯ªU
Pım], ˆ\¥vzuı“P“ ©ÿ÷Æ ªfl Pım] ˜£ıfl”
A¯⁄zvæÆ ©ıÿ”[P“ Hÿ£mkU ˆPıs˜h C∏®£v¿
C∏¢x ˆu∂Ø¡∏Qfl”x. £zx BskP–US ¨fl
C∏¢u¯u¬h C¢vØı Cfl÷ ¨ÿ‘æÆ ©ıÿ”Æ ˆ£ÿ÷
E“Õx.
C¢vØı EªP©Ø©ıuºfl uıUPzv¯⁄
CØUP¿ªı ¡¯P∞¿ HÿP¬¿¯ª. C¢vØı¬¿
˜{∂¯hØıPƒÆ ˆ¡Œ{ıkPŒ¿ ¡ı Æ C¢vØ ©UPŒfl
¡»ØıPƒÆ EªP©Ø©ıu¿ AvP∂zxU
ˆPısi∏UQfl”x. C¢vØı¬fl CªUQØÆ, P¯ªP“,
v¯µ®£h[P“, ©u[P“, EnƒP“, E¯hP“,
{√⁄[P“ ©ÿ÷Æ C¯\ BQد¡P“ ˜©ÿPzvØ
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{ıkPŒfl J∏[Q¯n¢u £SvPÕıP Cfl÷ E“Õ⁄.
C¢vØı¬fl ©∏zx¡∫P“, uP¡¿ ˆuı»¿~m£ ¡¿æ⁄∫
P“, ˜©ªıÕ∫P“ ©ÿ÷Æ ˆ£ı‘ØıÕ∫P“ AvP AÕ¬¿
˜©ÿPzvØ {ıkPŒ¿ S‘®§hzuUP AÕ¬¿ uıUPz¯u
Hÿ£kzv≤“Õ⁄∫. C¡∫P“ u[P–¯hØ Pi⁄ E¯«®
£ıæÆ v”¯©PÕıæÆ ¨fl¤¯ª∞¿ C∏UQfl”⁄∫.
C¯¡P¯Õ ¯¡z˜u C¢vØ∫PŒfl ˜u¯¡≤Æ
AvP∂zx“Õx.
ÁõÌÂøÚa \®£õv
Gfl ¡ıì¿
£ıv{ımP¯Õ
˜¡¯ª ˜uk¡v¿ ˆ\ª¬m˜hfl.
Hˆ⁄¤¿
¡ıÃU¯P∞fl A∫zu˜©,
¨ufl¯©ØıP,
J∏ ¡ıì¯⁄a \Æ£ıvzu˜ª.
Cu¯⁄ {ıÆ
ˆ\¥Øı¬i¿,
{Æ ¡ıÃU¯PUS
{ı˜© S»˜uısk˜¡ıÆ.
B⁄ı¿
G⁄US® ì£oí ´x &
Es¯© E¯«®§fl ´x &
£ª©ı⁄ {ƧU¯P.
Gfl”ıæÆ,
IؘPı,
Au¯⁄z ˜uk¡v¿
{ıfl
Gfl ¡ıÃU¯P¯Ø
√niUQfl˜”fl.
{ıfl Cfl÷Æ
Ca`uımhzv¿uıfl
PıªÆ P»UQfl˜”fl.
396
Pÿ”¿ A¯hƒP“
1. C¢vØı¬fl ¡Õ∫a]¯Ø A‘¢x ©ın¡∫P“
ˆ£∏uÆ ˆPıshx.
2. ©ın¡∫P“ C¢vØı¬fl vmhmh ˆ\Ø¿¨¯”
P¯Õ≤Æ, I¢uıskz vmh[P¯Õ
A‘¢xˆPıshx.
3. Cµsk I¢uıskz vmh[P¯Õz u¬µ ©ÿ”
vmh[P“ Gv∫£ı∫zu ˆ¡ÿ‘¯Ø® ˆ£”¬¿¯ª.
AuÿS∂Ø Pıµn[P¯Õ ©ın¡∫P“A‘¢x
ˆPıshx.
4. Cfl¯”Ø C¢vØı¬fl ¬sˆ¡Œ, Aq\Uv
¡Õ∫a]¯ØU Psk §µzu¿.
_Ø ©v®•k
I. \∂Øı⁄ ¬¯h¯Øz ˜u∫¢ˆukUPƒÆ
1. ˜£ıUS¡µzx, P¿¬, {ª¡ıÃ, √mk¡\v BQد¡
C∆¡¯P G⁄U P∏u®£kQfl”⁄.
A. ˜\¯¡P“ B. |ªA¯©®
C. Pªıa\ıµÆ D. ˆuı»¿P“
2. C¢vØı¬fl ¨fl˜⁄ÿ”zvÿPıP 1950&¿ C¢vØ
Aµ\ı[Pzuı¿ Cx E∏¡ıUP®£mhx.
A. ˜u]Øz vmhUS B. I¢uıskz vmh[P“
C. £_¯©® µm] D. ˆ\Øÿ¯PU ˜Pı“P“
3. Aˆ©∂UP IUQØ {ıkPŒfl Eÿ£zv¯Ø C¢vØı J∏
]ª BskPŒ¿ ¨¢uU TiØ ˜¡Õıs Eÿ£zv®
ˆ£ı∏“
A. ˆ{¿ B. ˜Pıx¯©
C. uı¤Ø[P“ D. ˜uımh®£∞∫P“
4. C¢vØı¬fl ¨UQØ Hÿ÷©v
A. Enƒ® ˆ£ı∏mP“ B. xo ˆ{¥≤Æ
°¿ C¯«P“
C. ˆuı»ªP® ˆ£ı∏mP“D. £ı⁄[P“
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5. C¢vØ ¬sˆ¡Œ Bµı¥a] |÷¡⁄Æ (ISRO) 1968&¿
IUQØ {ıkP“ \¯£UPıP A∫®£ozu HƒuÕÆ
A¯©¢x“Õ ChÆ
A. xÆ£ı B. ˆ\fl¯⁄
C. ˆh¿º D. ¨Æ¯£
II. ˜Pıimh Ch[P¯Õ |µ®P
1. C¢vØı¬¿ Cx¡¯µ __________ I¢x Bsk
vmh[P“ |¯”˜¡ÿ”®£mk“Õ⁄.
2. 1991&¿ {©x {ımi¿ __________ ^∫v∏zuÆ A‘¨P®
£kzu®£mhx.
3. 10&¡x I¢uıskz vmhzvfl ˆ£ı x __________
Eÿ£zv∞¿ C¢vØı Cµshı¡x Chz¯u ¡QUSÆ.
4. __________ {√⁄ ¬sPªÆ C¢vØ ˆuı»¿ ~m£zuı¿
¨ ¡xÆ C¢vØı¬¿ uØı∂UP®£kQ”x.
5. |ª {kU˜Pımk ¬sPª HƒuÕÆ A¯©¢x“Õ ChÆ
______
III. _∏UP©ıP ¬¯hØŒUPƒÆ
1. J∏ {ımifl Ph¯©P“ Øı¯¡?
2. ©UPŒfl ¡ıÃU¯Pz uµz¯uG∆¡ı÷ EØ∫zu
˜¡skÆ?
3. £zuı¡x I¢uıskz vmhzvfl CªUS Gfl⁄?
4. £sim ·¡Ì∫ªı¿ ˜{∏ ˆuıh[QØ ˆuı»ªP
¡Õ∫a]zvmhÆ G∆¡ı÷ £Ø›“ÕuıP E“Õx?
5. C¢vØı¬¿ ˆ£ı∏Õıuıµ ¡Õ∫a]∞fl uıUPÆ G∆¡ı÷
E“Õx?
IV. ¬∂¡ı⁄ ¬¯h u∏P
1. C¢vØı¯¡ G a]≤h›Æ C¢vØı¡ıP E∏¡ıUSÆ
vmh[P“ £ÿ‘ J∏ Pmk¯µ G x.
V. ˆ\¥¨¯”® £∞ÿ]
1. "G a]≤÷Æ C¢vØı' Gfl” u¯ª®§ÿS Hÿ”¡ı÷
{©x {ımifl ¡Õ∫a]¯ØU PımkÆ ˆ\¥vP“,
£h[P“ ©ÿ÷Æ uP¡¿P¯Õa ˜\P∂UPƒÆ.
398

AªS X : |ª¡¯µ® £h[P“ ¬ÕUP®£h[P“
£ıhÆ -10
£µ¡¿ |ª¡¯µ®£h[P–Æ
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Pÿ”¿ ˜{ıUP[P“
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A‘u¿.
2. ©ın¡∫ £¿˜¡÷£mh “Œ ¬¡µ[P¯Õ® £ÿ‘Ø
A‘¯¡® ˆ£÷u¿.
3. ©ın¡∫ ¬∞Ø¿ ¡¿æ⁄∫P“ G¢u AÕ¬ÿS®
“Œ ¬¡µ[P¯Õ® £Øfl£kzxQfl”⁄∫ Gfl£¯u
A‘¢x ˆPı“Õ¿.
4. ©ın¡∫ ¬∞Ø¿ \ı∫¢u “Œ¬¡µ[P¯Õ
G∆¡ı÷ ¡¯µ£h©ıP ©ıÿ÷¡x Gfl£x S‘zx
A‘¢x ˆPı“Õ¿.
5. ©ın¡∫ £µ¡¿ £h[P“ ¡¯µ¡uÿPı⁄ £¿˜¡÷
¨¯”P¯Õ® £ÿ‘ ˆu∂¢x ˆPı“–u¿.
|»Áøµ¨£h[PÒ (MAPS)
J∆ˆ¡ı∏ PıªU PmhzvæÆ, ¬¯Ø® £ÿ‘Ø
uP¡¿ P¯Õ £ª ¡»PŒ¿ A‘¢xˆPı“Õ ¨iQfl”x.
|ª¡¯µ® £h[P“ G⁄®£k¡x, J∏ Chz¯u®
£ÿ‘˜Øı, J∏ ¡mhıµz¯u® £ÿ‘˜Øı, uª A¯©®¯£®
£ÿ‘˜Øı A¿ªx uª A¯©®˜£ık ˆuıh∫¯hØ
Cfl›Æ £ª¡ÿ‘fl uP¡¿P¯Õ˜Øı ˆu∂¬UPUTiØ
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Es¯©Øı⁄ §µv£º® Gfl˜” T”ªıÆ. ¬ÕUP®£hÆ
(Diagram) Gfl£xÆ uP¡¿P¯Õz x¿ºØ©ı⁄ ¨¯”∞¿
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“Œ ¬¡µ[PŒfl Ai®£¯h˜Øık ˆu∂Ø®£kzxÆ
J∏ ¡»¨¯”ØıSÆ.
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Cµs¯h ≤˜© ¬∞Ø¿ ¡¿æ⁄∫P“ £h¡¯µƒP“
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|ª¡¯µ® £h[P¯Õz u¬µ, ¯P® £hÆ, ©ÿ÷Æ
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uP¡¿ ˆ¡Œ®£ık BSÆ. ˆ¡∆˜¡÷ Ch[P–US
C¯h˜Ø E“Õ {P∫¬¯⁄ Cufl ≠ªÆ A‘¢x ˆPı“Õ
¨iQfl”x. GkzxUPımhıP, uÃ{ımi¿ Cµ∞¿
|¯ªØ[P–US C¯h˜Ø CØUP®£kÆ Cµ∞¿PŒfl
GsoU¯P¯Ø ˜©æÆ {P∫ƒ®£h[PŒfl ≠ªÆ
˜£∏¢x, Cµ∞¿ ˜£ıUS ¡µzv¿ {¯h ˆ£÷Æ ©UP“
©ÿ÷Æ ˆ£ı∏mPŒfl {P∫¬¯⁄® £ÿ‘ A‘Ø ¨iQfl”x.
ˆ£ıx¡ıP, {P∫ƒ®£hÆ ≠ª©ıP Cµ∞¿ ©ÿ÷Æ \ı¯ª®
˜£ıUS¡µzvfl Ah∫zv¯Ø≤Æ A‘Ø ¨iQfl”x.
|ª¡¯µ® £hzvfl ≠ªÆ uP¡¿P¯Õ {flS A‘¢x
ˆPı“–Æ AÕ¬ÿS ¡ı∫z¯uP“ ≠ªÆ (words) A‘Ø
¨i¡v¿¯ª Gfl˜” T”ªıÆ.
ÂÍUP¨ £h[PÒ (DIAGRAMS)
B¥ƒP“ ≠ªÆ ˜\P∂UP®£kQfl” “Œ¬¡µ[P“
¡¯µ˜Pımk®£hÆ (Graphs) ≠ª¨Æ, ¬ÕUP® £h[P“
≠ª¨Æ Pımh®£kQfl”⁄. ¬ÕUP® £h[P“ “Œ
¬¡µ[PŒfl ufl¯©¯Øz x¿ºØ©ıP GkzxU
PımkQfl”⁄. ¬∞غ¿ £¿˜¡÷¬u©ı⁄ £h[PŒfl
≠ªÆ “Œ ¬¡µ[P“ Pıs§UP®£kQfl”⁄.
A¯¡PŒ¿ ¡¯µ˜Pımk® £h[P“ (Graph), £m¯h®
£h[P“ (Bar diagrams), ¡mh® £S®® £h[P“ (Pie
400
diagrams) ˜£ıfl”¯¡P“ ¨UQØ ©ı⁄¯¡P“ BSÆ.
C¡ÿ‘fl ≠ªÆ “Œ¬¡µ[P¯Õ® £h©ıPU
Pıs§USÆ ˆ£ı x & Aufl ˜¡÷£ık ©ÿ÷Æ J∏zu
ufl¯© BQØ¡ÿ‘¯⁄z ˆuŒ¡ıP A‘Ø ¨iQfl”x.
˜©ÿ S‘®§mh ¬ÕUP® £h[P“ £µ®\ıµı “Œ
¬¡µ[P¯Õ ¡¯µØ® £Øfl£kQfl”⁄. ©UP“ ˆuı¯P
¡Õ∫a]∞¯⁄ ¡¯Õ˜Pımk® £hÆ ≠ª¨Æ, £m¯h®
£hÆ ≠ª¨Æ Pıs§UP ¨i≤Æ. £hz¯u ¯¡z˜u ©UP“
¡Õ∫a]¯Ø GŒ¯©ØıP® ∂¢x ˆPı“ÕªıÆ.
¦ÒÎ ÂÁµ[PÒ ÷\PzuÀ (DATA COLLECTION)
{ıÆ √m¯h ¬mk ˆ¡Œ∞¿ ¡¢uı˜ª
£¿˜¡÷£mh ¬¡µ[P“ {©USz ˆu∂Ø ¡∏Qfl”⁄.
A¡ÿ÷“ ]ª {Æ ©⁄v¿ {flS £v¢x¬kQfl”⁄.
˜©æÆ £¿˜¡÷ ¬¡µ[ P¯Õ {ıÆ B]∂Ø∫P“
¡ı∞ªıPƒÆ, ¡ıˆ⁄ıº, ˆuı¯ªU Pım], ˆ\¥vzuı“
˜£ıfl”¯¡P“ ≠ªÆ A‘بiQfl”⁄. ]ª \©Ø[PŒ¿
°ªP[P–USÆ ˆ\fl÷ ˆu∂¢x ˆPı“ Qfl˜”ıÆ.
C∆¡ı÷ {©US ˜¡siØ ¬¡µ[P¯Õ {ıÆ ˜\P∂UP
˜¡si≤“Õx. ¬¡µ[P¯ÕU P¡¤zx A‘u¿ ≠ª¨Æ
(observation), P¡⁄©ıPU ˜Pmh‘u¿ ≠ª©ıPƒÆ (listening),
©ÿ÷Æ {Æ ˆ\ı¢u ¨Øÿ]∞⁄ıæÆ (Our own efforts)
ˆ£÷Qfl˜”ıÆ. C∆¡ı÷ ˆ£”®£kÆ uP¡¿P¯Õz
uıfl “Œ¬¡µ[P“ (Data) Gfl÷ T÷Qfl˜”ıÆ. “Œ
¬¡µ[P“ Es¯©¯Ø® §µv£ºUPU TiØuıSÆ.
Au¯⁄ ¬gbı⁄z¯u≤Æ Jzux G⁄ªıÆ. ¬∞غ¿
“Œ¬¡µa ˜\P∂® Gfl£x J∏ ¬gbı⁄ ß∫¡©ı⁄
Jfl÷ Gfl÷ T”ªıÆ. ˜\P∂UP®£kQfl”
“Œ¬¡µ[PŒ¿ ˆ£∏©Õƒ £µ® \ı∫¯hØ “Œ
¬¡µ[PÕıSÆ.
£µ¨¦ \õº¦øh¯¨ ¦ÒÎÂÁµ[PÒ (SPATIAL DATA)
C®“Œ¬¡µ[P“ A¯©¬hzvfl Ai®£¯h∞¿
˜\P∂UP®£kQfl”⁄. C®“Œ¬¡µ[P“ Am\, w∫UP
Ai®£¯h∞¿ ˜\P∂UP®£kQfl”⁄. GkzxUPımhıP
401

C¢vØı¬fl Am\ ¬∂ƒ 8 o 4'’ ¡hUS ¨u¿ 37 o 6' ¡hUS
¡¯µ∞æÆ, w∫UP ¬∂ƒ 68 o 7' Q«US ¨u¿ 97 o 2' Q«US
¡¯µ∞æÆ E“Õ⁄. “Œ ¬¡µ[P“ ˜\P∂UP®£h
˜¡siØ £Sv∞fl Am\, w∫UPzxUS Em£mh®
£Sv∞fl |ª A¯©®, Pıª|¯ª, CØÿ¯Pz uı¡µÆ,
©s ˜£ıfl” uP¡¿P“ ˜\P∂UP®£kQfl”⁄. Cu¯⁄˜Ø
\ı∫¯hØ uP¡¿P“ GflQfl˜”ıÆ.
£µ¨¦ \õµõ¨ ¦ÒÎ ÂÁµ[PÒ (NON-SPATIAL DATA)
C®“Œ¬¡µ[P“ ©¤u \¨uıØzxhfl
ˆuıh∫¯h د¡PÕıSÆ. Cu¯⁄ 3 §∂ƒPÕıP®
§∂UPªıÆ.
(1) \≠PÆ \ı∫¢u “Œ¬¡µ[P“ (Social),
(2) ˆ£ı∏Õıuıµ® “Œ ¬¡µ[P“ (Economic Data),
(3) Pªıa\ıµ® “Œ ¬¡µ[P“ (Cultural Data) Gfl£
uıSÆ.
ˆ£ıx¡ıPU T‘⁄ı¿, u¤®£mh¡∫P“,
SkÆ£zv⁄∫, QµıØ ©ÿ÷Æ {Pµ ©UP“ \ı∫¢u
“Œ¬¡µ[P“ £µ® \ıµı® “Œ¬¡µ[P“ ¡¯P¯Øa
˜\∏Æ. ©UPmˆuı¯P \ı∫¢u “Œ¬¡µ[P¯Õ (Census
Data) \≠P “Œ ¬¡µ[P“ G⁄UT”ªıÆ.
GkzxUPımhıP, 2001&Æ Bsi¿ ©UPmˆuı¯P
PnUˆPk®§fl£i ©UPŒfl GsoU¯P 1,027
¿ºØflP“ BSÆ. ©UPŒfl ˆ£ı∏Õıuıµ {h
¡iU¯PP“ ˆuıh∫£ı⁄ “Œ¬¡µ[P“, ¬¡\ıØÆ
\ı∫¢u¯¡ ©ÿ÷Æ ˆuı»ÿ\ı¯ªPŒfl Eÿ£zvz
ˆuıh∫£ı⁄® “Œ ¬¡µ[P¯Õ ˆ£ı∏Õıuıµ® “Œ
¬¡µ[P–US GkzxUPımhıPU T”ªıÆ.
C∆¡ı÷ £¿˜¡÷ ¬u©ı⁄ “Œ ¬¡µ[P“ ¬∞
غ¿ ˆ£∂xÆ £Øfl£kzu®£kQfl”⁄. A¯¡ G∆¬uÆ,
G¢ˆu¢u ¡»¨¯”PŒfl ≠ªÆ ˜\P∂UP®£kQfl”⁄
Gfl£¯u A‘u¿ A¡]Ø©ıSÆ. C¯¡P–“ P ¨UQØz
x¡Æ ¡ı¥¢u “Œ¬¡µ[P“ PÕ®£o ≠ªÆ ˆ£”®
£k¡x Gfl÷ T‘⁄ı¿ Ax ¯PØıPıx.
402
“Œ∞تı⁄x ""˜uıµıØ©ı⁄ J∏ ¬gbı⁄Æ''
Gfl÷ (Science of approximation) T”ªıÆ. ¬∞Ø¿ “Œ
¬¡µ[P“ ©ÿ÷Æ AÕƒPŒfl ¨UQØzx¡zv¯⁄
C¯\Øı ˆ£Õ©fl Gfl” ¡¿æ⁄∫ A¡∫P“ {flS GkzxU
T‘≤“Õı∫. A¡µx Tÿ÷®£i ""¬∞Ø¿ \ı∫¢u G¢u
J∏ T÷USÆ AÕƒ Gfl£x PƒÆ Cfl‘د©Øıu
uıSÆ''. (Geographical thought involves measurement') Cvº∏¢x
¬∞Ø¿ £i®§ÿS “Œ¬¡µ[PŒfl ¨UQØzx¡Æ
Gfl£¯u {flS A‘Ø ¨iQfl”x.
ˆ£ı∏Õıuıµ ¡¿æ⁄∫P“, ©ÿ÷Æ “Œ∞Ø¿ ¡¿æ
⁄∫P“ ˜£ıfl˜” ¬∞تıÕ∫P–Æ, “Œ¬¡µ[P¯Õ®
ˆ£∂xÆ E£˜ØıQUQfl”⁄∫. A¢u® “Œ ¬¡µ[P“
¬∞Ø¿ £ıhzvÿSz ˜u¯¡Øı⁄ £h[P“, |ª¡¯µ®
£h[P“, ¡¯µ˜Pımk® £h[P“, ©ÿ÷Æ £¿˜¡÷ £µ¡¿
£h[P“ BQد¡P¯Õ ¡¯µ¡uÿSz ˜u¯¡Øı⁄
Buıµ[P“ Gfl˜” T”ªıÆ. £¿˜¡÷£mh “Œ
¬¡µ[P“ \≠P, ˆ£ı∏Õıuıµ, Pªıa\ıµ, Pıª|¯ª
ˆuıh∫¯hد¡. “Œ¬¡µ[PŒfl ufl¯©U˜Pÿ£ £¿
˜¡÷ ¨¯”P“ (Methods) £Øfl£kzu®£mk ¬ÕUP®
£h[P“ A¿ªx |ª¡¯µ® £h[P“ ¡¯µØ®£kQfl”⁄.
˜©æÆ J˜µ ¡¯PØı⁄ “Œ¬¡µzvÿSU Th,
£ª¨¯”PŒfl ≠ªÆ £ª¡¯PØı⁄ ¬ÕUP® £h[P“
¡¯µØªıÆ. G⁄˜¡, ¬∞Ø¿ ¡¿æ⁄∫P“, £¿˜¡÷
¨¯”P¯Õ® £Øfl£kzv ˜u¯¡U˜Pÿ£ “Œ
¬¡µ[P¯Õ ¬ÕUP® £h[PÕıP˜¡ı, |ª¡¯µ® £h[
PÕıP˜¡ı ¡¯µ¡ufl ≠ªÆ ¬∞دª ]”®£¯hØa
ˆ\¥x“Õ⁄∫ Gfl÷ T”ªıÆ.
ˆ£ıx¡ıP “Œ ¬¡µ[P¯Õ ¬ÕUP® £h[PÕıPU
Pımk¡v¿ Cµsk ¨¯”P“ E“Õ⁄ :
1. u¤®£mh ¬ÕUP® £h[P“ (Representation is made
without a map)
2. £ª¡¯PØı⁄ ¬∞Ø¿ \ı∫¢u AÆ\[PŒfl
£µ¡¯ªUPıs§UP ¡¯µØ®£kÆ £µ¡¿ ¬ÕUP®
£h[P“.
403

ÂÍUP¨ £h[PÒ (DIAGRAMS)
“Œ¬¡µ[P¯Õ, ˜u∫¢ˆukUP®£kÆ AÕ¯¡US
ˆ£ı∏zu©ı⁄ £h[P“ ¡¯µ¡˜u ¬ÕUP® £h©ıSÆ.
¬ÕUP® £h[P¯ÕU RÃUPsh¡ı÷ ¡¯P®
£kzuªıÆ.
1. J∏ £∂©ın® £h[P“ (GkzxUPımk : £m¯h®
£h[P“ (Bars) ¡¯µ˜Pımk® £h[P“ (Line Graphs).
2. Cµsk £∂©ın® £h[P“ (¡mh®£h[P“,
ˆ\∆¡P®£h[P“ ©ÿ÷Æ \xµ®£h[P“
¨uºØ⁄).
3. ¨®£∂©ın® £h[P“ (P⁄a\xµ[P“, ˜PıÕ®
£h[P“ ¨uºØ⁄).
˜©æÆ ]zvµU S‘P“ ≠ª¨Æ “Œ¬¡µ[P“
£h[PÕıPU Pımh®£kQfl”⁄. AuÿS ]zvµU
S‘±mk® £h[P“ (Pictorial diagrams) Gfl÷ ˆ£Ø∫.
£møh¨ £h[PÒ (BAR DIAGRAMS)
“Œ ¬¡µ[P¯ÕU ˆPısk £m¯h® £h[P“
¡¯µ¡x PƒÆ GŒ¯©Øı⁄ Jfl”ıSÆ. Cv¿
¡¯µØ®£kQfl” £m¯hPŒfl APªÆ J˜µ AÕ¡ıPƒÆ,
EØµÆ ˆPıkUP®£mk“Õ “Œ ¬¡µzvÿ˜Pÿ£ƒÆ
¡¯µØ®£kÆ. £m¯hP¯Õa ˆ\[SzuıP˜¡ı A¿ªx
Q¯hØıP˜¡ı ¡¯µØªıÆ. J˜µ ufl¯©Øı⁄ “Œ
¬¡µz¯uU Pımk¡uÿS u¤®£m¯h £h¨Æ (Simple Bar),
Jfl÷US ˜©ÿ£mh “Œ ¬¡µzv¯⁄U Pımk¡uÿS
Tmk® £m¯h® £h¨Æ (Compound Bar) ¡¯µØªıÆ.
˜©æÆ, £m¯h® £h[P“ Q¯hØıP˜¡ı (Horizontal bar),
ˆ\[SzuıP˜¡ı (Vertical bar) ¡¯µØ®£hªıÆ. Tmk®
£m¯h £hzv¿ ˜¡÷£mh “Œ ¬¡µzvÿ˜Pÿ”
£m¯hP“ £ª §∂ƒPÕıP® §∂zxU Pımh®£kÆ.
404
GkzxUPımk :
RÃUPsh “Œ ¬¡µzvÿS J∏ u¤® £m¯h® £hÆ
(Simple bar) ¡¯µP (£hÆ 10.1).
£møh¨£h®
uıx®ˆ£ı∏mPŒfl Eÿ£zv & C¢vØı
2000 & 2001 to 2001 & 2002
¡∂¯\
uıx® ˆ£ı∏mP“
Eÿ£zv AÕƒ
Gs
(100 hflPŒ¿)
1 £ıU¯Èm 7,993
2 S˜µı¯©m 1,972
3 u[PÆ 712
4 ©[P‹_ 1,595
5 _snıÆUP¿ 3,078
6 ‚®\Æ E® 2,644
Áøµ÷Põmk¨£h® (GRAPH)
“Œ ¬¡µ[P¯Õ, ¡¯µ˜Pımk® £hÆ ≠ª¨Æ
ˆ¡Œ®£kzuªıÆ. Cv¿ Q¯hU˜Pımi¿ (X Aa]¿) Pıª
C¯h ˆ¡Œ¯Ø≤Æ, ˆ\[SzxU ˜Pımi¿ (Y Aa]¿)
“Œ ¬¡µ[P¯Õ≤Æ, ˆ£ı∏zu©ı⁄ AÕ¯¡®£i
S‘zxU ˆPısk §fl C∆¬µs¯h≤Æ ˆuıh∫
£kzv, (Co-ordinates) “ŒP“ S‘UP®£h ˜¡skÆ.
C®“ŒP¯Õ §fl C¯nzx ˜Pık ¡¯µu¿
˜¡skÆ. CU˜Pımifl Hÿ”uıì¯⁄U ˆPıs˜h
“Œ¬¡µzvfl ufl¯©¯Ø GŒuıP® ∂¢xˆPı“Õ
¨i≤Æ.
405

GkzxUPımk : ˆPıkUP®£mh “Œ¬¡µzvÿS J∏
¡¯µ˜Pımk® £hÆ (Graph) ¡¯µP (£hÆ 10.2).
C¢v¯õÂß C¸®¦zuõx HØÖ©v
¡∂¯\
Gs
BskP“
Hÿ÷©v
(¿ºØfl hflPŒ¿)
1 1980 & 81 22.4
2 1990 & 91 32.5
3 1995 & 96 31.7
4 1997 & 98 29.5
5 1999 & 2000 16.1
£µÁÀ |»Áøµ¨ £h[PÒ (DISTRIBUTION MAPS)
TPm 10.1.
406
£µ¡¿ £h[PŒfl & E£˜ØıP[P“ {ı–US{ı“
G¿ªı x¯”∞⁄µıæÆ AvP AÕ¬¿ £Øfl£kzu®£mk
¡∏¡uı¿ & ¨UQØzx¡Æ AvP∂zx ¡∏Qfl”x.
¬∞Ø¿ ˆuıh∫ E¯hØ |ª¡¯µ® £h[PŒ¿ £µ¡¿
£h[P“ PƒÆ ¨UQØ £[Q¯⁄ ¡QUQfl”⁄.
C®£h[P“ ¬∞Ø¿ ∑v∞æÆ ©ÿ÷Æ P¿¬ Pÿ§zu¿
¡¯P∞æÆ ˆ£∂xÆ Cfl‘د©Øıu¯¡PÕıP E“Õ⁄.
]ª S‘®§mh ¡¯P® “Œ¬¡µ[P¯Õ® £hzv¿
£ı∫UQfl” ˆ£ı x ∂≤Æ ¡¯P∞¿ £µ¡¿ BµoP“
(pattern of distribution) Pımh® £mi∏USÆ. Cx ¨UQØ©ıP
£∞∫P“, Pı¿{¯hP“ (Livestock), ©UP“ BQØ¡ÿ‘fl
£µ¡¿P“ S‘±k A¿ªx ¡snÆ ˆPısk Pımh®
£kQfl”⁄.
ˆ£ıx¡ıP, £¿˜¡÷ AÆ\[PŒfl £µ¡¿ £h[P“
¡¯µØ ˜¡÷£mh ¨¯”P“ ¯PØıÕ®£kQfl”⁄.
A¯¡Øı¡⁄ :
407

TPm 10.2.
408
1. “Œ¨¯” (Dot Method): C¢u ¨¯”Øı⁄x ˆ£ıx¡ıP
©UP“ ˆuı¯P, Pı¿{¯hP“, £∞∫P“, uıx®ˆ£ı∏mP“,
©ÿ÷Æ ˆuı»ÿ\ı¯ªPŒfl Eÿ£zv® ˆ£ı∏mP“ BQØ
¡ÿ‘fl £µ¡¯ªU Pıs§UP £Øfl£kzu®£kQfl”x.
©UPm ˆuı¯P® £µ¡¿ ©ÿ÷Æ £ª¡ÿ‘fl £µ¡¯ªU
Pıs§UP Cƨ¯”∞¿ J˜µ AÕ¬ªı⁄ “ŒP“
Pıs§UP® £kQfl”⁄. ©UPm £µ¡¯ªU PımkÆ £µ¡¿
|ª¡¯µ® £h[PŒ¿ J∆ˆ¡ı∏ “Œ≤Æ J∏ S‘®§mh
AÕ¬ªı⁄ ©UPŒfl GsoU¯P¯ØU ˆPısi∏USÆ.
2. ¡snÆ wmkÆ ¨¯” (Shading Method) :
Cƨ¯”∞¿ £µ¡¯ªU Pıs§®£uÿS ˜¡÷£mh
¡sn[P–Æ, A¿ªx P∏® ©ÿ÷Æ ˆ¡“¯Õ
Cµsi›¯hØ (Black and White) Pª®hfl TiØ
¡sn˜©ı E£˜ØıQUP®£kQfl”x.
3. ¡mh® £S®®£hÆ (Pie graph) : Cƨ¯” £S®®
£hÆ ¡¯µ¡uÿS ¡mh©ı⁄x AÕ¯¡US Hÿ£ £ª
§∂ƒPÕıP® §∂UP®£kQfl”x. §fl §∂ƒP“ ˆ¡∆˜¡÷
¡sn[PÕı¿ ˜¡÷£kzv Pıs§UP®£kQfl”⁄.
4. £m¯h ¬ÕUP® £hÆ (Bar Graph) : C¢u
¡¯P®£h©ı⁄x S‘®£ıP ¡∫zuP® ˆ£ı∏mPŒfl “Œ
¬¡µ[P¯ÕU Pıs§UP® ˆ£∂xÆ £Øfl£kzu®
£kQfl”x. Cx AÕ¬¯⁄ J®§mk® £ı∫®£uÿS PƒÆ
£Øfl£kzu® £kQfl”x. GkzxUPımhıP, ©UPmˆuı¯P
BsiÿS Bsk G∆¡ı÷ ˜¡÷£kQ”x Gfl£¯u≤Æ,
J∆ˆ¡ı∏ ©UPmˆuı¯P PnU ˆPk® BsiæÆ
(Census year) ©UPmˆuı¯P∞fl GsoU¯P G∆¡ı÷
˜¡÷£kQ”x Gfl£¯u≤Æ Pıs§UP® £Øfl£kQfl”⁄.
GkzxUPımk : uÃ{ımifl 2001 Bsifl
©UPmˆuı¯P “Œ¬¡µzvÿS “Œ ¨¯”¯Ø®
£Øfl£kzv |ª¡¯µ® £hÆ ¡¯µP (£hÆ 10.3).
409

¦ÒÎ ¬øÓ (DOT METHOD)
uªÌ{õmiß ©UPÒöuõøP 2001 (÷uõµõ¯©õÚx)
¡.Gs
©ı¡mh[P“
©UPm ˆuı¯P
1. v∏¡“—∫ 2,738,866
2. ˆ\fl¯⁄ 4,216,268
3. Pıg]µÆ 2,869,920
4. ˜¡ø∫ 3,482,970
5. u∫©∂ 2,833,252
6. v∏¡snı©¯ª 2,181,853
7. ¬ ®µÆ 2,943,917
8. ˜\ªÆ 2,992,754
9. {ı©UP¿ 1,495,661
10. D˜µık 2,574,067
11. }ªQ∂ 764,826
12. ˜PıØÆzy∫ 4,224,107
13. vskUP¿ 1,918,960
14. Pπ∫ 933,791
15. v∏a]µı®£“Œ 2,388,831
16. ˆ£µÆ£ø∫ RtúTôÕ JÚ 486,971
17. A∂Øø∫ } UôYhPm
694,058
18. Phø∫ 2,280,530
19. {ıP®£mi⁄Æ 1,487,055
20. v∏¡ıπ∫ 1,165,213
21. ug\ı≈∫ 2,205,375
22. xU˜Pım¯h 1,452,269
23. ]¡P[¯P 1,150,753
24. ©x¯µ 2.562,279
25. ˜u¤ 1.094,724
26. ¬∏x{P∫ 1,751,548
27. Cµı©{ıuµÆ 1,183,321
28. yzxUSi 1,565,743
29. v∏ˆ{¿˜¡º 2,801,194
30. Pfl¤ØıS©∂ 1,669,763
410
TPm 10.3.
411

Ámh¨ £S¨¦¨ £h® (PIE DIAGRAM)
¡mh ¡i¡®£h[P“ \UPµ® £hˆ©fl÷Æ, ¡mh®
£S®® £hˆ©fl÷Æ A¯«UP® £kQfl”⁄. Cu¯⁄
¡¯µ¡uÿS “Œ¬¡µ[PŒfl ˆ©ızu AÕ¯¡
¡mh©ıPU ˆPısk (360 iQ∂), §fl “Œ ¬¡µzvfl
J∆ˆ¡ı∏ §∂¬ÿSÆ ˜Pın AÕƒP“ Psk §izx,
¡mhz¯uU ˜Pın AÕ¬ÿ˜Pÿ£® §∂zx ˜¡÷£kzvU
Pıs§zu¿ ˜¡skÆ. C®£h©ı⁄x |ª® £Øfl£ık,
ˆuı»ÿ§∂ƒP“ ˜£ıfl”¡ÿ‘¯⁄ Pıs§UP PƒÆ
ˆ£ı∏zu©ı⁄uıSÆ.
GkzxUPımk: R˜« ˆPıkUP®£mk“Õ |ª®
£Øfl£ımk® “Œ ¬¡µzvÿS J∏ ¡mh® £S®®
£hÆ (Pie Diagram) ¡¯µP (£hÆ 10.4).
¡mh® £S®®£hÆ ¡¯µ¡uÿS ¨uº¿
C¢vØı¬fl ˆ©ızu® £µ®§¯⁄U Pımh J∏ ¡mhÆ
¡¯µ¢x ˆPı“Õ ˜¡skÆ. §fl J∆ˆ¡ı∏ ¡¯P |ª
E£˜ØıPzvÿSÆ £ı¯P AÕƒP“ RÃUPsh¡ı÷
Psh‘¢x Au¯⁄ ¡mhzv¿ §∂zxU Pımh ˜¡skÆ.
§fl J∆ˆ¡ı∏ ¡¯P |ª® £Øfl£ımk® §∂¬¯⁄≤Æ
£¿˜¡÷ ¡sn[P¯ÕU ˆPısk ˜¡÷£kzvU
Pıs§UP ˜¡skÆ.
Ámh £S¨¦¨ £h® (PIE DIAGRAM)
C¢v¯ |»¨ £¯ß£õmk¨ £h® (1995 & 1996)
¡.Gs
|ª E£˜ØıPÆ £µ®£Õƒ
B∞µÆ ˆÌU˜h∂¿
1 PıkP“ 40.48
2 ˜¡Õıs¯© A¿ªıu ˜¡÷
£Øfl£ımi¿ E“Õ |ªÆ 48.52
3 ˜¡Õıs¯©
ˆ\¥Ø®£hıu |ªÆ 49.45
4 u∂_ |ªÆ 28.12
5 |Pµ ˜¡Õıs |ªÆ 132.89
ˆ©ızuÆ 397.46
412
TPm 10.4.
413

¡mh £S®® £hzvÿPı⁄ ˜Pın AÕƒP¯ÕU
Psk§izu¿
1. PıkPŒfl ˆ©ızu £µ® 40.48
£ı¯P AÕƒ = 40.48 x 360/397.46
2. ˜¡Õıs¯© A¿ªıu ˜¡÷
£Øfl£ımi¿ |ªÆ 48.52
£ı¯P AÕƒ = 48.52 x 360/397.46
3. ˜¡Õıs¯© ˆ\¥Ø®£hıu |ªÆ 49.45
£ı¯P AÕƒ = 49.45 x 360/397.46
4. £ı¯P AÕƒ = 28.12 x 360/397.46
u∂_ |ªÆ 28.12
5. |Pµ £∞∂h®£mk“Õ |ªÆ 132.89
£ı¯P AÕƒ = 132.89 x 360 / 397.46
C∆¡ı÷ Psk§iUP®£mh ˜Pın
AÕƒP–U˜Pÿ£, ¡mhzv¯⁄ §∂zxU ˆPı“Õ
˜¡skÆ. §fl J∆ˆ¡ı∏ |ª E£˜ØıPzv¯⁄≤Æ
¡sn[PÕı¿ ˜¡÷£kzvU Pıs§UP ˜¡skÆ.
Pÿ”¿ A¯hƒP“
1. ¬∞غ¿ “Œ ¬¡µ[PŒfl
¨UQØzx¡zv¯⁄ ©ın¡∫P“ A‘¢x
ˆPı“Qfl”⁄∫.
2. “Œ ¬¡µ[PŒfl Buıµ[P¯Õ® £ÿ‘
©ın¡∫P“ A‘¢x ˆPı“Qfl”⁄∫.
3. £¿˜¡÷ ¡¯P “Œ¬¡µ[P¯Õ ¬ÕUP®
£h[PÕıPU PımkÆ ¨¯”P¯Õ® £ÿ‘≤Æ A‘¢x
ˆPı“Qfl”⁄∫.
4. G zx¡i¬¿ E“Õ ¬¡µz¯uU PımiæÆ
£h[P“ ≠ªÆ Pıs§UP®£kÆ ˆ£ı x
P∏zxUP¯Õ {flS ˆ¡Œ®£kzu ¨i≤Æ Gfl”
Es¯©¯Ø ©ın¡∫P“ {flS A‘¢x
ˆPı“Qfl”⁄∫.
5. £µ¡¿ £hÆ ¡¯µ≤Æ ¨¯”P¯Õ ©ın¡∫P“
A‘¢x ˆPı“Qfl”⁄∫.
414
_Ø©v®•k
I. \∂Øı⁄ ¬¯h¯Øz ˜u∫¢ˆukUPƒÆ
1. u¤®£mh¡∫P“, SkÆ£zv⁄∫P“, Qµı© ©ÿ÷Æ {Pµ
©UP“ ˆuıh∫¯hØ “Œ ¬¡µ[P“
A. uªÆ \ı∫¢u “Œ ¬¡µ[P“
B. ˆ£ı∏Õıuıµ® “Œ¬¡µ[P“
C. Pªıa\ıµ® “Œ ¬¡µ[P“
D. \≠P® “Œ¬¡µ[P“
2. J∏ £SvUSa ˆ\fl÷ ˜u¯¡®£kÆ “Œ ¬¡µ[P¯Õ
˜\P∂®£uÿS
A. PÕ®£o B. ¬⁄ı® £miØ¿
C. ¡¯µ˜Pımk® £hÆ D. CµshıÆ |¯ª
3. J∏¡¯µ ˜{∫UPın¿ ˆ\¥¡uÿS E£˜ØıP®£k¡x
A. ¨xˆ©ı» B. ¬⁄ı®£miØ¿
C. £h[P“ D. PÕ®£o
4. “Œ¬¡µ[P¯Õ ˜{µiØıP˜¡ı, A¿ªx ˜{∫Pın¿
≠ª©ıP˜¡ı ˜\P∂®£uÿS
A. ©ıv∂ B. ¬⁄ı®£miØ¿
C. {P∫ƒ®£hÆ D. ¨u¿|¯ª®
“Œ¬¡µ[P“
5. J∏ ChzvÿSÆ, ©ÿˆ”ı∏ ChzvÿSÆ C¯h˜Ø
E“Õ {P∫¬¯⁄ (Flow) Pıs§USÆ
|ª¡¯µ®£hzvÿS
A. ˜P“¬®£miØ¿ B. ¡¯µ˜Pımk®£hÆ
C. {P∫ƒ®£hÆ D. ©ıv∂
II. ˜Pıimh Ch[P¯Õ |µ®P
1. £µ® \ı∫¢u “Œ¬¡µzv¯⁄a ˜\P∂UP Buıµ©ıP
E“Õx _________.
415

2. PnUˆPk® ¨¯”∞¿ ˜\P∂UP®£kÆ
“Œ¬¡µzvÿS _________Gfl÷ ˆ£Ø∫.
3. £µ¡¿ Bµo¯Ø® £ÿ‘Ø uP¡¿P¯Õ
ˆ¡Œ®£kzxÆ |ª¡¯µ® £hzvÿS _________ Gfl÷
ˆ£Ø∫.
4. J˜µ AÕƒ¯hØ £ª Ch[P¯Õ C¯nUSÆ
˜PımiÿS _________ Gfl÷ ˆ£Ø∫.
5. ¡mh®£S® A¿ªx \UPµ®£hzv¿, ¡mh©ı⁄x
_________ BP §∂UP®£kQfl”x.
III. §fl¡∏¡⁄¡ÿ¯”®
ˆ£ı∏zxP
1. £µ® \ı∫¢u && {P∫ƒ®£hÆ
2. \≠P®“Œ ¬¡µ[P“ && ¬ÕUP® £h[P“ ≠ªÆ
Pıs§zu¿
3. ¬⁄ı®®£miØ¿ && C¢vØı¬fl CØÿ¯P
A¯©®
4. £m¯h®£hÆ && ˜{∫UPın¿
5. ©UP“ Ch®ˆ£Ø∫ƒ && PnUˆPk®
IV. _∏UP©ıP ¬¯hØŒUPƒÆ
1. £µ®\ı∫¢u (Spatial data) “Œ¬¡µÆ Gfl”ı¿ Gfl⁄?
2. “Œ (Dot Map) |ª¡¯µ® £hzv¯⁄ ¬ÕUSP?
3. J∏ £∂©ın® £h[P“ Øı¯¡?
4. ¡¯µ˜Pımk® £hz¯u® (Line Graph) £ÿ‘ _∏UP©ıP
G xP.
5. H˜u›Æ J∏ £µ¡¿ |ª¡¯µ® £hzv¯⁄® £ÿ‘ (distribution
Map) _∏UP©ıP G xP.
V. ¬∂¡ı⁄ ¬¯h u∏P
1. “Œ ¬¡µ[P“ ˜\P∂zu¿ £ÿ‘ ¬ÕUP©ıP G xP.
2. ˜\P∂UP®£mh® “Œ¬¡µ[P¯Õ® £h[PÕıPU
Pıs§USÆ ¨¯”P“ £ÿ‘ G xP.
3. ¬∞Ø¿ \ı∫¢u “Œ¬¡µ[P¯Õa ˜\P∂®£uÿPı⁄
Buıµ[P“ £ÿ‘ ¬ÕUPÆ u∏P.
4. uS¢u GkzxUPımkhfl ¡mh®£S®® £hÆ (Pie diagram)
£ÿ‘ ¬¡∂.
416

AªS XI : PÕ®£o
£ıhÆ 11
PÕ®£o : P∏zxÆ, ¡«USÆ
(FIELD WORK : CONCEPT AND PRACTICE)
Pÿ”¿ ˜{ıUP[P“
1. ©ın¡∫ PÕ®£oz ˆuıh∫£ı⁄U P∏zv¯⁄≤Æ,
¡«UQ¯⁄≤Æ A‘¢x ˆPı“Õ¿.
2. ©ın¡∫ ˜{∫UPınæUPı⁄ ¬⁄ızˆuıS®§¯⁄
uØı∂zu¿ £ÿ‘ A‘¢x ˆPı“Õ¿.
3. ©ın¡∫ ©¤u ©ıv∂P¯Õ (human samples) G∆¡ı÷
˜u∫¢ ˆuk®£x Gfl£¯uz ˆu∂¢x ˆPı“Õ¿.
4. ©ın¡∫ £µ® ©ıv∂¯Ø (area sample) ˜u∫¢ˆukzx,
PÕ®£o ˆ\¥¡uÿS ¨fl£ıPa ˆ\¥Ø˜¡siØ
¨uÿPmh £o¯Ø® (pilot survey) £ÿ‘z ˆu∂¢x
ˆPı“Õ¿.
5. ©ın¡∫ “Œ ¬¡µ ˜\P∂® ˆuıh∫£ı⁄ ]”®
©¤u ©ıv∂P“ (Key informants) ˜u∫ƒ ˆ\¥u¯ª®
£ÿ‘ A‘¢x ˆPı“Õ¿.
¬∞Ø¿ ¡¿æ⁄∫P–US, ¬∞دª® £ÿ‘
A‘¢x ˆPı“¡uÿS, £µ®\ı∫ ˜¡÷£ıkP“ (areal
differences) Ai®¯hU P∏zuıSÆ. Cufl Ai®£¯h∞¿
uıfl CØÿ¬∞Ø¿ ©ÿ÷Æ ©¤u® ¬∞Ø¿ BQØ
Cµsi¯⁄® £ÿ‘ {flS A‘¢x ˆPı“Õ ¨iQfl”x.
¬∞fl ˜©ÿ£µ®§¿ E“Õ ¡Õ[P¯Õ® £ÿ‘ A‘¢x
ˆPı“¡uÿSÆ, ©ÿ÷Æ ¬∞Ø¿ B¥¬ÿSÆ PÕ®£o
PƒÆ Cfl‘د©Øıu Jfl”ıSÆ. PÕ®£o∞fl Cfl‘
د©Øı¯©¯Ø® £ÿ‘ C¢u® £ıhzv¿ ˆu∂¢x
ˆPı“ÕªıÆ.
417

¬∞دª® £ÿ‘ A‘¢x ˆPı“¡uÿSÆ,
¬∞Ø¿ Bµı¥a]USÆ ¨u¿|¯ª® “Œ ¬¡µ[P“
(Primary data) ¨UQØ©ı⁄ Jfl”ıSÆ. ¬∞Ø¿ B¥¬ÿS
B¡n[P“, A‘U¯PP“ BQد¡P˜Õık, ©ÿ”
CµshıÆ |¯ª “Œ¬¡µ[P–Æ Cfl‘د©Øıu¯¡
BSÆ. ¬∞Ø¿ ¡¿æ⁄∫P–US |ª®£Sv˜Ø ¨UQØ
B¥¬fl Buıµ©ıP ¬Õ[SQfl”x. |ª®£Sv
Qµı©©ıP˜¡ı A¿ªx {Pµ©ıP˜¡ı C∏¢uıæÆ,
AuÿˆP⁄ E∂zuı⁄ ¬¡µ[P“ ˜\P∂UP®£kÆ. CUPÕ®
£oØı⁄x ¬∞ØæUS PƒÆ ˆuıh∫¯hØ,
Cfl‘د©Øıu Jfl”ıSÆ.
ìPÕ®£o ˆ\¥u¿í Gfl£x J∏ ]µ©©ı⁄ ˆ\ت¿ª.
PÕ®£o ˆ\¥¡uÿS RÃUPsh ]ª ¬¡µ[P¯Õz
ˆu∂¢x ˆPı“–u¿ A¡]Ø©ıSÆ.
1. S¢u B∫¡¨Æ, Psh‘≤Æ v”¯©¯Ø≤Æ
ˆ£ÿ‘ ∏zu¿.
PÕ®£o ˆ\¥Ø ¬∏Ƙ¡ı∫, £ı∫zu‘¡v¿
S¢u B∫¡Æ (must keep their eyes open) ˆPısi
∏zu¿.
2. ˜u¯¡Øı⁄, ˆuŒ¡ı⁄, ¨¯”Øı⁄ uP¡¿P¯ÕU
S‘®ˆ£kzu¿ (notes).
PÕ®£o¯Ø, PÕzv¯⁄a _ÿ‘®£ı∫zx (Sight
seeing) §fl uP¡¿P¯Õa ˜\P∂UPz x¡[Su¿.
3. ]”¢u |ª¡¯µ®£h[PŒfl Eu¬≤hfl,
PÕ®£oU Pı⁄ A¯©¬hzv¯⁄ |∫n∞®£v¿
P¡⁄Æ ˆ\æzxu¿.
¬∞غ¿ Eÿ÷˜{ıUSu¯ª (Observation) A¯©
¬hz˜uık ˆuıh∫ £kzxÆ ˆ£ı xuıfl Aufl £Ø›Æ
©v®Æ TkuªıQfl”⁄.
PÕzvÿS |ª¡¯µ®£h[P¯Õ Gkzxa ˆ\¿æu¿
˜¡skÆ.
418
PÕ®£o ˆ\¥≤Æ Chzv¯⁄, |ª¡¯µ®£hzxhfl
ˆuıh∫£kzvU PÕ®£o ˆ\¥≤Æ ˆ£ı x PÕ®
£o¯Ø PƒÆ x¿ºØ©ıPa ˆ\¥Ø ¨i≤Æ.
A¯©¬hzv¯⁄ |∫n∞UP EªPÕı¬Ø
A¯©¬hÆ Psh‘≤Æ P∏¬ (Global Positioning Systems -
GPS) ∞¯⁄® £Øfl£kzuªıÆ.
EªPÕı¬Ø A¯©¬hÆ Psh‘u¿ (GPS)
P∏¬Øı⁄x PƒÆ ˜ª\ı⁄uıP E“Õuı¿, Gkzxa
ˆ\¿¡x GŒx. B⁄ı¿ Ax AvP ¬¯ª©v®
E¯hØx Gfl£¯u ©⁄v¿ |÷zu ˜¡skÆ.
Cx x¿ºØ©ıP ˆ\Øÿ£hUTiØx (quite accurate).
©ıv∂ B¥¬hz¯uz ˆu∂ƒ ˆ\¥Ø (Sample location),
Po®ˆ£ı‘ ©ÿ÷Æ ¬∞Ø¿ uP¡¿ ˆuıSv ∞¯⁄≤Æ
(Geographical Information System) £Øfl £kzuªıÆ.
4. ©ıÿ”Æ ˆ£”ıv∏zu¿ (Be consistent) : PÕ®£o
Gfl£x “Œ ¬¡µ[P¯Õa ˜\P∂zuªıSÆ.
“Œ ¬¡µ[P“ Gx¡ıP C∏®§›Æ (GkzxU
PımhıP, ©s, uı¡µÆ, ©u[P“) AvP
©ıÿ”zv¯⁄U Pınıu¯u® ˆ£ı∏zxuıfl “Œ
¬¡µ[P“ x¿ºØ©ı⁄uıP C∏USÆ.
“Œ ¬¡µ[P“ ˜\P∂®£xhfl ©mkÆ PÕ®£o
¨iƒ÷¡v¿¯ª. ˜\P∂UP®£mhz uP¡¿P“ ¨¯”®
£kzu® ˆ£ÿ÷, “Œ¬¡µ ©ÿ÷Æ Pou ¨¯”P“
¯¡zx B¥ƒ ˆ\¥Ø®£h˜¡skÆ. §fl ˆ£ı∏zu©ı⁄
¡¯µ £h[P“ ¬ÕUP®£h[P“ ¡¯µ¢x ¬ÕUP
©Œzu¿ ˜¡skÆ.
¦Â°¯¼À Pͨ£o (FIELD WORK IN GEOGRAPHY)
ˆ£ıx¡ıP PÕ®£o¯Ø ¨u¿|¯ª® “Œ¬¡µ[
P¯Õa (Primary data) ˜\P∂UPUTiØ J∏ ˆ\Ø¿ Gfl˜”
419

T”ªıÆ. Caˆ\غ¿, |ª¡¯µ®£hÆ ©ÿ÷Æ ©ıv∂®
£h[P“ uØı∂zu¿, Eÿ÷˜{ıUSu¿ (Observations),
A∆¡ı˜” J∏ ]ª¡ÿ‘ÿS AÕƒhflTiØ ¬¡µ©‘u¿
(Measurement), ©ÿ÷Æ u¤®£mh¡∂hÆ {hzu®£kÆ
˜{∫UPın¿ (Interview) Gfl£¯¡ Ah[SÆ. CµshıÆ
|¯ª® “Œ¬¡µ[P“ (Secondary data) ˜£ıx©ı⁄uıP
C∏USƈ£ı x PÕ®£o∞fl A¡]ØÆ S¯”تıÆ.
¬∞Ø¿ ¡¿æ⁄∫P“, PÕ®£o¯Ø® ¬∞غfl J∏
]”®® §∂¡ıP˜¡ P∏xQfl”⁄∫ Gfl”ıæÆ, 1950&BÆ
Bsk ¨u¿ 1960&BÆ BsiÿS C¯h®£mh
Pıªzv¿ CµshıÆ |¯ª®“Œ ¬¡µ[P¯Õzuıfl
ˆ£∏Æ£ı˜ªı∫ £Øfl£kzv ¡¢x“Õ⁄∫. ]ª∫
A®ˆ£ı xÆTh ¨u¿ |¯ª® “Œ¬¡µa ˜\P∂zu¯ª
Bu∂zu˜uık Au¯⁄ £∞ÿ÷¬zuæUSÆ, B¥¬ÿSÆ
Cfl‘د©Øıu J∏ ¨¯”ØıPU P∏v⁄∫. Cu⁄ı¿
PÕ®£o∞fl ¨UQØzx¡Æ {ı–US {ı“ AvP∂zx
¡¢ux. Cfl˜”ı, PÕ®£o ∞¿ªı©¿ ¬∞Ø¿ B¥ƒ
Gfl£x C¿¯ª. \≠P ˆ£ı∏Õıuıµz ˆuıh∫¯hØ
B¥¬ÿSz ˜u¯¡Øı⁄ ©UPŒfl Afl”ıh
{h¡iU¯PP¯Õ A‘Ø PÕ®£o ¨UQØ©ı⁄ Jfl”ıP®
£Øfl£kzu® £kQfl”x. PÕ®£o, B¥¡ıÕ∫PŒfl
¬⁄ıUP¯Õ® ˆ£ı∏zxÆ, ˜{ıUPzv¯⁄® ˆ£ı∏zxÆ
A¯©Qfl”x.
G¢uˆ¡ı∏ PÕ®£oUSÆ RÃUPsh¡ÿ‘¯⁄®
ˆ£ı∏z˜u ¨fl˜⁄ÿ£ıkP“ ˆ\¥u¿ A¡]ØÆ.
PÕ®£oU Pı⁄ ¨fl˜⁄ÿ£ımk {h¡iU¯PP–USz
˜u¯¡Øı⁄¯¡P“ :
1. PÕ®£o∞fl ˜{ıUP¨Æ ufl¯©≤Æ.
2. PÕ®£o∞¿ £[˜Pÿ£¡∫PŒfl {ªÆ ©ÿ÷Æ
{ª¡ıà £ÿ‘د¡.
3. PÕ®£o £ÿ‘Ø ¬¡µz¯u A桪P[P“
©ÿ÷Æ \Æ£¢u®£mh¡∫P–US ¨fl Tmi˜Ø
ˆu∂Ø® £kzxu¿.
4. PÕ®£o ˜©ÿˆPı“–Æ Chz¯u® £ıxPızu¿
(Conservation)
420
5. PÕ®£o ˆ\¥Ø ˜¡siØ £Sv∞æ“Õ
©UPŒhÆ, J∏ {¿ºnUPzv¯⁄ (rapport)
Hÿ£kzvU ˆPı“–u¿.
PÕ®£o∞¿ Dk£k˜¡ı∏US, £¿˜¡÷ ¬u©ı⁄
A›£¡ A‘ƒ Q¯hUP ¡ı¥® E“Õx. Au⁄ı¿uıfl
PÕ®£o¯Ø ì_¡∂¿ªı £“ŒUThÆ' (Classroom without
walls) Gfl÷ ¡S®£¯”US J®§mkU T÷Qfl”⁄∫.
PÕ®£o ˆuıh∫£ı⁄a ˆ\Ø¿P¯Õ ≠fl÷ §∂ƒPÕıP®
§∂UPªıÆ.
1. PÕ®£o¯Øz vmhku¿
2. PÕ®£o¯Ø {hzxu¿
3. PÕ®£o ≠ªÆ ˜\P∂zuz uP¡¿P¯Õ ¨¯”®
£kzxu¿.
PÕ®£o¯Øa \∂ØıPa ˆ\¥x¨iUP, RÃUPsh
£i® £iØı⁄ ¨¯”P¯ÕU ¯PØı–u¿ ˜¡skÆ.
1. PÕ®£o∞¯⁄ ˜{ıUPzvÿ˜Pÿ£ ˆ\¥Ø
˜¡siØ £oP¯Õ® £miغku¿ ˜¡skÆ.
2. PÕ®£o ˆ\¥¡uÿS ¨fl vmhku¿
˜¡skÆ.
3. PÕ®£o ˆ\¥Ø®˜£ıSÆ ChzvÿSa
ˆ\¿¡uÿSÆ A[S u[S¡uÿSÆ
¨fl˜⁄ÿ£ıkP“ ˆ\¥u¿ A¡]ØÆ.
4. PÕ®£oUSz ˜u¯¡Øı⁄® ˆ£ı∏mP¯Õ≤Æ,
P∏¬ P¯Õ≤Æ uØı∫ |¯ª∞¿ ¯¡zu¿
A¡]ØÆ.
5. ˜\P∂UP® ˜£ıQfl” ¨u¿|¯ª® “Œ
¬¡µ[P¯Õ B¥ƒ ˆ\¥¡uÿSÆ ˆ£ı∏zu©ı⁄
¨¯”P¯Õz ˜u∫ƒ ˆ\¥u¿ ˜¡skÆ.
6. PÕ®£o ˆ\¥Øƒ“Õ £Sv¯Ø A¯huæÆ,
PÕ®£o¯Øz ˆuıh[Q {hzxuæÆ.
“Œ¬¡µÆ ˆuıh∫£ı⁄® £∞ÿ]PŒ¿ RÃUPsh
¯¡P“ ¨UQØ©ı⁄¯¡PÕıSÆ :
421

1. Eÿ÷˜{ıUSu¿ (Observation)
2. ˜{∫UPın¿ (Interview)
3. £[˜Pÿ”¿ (Participation)
4. “Œ ¬¡µ[P¯Õ® £Szuı¥u¿ (Data Processing)
5. £Szuı¥¢u¡ÿ¯” ¬¡∂zu¿ (Interpretation)
C¡ÿ÷“ PÕ®£o∞¿, ˜{µiØıPU ˜Pmh‘≤Æ
˜{∫UPın¿ J∏ Ai®£¯h ¨¯”ØıSÆ. Cufl ≠ªÆ
ˆ£”®£kÆ “Œ¬¡µ[P“ C÷v∞¿ ˜u¯¡®£kÆ
A‘U¯P∞¯⁄ G x¡uÿS PƒÆ Eu¬ØıP C∏USÆ.
G¿ªı¬u©ı⁄ PÕ®£o∞æÆ ¬¡µÆ u∏Æ A‘U¯P
G xu¿ (Interpretation / Explanation) uıfl ¨i¡ı⁄a
ˆ\تıSÆ. PÕ®£o∞¿ Dk£mh G¢u J∏
©ın¡⁄ıæÆ Psh‘≤Æ v”¯⁄≤Æ, A‘U¯P G xÆ
¨¯”¯Ø≤Æ A‘¢x ˆPı“Õ ¨iQfl”x. ˆ£ıx¡ıP,
PÕ®£oz ˆuıh∫£ı⁄a ˆ\Ø¿PŒ¿ Eÿ÷ ˜{ıUSuæÆ
(Observation), A‘U¯P G xuæÆ (Report Writing)
¨UQØ©ı⁄ ˆ\Ø¿PÕıSÆ.
£µ® \ı∫£ı⁄ ©ıv∂PŒfl ¡¯PP“ (Types of
Spatial Sampling) : ¨fl¨¯⁄¢x ©ıv∂ ˆu∂¢ˆukzu¿
(Exploratory Sampling) : J∏ £Sv¯Ø® £ÿ‘ Gxƒ˜©
ˆu∂Øı©¿ C∏¢uıæÆ, A¿ªx ˜£ıx©ı⁄ uP¡¿P“
ˆu∂Øı©¿ C∏¢uıæÆ, A¢u £Sv¯Ø® £ÿ‘ ˆu∂¢x
ˆPı“¡uÿS ¨uº¿ ¨fl¨¯⁄¢x ©ıv∂ ˆu∂¢ˆukzu¿
¨¯”¯Ø (Exploratory Sampling) P¯h®§izu¿ ˜¡skÆ.
Cx J∏ ¨u¿ ¨Øÿ]ØıP A¯©¢x, ˆ£ıx¡ı⁄z
uP¡¿P“ {©USU Q¯hUP Eu¬ØıP C∏USÆ.
GkzxUPımhıP, FµP ¡Õ∫a] ¯©ØÆ Jfl‘¿
£o∂≤Æ J∏¡¯µ J∏ S‘®§mh Qµı©zv¿ Gzu¯⁄
√kPŒ¿ √miÿS E“˜Õ usp∫ S«ı¥ C¯n®
E“Õx Gfl÷ PnUˆPkUSÆ£i £ozx“ÕuıP
¯¡zxUˆPı“˜¡ıÆ. C¢u®£o¯Ø ˆ\¥Ø ¨fl
¨¯⁄¢x ©ıv∂ ˆu∂¢ˆukzu¿ ¨¯”¯Ø
RÃUPsh¡ı÷ £Øfl£kzuªıÆ. A¯⁄zx® £SvUSÆ
ˆ\fl÷ ˆ¡Œ®” A¯”P“ E“Õ √kP¯Õ ©mkÆ
£ı∫zx A¡ÿ‘¿ Gzu¯⁄ √kPŒ¿ Em” S«ı¥
422
C¯n® E“Õx Gfl÷ Psk A‘تıÆ. C¢u
PnUˆPk®§fl˜£ıx, A¢u® £Sv¯Ø® £ÿ‘Ø ©ÿ”
uP¡¿P–Æ ˆu∂Ø¡∏Æ. C¢u ¨¯”¯ØU ¯PØı–¡ufl
≠ªÆ Bµı¥a]ØıÕ∫P“ Cx¡¯µ ˜Pı∫¯¡®£kzu®
£hıu uP¡¿ (Undocumented) £ÿ‘Ø |ª¡¯µ® £h[P“
uØı∂UP ¡»¡SUSÆ.
C¢u |ª¡¯µ®£h[P“ ¨ ¡xÆ ¡¯µØ®£hıu
|¯ª∞¿ C∏¢uı¿ Th, C¤ ˜©ÿˆPı“Õ® ˜£ıSÆ
B¥¬ÿS Cx J∏ ¨uÿ£iØıP A¯©≤Æ.
£ØnÆ ˆ\fl÷ ©ıv∂ ˆu∂¢ˆukzu¿ (Reconnaissance
Sampling) : J∏ £Sv¯Ø® £ÿ‘ KµÕƒ uP¡¿P“
˜\P∂UP® £mk, ˜©æÆ ˜¡÷£ª uP¡¿P“ ˜\P∂UP®£h
˜¡si ∞∏®§fl, £ØnÆ ˆ\fl÷ ©ıv∂ ˆu∂¢ˆukzu¿
¨¯”¯Ø P¯h®§iUPªıÆ. C¢u ¨¯” S÷QØ
Pıªzv¿, S¯”¢u ˆ\ª¬¿ ¯PØıÕ®£mk, ¨fl
¨¯⁄¢x ˆu∂¢ˆukzu¿ ¨¯”¯ØU PımiæÆ ¨i¢u
AÕƒ Tkuªı⁄z uP¡¿P¯Õ ˜\P∂UP®
£Øfl£kQfl”x. 1920&BÆ Bsk ˆ©U͘Pı {ımifl
¡h˜©ÿS ¡mhıµzv¿ ¯uˆ£ı∏“ Bµı¥a]
¨UQØzx¡Æ ¡ı¥¢u Ch[P¯Õz ˆu∂ƒ ˆ\¥¡uÿPıP,
Czx¯”¯Ø E∏¡ıUQØ hı⁄ı¿m i. §µısm (Donald D.
Brand) A¡∫P–Æ A¡∏¯hØ ¡»PımiØı⁄ Pı∫¿ K.
\ıØ∫ (Carl O. Sauer) A¡∫P–Æ C¢u ¨¯”¯ØU
¯PØıshx J∏ ]”¢u GkzxUPımhıP ¬Õ[SQfl”x.
C¡∫P–US ¨fl Bµı¥a] ˆ\¥u¡∫P“ ¯uˆ£ı∏“
Bµı¥a] Ch[P“ ]ª C∏UQfl”⁄ Gfl£¯u ©mk˜©
¨fl¨¯⁄¢x ˆu∂¢ ˆukzu¿ ¨¯” ≠ªÆ A‘¢uı∫P“.
§µıskÆ, \ıØ∏Æ Pı∂¿ ˆ\¿æƈ£ı x ]ª
\©ØÆ Pı∫ £ u¯h¢x |fl÷¬kÆ. A®£i |ÿSÆ
ˆ£ı ˆu¿ªıÆ, A∏Q¿ H˜u›Æ Sfl÷ C∏¢uı¿ \ıØ∫
A[S ˆ\fl÷ Bµı¥a] {hzx¡ı∫. Pı∫ £ x
£ı∫UP®£mk, Pı∂fl CØ¢vµÆ CØ[P BµÆ§zuƒhfl
Aufl \zuÆ ˜Pmk Pı∏USz v∏Ƨ ¡∏¡ı∫. Hˆ⁄¤¿,
423

Aa\©Ø[P“ A¡∏US PƒÆ £Ø›“Õ¯¡ØıP
C∏¢u⁄. A¡µx Bµı¥a]PŒfl ¡»˜Ø Q¯hzu
¬¡µ[PŒfl ufl¯©¯Ø≤Æ, Pı∫ £ u¯h¢u¯u≤Æ \ıØ∫
G®˜£ıxÆ J®§mk® £ı∫zx ©Qáı∫.
¬∂¡ı⁄ B¥ƒ ©ıv∂ ˆu∂¢ˆukzu¿ (Extensive
Sampling) :
Cƨ¯”∞¿ ¨ ¬¡µ[P“, ˆ£∏Æ £µ®£Õ¬
º∏¢x ˜\P∂UP®£kQfl”⁄. GkzxUPımhıP, ¡mhıµ
AÕ¬¿ Pın®£kÆ ¿ˆ¡ŒP“ ©ÿ÷Æ C¯ª≤v∫U
PıkP“ BQØ¡ÿ‘¯⁄® £ÿ‘ A‘بi≤Æ.
wµ B´Ä ©õv öu¢öukzuÀ
(INTENSIVE SAMPLING)
Cƨ¯”∞¿ S¯”¢u £µ®§¿ SvØı⁄
¬¡µ[P“ ˜\P∂UP®£kQfl”⁄. GkzxUPımhıP, uı¡µ®
£Sv¯Ø ©ıv∂ØıP GkzxU ˆPı“–Æ ˆ£ı x,
J∆ˆ¡ı∏ £Sv ∞æÆ E“Õ uı¡µ ˜¡÷£ımi¯⁄
Cƨ¯”∞fl ≠ªÆ A‘¢x ˆPı“Õ ¨iQfl”x
(GkzxUPımk : ¿ ˆ¡ŒP“ |¯”¢u PıkP“).
B´Ä ©õv A»SPÒ (SAMPLING UNITS)
¦ÒÎ ©õv öu¢öukzuÀ (POINT SAMPLING)
Cƨ¯” ≠ªÆ, S‘®§mh £SvPŒ¿ uP¡¿P“
˜\P∂UP®£kQfl”⁄. §fl A¢u ¬¡µ[P¯Õ Ai®
£¯hØıPU ˆPısk A¢u Chzv¯⁄®£ÿ‘Ø
uP¡¿P¯Õ KµÕ¬ÿS FQzxU T”¨iQfl”x.
GkzxUPımhıP, J∏ £Sv∞¿ Pın®£kÆ ©s¯n®
£ÿ‘ A‘Ø ˜¡sk ©ı⁄ı¿, A¢u® £Sv∞fl £ª
Ch[PŒ¿ “Œ¨¯” ©ıv∂P“ Gkzx §fl J˜µ
©ıv∂ ©s E“Õ £Sv¯Ø≤Æ ©s ˜¡÷£ımi¯⁄®
£ÿ‘≤Æ GkzxU T”ªıÆ.
424
£µ¨¦ ©õv öu¢öukzuÀ (AREA SAMPLING)
PƒÆ £µ¢x£mh £Sv¯Ø® £ÿ‘Ø ¬¡µ[P¯Õ
A‘Ø, J∏ ]‘Ø |ª®£Sv¯Øz ˆu∂¢ˆukzx
¬¡µ[P“ ˜\P∂UP®£k¡uÿS £µ® ©ıv∂
ˆu∂¢ˆukzu¿ (Area Sampling) Gfl÷ ˆ£Ø∫. Cx Cµsk
¡¯P®£kÆ. Jfl÷ |¯ªØı⁄x (Fixed), ©ÿˆ”ıfl÷ ©ı÷Æ
ufl¯©≤¯hØx (variable). ¨uªı¡v¿, ©ıv∂US GkzxU
ˆPısh £Sv∞fl AÕƒ ©ÿ÷Æ ¡i¡Æ
|¯ªØı⁄uıSÆ. C®£Sv H”U S¯”Ø, S‘®§mh
Bµzv¿ E∏¡ıUP®£mh ¡mh ¡i¡zv˜ªı A¿ªx
J∏ S‘®§mh AÕ¬¿ E∏¡ıUP® £mh J∏
\xµzv¯⁄® ˜£ıfl˜”ı C∏USÆ. ©ıv∂ ˆu∂¢ˆukzu¿
|ª®£Sv∞fl AÕ¡ı⁄x (Sample Areas) B¥¬ÿˆP⁄
GkzxU ˆPı“Õ®£mk“Õvfl Ah∫zv ¯Ø≤Æ,
ufl¯©¯Ø≤Æ ˆ£ı∏z˜u A¯©Qfl”x. GkzxU PımhıP
Ah∫zvØı⁄ B⁄ı¿ uıáı⁄z uı¡µ[P“ £ÿ‘
B¥¬ÿSz (low and dense vegetation) ˆu∂¢ˆukzu |ª®
£Sv∞fl AÕƒ ]‘ØuıPƒÆ (_©ı∫ 1 \xµ´mh∫
£µ®£Õƒ), PıkP“ ˆuıh∫£ı⁄¡ÿ‘ÿS P® ˆ£∂Ø
AÕ¬ªı⁄ |ª®£SvØıPƒÆ GkzxU
ˆPı“Õ®£kQfl”x.
©ıv∂ ˆu∂¢ˆukzu¿ |ª®£Sv∞fl AÕ¬¯⁄z
w∫©ı¤UP RÃUPsh T÷P“ & £µ® ¡¯Õƒ
(Phenomena - Area curve) ¯PØıÕ®£kQfl”x. Auı¡x
|ª® £Sv¯Ø 'X' Aa]æÆ (X-axis) B¥¬ÿS GkzxU
ˆPı“Õ® £mh¯u "Y' Aa]æÆ, (Y-axis) ˆuıh∫£kzv
¡¯µ£hÆ ¡¯µØ®£k Qfl”x. Cv¿ ¡¯ÕU˜Pımi¿
G¢u J∏ “ŒUS® §”S ¡¯ÕU˜Pık Q¯hØıP
E“Õ˜uı, A¢u S‘®§mh “Œuıfl ©ıv∂
ˆu∂¢ˆukzu¿ £SvUS (Sampling Area) ˆ£ı∏zu©ı⁄
AÕ¡ıSÆ (Ideal size).
}Ò©õv öu¢öukzuÀ (LINEAR SAMPLING)
Cv¿ |ª®£SvUS {k¬¿, S÷UPıP }Õ¡ıUQ¿
(Transect) ˜Pık ˜£ıh®£mk, Aufl Ai®£¯h∞¿,
425

AuÿS A∏Q¿ ©ıv∂P“ ˆu∂¢ˆukUP® £kQfl”⁄.
Cu¯⁄ PÕzvÿSa ˆ\¿ªı©˜ª˜Ø |ª¡¯µ®£hÆ
A¿ªx ¡ıfl ˆ¡Œ® ¯P®£hzv¯⁄U ˆPıs˜h
©ıv∂ ˆu∂¢ˆukUP ˜¡siØ £Sv¯Øz ˜u∫ƒ ˆ\¥x
§fl PÕzvÿSa ˆ\fl÷ PÕ®£o ˆ\¥ØªıÆ. C¢u
©ıv∂ ˆu∂¢ˆukzu |ª®£Sv }Õ©ı⁄ ˜Pık ˜£ıfl˜”ı
}sh £m¯h ˜£ıfl˜”ı ¬¡µ[PŒfl ufl¯©U˜Pÿ£
˜u∫ƒ ˆ\¥Ø®£kQfl”x.
Aø©Âh©À»õu ©õv öu¢öukzuÀ
(PLOTLESS SAMPLING)
Cx {ıflPı¡x ©ıv∂ØıSÆ (Sampling Unit). Cx
PƒÆ ]UPªı⁄xÆ, AvP ˜{µÆ GkzxU
ˆPı“ÕUTiØx©ıSÆ. G⁄˜¡, Cx J∏ EP¢u ©ıv∂
A¿ª Gfl˜” T”ªıÆ. G¢u J∏ ¬∞Ø¿ \ı∫¯hØ
B¥¬ÿSÆ “Œ¨¯”, £µ® ¨¯” A¿ªx }“©ıv∂
ˆu∂¢ˆukzu¿ ¨¯” (Linear Method) BQØ¡ÿ‘¿
H˜u›Æ Jfl˜” £Øfl£kzu®£kQfl”x.
£µ® \ı∫ ©ıv∂¯Ø ¡i¡¯©zu¿ (Spatial Sampling
Design): ˜©ÿPsh ©ıv∂P¯Õzu¬µ PÕ®£o ˆ\¥˜¡ı∫
RÃUPsh ©ıv∂ ¨¯”P¯Õ≤Æ §fl£ÿ‘ ¡∏Qfl”⁄∫.
£i|¯ª ©ıv∂ ˆu∂¢ˆukzu¿ (Hierarchical Sampling).
CÆ ¨¯”∞¿ ¡mh® §∂ƒ, {PµÆ, ©ı|ªÆ, {ık ˜£ıfl”
J∆ˆ¡ı∏ £µ®§¿ C∏¢xÆ “Œ ¬¡µ[P“ ˜\P∂UP®
£kQfl”⁄.
S‘®§mh¯¡Ø¿ªıu ©ıv∂ ˆu∂¢ˆukzu¿ (Random
Sampling) : “Œ¬¡µ[P“ ˜\P∂®§ÿS Cƨ¯” £Øfl
£kzu®£kQfl”x. Cvæ“Õ S¯”£ık Gfl⁄ˆ¡¤¿
¡mhıµ[P“ ¨ ¡uÿS©ı⁄ ¬¡µ[P¯Õ® £ÿ‘ A‘Ø
¨i¡v¿¯ª. Cƨ¯”∞¿ S‘®§mh¯¡Ø¿ªıu
©ıv∂ ©mkÆ ˜u∫ƒ ˆ\¥Ø®£kÆ.
{¿¨¯” ©ıv∂ ˆu∂¢ˆukzu¿ (Systematic Sampling) :
Cv¿ ©ıv∂P“ ˆu∂ƒ J∏ S‘®§mh C¯hˆ¡Œ∞¿
426
¨¯”ØıPa ˆ\¥Ø®£kQfl”x. GkzxUPımhıP, J∏
PÕ®£oØıÕ∫ {Pµ[P“ \¢vUSÆ Ch[PŒ˜ªı A¿ªx
\ı¯ªP“ \¢vUSÆ Ch[PŒ˜ªı PınUQ¯hUQfl”
A¿ªx C¿ªıu T÷P¯Õ Gkzx ©v®•k ˆ\¥ØªıÆ.
AkUP¯©zx S‘®§mh¯¡ A¿ªıu©ıv∂
ˆu∂¢ˆukzu¿ (Stratified Random Sampling) : _∏UP©ıPU
T‘⁄ı¿, Cx S‘®§mh¯¡Ø¿ªıu ©ıv∂ ©mkÆ
ˆu∂¢ˆukzu¿ (random samping), {¿¨¯” ©ıv∂
ˆu∂¢ˆukzu¿ (systematic Sampling) BQØ CµskÆ
˜\∫¢u J∏ \ıµıÆ\Æ Gfl˜” T”ªıÆ. Cƨ¯” KµÕ¬ÿS
\©a^µı⁄ ¨¯”Øıuªı¿ ˆ£∏Æ £Sv∞¿ “Œ¬¡µ
˜\P∂®§ÿS Hx¡ı⁄uıSÆ.
¨i¡ıPU T‘⁄ı¿ ©ıv∂ ˆu∂¢ˆukzuæUˆP⁄
u¤®£mh Pi⁄©ı⁄ ¬v¨¯”P“ C¿¯ªˆØfl˜”
T”ªıÆ. ˆ£ıx¡ıP, EªPÆ £¿˜¡”ı⁄ ¬¡µ[P“
Ah[QØ Jfl”ıSÆ. A¡ÿ‘¯⁄ GŒ¯©ØıUQ
¬¡µ[P¯Õ ©UP–USU Q¯hUPa ˆ\¥¡x PÕ®£o
Gfl˜” T”ªıÆ. G⁄˜¡, uµ©ı⁄ ©ÿ÷Æ G¿˜ªıµıæÆ
Hÿ÷U ˆPı“ÕUTiØ ¡¯PØı⁄ ¨¯”P¯Õ®
£Øfl£kzv “Õ¬¡µ[P¯Õ A‘u¿ A¡]Ø©ıSÆ.
G¢u ¨¯”∞æÆ, uª˜¡÷£ık, `Ã|¯ª ©ÿ÷Æ
A¯©¬hzvÿS Hÿ£zuıfl £ØflP“ A¯©≤Æ.
¬⁄ız ˆuıS®§¯⁄ uØı∂zuæUS §fl£ÿ”®£h
˜¡siØ ¡»¨¯”P“ (Designing Schedule of Questions or
Questionnaire)
¬⁄ıUP¯Õz ˆuıSzˆu xu¿ Gfl£x J∏
Pi⁄©ı⁄ ˆ\Ø¿ Gfl˜” T”ªıÆ. AuÿS £¿˜¡÷
¡»¨¯”P“ E“Õ⁄. A¡ÿ÷“ PƒÆ ¨UQØ©ı⁄xÆ
©ÿ÷Æ GŒ¯©Øı⁄ ¡»¨¯”PÕı¡⁄ :
~soØ S¯”P“ & ˆ£ı∏“ ¡i¡¯©zu¿
(Micro Issues - Item Design)
1. ˆ£ıx¡ı⁄ ¬v¨¯”P“ (General Rules)
2. Aa_÷zuıu ¬⁄ıUP“ (Non-threatening questions)
427

3. Aa_÷zuUTiØ ¬⁄ıUP“ (Threatening questions)
4. A‘ƒa \ı∫ ¬⁄ıUP“ (Knowledge questions)
II. ¬⁄ıUP–US ¡ı∫z¯u A¯©zuº¿ §fl£ÿ”
˜¡siØ ¬vP“ (General Rules for wording)
1. ˆ©ı» GŒØ {¯h∞¿ C∏zu¿ ˜¡skÆ.
2. ¬⁄ıUP“ ]‘uıP C∏zu¿ ˜¡skÆ.
3. uıUSÆ ¡¯PØı⁄ ¬⁄ıUP¯Õz u¬∫zu¿
˜¡skÆ (Avoid double - barrelled questions).
4. Gv∫£ı∫USÆ £v¿ u∏Æ ¬⁄ıUP¯Õ≤Æ
u¬∫zu¿ ˜¡skÆ (Avoid leading questions).
5. ©¯”¨P©ı⁄, ≥PÆ ˆ\¥ØUTiØ ¬⁄ıUP¯Õz
u¬∫zu¿ (Avoid implicit questions).
6. S«®£©ı⁄ ˆ\ıÿˆ”ıh¯µ® £Øfl£kzxÆ
ˆ£ı x P¡⁄©ıP C∏zu¿ ˜¡skÆ.
III. Aa_÷zuUTiØ Aa_÷zuıu ¬⁄ıUP“ (Threatening
vs Non-threatening Questions)
1. Aa_÷zuUTiØ ¬⁄ı Gfl”ı¿ Gfl⁄?
2. Aa_÷zu¿ Gfl£x Cµsk ¡¯P :
(i) \¨uıØzv⁄µı¿ ¬∏Æ£®£kÆ ¬⁄ıUP“.
(ii) \¨uıØzv⁄µı¿ ¬∏Æ£zuPıu ¬⁄ıUP“.
3. Aa_÷zuıu ¬⁄ıUPŒ⁄ı¿ Hÿ£hUTiØ
§µa\¯⁄P“ bı£P \Uv¯Ø® ˆ£ı÷zux.
IV. Aa_÷zuıu ¬⁄ıUP¯ÕU ˜Pmh¿ G⁄®£k¡x
1. |¯⁄¬¿ |ÿPUTiØ ¬⁄ıUP¯Õ® £Øfl£kzu
˜¡skÆ.
2. ¬⁄ıUP¯ÕU S‘®§mh Gv∫˜{ıUQ £v¿ u∏Æ
¡¯P∞¿, E∏¡ıUP ˜¡skÆ.
428
3. u¯ª® Pıªzvÿ˜Pÿ” ¡¯P∞¿ \∂Øı⁄uıP
C∏zu¿ ˜¡skÆ.
V. Aa_÷zxÆ ¬⁄ıUP¯ÕU ˜Pmh¿ G⁄®£k¡x
1. ˜©ˆª ¢u¡ı∂Øı⁄¯¡P“.
2. vmhh®£hıu¯¡ØıP C∏zu¿.
3. ¬¯hT” AvP ˜{µÆ §iUPUTiØ ¬⁄ıUP“
4. ¬⁄ı ˜©¿ ¬⁄ı¡ıP (AkUPıP) C∏zu¿.
VI. \≠Pzv⁄µı¿ ¬∏Æ£UTiØ ¡¯P∞¿ E“Õ
¬⁄ıUP“ (asking socially desirable questions).
1. {¯h¨¯” AqS¨¯”≤hfl TiØx.
2. Pıµnzxhfl TiØ ¬⁄ıUP“.
3. ¬¯hT” AvP ˜{µÆ §iUPıu ¬⁄ıUP“.
4. AÕƒUS AvP©ıP ¯P®£kzvU T”ıu
¬⁄ıUP“.
VII. A‘ƒ ß∫¡©ı⁄ ¬⁄ıUP“ (asking knowledge
questions)
A‘ƒß∫¡©ı⁄ ¬⁄ıUP¯ÕU ˜Pm£uÿPı⁄U
PıµnÆ Gfl⁄?
1. GkzxUPımk & ˆ©m∂U ¨¯”∞¿ 1977&BÆ
Bsk {hzu®£mh \∫˜¡.
2. ¬⁄ıUP“ A‘ƒß∫¡©ıP A¯©Ø
˜¡sk©ı⁄ı¿ :
(i)
(ii)
¬»®n∫ƒhfl C∏zu¿
£ª¬u ¬¯hPŒº∏¢x \∂Øı⁄ ¬¯h¯Ø
¬⁄ı¬ÿS Hÿ£ ˜u∫¢ˆukzu¿.
429

(iii)
(iv)
¬⁄ı ¬ÕUP©ıP C∏zu¿.
x¿ºØ©ı⁄ AÕƒÆ ¬⁄ıƒÆ ˜\∫¢v∏zu¿.
¦ÒÎ ÂÁµa ÷\P¨¦ (DATA COLLECTION)
¬∞دª® ˆ£ı∏zu¡¯µ “Œ¬¡µa ˜\P∂®
Gfl£x PƒÆ ¨UQØ©ı⁄ Jfl”ıSÆ. PÕzvÿSa (field)
ˆ\fl÷ uUP ¬⁄ıUP“ ≠ª©ıP “Œ ¬¡µ[P“
˜\P∂UP®£kÆ. A∆¡ı÷ ˜\P∂UP®£kÆ ˆ£ı x 3
GŒ¯©Øı⁄ ¨¯”P“ P¯h§iUP®£kQfl”⁄.
1. Eÿ÷ ˜{ıUSu¿ ¬¡µ[P“ (Observed data)
2. ˜{∫UPın¿ ≠ª©ıP ˆ£”®£kÆ ¬¡µ[P“
(Interview data)
3. ¬⁄ız ˆuıS® ≠ª©ıP® ˆ£”®£kÆ ¬¡µ[P“
(schedule or questionnaire based data)
1. Eÿ÷ ˜{ıUSuº¿ Q¯hUSÆ “Œ ¬¡µ[P“
(Observed data)
¬\ı∫¢u ¬¡µ[P¯Õ® £ı∫zu ©ızvµzv˜ª˜Ø
Psh‘¡x Gfl£x A∆¡Õƒ GŒu¿ª. B¥ƒ ˆ\¥Ø
˜¡siØ¡ÿ‘¯⁄≤Æ, A¡ÿ‘fl ufl¯©, £Øfl£ık
BQØ ¡ÿ¯”≤Æ ˆ£ı∏zxzuıfl C®“Œ ¬¡µ[P“
˜\P∂UP® £ku¿ ˜¡skÆ. Cv¿ ¨UQØ©ı⁄,
ˆ£ıx¡ı⁄, A‘¡ı∫zu©ı⁄ ¬¡µ[P“
˜\P∂UP®£kQfl”⁄.
2. ˜{∫UPın¿ ≠ªÆ ˜\P∂UP®£kÆ “Œ
¬¡µ[P“ (Interview data)
Cƨ¯”∞¿ ˜u¯¡®£kÆ ¬¡µ[P“ ˜{∫UPın¿
≠ªÆ ˜\P∂UP®£kQfl”⁄. CuÿS ˜PmP®£kQfl”
˜P“¬ P¯Õz uØı∂zx ¯¡zxU ˆPısk §fl⁄∫
¬¡µ[P“ ˜\P∂UP®£kQfl”⁄. Cƨ¯”∞¿
¬⁄ıUP¯Õ Efl¤® £ıPU P¡¤zx Auÿ˜Pÿ£ \∂Øı⁄
£v¯ª AŒzu¿ PƒÆ A¡]ØÆ.
430
3. ¬⁄ız ˆuıS® ˆPısk “Œ ¬¡µ[P¯Õa
˜\P∂zu¿ (schedule or questionnaire based data)
¬⁄ız ˆuıS® uØı∂zu˜ª J∏ ¨UQØ©ı⁄
ˆ\تıSÆ. ¬⁄ız ˆuıS® Cµsk ¡¯P®£kÆ.
1. ˜{∫UPın¿ {hzx£¡∫, ˜{∫UPın¯ª {hzx
¡uÿSU ¯PØıÕ®£kÆ ¬⁄ıUP“.
2. ˜{∫UPın¿ {hzx£¡µı¿ uØı∂UP®£mh ¬⁄ız
ˆuıS®£ı⁄x, ˜{∫UPınº¿ £[˜Pÿ£¡∫P–US
ˆPıkUP®£mk ¬⁄ıUP–UPı⁄ ¬¯h¯Ø
|µ®£®£mh §fl v∏Æ£® ˆ£”®£kQfl”
¬⁄ız ˆuıS®.
©ıv∂ ˆu∂¢ˆukzu¿ (Sampling)
“Œ ¬¡µ[P¯Õa ˜\P∂zu¿ Gfl£x PƒÆ Ai®
£¯hØı⁄ Jfl÷. \≠P, ˆ£ı∏Õıuıµ B¥¬¿ ©UP“
A¯⁄¡¯µ≤Æ ˜{∫UPın¿ ≠ªÆ ¬¡µ[P“ ˜\P∂®£x
Gfl£x GŒu¿ª. G⁄˜¡, A¡∫P–“ ]ª¯µ ©mkÆ
˜u∫¢ˆukzx ¬⁄ıUP–US ¬¯hPıqÆ ¨¯”US
©ıv∂ ˆu∂¢ˆukzu¿ (sample selection) Gfl÷ ˆ£Ø∫. {ıÆ
˜\P∂UQfl” “Œ ¬¡µ[P¯Õ, Cµsk ¡¯PPÕıP®
§∂UPªıÆ Gfl£¯u ¨fl˜£ £ı∫z˜uıÆ. A¯¡ :
1. ¨u¿ |¯ª® “Œ ¬¡µ[P“
2. CµshıÆ |¯ª® “Œ ¬¡µ[P“
1. ¨u¿|¯ª® “Œ ¬¡µ[P“ (Primary data)
C¢u ¡¯P∞¿ “Œ ¬¡µ[P¯Õ ©ıv∂P“
(samples) ˆu∂¢ˆukzu §fl⁄∫ ¬¡µ[P“ ˜\P∂UP®
£kQfl”⁄. Auı¡x, ¬⁄ıUP“ uØı∂UP®£mk
A¡ÿ÷“ ˜u∫¢ˆukUP® £mk“Õ ˜u¯¡Øı⁄ ¬⁄ıU
P–US ¬¯hP“ ˆ£”® £kQfl”⁄. C∆¬¡µ[P“ §fl
B¥ƒ ˆ\¥Ø®£mk (analysed) ∂≤Æ ¡¯P∞¿ A‘U¯P
(Interpretation) uØı∂UP®£kQfl”x.
431

2. CµshıÆ |¯ª® “Œ¬¡µ[P“ (Secondary data)
C∆¡¯P∞¿ “Œ ¬¡µ[PÕı⁄x zuP[P“,
B¡n[P“, A‘U¯PP“ ˜£ıfl”¡ÿ‘º∏¢x ˜\P∂UP®
£kQfl”⁄. C∆¡¯P∞¿ ©UPmˆuı¯P PnUˆPk®
≠ªÆ (Census Tract) ˆ£”®£kQfl” “Œ ¬¡µ[P–Æ
Ah[SÆ.
Pÿ”¿ A¯hƒP“
1. J∏ S‘®§mh ˜{ıUPzvÿPıP, vmhh®£mk
{hzu® £kÆ PÕ®£o¯Ø® £ÿ‘ ©ın¡∫P“
ˆu∂¢x ˆPı“Qfl”⁄∫.
2. ˜{∫UPınæUPı⁄ ¬⁄ız ˆuıS®§¯⁄ (Interview
Schedule) uØı∫ ˆ\¥≤Æ ¬uzv¯⁄ ©ın¡∫P“
A‘¢x ˆPı“Qfl”⁄∫.
3. B¥ƒ ˆ\¥¡uÿSz ˜u¯¡Øı⁄® “Œ
¬¡µ[P–UPıP ©ıv∂ ˆu∂¢ˆukzu¿ (Sample)
≠ª©ıP ˆ£”UTiØ ¬uzv¯⁄ ©ın¡∫P“
A‘¢x ˆPı“Qfl”⁄∫.
4. B¥¬ÿPı⁄ Chzv¯⁄ G∆¡ı÷ ˜u∫ƒ ˆ\¥¡x
Gfl£¯u ©ın¡∫P“ A‘¢x ˆPı“Qfl”⁄∫.
5. ¨UQØ ¬¡µ[P¯Õ A‘Ø ¨uªı¡uıPa
ˆ\¥Ø®£kÆ PnUˆPk® (Pilot Survey) ©ÿ÷Æ
¨i¡ıPa ˆ\¥Ø®£kÆ PnUˆPk® (Survey),
©ÿ÷Æ ˜{∫UPın¿ ¨¯” BQØ¡ÿ‘¯⁄
©ın¡∫P“ A‘¢x ˆPı“Qfl”⁄∫.
_Ø ©v®•k
I. \∂Øı⁄ ¬¯h¯Øz ˜u∫¢ˆukUPƒÆ
1. Cfl¯”Ø |¯ª∞¿ ©UP“ \ı∫¢u PÕ®£o∞¿ ˆuıh∫
¯hØx
A. {h¡iU¯P B. |ª¡¯µ®£hÆ uØı∂zu¿
C. ©ıv∂®£hÆ D. P¯u T÷u¿
432
2. ˜u¯¡®£hUTiØ, J∏ S‘®§mh ¡¯PØı⁄ “Œ
¬¡µ[P“
A. √kPŒ¿ B. u¤®£mh¡∂hÆ
C. ©ıv∂∞fl ≠ªÆ D. {s£∫PŒhÆ
3. {ıÆ B¥ƒ ˆ\¥Ø®£hƒ“Õ Chzv¯⁄® £ÿ‘Ø
¬⁄ıU P–UPı⁄ £v¿, ˜\P∂UP®£mk“Õ RÃUPsh
“Œ ¬¡µ[P“ ≠ªÆ A‘تıÆ.
A. Psh‘u¿ B. ˜{∫UPın¿
(Observation) (Interview)
C. ¬⁄ız ˆuıS® D. E¯µØıh¿ (Dialogue)
(Schedule)
4. J∏ S‘®§mh ©UP¯Õ ©mkÆ ˜u∫¢ˆukzx A¡∫P“
≠ªÆ “Œ ¬¡µ[P“ ˜\P∂®£uÿS
A. ©ıv∂ {£∫P“ B. Psh‘£¡∫P“
C. £ı∫¯¡ØıÕ∫P“ D. ˜Pm£¡∫P“
II. ˜Pıimh Ch[P¯Õ |µ®P
1. ¬⁄ıUP“ Ah[QØ J∏ _______ ¯ª “Œ ¬¡µÆ
˜\P∂®£uÿS PÕ®£o∞fl˜£ıx £Øfl£kzu®
£kQfl˜”ıÆ.
2. “Œ ¬¡µ[P¯Õ ˜\P∂®£uÿS _______ Gfl£x J∏
¨UQØa ˆ\تıSÆ.
3. “Œ ¬¡µ[P“ ˜\P∂®£v¿ PÕ®£o J∏ ________
¨¯”ØıSÆ.
4. PÕ®£o ˆ\¥≤ƈ£ı x____________Gfl£x ¨UQØ
ˆ\Ø¿PŒ¿ Jfl”ıSÆ.
III. §fl¡∏¡⁄¡ÿ¯”® ˆ£ı∏zxP
1. ˜{∫UPın¿ && ˆ©ızu ©UPŒ¿ J∏ S‘®§mh
GsoU¯P≤¯hØ {£∫P¯Õ
©mkÆ ˜u∫¢ˆukzu¿
2. ¨u¿|¯ª® B¥¬ÿPı⁄U ˜P“¬P¯Õ
“Œ ¬¡µ[P“ && uØı∫ ˆ\¥u¿
3. ©ıv∂ ˆu∂¢ˆukzu¿ ¨¯”®£kzu®£mh “Œ
(Sampling)
&& ¬¡µ[P“
433

4. ¬⁄ızˆuıS® && ¬∞غ¿, ©ıv∂ ≠ªÆ
“Œ¬¡µ[P“ ˜\P∂zu¿
5. uP¡¿ && u¤®£mh¡∫P¯Õa \¢vzx
uP¡¿ ˜\P∂zu¿
IV. _∏UP©ıP ¬¯hØŒUPƒÆ
1. PÕ®£o ˆ\¥Øz ˜u¯¡Øı⁄ ≠fl÷ ˆ\Ø¿P¯ÕU
T÷P.
2. PÕ®£o∞¿ Gflˆ⁄fl⁄ ¨¯”P“ §fl£ÿ”®
£kQfl”⁄?
3. PÕ®£oUSz ˜u¯¡Øı⁄ ≠fl÷ ¨UQØ ¨fl
ˆ⁄a\∂U¯P {h¡iU¯PP¯ÕU T÷P.
4. PÕ®£o ˆ\¥¡uÿS ˜¡siØ B÷ |¯ªPŒ¿
(Steps) H˜u›Æ Jfl‘¯⁄®£ÿ‘ G xP.
5. “Œ ¬¡µa ˜\P∂®§¯⁄ ¬ÕUSP.
V. ¬∂¡ı⁄ ¬¯h u∏P
1. PÕ®£o∞¿, ¬∞Ø¿ ˆuıh∫£ı⁄ ¬¡µ[P¯Õ
¬ÕUQ G xP.
2. PÕ®£oz ˆuıh∫£ı⁄ ¨flˆ⁄a\∂U¯PP“ Øı¯¡?
3. G¢u PıµnzvÿPıP, G∆¡ı÷ PÕ®£o
ˆ\¥Ø®£kQfl”x Gfl£¯u ¬ÕUSP.
4. PÕ®£o∞¿ G¢ˆu¢u £∞ÿ]P“ (practices) ¯PØıÕ®
£kQfl”⁄?
5. ©ıv∂ ˆu∂¢ˆukzu¿ (sampling) Gfl”ı¿ Gfl⁄?
©ıv∂P“ G∆¡ı÷ ˜u∫¢ˆukUP®£kQfl”⁄?
VI. ˆ\¥¨¯”® £∞ÿ] (Practical Exercise)
1. J∏ GŒ¯©Øı⁄ ¬⁄ız ˆuıS®§¯⁄z uØı∫ ˆ\¥x,
\≠PÆ, ˆ£ı∏ÕıuıµÆ ˆuıh∫£ı⁄ ¬¡µ[P“
˜\P∂USÆ PÕ®£o¯Ø A∏Pı¯©∞¿ E“Õ
£Sv∞¿ ˆ\¥ØƒÆ.
434

AªS XII : £[˜Pÿ ©v®•k
£ıhÆ 12
Av˜¡P ©ÿ÷Æ £[˜Pÿ ©v®•k
Pÿ”¿ ˜{ıUP[P“
1. ©ın¡∫ £[˜Pÿ ¨¯”P“ Gfl”¯«UP®£kÆ
ˆ\Ø¿ ¨¯”P¯ÕU Pÿ”æÆ ˆ©a_uæÆ.
2. ©ın¡∫ Av˜¡P ©ÿ÷Æ £[˜Pÿ ©v®•kPŒ¿
S‘®£ıP CØÿ¯P ¡Õ[P¯Õ ˜©ªıs¯© ˆ\¥¡x
£ÿ‘Ø ]ª ¨¯”P¯Õ Pÿ÷z ˆuŒu¿.
Cfl¯”Ø B¥ƒPŒ¿ FµP ˜©Æ£ımi¯⁄a
\ı∫¢x ¡«UQº∏USÆ ©v®•k ¨¯”PŒ¿ Cµsk
ˆ{∏[QØ AqS¨¯”P“ ˆ£∏Æ£ıæÆ £Øfl£kzu®
£kQfl”⁄. A¯¡P“ :
1. Av˜¡P FµP ©v®•k ¨¯” (Rapid Rural Appraisal -
RRA): Cx 1980&BÆ Bsk ˜uıfl‘ ¬¯µ¡ıP® £µ¬Øx.
Cv¿ FµP ˜©Æ£ımi¯⁄ ©v®§hz ˜u¯¡Øı⁄
uP¡¿P“ EØ∫©mhzv¿ ˆ¡Œ{£∫ PÕı¿ ˜\P∂UP®
£kQfl”⁄. ˜\P∂UP®£mhz uP¡¿PŒfl Ai®£¯h∞¿
FµP[PŒfl ˜u¯¡P“ ©v®§h® £kQfl”⁄.
2. £[˜Pÿ FµP ©v®•k ¨¯” (Participatory Rural
Appraisal): CxƒÆ 1990&BÆ Bsk ˜uıfl‘
Av˜¡P©ıP® £µ¬Øx. Cv¿ E“—∫ ©UP˜Õ £[˜Pÿ÷
A¡∫uÆ P∏zxUP¯Õ® £∂©ıÿ”Æ ˆ\¥x ˆPısk
©v®•k ˆ\¥Qfl”⁄∫.
£[˜Pÿ ¨¯”∞¿ u[PÕx Qµı©zvfl ¡Õ ©ÿ÷Æ
`«¿ ˜©Æ£ımk |¯ª∞¯⁄ B¥ƒ ˆ\¥x u[PŒfl
435

A›£¡Æ, A‘ƒ BQØ¡ÿ¯”® £Q∫¢x ˆPısk
Qµı©z¯u ˜©Æ£kzuz vmh[P“ wmhƒÆ, ˆ\Ø¿
£kzuƒÆ, PsPıoUPƒÆ, ©v®§hƒÆ AUQµı©
©UP˜Õ ¡»¡SUQfl”⁄∫. £[˜Pÿ ¨¯”∞fl Ai®
£¯hØı⁄x Qµı© ©UPŒfl Afl”ıha ˆ\Ø¿PŒfl
¡«UQ¿ ˜uıfl‘Øx.
£[˜Pÿ FµP ©v®•k ¨¯” ≠fl÷ ˜{ıUP[P¯Õ
Ai®£¯hØıPU ˆPısk ˆ\Ø¿£kQfl”x. A¯¡
Øı¡⁄ :
1. BvUPÆ ˆ\æzuı©¿ Eu¬ ˆ\¥≤Æ ˆ¡Œ{£∂fl
©⁄®£ıfl¯© ©ÿ÷Æ {hz¯u.
2. AqS ¨¯”P“ ©¯”¨Pzvº∏¢x ˆ¡Œ®
£¯hØıPƒÆ, u¤{£∂º∏¢x S ¡ıPƒÆ,
G zx ≠ª©ıP C∏®£vº∏¢x ˜{∂¯hØıPU
Pıs£x ≠ª©ıPƒÆ, AÕ¬k¡vº∏¢x
J®§ku¿ ¡¯µ∞æÆ ©ıÿ”Æ A¯h¢x“Õx.
3. Tmk”ƒhfl uP¡¿P¯Õ≤Æ, A›£¡[
P¯Õ≤Æ, Enƒ ©ÿ÷Æ £∞ÿ]P¯Õ≤Æ E“—∫
©UPŒh¨Æ ˆ¡Œ{£∂h¨Æ ©ÿ÷Æ A¯©®
P–US C¯h∞æÆ £Q∫¢x ˆPı“–u¿.
£[˜Pÿ ©v®•k ¨¯”≤Æ ≠fl÷ ˜{ıUP[P¯ÕU
ˆPıshx. A¯¡P“:
1. J∏ u¯ª®§¯⁄ B¥¢x Bµı¥a]∞¯⁄ ˜©ÿ
ˆPı“¡x.
2. E“—∫¡ı]P–USÆ, ˆ¡Œ{£∫P–USÆ J∏[
Q¯n¢u £∞ÿ] AŒ®£x.
3. ©v®•mk ¨¯”∞¿ Bµı¥¢x, vmhmk
ˆ\Ø¿£kzv, PsPıozx ©v®§ha ˆ\¥≤Æ
v”¯⁄≤Æ, \Uv¯Ø≤Æ ¡«[Su¿. £[˜Pÿ
¨¯”PŒ⁄ı¿ CØÿ¯P ¡Õ[P¯Õ ˜©ªıs¯©
ˆ\¥¡xhfl, ˆ£sP“, H¯«P“, ˜¡Õıs¯©,
{ª¡ıà ©ÿ÷Æ Enƒ®£ıxPı® ˜£ıfl”
436
ˆ\Ø¿P¯Õ≤Æ ˜©Æ£kzu ¨i≤Æ. C¢u ¨¯”P“
PƒÆ ©v® ¡ı¥¢u uıPƒÆ {Æ£Pzufl¯©
ˆPıshuıPƒÆ C∏®£uıP ¬¯ÕƒPŒfl
\ıfl÷P“ E÷v®£kzxQfl”⁄.
C¢u® £ıhÆ ˜u¤ ©ı¡mhÆ, PÆ£Æ £“ÕzuıUQ¿
E“Õ ]ª©µzx®£mi Gfl” Qµı©zv¿ {hzu®ˆ£ÿ”
Av˜¡P ©ÿ÷Æ £[˜Pÿ ¨¯” B¥¬fl Ai®£¯h∞¿
ˆuıSUP®£mk“Õx. C¢u B¥ƒ ˆ¡Œ{ımi⁄∫
J∏¡µı¿ usp∫ ¬|˜ØıPÆ, _PıuıµÆ ©ÿ÷Æ
{ª¡ıà £ÿ‘ {hzu® ˆ£ÿ”x. ©ÿ÷Æ C¢u® £ıhzv¿
ˆPıkUP®£mk E“Õ G¿ªı GkzxUPımkP–Æ C¢u
B¥¬fl Ai® £¯h∞¿ G u®£mh¯¡ØıSÆ.
£[÷PØ£Áº (P»¢xöPõÒ£Áº) £õºzx AÔÁx
£[˜Pÿ£¡∫ £ı∫zx A‘¡x Gfl£x PÕ®£o
B¥¬fl J∏ S‘®§mh ¡i¡©ıSÆ. Cv¿ B¥¡ıÕ∫
uıÆ {hzvØ B¥ƒ |PÃPŒfl K∫ {ıØP⁄ıP®
£[˜PÿQ”ı∫. ¡i¡¯©U P®£hıu (unstructured) Po®§¿
Q¯hUSÆ “Œ ¬¡µ[P“ CØÿ¯P ©ÿ÷Æ \≠PU
PıµoPŒfl £s§¯⁄® ∂¢x ˆPı“ÕƒÆ
A¡ÿ‘ÿQ¯h∞¿ A¯©¢x“Õ ˆuıh∫§¯⁄ A‘¢x
ˆPı“ÕƒÆ Eu¬ØıP C∏UQfl”⁄. usp∏USÆ
_Pıuıµ PıµoP–USÆ C¯h∞ªı⁄ ˆ\Øÿ£ıkP–US,
\≠Pa \mhvmh[P“ ¨UQØ©ı⁄ Pıµn©ıSÆ. §”S
£ı∫zx A‘¡v¿ E“Õ S«®£[P¯Õ
A‘¨P®£kzuªıÆ. £[˜Pÿ £¡∫ £ı∫zxA‘¡v⁄ı¿
FµP ©UPŒfl \≠P& Pªıa\ıµ ¡ıì¯⁄ {flS ∂¢x
ˆPı“Õ CØæÆ.
£ı∫zx A‘¢x, QµQUSÆ ¨¯”∞⁄ı¿ usp∫
¬|˜ØıPÆ ©ÿ÷Æ _ÿ÷®” _Pıuıµ ¡\vP¯Õ ©mkÆ
Cfl‘ {©US Gv¿ B∫¡Æ E“Õ˜uı Au¯⁄≤Æ
A‘تıÆ. Bµı¥a]ØıÕ∫ Bµı¥a] ¨i≤Æ ¡¯µ Qµı©
©UPÕx ¡ıÃU¯P≤hfl Jfl‘ A¡∫PŒfl A›£¡[
P¯Õ≤Æ, Afl”ıh §µv£º®P¯Õ≤Æ u©x ¯h∂∞¿
£vƒ ˆ\¥Qfl”ı∫. A¢u ¯h∂US‘®P“ B¥¡ıÕ∂fl
437

_Ø ¬»® n∫¯¡ AvP∂UPa ˆ\¥¡xhfl {h®
¬¯Õ¬¯⁄≤Æ, Bµı¥a]∞fl |¯ª∞¯⁄≤Æ §µv£ºU
Qfl”⁄. Cµı£∫m ˜\Æ£∂fl (Robert Chambers) P∏zx®£i
˜{µiØıP £ı∫zx A‘¡x £Ø›¯hØuıP C∏USÆ.
£[˜Pÿ£¡∫ £ı∫zx A‘¡x B¥ƒU ˜P“¬P¯Õ
˜©Æ£kzvU ˆPı“ÕƒÆ, B¥ƒ ¨¯”P¯Õz
ˆuŒƒ£kzvU ˆPı“ÕƒÆ Eu¬ ∂≤Æ.
\¬uõ¯ |»Áøµ¨ £h[PÒ ÁøµuÀ
£[˜Pÿ B¥¬¯⁄z ˆuıh[P \¨uıØ |ª¡¯µ®
£h[P“ J∏ {¿ª BµÆ£Æ. Hˆ⁄fl”ı¿ Cx £[S
ˆ£÷£¡∫ ©ÿ÷Æ Bµı¥a]ØıÕ∂¯h˜Ø E¯µØıhæUS
¡»¡SUSÆ. |ª¡¯µ®£h[P“ \≠P |¯ª¯Ø
£ı∫¯¡USU ˆPısk¡∏Æ. £[˜Pÿ FµP ©v®•m¯hz
w∫©ı¤UP £[˜Pÿ |ª¡¯µ®£hÆ ˜u¯¡®£kQfl”x.
|ª¡¯µ®£h[P“ uØı∂USƘ£ıxÆ, §fl⁄∏Æ Hÿ£kÆ
¬¡ıu[P“, E¯µØıh¿P“ Qµı© ©UPŒfl ¡ıÃU¯P
|¯ª £ÿ‘Ø, ¨UQØ ¬¡µ[P¯Õ ˆ¡ŒU ˆPın∏Æ.
|ª¡¯µ® £h[P“ ¡¯µu¿ £«¯©Øı⁄ ©ÿ÷Æ
S‘®§mh vmhzvfl Rà E“Õ usp∫, _Pıuıµ
¡\vP“ £ÿ‘≤Æ (£µÆ£¯µØıP ©ÿ÷Æ ]”®z
vmh[P“ ≠ª©ıP), A∆¡ı˜” A¯¡ G∆¡ı÷ H¯«,
{kzuµ ©ÿ÷Æ £nUPıµ ¡∫UPzvÿS G¢u AÕ¬ÿSU
Q¯hUQfl”⁄ Gfl£x £ÿ‘≤Æ A‘¢x ˆPı“Õ EuƒÆ.
\¨uıØ |ª¡¯µ®£h[P“ (Social mapping) Qµı©zvfl
ˆu∏UP“, Pıª¤P“ ©ÿ÷Æ B¥¬fl ˜{ıUP[P–USU
Q¯hzu uP¡¿PŒfl Ai®£¯h∞¿ uØı∂UP®
£kQfl”⁄. \¨uıØ |ª¡¯µ®£h[P“ uØı∂USÆ
ˆ£ı x £ªuµ®£mh ©UPŒhÆ E¯µØıkÆ ¡ı¥®
Hÿ£kQfl”x. Cufl ¡»ØıPƒÆ E“—∫ }∫ ¬|˜ØıPÆ
£ÿ‘ ∂¢x ˆPı“Õ ¨iQfl”x. _Pıuıµa `Ã|¯ª
£ÿ‘≤Æ Qµı© ©UPŒ¯h˜Ø Pª¢x¯µØıkÆ ¡ı¥®
Hÿ£kQfl”x. §ÿ£kzu®£m˜hı∫ ©ÿ÷Æ uıÃzu®
£m˜hı∫ Pıª¤∞¿ A¯©¢x“Õ √vP¯Õ |ª¡¯µ®
438
£hÆ ¡¯µØ BsP“, ˆ£sP“ ©ÿ÷Æ S«¢¯uP¯Õ
(6 º∏¢x 30 ˜£∫P“ ¡¯µ) £[˜Pÿ£ıÕ∫PÕıP®
£Øfl£kzuªıÆ. £[˜Pÿ£ıÕ∫P“ Bµı¥a]ØıÕ∂h¨Æ,
Eu¬ØıÕ∂h¨Æ Pª¢uı˜ªı]zx G¿¯ªP“, \ı¯ªP“,
√kP“, Pmih[P“, P»ƒ}∫ \ıUP¯hP“, P»®
§h[P“, P»ƒP“ |µ®£®£kÆ £SvP“, }∫ Buıµ[P“,
{ª¡ıÃ, P¿¬ ¡\vP“ ©ÿ÷Æ ˜Pı∞¿P¯Õ
|ª¡¯µ®£hzv¿ S‘UQfl”⁄∫. ˆ£ıx¡ıP, C∆¡¯P
|ª¡¯µ®£h[P“ ˆ£fl]ºfl Eu¬˜Øık \ı∫m (Chart)
uıŒ¿ ¯PØı¿ ¡¯µ® £kQfl”⁄. C¢u |ª¡¯µ®
£h[P“ S÷US{¯h® £Ønz vÿSÆ, ¨¯”\ıµı ˜{∫U
PınæUSÆ, £ıv& ¡i¡¯©UP®£mh ¬⁄ızˆuıS®§ÿS
¬⁄ıUP¯Õ E∏¡ıUS ¡uÿSÆ Eu¬ØıP C∏USÆ.
S÷US {¯h®£Øn ¨¯” (Transect Walk) : Cx E“—∫
©UPŒh∏¢x ]ª S‘®§mh £SvP¯Õ≤Æ A¡ÿ‘fl
¡Õ[P“, S¯”P“, |¯”P“ £ÿ‘≤Æ A‘¢x ˆPı“Õ
EuƒQfl”x. G¢u®£SvUS Gflˆ⁄fl⁄ Eu¬P“
AvPÆ ˜u¯¡®£kQfl”⁄ Gfl£x £ÿ‘ ¬∂¡ı⁄U
Pª¢x¯µØıh¿ Qµı© ©UPŒhÆ {¯hˆ£” EuƒQfl”x.
{flS ˜©Æ£kzu® £mh usp∫ ©ÿ÷Æ _Pıuıµa
˜\¯¡P“ G∆¡ı÷ \≠Pzv¿ E“Õ⁄ Gfl£¯u≤Æ \≠P
|ª¡¯µ®£h[PŒfl ¬¡µ[P¯Õa \∂£ı∫zxU
ˆPı“ÕƒÆ S÷US{¯h® £Øn¨¯” £Øfl£kQ”x G⁄
A›£¡Æ ¡ı¥¢u¡∫P“ T÷Q”ı∫P“. ˜©æÆ Cx
˜\¯¡P“ ©ÿ÷Æ _Pıuıµzvfl ˆ¡∆˜¡÷ |¯ªP“,
\≠Pzvfl ˆ¡∆˜¡÷ £Sv∞¿ G∆¡ı÷ E“Õ⁄ Gfl”
uP¡¯ª≤Æ u∏Qfl”x. £ı∫¯¡ØıÕ∫ T∫¢x P¡¤®
£¡µıPƒÆ, G¿ªı ˜{µ[PŒæÆ £v¯ª Gv∫ £ı∫UPı©¿,
En∫a]P¯Õ® ∂¢x ˆPı“ÕUTiØ, A›£¡®
£mh¡∫PÕıP C∏®§fl P AvP©ı⁄ uP¡¯ª® ˆ£”
CØæÆ.
\≠P |ª¡¯µ®£hzv¿ Pımh®£mh ˆu∏UP“
©ÿ÷Æ Pıª¤P¯Õ Ai®£¯hØıPU ˆPıshxuıfl
S÷US {¯h®£Øn ¨¯” BSÆ. C¢u ¨¯”∞¿
439

Pıª¤∞¿ E“Õ ˆu∏UPŒfl ¡»ØıPa ^µıPa ˆ\¿æÆ
ˆ£ı x \≠Pzv¿ E“Õ¡∫P¯Õz ˜u∫ƒ ˆ\¥x
A¡∫P–hfl Pª¢x¯µ ØıhªıÆ. C¢u {¯hØı⁄x
¡¯µ£hzv¿ ¡¯µØ®£mk“Õ ˜uıÿ”[P¯Õ Pÿ÷U
ˆPı“ÕƒÆ \∂£ı∫UPƒÆ Eu¬ØıP C∏UQfl”x.
C¯¡P“ ˜©æÆ Pª¢x¯µØıh¿ {hzuƒÆ ©ÿ÷Æ
Tku¿ uP¡¿ ˆu∂¢x ˆPı“ÕƒÆ £Øfl£kQfl”⁄.
Auı¡x usp∫ ¬|˜ØıPÆ, _Pıuıµ ¡\vP“, usp∫
˜\P∂USÆ ¨¯”P“, P»ƒP“, S«¢¯uP“ {ªÆ,
∏P[PŒfl {ªÆ, _ÿ÷®”a`«¿, A P¿, }∫
˜u[Su¿ BQØ¡ÿ¯”® £ÿ‘Ø uP¡¿P¯Õ≤Æ A‘Ø
¨iQfl”x. Qµı©zv¿ E“Õ CØÿ¯P ©ÿ÷Æ \≠P
A¯©®P“ £ÿ‘≤Æ, _ÿ÷®”a _Pıuıµa `Ã|¯ª
£ÿ‘≤Æ Th {flS A‘Ø Cƨ¯” £Øfl£kQfl”x.
¨¯”\ıµı ˜{∫UPın¿ (Informal Interviews) :
u¤®£mh¡∫PŒhÆ A¿ªx S UPŒhÆ {¯hˆ£÷Æ
E¯µØıh¿P“, A∆¡®˜£ıx ˜uıfl÷Æ Pª¢x¯µØıh¿
PŒº∏¢x B¥¬ÿPıP GkzxU ˆPı“¡¯uzuıfl
¨¯”\ıµı ˜{∫UPın¿ ¬¯ÕƒP“ GflQ˜”ıÆ. C∆¡¯P
˜{∫UPın¿P“ ˆ{QÃz ufl¯©≤hfl ˆuıh∫a]ØıP
{¯hˆ£” ˜¡skÆ. ¬⁄ıUP“ ¨ ¡xÆ
B¥¬ÿ˜Pÿ”ı∫ ˜£ı¿ ©ıÿ‘ A¯©UP®£ku¿ ˜¡skÆ.
¨¯”\ıµı E¯µØıh¿P“, ^µ¯©UP®£hıu Ps
Pıo®P“ ≠ªÆ ©UPŒfl ¡ıÃU¯P, £«UP
¡«UP[P¯Õ Bµı¥a]ØıÕ∫ ˆuŒ¡ıP® ∂¢xˆPı“Õ
CØæÆ.
¨¯”\ıµı ˜{∫UPın¿P“ ¡»ØıP £ªuµ®£mh
ˆ¡∆˜¡÷ \ıvP“, BsP“, ˆ£sP“ ©ÿ÷Æ S«¢¯u
PŒhÆ B¥ƒ ¨ ¡x©ıP {¯hˆ£÷u¿ ˜¡skÆ.
A∆¡ı÷ {¯hˆ£÷Æ ˜{∫UPın¿ ¬¡µ[P“
x¿ºØ©ıP® £vƒ ˆ\¥Ø®£hƒÆ ˜¡skÆ. Ax
˜£ıfl˜” Pª¢x¯µ Øıh¿P–Æ £vƒ ˆ\¥Ø®£h
˜¡skÆ. G¿ªı ˜{∫UPın¿ P–Æ £vƒ ˆ\¥Ø®£h
˜¡siØ A¡]Ø¿¯ª. C∆¡ı÷ £vƒ ˆ\¥Ø®£kÆ
˜{∫UPın¿, Pª¢x¯µØıh¿PŒ¿ Q¯hUSÆ “Œ
440
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¡\vP¯Õ®£ÿ‘≤Æ {flS ∂¢x ˆPı“Õ Euƒ¡xhfl
AUQµı© ©UP–hfl B¥¡ıÕ∫P–US“Õ ˆuıh∫§¯⁄
˜©Æ£kzuƒÆ EuƒQfl”⁄. Cu⁄ı¿ £[˜Pÿ FµP
©v®•k ¨¯”≤Æ Aufl ¬¯ÕƒP–Æ ˜©Æ£kzu®
£kQfl”⁄.
C¯hˆ¡ŒU P¯u (Story with a Gap) : Cx A¯⁄zxz
u¤ {£∫P–Æ Pª¢x ˆPısk u[P–¯hØ
P∏zxUP¯Õ GkzxU T” ¡ı¥®£ŒUQfl”x. £h[P“,
K¬Ø[P“ ©UPŒfl Gsn[P¯Õ ˆ¡Œ®£kzu
EuƒÆ GŒØ P∏¬PÕıSÆ. £h[P–US C¯h∞¯h˜Ø
T”®£kÆ P∏zxUP–Æ A¯⁄¡∏Æ Pª¢x ˆPı“Õ
¡»¡SUSÆ. Cx Pª¢x¯µØıhº¿ u[PŒfl Po®
©ÿ÷Æ A›£¡[P¯Õ B¥¡ıÕ∫P“ £Q∫¢x ˆPı“Õ®
£Øfl£kÆ. C¯h∞¯h˜Ø T”®£kÆ £h[P“ \ı∫¢u
P¯uP“ ≠ªÆ BsP“ ©ÿ÷Æ ˆ£sPŒfl £ı∫¯¡∞¿
§µa]¯⁄PŒfl £ª ˜Pın[P¯Õ A‘¢x ˆPı“ÕƒÆ,
Enƒ, usp∫, _PıuıµzvÿSÆ C¯h∞¿ E“Õ
ˆuıh∫§¯⁄® ∂¢x ˆPı“ÕƒÆ Hx¡ıSÆ.
]ª©µzx®£mi Qµı©zv¿ £h[P“ £Øfl£kzu®
£mh⁄. Jfl÷ _Pıuıµ©ÿ” Qµı©Æ, ©ÿˆ”ıfl÷ _Pıuıµa
_ÿ÷® ”z˜uık TiØ Qµı©Æ. C¢u ¨¯”¯Ø
ˆ¡∆˜¡÷ \ıv∞⁄∫, ˜¡÷£mh ¡Øv⁄∫, BsP“
©ÿ÷Æ ˆ£sPŒhÆ ˆPıkzx P∏zxUP“ A‘Ø®
£mh⁄. AuÿS J∏ P¯u T‘Ø §fl⁄∫, Cµsk
BskP–US® §”Pı⁄ Cflˆ⁄ı∏ _Pıuıµ©ı⁄
Qµı©®£hz¯u≤Æ Pımi Qµı© ©UPŒfl P∏zv¯⁄U
P¯uØıP T”U ˜Pmh˜£ıx, BsP“ A¯⁄¡∏Æ
u[PŒfl ˆ\ı¢u A›£¡z¯uU P¯uØıPU T‘⁄∫.
B⁄ı¿ ˆ£sP˜Õı PmkUP¯uP¯ÕU T‘⁄∫. A¡∫P“
]ª Pıµn[P–UPıPz u[PÕx ˆ\ı¢u A›£¡[P¯ÕU
T” ¬∏Æ£¬¿¯ª.
£ıv¡i¡¯©UP®£mh ˜{∫UPın¿ (Semi-Structured
Interviews) : Cv¿ uØı∂UP®£mh ¬⁄ıUP“ \∂ØıP
¡∂¯\U Qµ©©ıP ˜PmP®£h ˜¡skÆ. S‘®§mh
441

¬⁄ıUP“ Qµı© usp∫ ¬|˜ØıPÆ ©ÿ÷Æ _Pıuıµ®
§µa]¯⁄P“ S‘zx, S¯”¢u GsoU¯P∞ªı⁄
©UPŒhÆ ˜PmP®£kQfl”⁄. ¬⁄ıUP“ ØıƒÆ
£[˜Pÿ£ıÕ∫ £ı∫zx A‘¢ux, ¨¯”\ıµı ˜{∫UPın¿,
\≠P |ª¡¯µ®£hÆ ©ÿ÷Æ S÷US {¯h® £Øn ¨¯”
≠ªÆ Q¯hzu uP¡¿PŒfl Ai®£¯h∞¿ uØı∂UP®
£mh¯¡˜Ø. ]ª©µzx®£mi∞¿ C¢u ˜{∫U Pın¿
¨fl⁄ı“ Qµı©z u¯ª¡∫, uÿ˜£ı¯uØ Qµı©z u¯ª¡∫
©ÿ÷Æ ˆ¡∆˜¡÷ usp∫ E¢x |¯ªØzv¿ E“Õ
fl\ıµ ˜¡¯ª ˆ\¥£¡∫ (Electricians) BQ˜Øı∫ PŒh¨Æ
{hzu®£mhx. C∆¡¯P ˜{∫U Pın¿P“ ≠ªÆ Q¯hzu
uP¡¿P“ ©ÿ÷Æ Qµı© ©UPŒhÆ C∏¢x vµmh®£mh
uP¡¿P“ ØıƒÆ §” B¥ƒ ¨¯”P–USÆ £Øfl£kzu
EuƒÆ Gfl”ı¿ ¯PØıPıx.
Bµõ´a] AqS¬øÓPÒ ©ØÖ® ¬øÓPÒ
£[÷PØ£Áº £õºzx AÔÁx
\≠P, Pªıa\ıµ® £SvP¯Õ≤Æ ∂¢x ˆPı“–u¿ :
Qµı© ©UPŒfl ¡ıÃU¯P≤hfl Jfl‘, uı¥ˆ©ı»∞¿
¬¡µ[P“ ˜\P∂UP®£h ˜¡skÆ.
\¨uıØ |ª¡¯µ®£h[P“ : £ªuµ®£mh ©UP–hfl
ˆuıh∫§¯⁄ Hÿ£kzxQfl”⁄. S UPŒhÆ
¬¡ıu[P“, Qµı© ©UPŒfl usp∫, _Pıuıµ
§µa]¯⁄P“, \≠Pzvfl A‘ƒ, £ıº⁄[PŒfl ˆuıh∫
BQد¡P“ £ÿ‘ A‘ØƒÆ S÷US {¯h®£Øn
¨¯”US AizuÕ©ıPƒÆ A¯©Qfl”⁄.
S÷US {¯h®£Øn ¨¯” : \≠P
|ª¡¯µ®£h[PŒfl ¬¡µ[P“ \∂£ı∫UP®£kQfl”⁄.
Qµı© ©UPŒhÆ E“Õ ˆuıh∫§¯⁄ £ª®£kzx
Qfl”x. £ıv&¡i¡¯©UP®£mh ˜{∫UPın¿ ¬⁄ız
uı“ uØı∂UPƒÆ £Øfl£kQfl”x.
¨¯”\ıµı ˜{∫UPın¿ : Qµı© ©UP–hfl E“Õ
ˆuıh∫¯£ AvP®£kzxQfl”x. Qµı© ©UPŒ¯h˜Ø
Pª¢x¯µØıh¯ª FUS¬UQfl”x. Bµı¥a]
¨¯”P¯Õ ¬∂ƒ£kzuƒÆ ¬ÕUPƒÆ £Øfl£k
Qfl”x.
442
£ıv&¡i¡¯©UP®£mh ˜{∫UPın¿ :
¬∂¡ıUP®£mh E÷vØı⁄ “Œ¬¡µ[P¯ÕU Qµı©
©UPŒhÆ ˜\P∂zu¿.
C¯hˆ¡ŒU P¯u : BsP“, ˆ£sP“ P∏zx®£i
_Pıuıµ, {ª¡ıà ©ÿ÷Æ Bs, ˆ£s E”ƒ £ÿ‘
∂¢x ˆPı“–u¿.
£ıv&¡i¡¯©UP®£mh ¬⁄ızuı“ : AÕƒ \ı∫¢u
uµÆ \ı∫¢u, ]UPªı⁄, ¬∂¡ı⁄ “Œ ¬¡µ[P¯Õa
˜\P∂zu¿.
£õv&ÁiÁø©UP¨£mh ÂÚõzuõÒ
(SEMI-STRUCTURED QUESTIONNAIRE)
¬⁄ızuı“ ¬ÕUP©ıP, ¬¡µ[P¯Õ
A‘ØUTiØuıP, AÕ¬hU TiØuıP ˆ£∏Æ£ıªı⁄
©UPŒfl Gsn[P¯Õ §µv£º®£uıP C∏UP
˜¡skÆ. ¬⁄ızuı“ ¨¯”∞¿ ]ª Pmk®£ıkP“
E“Õ⁄. \≠P & Pªıa\ıµ \Æ£¢u©ı⁄ ˆ\¥vP¯Õ AvPÆ
ˆPık®£uı¿ Cx uµ¨¯hØuıP C∏USÆ.
£ıv&¡i¡¯©UP®£mh ¬⁄ızuı“P“ £[˜Pÿ £¡∫
£ı∫zx A‘¡x, \≠P |ª¡¯µ®£h[P“, S÷US
{¯h®£Øn¨¯”, C¯hˆ¡ŒU P¯u T÷Æ ¨¯”,
¨¯”\ıµı ˜{∫UPın¿ ≠ªÆ uØı∂UP®£h ˜¡skÆ.
Cx ”Æ£ı⁄, \∂Øÿ” (Biased) ˜P“¬P¯Õz u¬∫USÆ.
“Œ ¬¡µ[P¯Õa ˜\P∂®£uÿS ]”¢u ≤UvØıPƒÆ
C∏USÆ.
¬⁄ızuı“ ¨¯”Øı⁄ ©ıv∂ ˆu∂¢ˆukzu¿
¨¯”¯Ø Ai®£¯hØıPU ˆPısk C∏USÆ.
˜uıµıØ©ıP ©ıv∂ ˆu∂¢ˆukzu¿ Pıª¤PŒ¿ J∆ˆ¡ı∏
£zuı¡x √miæÆ GkUSÆ£i A¯©ØªıÆ. C÷vØıP,
©ıv∂ ˆu∂¢ˆukzu¿ 3.5 ¬ UPık (1,614 √kP–US 57
√kP“ ©mkÆ Gfl” AÕ¬¿) Qµı© √kPŒº∏¢x
ˆ£”®£mhuıP A¯©≤Æ. SkÆ£z u¯ª¡∫P“, Bs,
ˆ£s BQ˜Øı∫PŒhÆ u¤zu¤˜Ø ˜{∫UPın¿
{¯hˆ£÷Æ.
443

SkÆ£z u¯ª¡∫P“ Gfl£¡∫P“ v∏©n©ı⁄
SkÆ£ E÷®§⁄µıPƒÆ, A¢uU SkÆ£zvfl {ª
¡ıìÿS ¨ ®ˆ£ı÷® ¡Q®£¡µıPƒÆ C∏UP
˜¡skÆ. ¨¯”®£kzu®£mh ©ıv∂ ˆu∂¢ˆukzu¿
Qµı©zvfl ˆ¡∆˜¡÷ £Sv∞¿ C∏¢x ˆ£”®£mh
uıSÆ. ¬⁄ızuı“ ¨fl ˜\ıvzx A‘Ø®£mk, C∏USÆ
S¯”P¯Õ }UQ C÷vØı⁄ ¬⁄ızuı“ A¯⁄zx ¡¯P
¬⁄ıUP–hfl ˆ¡Œ∞h®£h ˜¡skÆ.
C¢u® £ıhzvfl ≠ªÆ Av˜¡P ©ÿ÷Æ £[˜Pÿ
©v®•k J∏ \Uv¡ı¥¢u B¥ƒ ¨¯”PŒfl ˆuıS®£ıP
A‘¨P®£kzu®£mhx. “Œ ¬¡µ[P“ ¬¯µ¡ıPa
˜\P∂UP®£k¡uı¿ Cx Av˜¡P©ı⁄x BSÆ. Gfl”ıæÆ
A¯⁄zx uP¡¿P¯Õ≤Æ x∂u©ıPa ˜\P∂UP ˜¡skÆ
Gfl£x PmhıØÆ C¿¯ª. Cx J∏ £[˜Pÿ ¨¯”,
Hˆ⁄fl”ı¿ A¯⁄zx ¨¯”P–Æ ¬¡ıvUP®£kQfl”⁄.
©UPŒfl £[˜PÿÆ, Pª¢x ˆPı“¡xÆ ¨UQØ©ı⁄z
˜u¯¡ØıSÆ. £[˜Pÿ E“Õuı¿ “Œ¬¡µ[P“
Pıµn¨¯hØuıPƒÆ, Jzx¡µU TiØuıPƒÆ E“Õ⁄.
£[˜Pÿ FµP ©v®•k Gfl£x G®ˆ£ı xÆ Qµı©
©v®•m¯h ©mk˜© T÷¡x A¿ª. {P∫®”[PŒæÆ
Th £Øfl£kÆ.
Pÿ”¿ A¯hƒP“
1. ¬∞Ø¿ B¥¬¿ Av˜¡P £[˜Pÿ ¨¯”∞fl
£Øfl£ık £ÿ‘Ø A‘¬¯⁄ ©ın¡∫P“
ˆ£÷Qfl”⁄∫.
2. Av˜¡P £[˜Pÿ ¨¯”∞fl £¿˜¡÷ ¨¯”P¯Õ®
£ÿ‘≤Æ ©ın¡∫P“ {flS A‘¢x ˆPı“Qfl”⁄∫.
_Ø ©v®•k
I. \∂Øı⁄ ¬¯h¯Øz ˜u∫¢ˆukUPƒÆ
1. ˆ{QÃz ufl¯©≤hfl TiØ, £i®£iØı⁄ ˆuıh∫¢u
¡i¡¯©zu¿
A. AÕƒ\ı∫¢ux B. uµÆ \ı∫¢ux
(Quantitative)
(Qualitative)
C. Av˜¡P©ı⁄x D. £[˜PÿPUTiØx
(Rapid)
(Participatory)
444
2. G¿¯ªP“ ©ÿ÷Æ |ª¡¯µ®£hzv¯⁄ Øı∫ PƒÆ
\ı∫¢x“Õı∫P“.
A. B¥¡ıÕ∫P“ B. Eu¬ØıÕ∫P“
C. £[˜Pÿ£ıÕ∫P“ D. ˆ¡ŒØıÕ∫P“
3. ˜{∫UPın¿ CuÿˆPı∏ ¡ı¥®£ı¥ A¯©Qfl”x
A. §µa]¯⁄P“ B. ¨fl›∂¯©P“
C. £ıxPı® D. C¯¡ ≠fl÷Æ
4. £h[P“ ©ÿ÷Æ ¡¯µ£h[P“ BQØ⁄ FUS¬USÆ
_ª£U P∏¬ØıP® £Øfl£k¡x.
A. ˆ¡Œ®£ık (Expression) B. ˆuıh∫ (Communication)
C. ¡\⁄Æ D. ©v®§h¿
5. ©v®•k ˆ\¥¡uÿS uªzvÿSa ˆ\¿æÆ ˆ£ı x
¨UQØ©ıPz ˜u¯¡®£k¡x.
A. C¯hˆ¡ŒU P¯u B. ˜{∫UPın¿
C. S÷US {¯h (Transect) D. ¨¯”\ıµı ˜{∫UPın¿
II. ˜Pıimh Ch[P¯Õ |µ®P
1. _______ ¬⁄ıUP“ E∏¡ıP, £[˜Pÿ£¡∫
Eÿ÷˜{ıUP¿ (Participant Observation) PƒÆ Eu¬ØıP
E“Õx.
2. \≠P ¡¯µ£h[P“ _______ Bµı¥a]¯Ø ˜©ÿˆPı“Õ
{¿ª J∏ ˆuıhUP©ıSÆ.
3. §µa\¯⁄P–US (Problem situations) ¨fl⁄˜µı,
§fl⁄˜µı T”®£kÆ P¯uP“ _______
4. ¨¯”\ıµı ˜{∫UPınº¿ _______ G⁄®£k¡x
ufl¤a¯\ Øı⁄ ¬ÕUP©ıSÆ.
445

III. §fl¡∏¡⁄¡ÿ¯”®
ˆ£ı∏zxP
1. £[˜Pÿ Eÿ÷˜{ıUP¿ &&- ¬⁄ıUP¯Õ E∏¡ıUP
2. \≠P |ª¡¯µ® £h[P“ && Qµı© ©UP–hfl ˆuıh∫ ˆPı“Õ
3. S÷US {¯h && £ıº⁄zˆuıh∫¯£®
∂¢xˆPı“–u¿
4. ¨¯”\ı∫ ˜{∫UPın¿ && \≠PU Pªıa\ıµ ∑v∞¿
5. C¯hˆ¡ŒU P¯u && S÷US {¯hUS AizuÕÆ
IV. _∏UP©ıP ¬¯hØŒUPƒÆ
1. Av˜¡PU P∏zx T”º¿ "Av˜¡PÆ' Gfl”ı¿ Gfl⁄?
2. \≠P |ª¡¯µ®£h[P“ Gfl”ı¿ Gfl⁄?
3. S÷US {¯h®£Ønzvfl ˜{ıUPÆ Gfl⁄?
4. £ıv&¡i¡¯©UP®£mh ˜{∫UPınºfl \ıuP©ı⁄
{fl¯©P“ Øı¯¡?
5. Hfl ¬⁄ı®£miØ¿P“ Bµı¥a]US® £Øfl£kzu®
£kQfl”⁄.
V. ¬∂¡ı⁄ ¬¯h u∏P
1. £[˜Pÿ ©v®§hº¿ £Øfl£kÆ ˜{∫UPınæUPı⁄
¬⁄ıUP¯Õz ˆu∂¢ˆukUSÆ EzvP“ Øı¯¡?
2. ¬⁄ıUPŒfl Ai®£¯h∞¿ {¯hˆ£÷Æ \∫˜¡UPŒ¿
SkÆ£zu¯ª¡∫ Gfl£ufl A∫zuÆ Gfl⁄?
3. Qµı© £[˜PÿU P∏zxUT”¿ Gfl£x Tmhı⁄
¨¯”P“ & Pıµnzxhfl ¬¡∂.
4. £[˜Pÿ “Œ ¬¡µ[P“ ˜\P∂®§¿ S÷US {¯h
G∆¡ı÷ ¨UQØzx¡Æ ˆ£÷Qfl”x?
5. C¯hˆ¡ŒU P¯u & C®x¯©Øı⁄ “Œ ¬¡µa
˜\P∂® ¨¯”¯Ø ¬ÕUSP.
VI. ˆ\¥¨¯”® £∞ÿ]P“
1. A∏Pı¯©∞¿ E“Õ Qµı©zv¿, ¡÷¯© |¯ª £ÿ‘Ø
£[˜PÿU P∏zxUT”æUS C[S ¬¡ıvUP®£mh
H˜u›Æ Cµsk ¨¯”P¯Õz ˜u∫¢ˆukUPƒÆ.
2. A∏Pı¯©∞¿ E“Õ Qµı©zvfl _Pıuıµ |¯ª¯Ø®
£ÿ‘Ø ¬¡µ[P¯Õ A‘¡uÿPı⁄ ˜P“¬z
ˆuıS®§¯⁄ ¡iƒ A¯©UP B]∂Ø∫P“
©ın¡∫P–US Eu¬ØıP C∏®£x.
446