SodininkyStÄ ir darÅ½ininkyStÄ 28(2)

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Discussion. The determined antioxidant properties of barley green are of thesame level as of the other leafy vegetables and remarkably lower than the propertiesof wheatgrass (Urbonavičiūtė et al., 2008). However, it is inadmissible to make thejudgments about the benefits or harm of the barely bioactive compounds for humanhealth. In this study we exclusively present the light quality as the physiological toolto improve antioxidant properties of plant materials, were barleygrass was chosen aseasily cultivated phytochemical-rich object.Different Lithuanian barley varieties were distinguished for unequal metabolicsystem sensitivity to lighting quality. ‘Luokė’ barley is more sensitive to differentlight quality treatments than ‘Aura’. This could be related to overall properties of variety,as ‘Aura’ is declared to be more resistant to various leaf diseases (Leistrumaitė,Liatukas, 2006) and env<strong>ir</strong>onmental conditions. The exact selection of the cultivarscan significantly modify nutrient profiles of the des<strong>ir</strong>ed valuable substances in greenmass (Ehrenbergova et al., 2007), therefore the more light-sensitive varieties couldbe chosen for the higher antioxidant effect.Comparing LED treatments and high pressure sodium lamps, rich in red-orangewaves, LED treatments, except the lighting with sole red light (L1), are superior inenhancing the antioxidant potential of barley grass as compared to high pressure sodiumlamps. Red light possibly acts as photostressor for plants, thus the supplementation ofthe lighting spectra with the light components of different colors (though maintainingthe same lighting flux) has the more pronounced effect on the free radical scavengingactivity (Fig. 1), the contents of phenolic compounds (Fig. 2) and vitamin C (Fig. 3), asthese molecules participate in the redox signaling pathways in higher plant cells (Shaoet al., 2008). The most pronounced effect on the contents of antioxidant compoundswas observed, when the red light was supplemented with the blue light: the tendentiousincrease in the DPPH scavenging activity, contents of phenolic compounds and vitaminC were determined. In pea seedlings, red light had a significant effect on antioxidantactivity for human nutrition benefits, although blue light was not observed as the factor,affecting antioxidant activity (Wu, 2007). However, the necessity of the supplementalblue light for normal wheat photosynthesis, growth and yield when cultivated underred LED light was also reported (Goins et al., 1997). The inclusion of other spectralcomponents did not have such an effect. Moreover, the supplementation of lightingspectra with the red light of different wavelength than the basal red component didnot have any significant effect on metabolism. Far red light had the pronounced effectonly on the contents of vitamin C in plant material. It has been shown that increasingthe proportion of far-red (FR) radiation induces early leaf physiological senescencein certain plant species (Causin et al., 2006), what reveals by the photosynthesis inhibition,increased amount of ascorbate and phenols in leaves.Conclusion. High flux of sole red light acts as the photooxidative stressor forplants, thus it was expected to evoke the action of the defense systems and the higheraccumulation of antioxidative compounds. However, the supplementation of the redlight with other spectral components, such as blue, far red, acting on different photoreceptorsnormalized the metabolism and, as the result, remarkably higher contentsof vitamin C, phenolic compounds and higher antioxidant activity was determined.158
Nevertheless, our pilot results imply that antioxidant enrichment of plants might bepossible within a short growth and LED illumination period. However, further optimizationof the lighting conditions and more comprehensive metabolism and proteomeinvestigations are needed for the production of green sprouts as the safe materialwith improved nutritional quality.Acknowledgement. The work was supported by the Lithuanian Science andStudies Foundation under the project.Gauta 2009 05 13Parengta spausdinti 2009 06 08References.1. Bourget M. C. 2008. An Introduction to light emitting diodes. Hortscience, 43:1 944–1 946.2. Causin H. F., Jauregui R. N., Barneix A. J. 2006. The effect of light spectral qualityin leaf senescence and oxidative stress in wheat. Plant Science, 171: 24–33.3. Chen M., Chory J., Fankhauser C. 2004. Light signal transduction in higherplants. Annu. Rev. Genet., 38: 87–117.4. Devlin P. F., Christie J. M., Terry M. J. 2007. Many hands make light work.Journal of Experimental Botany, 58: 3 071–3 077.5. Ehrenbergerova J., Vaculova K., Paulickova I., Brezinova Belcredi N.,Macuchova S., Kopacek J., Gabrovska D., Holasova M., Ouhrabkova J.,Rysova J., Fielderova V., Winterova R., Horackova S. 2007. Different barleycultivars as a source of green mass for improving nutrient balance in humandiet. In: A. Brandstetter (ed.), Tagung Fortschritte in der saatguttechnologie und-untersuchung- ertragsorientierte züchtungsstrategien für neue verwertungsmöglichkeiten.Raumberg, Austria, 91–94.6. Goins G. D., Yorio N. C., Swano M. M., Brown C. S. 1997. Photomorphogenesis,photosynthesis and seed yield of wheat plants grown under red light-emittingdiodes (LEDs) with and without supplemental blue lighting. Journal ofExperimental botany, 48: 1 407–1 413.7. Gruenwald J. 2009. Novel botanical ingredients for beverages. Clinics inDermatology, 27: 210–216.8. Janghel E. K., Gupta V. K., Rai M. K., Rai J. K. 2007. Micro determination ofascorbic acid using methyl viologen. Talanta, 72: 1 013–1 016.9. Kulkarni S. D., Tilak J. C., Acharya R., Rajukar N. S., Devasagayam T. P. A.,Reddy A. V. R. 2006. Evaluation of the antioxidant activity of wheatgrass (Riticumaestivum L.) as a function of growth under different conditions. PhytoterapyResearch, 20: 218–227.159
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Lietuvos sodininkystĖs ir darŽini
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SCIENTIFIC WORKS OF THE LITHUANIAN
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Table 1. Dates of blooming periods
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Average yield of apple cultivars ra
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Table 4. Harvest date, end of stora
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10. Sasnauskas A., Gelvonauskienė
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(Curran ir kt.,1995; Filella ir kt.
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yra mažesnis. Vis dėlto chlorofil
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Literatūra1. Asada T., Ogasawara M
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LIETUVOS SODININKYSTĖS IR DARŽINI
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1 pav. Laikotarpio nuo seno sodo i
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4 pav. Laikotarpio nuo seno sodo i
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9. Leinfelder M. M., Merwin I. A. 2
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availability of nutrients and incre
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Table 2. Amount of microelements (m
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of P was determined in the apple-tr
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References1. Adriano D. C. 1986. Tr
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SOD-1 izoformos aktyvumas yra dides
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Palyginę 2007 ir 2008 metų duomen
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action of berries of these cultivar
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1999; Litwińczuk, 2002). Duomenų
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2 pav. Kanamicino įtaka vienam eks
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eksplantus - mikroūglius ir hipoko
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12. Tang H., Ren Z., Reustle G., Kr
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Ribes, Prunus, Sambucus genčių au
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koncentracijos skatino svogūno mer
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5. Glinska S., Bartczak M., Oleksia
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Lentelė. Dirvožemio agrocheminiai
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karto daugiau negu daugiamečiai ro
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Natūrali masės netektis abiem atv
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6. Cox F. R., Kamprath E. J. 1972.
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3. F + humistaras, 50 l ha -1 prie
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2 pav. Humistaro ir papildomo trę
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Nuo tirtų trąšų huminių rūgš
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2. Eitminavičius L. 1998. Dirvože
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(A-L, Gost 26208-84), mineralinis a
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Pasėlio tankis turėjo silpnai nei
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Lentelės tęsinysTable continuedHR
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3. Didžiausias svogūnų suminis (
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The increase of crop density (r = 0
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žalioji trąša) ir natūralios ki
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Lentelė. Meteorologinės sąlygos
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išeigą (65,8 %). Prekinis derlius
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Aptarimas. Rusijos mokslininkai Kon
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16. Shynkarenka A. 2005. Augalų ap
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investigators, neither single nor r
Page 108 and 109: Fig. 3. Marketable onion yield3 pav
Page 111 and 112: SCIENTIFIC WORKS OF THE LITHUANIAN
Page 113 and 114: Object, methods and conditions. P l
Page 115 and 116: the sum of chlorophylls a and b. Al
Page 117 and 118: nitrate decline (see Fig. 1).The te
Page 119 and 120: 20. Matsuda R., Ohashi-Kaneko K., F
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Page 123 and 124: Daigams augant matuota tris kartus.
Page 125 and 126: Papildomas švitinimas mėlyna švi
Page 127 and 128: Tai ypač ryškiai rodė paprikų d
Page 129 and 130: 12 pav. Fotosintezės pigmentų kie
Page 131 and 132: 14 pav. Daržovių derlius: agurkų
Page 133 and 134: saldžiosios paprikos daigų šviti
Page 135: SODININKYSTĖ IR DARŽININKYSTĖ. S
Page 138 and 139: eikvojimas ir fotokvėpavimas, tod
Page 140 and 141: (1, 2 pav). UV-B spinduliuotė lėm
Page 142 and 143: įtakos turėjo visi tirti aplinkos
Page 144 and 145: 14. Kirnak H., Kaya C., Tas I., Hig
Page 147 and 148: LIETUVOS SODININKYSTĖS IR DARŽINI
Page 149 and 150: Lentelė. Chrizantemų regenerantų
Page 151 and 152: Literatūra1. Adams S. R., Langton
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Page 155 and 156: Table. The light emitting diode com
Page 157: Fig. 2. The contents of phenolic co
Page 161: veikiamų ‘Luokė’ veislės že
Page 164 and 165: selekcijos procesą. Vienas pagrind
Page 166 and 167: Tyrimais nustatyta, kad organogenez
Page 168 and 169: Žalios spalvos augalai regeneranta
Page 170 and 171: 9. Mashayekhi M., Shakib A. M., Ahm
Page 173 and 174: ATMINTINĖ AUTORIAMS, RAŠANTIEMSĮ
Page 175 and 176: Bandymų veiksnių gradacijos lente
Page 177 and 178: GUIDELINES FOR THE PREPARATION AND
Page 179 and 180: they should be understandable. The
Page 181 and 182: Turinys - ContentsA. Sasnauskas, D.
Page 183 and 184: S. Sakalauskienė, A. Brazaitytė,
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