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LIETUVOS SODININKYSTËS IR DARÞININKYSTËS INSTITUTO IR LIETUVOS<br />
ÞEMËS ÛKIO UNIVERSITETO MOKSLO DARBAI<br />
SCIENTIFIC WORKS OF THE LITHUANIAN INSTITUTE OF HORTICULTURE<br />
AND LITHUANIAN UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURE<br />
SODININKYSTË IR DARÞININKYSTË<br />
<strong>25</strong>(4)<br />
Eina nuo 1983 m.<br />
Published since 1983<br />
Babtai – 2006
UDK 634/635 (06)<br />
Redaktoriø kolegija<br />
Editorial Board<br />
Doc. dr. Èeslovas BOBINAS – p<strong>ir</strong>mininkas (LSDI, biomedicinos mokslai, agronomija),<br />
prof. habil. dr. Pavelas DUCHOVSKIS (LSDI, biomedicinos mokslai, agronomija),<br />
dr. Edite KAUFMANE (Latvija, Dobelës sodo augalø selekcijos stotis, biomedicinos mokslai,<br />
biologija), dr. Aleksandras KMITAS (LÞÛU, biomedicinos mokslai, agronomija),<br />
dr. Laimutis RAUDONIS (LSDI, biomedicinos mokslai, agronomija),<br />
prof. habil. dr. Vidmantas STANYS (LSDI, biomedicinos mokslai, agronomija),<br />
prof. habil. dr. Andrzej SADOWSKI (Varðuvos ÞÛA, biomedicinos mokslai, agronomija),<br />
dr. Audrius SASNAUSKAS (LSDI, biomedicinos mokslai, agronomija),<br />
prof. habil. dr. Alg<strong>ir</strong>das SLIESARAVIÈIUS (LÞÛU, biomedicinos mokslai, agronomija).<br />
Redakcinë mokslinë taryba<br />
Editorial Scientific Council<br />
Doc. dr. Èeslovas BOBINAS – p<strong>ir</strong>mininkas (Lietuva),<br />
prof. habil. dr. Pavelas DUCHOVSKIS (Lietuva), dr. Kalju KASK (Estija),<br />
dr. Edite KAUFMANE (Latvija), prof. habil. dr. Zdisùaw KAWECKI (Lenkija),<br />
prof. habil.dr. Albinas LUGAUSKAS (Lietuva), habil. dr. Maria LEJA (Lenkija),<br />
prof. habil. dr. Lech MICHALCZUK (Lenkija), prof. habil. dr. Andrzej SADOWSKI (Lenkija),<br />
dr. Audrius SASNAUSKAS (Lietuva), prof. dr. Ala SILAJEVA (Ukraina),<br />
prof. habil. dr. Alg<strong>ir</strong>das SLIESARAVIÈIUS (Lietuva),<br />
prof. habil. dr. Vidmantas STANYS (Lietuva), prof. dr. Viktor TRAJKOVSKI (Ðvedija).<br />
Redakcijos adresas:<br />
Address of the Editorial Office:<br />
Lietuvos sodininkystës <strong>ir</strong> darþininkystës institutas<br />
LT-54333 Babtai, Kauno r.<br />
Tel. (8~37) 555 210<br />
Faksas: (8~37) 555 176<br />
El. paðtas institutas@lsdi.lt<br />
Lithuanian Institute of Horticulture<br />
LT-54333 Babtai, Kaunas district, Lithuania<br />
Phone: +370-37-555-210<br />
Telefax: +370-37-555-176<br />
E-mail: institutas@lsdi.lt<br />
Leidinio adresas internete www.lsdi.lt<br />
Leidinys cituojamas CAB Internacional <strong>ir</strong> VINITI duomenø bazëse<br />
© Lietuvos sodininkystës <strong>ir</strong> darþininkystës institutas, 2006<br />
© Lietuvos þemës ûkio universitetas, 2006<br />
2
LIETUVOS SODININKYSTËS IR DARÞININKYSTËS INSTITUTO IR<br />
LIETUVOS ÞEMËS ÛKIO UNIVERSITETO MOKSLO DARBAI.<br />
SODININKYSTË IR DARÞININKYSTË. 2006. <strong>25</strong>(4).<br />
INTRODUKUOTØ OBELØ VEISLIØ BIOLOGINIØ<br />
SAVYBIØ TYRIMAS<br />
Audrius SASNAUSKAS, Dalia GELVONAUSKIENË,<br />
Bronislovas GELVONAUSKIS, Jûratë Bronë ÐIKÐNIANIENË,<br />
Gintarë ÐABAJEVIENË, Pavelas DUCHOVSKIS<br />
Lietuvos sodininkystës <strong>ir</strong> darþininkystës institutas, LT-54333, Babtai, Kauno r.<br />
El. paðtas A.Sasnauskas@lsdi.lt<br />
1999–2006 m. Lietuvos sodininkystës <strong>ir</strong> darþininkystës institute t<strong>ir</strong>tos deðimties<br />
introdukuotø veisliø obelø (Malus domestica Borkh.) biologinës savybës. Ávertinta<br />
vaismedþiø su M.26 poskiepiu (4 x 2,5 m) fenologija, þiedø <strong>ir</strong> ûgliø paðalimas, vaismedþiø<br />
augumas, atsparumas rauplëms (Venturia inaequalis (Cke) Wint.), filostiktozei<br />
(Phyllosticta mali Pr. at Del.), vëþiui (Nectria galligena Bres.) bei fotosintezës<br />
pigmentø kiekis.<br />
Nustatyta, kad anksèiausiai þydëti baigia ‘Bolotovskoje’, vëliausiai – ‘Antej’,<br />
‘Katja’, ‘Kovalenkovskoje’, ‘Kurnakovskoje’ <strong>ir</strong> ‘Sveþestj’ vaismedþiai. Nuo pavasario<br />
ðalnø maþiausiai nukenèia ‘Katja’ vaismedþiø þiedai. Iðtvermingi þiemà yra ‘Pamiatj<br />
Siubarovoj’ obelø ûgliai. Maþiausiai augios yra ‘Sveþestj’ <strong>ir</strong> ‘Delikates’ obelys.<br />
Rauplëms imunios ‘Bolotovskoje’, ‘Jubiliar’ <strong>ir</strong> ‘Sveþestj’ obelys. Filostiktozei atsparios<br />
‘Katja’, ‘Kovalenkovskoje’, ‘Kurnakovskoje’ bei ‘Verbnoje’, vëþiui – ‘Sveþestj’<br />
obelys. Didþiausias fotosintezës pigmentø kiekis nustatytas veisliø ‘Sveþestj’ <strong>ir</strong> ‘Antej’<br />
lapuose, o maþiausias – ‘Kurnakovskoje’.<br />
Reikðminiai þodþiai: augumas, atsparumas ligoms, fenologija, fotosintezës pigmentai,<br />
obelys, veislës.<br />
Ávadas. Obelys (Malus domestica Borkh.) yra pagrindinë pasaulio verslinës sodininkystës<br />
kultûra. Lietuvoje jos uþima 76 proc. visø auginamø vaismedþiø ploto<br />
(Raudonis & Valiuðkaitë, 2003). Pastaraisiais metais verslinë sodininkystë intensyvinama<br />
sparèiais tempais (Sansavini <strong>ir</strong> kt., 2005; Cåäîâ, 2005; Ðabajevienë <strong>ir</strong> kt.,<br />
2006). Siekiama auginti veisles, kuriø vaismedþiai iðsisk<strong>ir</strong>tø derlingumu, iðtvermingumu<br />
þiemà, iðaugintø ekologiðkus, aukðtos kokybës, transportabilius, geros iðvaizdos,<br />
skanius <strong>ir</strong> paklausius rinkoje vaisius (Uselis, 2005).<br />
Lietuvos sodininkystës <strong>ir</strong> darþininkystës institute iðt<strong>ir</strong>ta daug áva<strong>ir</strong>ios kilmës obelø<br />
veisliø (Bandaravicius <strong>ir</strong> kt., 2000; Bandaravicius <strong>ir</strong> kt., 2001; Sasnauskas <strong>ir</strong> kt.,<br />
2001; Sasnauskas <strong>ir</strong> kt., 2003; Sasnauskas <strong>ir</strong> kt., 2005; Sasnauskas <strong>ir</strong> kt., 2006).<br />
3
Obelø veislës t<strong>ir</strong>iamos kompleksiðkai, parenkami optimalûs poskiepio <strong>ir</strong> áskiepio deriniai,<br />
nustatomos geriausios sodø konstrukcijos (Uselis, 2001; Uselis, 2005).<br />
Darbo tikslas – iðt<strong>ir</strong>ti introdukuotø obelø veisliø su M.26 poskiepiu biologines<br />
savybes.<br />
Tyrimo objektas <strong>ir</strong> metodai. Tyrimø vieta. Tyrimai atlikti 2001–2006 m. Lietuvos<br />
sodininkystës <strong>ir</strong> darþininkystës instituto obelø pomologiniame sode. 1999 m.<br />
pavasará pasodinta deðimties obelø veisliø dvimeèiai sodinukai su M.26 poskiepiu.<br />
Sodinimo schema – 4 x 2,5 m, po vienà vaismedá laukelyje 5 pakartojimais.<br />
Tyrimø objektas. Obelø veislës ‘Bolotovskoje’, ‘Kurnakovskoje’, ‘Jubiliar’,<br />
‘Sveþestj’ (Rusija), ‘Kovalenkovskoje’, ‘Pamiatj Siubarovoj’, ‘Verbnoje’ (Baltarusija),<br />
‘Katja’ (Ðvedija) t<strong>ir</strong>tos kartu su ‘Antej’ (Baltarusija) bei ‘Delikates’ (Lenkija),<br />
áraðytomis á Nacionaliná augalø veisliø sàraðà.<br />
Sodo prieþiûra. Vaismedþiai priþiûrëti pagal LSDI priimtas intensyvias obelø <strong>ir</strong><br />
kriauðiø auginimo technologijas (Uselis, 2005). Kasmet vaismedþiai purkðti nuo ligø<br />
fungicidais (5–6 kartus), o nuo kenkëjø – insekticidais (3–4 kartus).<br />
Meteorologinës sàlygos. Tyrimo metais meteorologinës sàlygos buvo palankios<br />
arba vidutiniðkai palankios obelims þiemoti <strong>ir</strong> augti bei grybinëms ligoms vystytis <strong>ir</strong><br />
plisti. 2003 m., palyginti su daugiameèiais duomenimis, krituliø liepos mënesá iðkrito<br />
42,9 mm daugiau nei áprasta. 2004 m. uþregistruotos ankstyvos pavasario ðalnos<br />
(nuo -0,3°C iki -4,9°C), o kovo mënesio III deðimtadienio oro temperatûra buvo 3,1<br />
°C aukðtesnë uþ daugiametæ vidutinæ. 2005 m. geguþës mënesá iðkrito 22,8 mm krituliø<br />
daugiau nei daugiametis vidurkis.<br />
Tyrimø metodai <strong>ir</strong> statistinë analizë. Nustatyta vaismedþiø þydëjimo tarpsniai<br />
(þydëjimo pradþia, masinio þydëjimo pradþia <strong>ir</strong> pabaiga, þydëjimo pabaiga); þiedø <strong>ir</strong><br />
ûgliø paðalimas (balais, 1–9); vaismedþiø augumas (medþio aukðtis (m), vainiko skersmuo<br />
(m), kamieno skersmuo 50 cm aukðtyje (cm), vainiko projekcijos plotas (m 2 ));<br />
atsparumas rauplëms, filostiktozei, vëþiui (balais, 0–5) bei fotosintezës pigmentai:<br />
chlorofilø <strong>ir</strong> karotinoidø kiekis (mg m -2 nedþiovintø lapø). Fotosintezës pigmentø<br />
(a, b chlorofilø <strong>ir</strong> karotinoidø) kiekis þalioje lapø masëje buvo nustatytas 100% acetono<br />
ekstrakte spektrofotometriniu Wettstein metodu (Beadle, 1987) spektrofotometru<br />
„Genesys 6“ (ThermoSpectronic, JAV). Tyrimo duomenys biometriðkai ávertinti<br />
dispersinës analizës metodais (Tarakanovas, Raudonius, 2003) naudojant ANOVA<br />
statistinæ programà.<br />
Rezultatai. Vegetacija. Þiediniø pumpurai sprogimo tarpsnis truko nuo 7 iki 15<br />
dienø. Tai priklausë nuo veislës <strong>ir</strong> meteorologiniø sàlygø. Anksèiausiai þiediniai pumpurai<br />
pradëjo sprogti balandþio mën. 11 d., vëliausiai – balandþio mën. <strong>25</strong> d. Obelø<br />
þiediniai pumpurai pradëjo sprogti vidutiniðkai balandþio mën. 15–20 dienomis.<br />
T<strong>ir</strong>tø veisliø vaismedþiai vegetacijos pabaigos tarpsnis truko 31 dienà. Anksèiausia<br />
vegetacijos pabaigos data – spalio mën. <strong>25</strong> d., vëliausia – lapkrièio mën. <strong>25</strong> d.<br />
Vidutinë obelø vegetacijos pabaigos data kito nuo spalio 30 d. iki lapkrièio 20 d.<br />
Þydëjimo tarpsniai. Atsiþvelgiant á veislæ, vidutinë obelø þydëjimo pradþia uþregistruota<br />
nuo geguþës mën. 13 d. iki geguþës mën. 16 dienos (1 lentelë).<br />
4
Veislë<br />
Cultivars<br />
1 lentelë. T<strong>ir</strong>tø obelø veisliø vaismedþiø þydëjimo tarpsniai<br />
Table 1. Dates of apple cultivars blossoming<br />
Babtai, 2000–2005 m.<br />
Þydëjimo<br />
pradžia,<br />
mën., d.<br />
Beginning of<br />
blossoming (month,<br />
day)<br />
Masiško<br />
þydëjimo pradþia,<br />
mën., d.<br />
Beginning of full<br />
blossoming (month,<br />
day)<br />
Masiško<br />
þydëjimo<br />
pabaiga, mën., d.<br />
End of full<br />
blossoming (month,<br />
day)<br />
Þydëjimo<br />
pabaiga, mën., d.<br />
End of blossoming<br />
(month, day)<br />
‘Antej’ 05-16 05-19 05-22 05-26<br />
‘Bolotovskoje’ 05-15 05-18 05-21 05-23<br />
‘Delikates’ 05-16 05-19 05-23 05-<strong>25</strong><br />
‘Jubiliar’ 05-15 05-19 05-22 05-24<br />
‘Katja’ 05-14 05-19 05-22 05-24<br />
‘Kovalenkovskoje’ 05-15 05-20 05-23 05-<strong>25</strong><br />
‘Kurnakovskoje’ 05-13 05-16 05-21 05-23<br />
‘Pamiatj Siubarovoj’ 05-16 05-19 05-23 05-<strong>25</strong><br />
‘Svežestj’ 05-15 05-19 05-23 05-<strong>25</strong><br />
‘Verbnoje’ 05-16 05-19 05-23 05-<strong>25</strong><br />
Veisliø vidurkis<br />
Mean<br />
05-15 05-19 05-22 05-<strong>25</strong><br />
R 05 /LSD 05 1,83 1,37 1,09 1,94<br />
T<strong>ir</strong>tos obelø veisliø grupës vaismedþiai masiðkai pradëjo þydëti vidutiniðkai geguþës<br />
16–20 dienomis. Masiðko þydëjimo pabaiga – vidutiniðkai geguþës 21–23 diena.<br />
Vidutinis masiðko þydëjimo tarpsnis truko 5–8 dienas. Anksèiausia vidutinë þydëjimo<br />
pabaigos data – geguþës 23 d., vëliausia – geguþës 26 d. Trumpiausiai þydëjo<br />
t<strong>ir</strong>tos obelø veisliø grupës ‘Bolotovskoje’ (8 dienas), ilgiausiai – ‘Antej’, ‘Katja’,<br />
‘Kovalenkovskoje’, ‘Kurnakovskoje’ <strong>ir</strong> ‘Sveþestj’ (10 dienø) vaismedþiai.<br />
Þiedø <strong>ir</strong> ûgliø paðalimas. 2003 m. pavasará stipriausiai paðalo (3,5 balo) ‘Pamiatj<br />
Siubarovoj‘ veislës þiedai. Kitø veisliø þiedai paðalo maþiau (2 balai). 2004 m. pavasario<br />
ðalnos stipriai paþeidë obelø þiedus (4,5–6,6 balo). 2003 m. metø þiemà stipriausiai<br />
paðalo veislës ‘Katja’ (4,2 balo) <strong>ir</strong> ‘Delikates’ (2,4 balo) ûgliai. 2004 m. taip pat<br />
stipriausiai paðalo veislës ‘Katja’ (2,9 balo) ûgliai (2 lentelë).<br />
Vaismedþiø augumas. Aðtuntaisiais augimo metais vidutinis vaismedþiø aukðtis,<br />
atsiþvelgiant á veislæ, buvo nuo 2,93 iki 3,28 m (aukðèiausi ‘Verbnoje’, ‘Antej’ <strong>ir</strong><br />
‘Katja’, þemiausi –‘Bolotovskoje’ <strong>ir</strong> ‘Delikates’ vaismedþiai) (3 lentelë). Obelø vainikø<br />
skersmuo kito nuo 2,31 iki 2,96 m. Plaèiausi vainikai – ‘Jubiliar’, ‘Verbnoje’ <strong>ir</strong><br />
‘Bolotovskoje’, siauriausi – ‘Delikates’, ‘Sveþestj’ <strong>ir</strong> ‘Antej’ vaismedþiø. Vaismedþiø,<br />
kuriø aukðtis <strong>ir</strong> vainiko plotis buvo ribojami genint, kamieno skersmuo tiksliau<br />
atspindëjo augimo stiprumà. Aðtuntaisiais metais kamienø skersmenys kito nuo 19<br />
iki 27,8 cm. Obelø veisliø grupëje augiausios buvo ‘Jubiliar’ <strong>ir</strong> ‘Verbnoje’, silpniausio<br />
augumo – ‘Sveþestj’ <strong>ir</strong> ‘Delikates’ obelys.<br />
5
2 lentelë. T<strong>ir</strong>tø obelø veisliø vaismedþiø þiedø bei ûgliø paðalimas balais<br />
Table 2. Cold injury of apple cultivar flowers and one year old shoots, scores<br />
Babtai, 2003–2004 m.<br />
Veislë<br />
Cultivars<br />
Þiedø paðalimas pavasario ðalnø<br />
metu balais<br />
Flower injury in spring frost (scores)<br />
Ûgliø paðalimas þiemà balais<br />
Shoot injury in winter (scores)<br />
2003 m. 2004 m. 2003 m. 2004 m.<br />
‘Antej’ 1,8 ± 0,81 5,9 ± 1,07 1,0 ± 0,00 1,7 ± 0,19<br />
‘Bolotovskoje’ 1,0 ± 0,00 5,1 ± 1,40 1,8 ± 0,<strong>25</strong> 2,2 ± 0,40<br />
‘Delikates’ 1,0 ± 0,00 5,4 ± 0,97 2,4 ± 0,30 1,7 ± 0,39<br />
‘Jubiliar’ 1,4 ± 0,20 4,6 ± 1,75 1,8 ± 0,40 1,0 ± 0,00<br />
‘Katja’ 1,0 ± 0,00 4,8 ± 1,32 4,2 ± 0,26 2,9 ± 0,78<br />
‘Kovalenkovskoje’ 1,1 ± 0,09 6,6 ± 0,67 1,0 ± 0,00 1,7 ± 0,34<br />
‘Kurnakovskoje’ 1,6 ± 0,02 4,5 ± 1,<strong>25</strong> 1,3 ± 0,19 1,0 ± 0,00<br />
‘Pamiatj<br />
3,5 ± 0,60 6,3 ± 1,28 1,1 ± 0,10 1,0 ± 0,00<br />
‘Siubarovoj’<br />
‘Svežestj’ 1,0 ± 0,00 6,1 ± 1,57 1,1 ± 0,00 1,7 ± 0,19<br />
‘Verbnoje’ 1,8 ± 0,39 6,0 ± 1,62 1,7 ± 0,26 2,0 ± 0,85<br />
3 lentelë. T<strong>ir</strong>tø obelø veisliø vaismedþiø augumas<br />
Table 3. Tree growth of apple cultivars<br />
Babtai, 2006 m.<br />
Veislë<br />
Cultivars<br />
Vaismedþiø<br />
aukštis<br />
Tree height, m<br />
Vainiko<br />
skersmuo<br />
Crown diameter, m<br />
Vainiko<br />
projekcijos plotas<br />
Crown projection<br />
area, m 2<br />
Kamieno<br />
skersmuo<br />
Trunk diameter, cm<br />
‘Antej’ 3,20 abcd * 2,50 ab 4,96 b 22,1 bc<br />
‘Bolotovskoje’ 2,96 ab 2,96 e 6,89 i 24,4 cd<br />
‘Delikates’ 2,93 a 2,31 a 4,16 a 19,1 ab<br />
‘Jubiliar’ 3,10 abcd 2,90 cde 6,62 h 27,8 f<br />
‘Katja’ 3,<strong>25</strong> bcd 2,55 abc 5,08 c 22,0 bc<br />
‘Kovalenkovskoje’ 3,01 abcd 2,76 bcde 5,85 f 26,1 def<br />
‘Kurnakovskoje’ 3,03 abcd 2,66 bcde 5,32 d 24,6 cdef<br />
‘Pamiatj Siubarovoj’ 3,00 abcd 2,70 bcde 5,78 e 21,6 abc<br />
‘Svežestj’ 3,10 abcd 2,50 ab 4,95 b 19,0 a<br />
‘Verbnoje’ 3,28 d 2,80 bcde 6,2 g 27,0 def<br />
Veisliø vidurkis<br />
Mean<br />
3,08 2,66 5,58 23,4<br />
6
Vaismedþiø atsparumas rauplëms, filostiktozei <strong>ir</strong> vëþiui. T<strong>ir</strong>toje veisliø grupëje<br />
rauplëms imunios ‘Bolotovskoje’, ‘Jubiliar’, ‘Kurnakovskoje’ <strong>ir</strong> ‘Sveþestj’ obelys<br />
(4 lentelë.). Rauplëms santykinai atsparios ‘Katja’, ‘Kovalenkovskoje’, ‘Pamiatj Siubarovoj’<br />
<strong>ir</strong> ‘Verbnoje’ (maksimalus lapø paþeidimas 1–2 balai) obelys. Kontroliniø<br />
veisliø ‘Antej’ bei ‘Delikates’ vaismedþiai jautrûs rauplëms (maksimalus lapø paþeidimas<br />
3–4 balai).<br />
Filostiktozës simptomø nepastebëta ant ‘Katja’, ‘Kovalenkovskoje’, ‘Kurnakovskoje’<br />
bei ‘Verbnoje’ vaismedþiø lapø. Kitø t<strong>ir</strong>tø obelø lapus filostiktozë paþeidë labai<br />
maþai (iki 1 balo).<br />
Vëþio simptomø pastebëta ant visø t<strong>ir</strong>tø obelø veisliø vaismedþiø kamienø (1–5<br />
balai), iðskyrus veislës ‘Sveþestj’ vaismedþius.<br />
4 lentelë. T<strong>ir</strong>tø obelø veisliø vaismedþiø atsparumas rauplëms, filostiktozei <strong>ir</strong> vëþiui<br />
Table 4. Apple tree resistance to scab, apple blotch and European cancer<br />
Babtai, 2003–2005 m.<br />
Rauplës<br />
Scab<br />
Filostiktozë<br />
Apple blotch<br />
Europinis vëþys<br />
European cancer<br />
min. – min. –<br />
vidutinis<br />
Veislë vidutinis<br />
maks. maks.<br />
þaizdø vidutinis<br />
min.-maks.<br />
–<br />
Cultivars pažeidimas<br />
pažeidimas pažeidimas<br />
skaièius, pažeidimo pažeidimas<br />
balais<br />
balais balais<br />
vnt. balas balais<br />
average score<br />
average average score min–max.<br />
of injury<br />
min. – max. min. – max.<br />
number of of injury score injury<br />
score injury score injury<br />
lesions<br />
‘Antej’ 1,5 1–3 0,1–1 1,2 0,4 1–5<br />
‘Bolotovskoje’ 0 0 0–1 1,2 2,6 3–4<br />
‘Delikates’ 2,4 1-4 0–1 0,2 0,7 1–2<br />
‘Jubiliar’ 0 0 0–0,1 1,4 1,8 1–5<br />
‘Katja’ 0,8 0,1–2 0 3 1,5 1–3<br />
‘Kovalenkovskoje’ 0,9 0,1–1 0 0,8 0,5 1–2<br />
‘Kurnakovskoje’ 0 0 0 0,4 0,4 1–3<br />
‘Pamiatj Siubarovoj’ 1,1 1–2 0–1 1,6 2,1 2–4<br />
‘Svežestj’ 0 0 0–1 0 0 0<br />
‘Verbnoje’ 1 1 0 1,2 0,7 1–2<br />
R 05 /LSD 05<br />
Fotosintezës pigmentai. Chlorofilo a kiekis áva<strong>ir</strong>iø veisliø lapuose áva<strong>ir</strong>avo nuo<br />
293 iki 456 mg m -2 (1 pav.). Didþiausias chlorofilo a kiekis nustatytas ‘Sveþestj’<br />
(456 mg m -2 ) <strong>ir</strong> ‘Antej’ (4<strong>25</strong> mg m -2 ) veisliø lapuose, o maþiausias – ‘Kurnakovskoje’<br />
(293 mg m -2 ). Didþiausias chlorofilo b (117 mg m -2 ) <strong>ir</strong> karotinoidø (atitinkamai<br />
175 <strong>ir</strong> 166 mg m -2 ) kiekis taip pat nustatytas ‘Sveþestj’ <strong>ir</strong> ‘Antej’ veisliø lapuose.<br />
Maþiausias fotosintezës pigmentø kiekis nustatytas ‘Kurnakovskoje’ veislës lapuose:<br />
chlorofilo b – 70 mg m -2 , o karotinoidø – 124 mg m -2 (1 pav.).<br />
7
1 pav. Fotosintezës pigmentø kiekis obelø lapuose<br />
Fig. 1. Amount of photosynthetic pigments in apple tree leaves<br />
Babtai, 2003–2005 m.<br />
Chlorofilø a <strong>ir</strong> b santykis áva<strong>ir</strong>avo nuo 3,3 iki 4,3 (2 pav.). Didþiausias chlorofilø<br />
a <strong>ir</strong> b santykis nustatytas ‘Kurnakovskoje’ (4,3) <strong>ir</strong> ‘Sveþestj‘ (4,0) veisliø, maþiausias<br />
– ‘Kovalenkovskoje’ (3,3) veislës vaismedþiø lapuose.<br />
2 pav. Chlorofilø a <strong>ir</strong> b santykis obelø lapuose<br />
Fig. 2. Ratio of chlorophylls a, b in apple tree leaves<br />
Babtai, 2003–2005 m.<br />
Aptarimas. Praëjusio ðimtmeèio pabaigoje selekcininkai sukûrë daug naujø obelø<br />
veisliø (Menegazzo, Williams, 1988; Sansavini <strong>ir</strong> kt., 2005). Rinkoje vyrauja geros<br />
iðvaizdos, ilgai besilaikantys, kokybiðki geltoni, raudoni, þali bei 2–3 spalvø obuoliai.<br />
Taèiau prie vietos agroklimato sàlygø obelø veislës prisitaiko labai nevienodai (Bandaravièius<br />
<strong>ir</strong> kt., 2001; Sasnauskas <strong>ir</strong> kt., 2006).<br />
Lietuvos agroklimato sàlygomis pavasario ðalnø metu maþiausiai nukenèia ‘Katja’<br />
vaismedþiø þiedai. Nustatyta, kad iðtvermingiausios þiemà ‘Pamiatj Siubarovoj’<br />
obelys. Panaðius tyrimø rezultatus yra gavæ <strong>ir</strong> kiti autoriai (Ñåäîâ <strong>ir</strong> kt., 2005). Tai<br />
8
odo, kad ðios veislës labai atsparios abiotiniams faktoriams. Ávertinus minëtus poþymius,<br />
galima teigti, kad pastarøjø veisliø adaptyvumo lygis yra aukðtas.<br />
Augalo ðeimininko jautrumas ligoms pas<strong>ir</strong>eiðkia jas sukelianèiø patogenø epifitotijos<br />
metais (MacHardy, 1996). Maksimalus paþeidimø balas rodo potencialø augalo<br />
atsparumo ligoms lygá. Tyrimø rezultatai parodë, kad dalis t<strong>ir</strong>tø veisliø nes<strong>ir</strong>go<br />
rauplëmis. Tai nulëmë veislës genetinë prigimtis – monogeninis atsparumas rauplëms<br />
(genas Vf). Lietuvos agroklimato sàlygomis obelys labiau serga rauplëmis <strong>ir</strong><br />
vëþiu negu filostiktoze. T<strong>ir</strong>tø obelø veisliø vaismedþius rauplës paþeidë nuo 0 iki 4,<br />
vëþys – nuo 0 iki 5, filostiktozë – nuo 0 iki 1 (4 lentelë). Galime daryti prielaidà, kad<br />
t<strong>ir</strong>tø obelø atsparumà filostiktozei gali lemti genetinë kontrolë arba tai, kad Lietuvos<br />
filostiktozës sukëlëjo populiacijoje vyrauja av<strong>ir</strong>ulentiðki neagresyvûs patogeno kamienai.<br />
Veislës ‘Bolotovskoje’, ‘Jubiliar’, ‘Kurnakovskoje’ <strong>ir</strong> ‘Sveþest’ imunios rauplëms.<br />
Veislës ‘Kurnakovskoje’ vaismedþiai nes<strong>ir</strong>go rauplëmis <strong>ir</strong> filostiktoze. Tyrimø<br />
laikotarpiu veislës ‘Verbnoje’, ‘Katja’, ‘Kovalenkovskoje’, ‘Pamiatj Siubarovoj’ atsparumas<br />
rauplëms buvo stabilus. Rauplëms jautriausi veisliø ‘Antej’ <strong>ir</strong> ‘Delikates’<br />
vaismedþiai.<br />
Lietuvos agroklimato sàlygos labai palankios europiniam vëþiui vystytis <strong>ir</strong> plisti.<br />
Ið t<strong>ir</strong>tø veisliø grupës vëþys nepaþeidë veislës ‘Sveþestj’ vaismedþiø, o ‘Bolotovskoje’,<br />
‘Pamiatj Siubarovoj’, ‘Jubiliar’, ‘Katja’ vaismedþiai buvo jautriausi vëþio patogenui.<br />
Nustatyta, kad veislë ‘Kurnakovskoje’ atspari rauplëms <strong>ir</strong> filostiktozei, ‘Sveþestj’<br />
– rauplëms <strong>ir</strong> europiniam vëþiui.<br />
Iðtyrus vaismedþiø augumo rodiklius, maþiausiai augios yra ‘Sveþestj’ <strong>ir</strong> ‘Delikates’<br />
obelys.<br />
Obelø, kaip <strong>ir</strong> kitø augalø, produktyvumo potencialà lemia optimalus fotosintezës<br />
pigmentø kiekis <strong>ir</strong> santykis lapuose. Chlorofilai <strong>ir</strong> karotinoidai fotosintezës procese<br />
atlieka specifines funkcijas, todël jø kiekis <strong>ir</strong> tam tikras santykis bûtini, kad fotosintezë<br />
vyktø efektyviai (Datt, 1998; Zarzo-Tejada <strong>ir</strong> kt., 2000). Obelø produktyvumà<br />
lemia daugelis rodikliø, taip pat <strong>ir</strong> chlorofilø <strong>ir</strong> karotinoidø kiekis lapuose. Ðie<br />
fotosintezës pigmentai – lapø fiziologinio aktyvumo indikatoriai (Curran <strong>ir</strong> kt., 1990).<br />
Daugiausia fotosintezës pigmentø nustatyta veisliø ‘Sveþestj‘ <strong>ir</strong> ‘Antej’ lapuose. Taip<br />
pat didelis ðiø veisliø chlorofilø a <strong>ir</strong> b santykis. Maþiausiai fotosintezës pigmentø<br />
nustatyta veislës ‘Kurnakovskoje’ lapuose, taèiau ðios veislës didþiausias chlorofilø a<br />
<strong>ir</strong> b santykis.<br />
Iðvados. 1. Anksèiausiai þydëti baigia ‘Bolotovskoje’, vëliausiai – ‘Antej’, ‘Katja’,<br />
‘Kovalenkovskoje’, ‘Kurnakovskoje’ <strong>ir</strong> ‘Sveþestj’ vaismedþiai.<br />
2. Pavasario ðalnø metu maþiausiai nukenèia ‘Katja’ vaismedþiø þiedai. Þiemà<br />
iðtvermingiausi ‘Pamiatj Siubarovoj’ vaismedþiai.<br />
3. Maþiausiai augios yra ‘Sveþestj’ <strong>ir</strong> ‘Delikates’ obelys.<br />
4. Rauplëms imunios ‘Bolotovskoje’, ‘Jubiliar’, ‘Kurnakovskoje’ <strong>ir</strong> ‘Sveþestj’<br />
obelys. Filostiktozei atsparios ‘Katja’, ‘Kovalenkovskoje’, ‘Kurnakovskoje’ bei ‘Verbnoje’,<br />
vëþiui – ‘Sveþestj’ obelys. Kompleksiniu atsparumu rauplëms <strong>ir</strong> filostiktozei<br />
iðsisk<strong>ir</strong>ia veislës ‘Kurnakovskoje’ o rauplëms <strong>ir</strong> europiniam vëþiui – ‘Sveþestj’ vaismedþiai.<br />
9
5. Daugiausia fotosintezës pigmentø nustatyta veisliø ‘Sveþestj’ <strong>ir</strong> ‘Antej’, o<br />
maþiausiai – ‘Kurnakovskoje’ lapuose.<br />
Gauta 2006-11-15<br />
Parengta spausdinti 2006-12-11<br />
Literatûra<br />
1. Bandaravicius A., Gelvonauskienë D., Sasnauskas A. Evaluation of apple cultivars<br />
// Estonian agricultural university. Proceedings of the international conference Fruit<br />
production and fruit breeding. Tartu, 2000. Vol. 207. P. 94–98.<br />
2. Bandaravièius A., Gelvonauskienë D., Sasnauskas A. Introdukuotø obelø veisliø<br />
biologiniø <strong>ir</strong> ûkiniø savybiø tyrimas // Sodininkystë <strong>ir</strong> darþininkystë. Babtai, 2001. T. 20(1).<br />
P. 3–15.<br />
3. Beadle C. I. Plant growth analyses // J. Coombs, D. O. Hall, S. P. Long, J. M. O.<br />
Scurlock (eds.). Techniques in bioproductivity and photosynthesis. 1987. P. 20–<strong>25</strong>.<br />
4. Curran P. J., Dungan J. L., Gholz H. L. Exploring the relationship between reflectance<br />
red edge and chlorophyll content in slash pine // Tree Physiol. 1990. Vol. 7. P. 33–48.<br />
5. Datt B. Remote Sensing of Chlorophyll a, Chlorophyll b, Chlorophyll a + b, and<br />
Total Carotenoid Content in Eucalyptus Leaves // Remote Sens. Env<strong>ir</strong>on. 1998. Vol. 66.<br />
P. 111–121.<br />
6. Intensyvios obelø <strong>ir</strong> kriauðiø auginimo technologijos (sud. N. Uselis). Lietuvos<br />
sodininkystës <strong>ir</strong> darþininkystës institutas. Babtai, 2005. 211 p.<br />
7. MacHardy W. E. Apple scab. Biology, epidemiology and management. APS Press.<br />
St. Paul. Minesota, 1996. 632 p.<br />
8. Menegazzo G., Williams W. T. Evaluation of new apple varieties in the highlands of<br />
Guatemala // Acta Hort. 1988. Vol. 232. P. 74–75.<br />
9. Raudonis L., Valiuðkaitë A. Research on pest and disease control in horticultural<br />
plants and its development in Lithuania // Sodininkystë <strong>ir</strong> darþininkystë. Babtai, 2003.<br />
T. 22(3). P. 3–14.<br />
10. Sansavini S., Belfanti E., Costa F., Donati F. European apple breeding programs<br />
turn to biotechnology // Chronica Horticulturae. 2005. Vol. 45(2). P. 16–19.<br />
11. Sasnauskas A., Gelvonauskienë D., Bandaravièius A. F<strong>ir</strong>st results of biologically<br />
and economically important traits of introduced apple cultivars // Sodininkystë <strong>ir</strong> darþininkystë.<br />
Babtai, 2001. T. 20(3)–2. P. 317–324.<br />
12. Sasnauskas A., Gelvonauskienë D., Duchovskis P., Ðikðnianienë J. Evaluation of<br />
biologically and economically important traits of apple cultivars // Sodininkystë <strong>ir</strong> darþininkystë.<br />
Babtai, 2003. T. 22(3). P. 3<strong>25</strong>–334.<br />
13. Sasnauskas A., Gelvonauskienë D., Duchovskis P., Ðikðnianienë J. B., Ðabajevienë<br />
G. Introdukuotø obelø veisliø biologinës savybës // Sodininkystë <strong>ir</strong> darþininkystë.<br />
Babtai, 2006. T. <strong>25</strong>(1). P. 3–12.<br />
14. Sasnauskas A., Gelvonauskiene D., Gelvonauskis B., Duchovskis P., Viskelis P.,<br />
Siksnianiene J. B., Bobinas C., Sabajeviene G. Evaluation of new introduced apple cultivars<br />
// Fruit science. 2005. Vol. 222. P. 20–<strong>25</strong>.<br />
15. Ðabajevienë G., Uselis N., Duchovskis P. ‘Auksis’ veislës obelø su P 22 poskiepiu<br />
fotosintetinës pigmentø sistemos formavimas áva<strong>ir</strong>iø konstrukcijø soduose // Sodininkystë<br />
<strong>ir</strong> darþininkystë. Babtai, 2006. T. <strong>25</strong>(1). P. 23–28.<br />
16. Tarakanovas P., Raudonius S. Agronominiø tyrimø duomenø statistinë analizë<br />
taikant kompiuterines programas ANOVA, STAT, SPILT-PLOT ið paketo SELEKCIJA <strong>ir</strong><br />
IRRISTAT. Metodinë priemonë. Akademija, 2003. 57 p.<br />
10
17. Uselis N. Obelø su þemaûgiu poskiepiu biologiniø-ûkiniø savybiø tyrimas // Sodininkystë<br />
<strong>ir</strong> darþininkystë. Babtai, 2005. T. 24(4). P. 22–32.<br />
18. Uselis N. Sodo konstrukcijø átaka þemaûgiø obelø augumui // Sodininkystë <strong>ir</strong><br />
darþininkystë. Babtai, 2001. T. 20(1). P. 35–43.<br />
19. Zarco-Tejada P. J., Miller J. R., Mohammed G. H., Noland T. L. Chlorophyll fluorescence<br />
effects on vegetation apparent reflectance: I Leaf-level measurements and model<br />
simulation // Rem. Sens. Env<strong>ir</strong>on. 2000. Vol. 74. P. 582–595.<br />
20. Ëó÷øèå ñîðòà ïëîäîâûõ è ÿãîäíûõ êóëúòóð ÂÍÈÈÑÏÊ (ðåä. Å. Í. Cåäîâ).<br />
ÂÍÈÈÑÏÊ. Îðåë, 2005. 124 ñ.<br />
SODININKYSTË IR DARÞININKYSTË. SCIENTIFIC ARTICLES. 2006. <strong>25</strong>(4).<br />
INVESTIGATION OF BIOLOGICAL TRAITS OF APPLE<br />
CULTIVARS<br />
A. Sasnauskas, D. Gelvonauskienë, B. Gelvonauskis, J. B. Ðikðnianienë,<br />
G. Ðabajevienë, P. Duchovskis<br />
Summary<br />
In 1999–2006 at the Lithuanian Institute of Horticulture phenology, blossoming<br />
abundance and shoot injury, growth, resistance to scab (Venturia inaequalis (Cke)<br />
Wint.), apple blotch (Phyllosticta mali Pr. at Del.), European cancer (Nectria galligena<br />
Bres.) and photosynthetic pigments of fruits were studied in 10 new apple<br />
(Malus domestica Borkh.) cultivars. Trees were grafted on M.26 rootstock and<br />
grown in an orchard at a spacing of 4 x 2.5 m.<br />
Investigations showed that early blossomed cvs. ‘Bolotovskoje’, late – ‘Antej’,<br />
‘Katja’, ‘Kovalenkovskoje’, ‘Kurnakovskoje’ and ‘Sveþestj’ apple tree. The results<br />
of the flower resistance to frost showed that cv. ‘Katja’ are the highly resistance.<br />
Winter hardy are cvs. ‘Pamiatj Siubarovoj’ apple shoots. The weakest growth was<br />
in trees of cvs. ‘Sveþestj’ and ‘Delikates’. Immune to scab are cvs. ‘Bolotovskoje’,<br />
‘Jubiliar’ and ‘Sveþestj’. Resistant to apple blotch are cvs. ‘Katja’, ‘Kovalenkovskoje’,<br />
‘Kurnakovskoje’ and ‘Verbnoje’, to European cancer – ‘Sveþestj’. More photosynthetic<br />
pigments were accumulated in apple trees of cvs. ‘Sveþestj’ and ‘Antej’<br />
leaves, less – in ‘Kurnakovskoje’ leaves.<br />
Key words: apple, cultivars, growth, phenology, photosynthetic pigments, resistance<br />
to diseases.<br />
11
LIETUVOS SODININKYSTËS IR DARÞININKYSTËS INSTITUTO IR<br />
LIETUVOS ÞEMËS ÛKIO UNIVERSITETO MOKSLO DARBAI.<br />
SODININKYSTË IR DARÞININKYSTË. 2006. <strong>25</strong>(4).<br />
INTRODUKUOTØ OBELØ VEISLIØ PRODUKTYVUMO<br />
IR VAISIØ KOKYBËS TYRIMAS<br />
Audrius SASNAUSKAS, Dalia GELVONAUSKIENË, Bronislovas<br />
GELVONAUSKIS, Pranas VIÐKELIS<br />
Lietuvos sodininkystës <strong>ir</strong> darþininkystës institutas, LT-54333, Babtai, Kauno r.<br />
El. paðtas A.Sasnauskas@lsdi.lt<br />
1999–2005 m. Lietuvos sodininkystës <strong>ir</strong> darþininkystës institute t<strong>ir</strong>ta deðimties<br />
veisliø obelø (Malus domestica Borkh.) su M.26 poskiepiu (4 x 2,5 m) produktyvumas,<br />
vaisiø kokybë <strong>ir</strong> cheminë sudëtis.<br />
T<strong>ir</strong>tø obelø veisliø grupëje didþiausià suminá obuoliø derliø iðaugina ‘Antej’ <strong>ir</strong><br />
‘Kovalenkovskoje’ vaismedþiai. Veisliø ‘Sveþestj’ vaisiø vartojimo laikas yra ilgiausias,<br />
o ‘Jubiliar’ – trumpiausias. Stambiausius vaisius iðaugina veisliø ‘Verbnoje’<br />
<strong>ir</strong> ‘Jubiliar’, smulkiausius – ‘Sveþestj’ obelys. Veisliø ‘Delikates’ bei ‘Sveþestj’<br />
vaisiø kokybë <strong>ir</strong> cheminë sudëtis ávertinta geriausiai. Odelës tv<strong>ir</strong>tumu iðsiskyrë ‘Verbnoje’,<br />
‘Bolotovskoje’ <strong>ir</strong> ‘Sveþestj’, minkðtimo tv<strong>ir</strong>tumu – ‘Bolotovskoje’ <strong>ir</strong> ‘Sveþestj’<br />
obuoliai.<br />
Reikðminiai þodþiai: cheminë sudëtis, obelys, produktyvumas, vaisiø kokybë,<br />
veislës.<br />
Ávadas. Rinka kelia vis naujus obelø veisliø sortimento <strong>ir</strong> vaisiø kokybës reikalavimus.<br />
Per pastaràjá deðimtmetá Europos moksliniai centrai sukûrë daugiau kaip<br />
500 naujø obelø veisliø <strong>ir</strong> jau lenkia Ðiaurës Amerikos, Azijos bei Okeanijos mokslo<br />
institucijas (Sansavini <strong>ir</strong> kt., 2005). Daugelio Europos ðaliø obelø selekcinëse programose<br />
ypaè daug dëmesio sk<strong>ir</strong>iama vaisiø kokybei. Tai svarbi sodininkystës technologijø<br />
grandis <strong>ir</strong> viena aktualiausiø moksliniø tyrimø krypèiø. Veislës turi iðsisk<strong>ir</strong>ti<br />
vaisiø vienodumu, o pastarieji turi bûti patrauklios spalvos <strong>ir</strong> gero skonio, jø minkðtimas<br />
turi bûti standus, cheminë sudëtis gera (Della Strada, Fideghelli, 2002; Bradford,<br />
Alston, 2004). Ðià vaisiø kokybës charakteristikà lemia agroklimato sàlygos,<br />
technologijos bei augintojø profesionalumas.<br />
Darbo tikslas – iðt<strong>ir</strong>ti introdukuotø obelø veisliø su M.26 poskiepiu produktyvumà<br />
<strong>ir</strong> vaisiø kokybæ.<br />
Tyrimo objektas <strong>ir</strong> metodai. Tyrimø vieta. Tyrimai atlikti 2001–2005 m. Lietuvos<br />
sodininkystës <strong>ir</strong> darþininkystës instituto obelø pomologiniame sode. 1999 m.<br />
pavasará pasodinti 10 veisliø dvimeèiai obelø sodinukai su M.26 poskiepiu. Sodinimo<br />
schema – 4 x 2,5 m, po vienà vaismedá laukelyje 5 pakartojimais.<br />
12
Tyrimø objektas. Obelø veislës ‘Bolotovskoje’, ‘Kurnakovskoje’, ‘Jubiliar’,<br />
‘Sveþestj’ (Rusija), ‘Kovalenkovskoje’, ‘Pamiatj Siubarovoj’, ‘Verbnoje’ (Baltarusija),<br />
‘Katja’ (Ðvedija) t<strong>ir</strong>tos kartu su ‘Antej’ (Baltarusija) bei ‘Delikates’ (Lenkija),<br />
áraðytomis á Nacionaliná augalø veisliø sàraðà.<br />
Sodo prieþiûra. Vaismedþiai priþiûrëti pagal LSDI priimtas intensyvias obelø <strong>ir</strong><br />
kriauðiø auginimo technologijas (Uselis, 2005). Kasmet, vegetacijos laikotarpiu, vaismedþiai<br />
purkðti nuo ligø fungicidais (5–6 kartus), o nuo kenkëjø – insekticidais (3–4<br />
kartus).<br />
Meteorologinës sàlygos. Tyrimo metais meteorologinës sàlygos buvo palankios<br />
arba vidutiniðkai palankios vaismedþiams augti <strong>ir</strong> derëti. Jos buvo artimos daugiameèiam<br />
vidurkiui, iðskyrus tai, kad 2003 m., palyginti su daugiameèiais duomenimis,<br />
krituliø liepos mënesá iðkrito 42,9 mm daugiau nei áprasta. 2004 m. uþregistruotos<br />
ankstyvos pavasario ðalnos (nuo -0,3°C iki -4,9°C), o kovo mënesio III deðimtadienio<br />
oro temperatûra buvo 3,1°C aukðtesnë uþ daugiametæ vidutinæ. 2005 m. geguþës<br />
mënesá iðkrito 22,8 mm krituliø daugiau nei daugiametis vidurkis.<br />
Tyrimø metodai <strong>ir</strong> statistinë analizë. Nustatyta vaismedþiø derlius (t ha -1 ), vaisiø<br />
pasisk<strong>ir</strong>stymas á klases pagal skersmená (proc.), vaisiø skynimo laikas, laikymosi<br />
pabaiga, vaisiaus masë (g), kokybë (iðvaizda, patrauklumas, bendra kokybë balais) <strong>ir</strong><br />
cheminë sudëtis (t<strong>ir</strong>pios sausosios medþiagos, sausosios medþiagos, titruojamasis<br />
rûgðtingumas, odelës <strong>ir</strong> minkðtimo tv<strong>ir</strong>tumas). Tyrimo duomenys biometriðkai ávertinti<br />
dispersinës analizës metodais (Tarakanovas, Raudonius, 2003) naudojant ANO-<br />
VA statistinæ programà.<br />
Rezultatai. Derlingumas. Visø t<strong>ir</strong>tø obelø veisliø vaismedþiai pradëjo derëti treèiaisiais<br />
metais po to, kai buvo pasodinti á sodà. Veisliø ‘Kovalenkovskoje’ (7,2 t ha -1 )<br />
bei ‘Jubiliar’ (6,3 t ha -1 ) vaismedþiai iðaugino didþiausià derliø, o veisliø ‘Bolotovsko-<br />
1 pav. Suminis vaisiø derlius, t ha -1<br />
Fig. 1. Cumulative yield of apple cultivars (t ha -1 )<br />
Babtai, 2001–2005 m.<br />
13
je’ (0,3 t ha -1 ) <strong>ir</strong> ‘Kurnakovskoje’ (0,4 t ha -1 ) – maþiausià (1 pav.). Ketv<strong>ir</strong>taisiais<br />
augimo sode metais visø veisliø vaismedþiai derëjo negausiai. Penktaisiais augimo<br />
sode metais suminis vaisiø derlius svyravo nuo 0,6 iki 16,1 t ha -1 . Didþiausià suminá<br />
obuoliø derliø ðeðtaisiais augimo sode metais iðaugino ‘Kurnakovskoje’ (23,1 t ha -1 ) <strong>ir</strong><br />
‘Bolotovskoje’ (17,4 t ha -1 ) vaismedþiai. Septintaisiais augimo sode metais visø t<strong>ir</strong>tø<br />
obelø veisliø derlius buvo gana gausus <strong>ir</strong> kito nuo 13,8 iki 36,9 t ha -1 . Veisliø ’Delikates’<br />
(36,9 t ha -1 ) bei ‘Antej’ (36,4 t ha -1 ) vaismedþiai iðaugino didþiausià derliø, o<br />
‘Bolotovskoje’ (13,8 t ha -1 ) <strong>ir</strong> ‘Verbnoje’ (19,3 t ha -1 ) – maþiausià. T<strong>ir</strong>toje obelø<br />
veisliø grupëje didþiausià suminá obuoliø derliø nuo derëjimo pradþios iðaugino ‘Antej’<br />
<strong>ir</strong> ‘Kovalenkovskoje’ (atitinkamai 70,9 <strong>ir</strong> 67 t ha -1 , arba 1,6 <strong>ir</strong> 1,7 karto daugiau<br />
uþ kitø t<strong>ir</strong>tø veisliø vidutiná derliø) vaismedþiai.<br />
Ávertinus penkiø derëjimo metø derliaus vidurkiø duomenis, nustatyta, kad<br />
gausiausiai derëjo veisliø ‘Antej’ (14,2 t ha -1 ) <strong>ir</strong> ‘Kovalenkovskoje’ (13,4 t ha -1 )<br />
obelys (2 pav.). Obelø veisliø ‘Kovalenkovskoje’ (13,4 t ha -1 ), ‘Jubiliar’ (11,3 t ha -1 )<br />
<strong>ir</strong> ‘Katja’ (10,9 t ha -1 ) derlius buvo didesnis uþ t<strong>ir</strong>tø veisliø derliaus vidurká. Ið esmës<br />
prasèiausiai derëjo ‘Kurnakovskoje’ (9,3 t ha -1 ), ‘Sveþestj’ (8,6 t ha -1 ), ‘Bolotovskoje’<br />
(7,9 t ha -1 ) <strong>ir</strong> ‘Pamiatj Siubarovoj’ (6,7 t ha -1 ) veisliø vaismedþiai.<br />
2 pav. Vidutinis vaisiø derlius, t ha -1<br />
Fig. 2. Average fruit yield (t ha -1 )<br />
Babtai, 2001–2005 m.<br />
Pagal skersmená susk<strong>ir</strong>sèius obuolius á prekines klases nustatyta, kad daugumos<br />
t<strong>ir</strong>tø veisliø visi vaisiai buvo aukðèiausios klasës. ‘Katja’, ‘Kovalenkovskoje’ <strong>ir</strong><br />
‘Sveþestj’ veisliø dalis vaisiø (2–6 proc.) atitiko 1 <strong>ir</strong> 2 klases, o veislë ‘Pamiatj Siubarovoj’<br />
iðaugino 2 proc. nerûðiniø vaisiø (1 lentelë). Per 75 mm skersmená turëjusiø<br />
vaisiø daugiausia uþaugino veisliø ‘Delikates’ (54 proc.), ‘Bolotovskoje’ (39 proc.),<br />
‘Verbnoje’ (35 proc.) bei ‘Antej’ (31 proc.), maþiausiai – ‘Katja’ (1 proc.), ‘Kurnakovskoje’<br />
(6 proc.) bei ‘Pamiatj Siubarovoj’ (7 proc.) vaismedþiai.<br />
14
Veislës<br />
Cultivars<br />
1 lentelë. Vaisiø susk<strong>ir</strong>stymas á klases pagal skersmená, %<br />
Table 1. Distribution of fruits to classes according to diameter %<br />
Babtai, 2005 m.<br />
Aukðèiausia klasë<br />
The highest class<br />
per 75 mm<br />
65–75 mm<br />
iš viso<br />
more than 75 mm<br />
sum total<br />
‘Antej’ 31 69 100<br />
‘Bolotovskoje’ 39 61 100<br />
‘Delikates’ 54 46 100<br />
‘Jubiliar’ <strong>25</strong> 75 100<br />
Skynimo laikas, laikymosi pabaiga <strong>ir</strong> vaisiø kokybës rodikliai. T<strong>ir</strong>tø obelø vaisiø<br />
skynimo laikas buvo nevienodas. Anksèiausiai skinami ‘Jubiliar’ (08-<strong>25</strong>), vëliausiai<br />
– ‘Pamiatj Siubarovoj’ (09-27) bei ‘Antej’ (09-28) vaisiai (2 lentelë).<br />
Ilgiausias buvo ‘Sveþestj’ (iki 05-14), trumpiausias – ‘Jubiliar’ (iki 09-15) veislës<br />
vaisiø vartojimo laikas.<br />
Pagal obuoliø vartojimo laikà obelys sugrupuotos á:<br />
– vasariniø veisliø: ‘Jubiliar’. Obuoliai tinka vartoti iki rugsëjo mën.;<br />
– vëlyvø rudeniniø veisliø: ‘Delikates’, ‘Katja’, ‘Kovalenkovskoje’ <strong>ir</strong> ‘Kurnakovskoje’.<br />
Obuoliai tinka vartoti iki gruodþio mën.;<br />
– þieminiø veisliø: ‘Bolotovskoje’. Obuoliø vartojimo laikas pasibaigia vasario mën.;<br />
– vëlyvø þieminiø veisliø: ‘Antej’, ‘Pamiatj Siubarovoj’, ‘Verbnoje’ <strong>ir</strong> ‘Sveþestj’.<br />
Obuoliai tinka vartoti iki kovo mën. <strong>ir</strong> ilgiau.<br />
Stambiausius vaisius iðaugino veisliø ‘Verbnoje’ (207 g) <strong>ir</strong> ‘Jubiliar’ (194 g),<br />
smulkiausius – ‘Sveþestj’ (107 g) vaismedþiai.<br />
T<strong>ir</strong>toms obelø veislëms bûdingi geri (7–7,4 balo) vaisiø kokybës rodikliai. Veisliø<br />
‘Katja’ <strong>ir</strong> ‘Sveþestj’ vaisiø iðvaizda ávertinta geriausiai (7,5 balo), o ‘Pamiatj Siubarovoj’<br />
– prasèiausiai (7,1 balo). Geru skoniu iðsiskyrë veislës ‘Delikates’ (7,5 balo)<br />
obuoliai. Didþiausiu kokybës balu ávertinti veisliø ‘Delikates’ bei ‘Sveþestj’ (7,4 balo)<br />
obuoliai.<br />
Vaisiø cheminë sudëtis. Ið esmës didþiausiu t<strong>ir</strong>piø sausøjø medþiagø kiekiu iðsiskyrë<br />
veislës ‘Sveþestj’ (14,6 proc.) vaisiai (3 lentelë). Titruojamasis áva<strong>ir</strong>iø veisliø<br />
obuoliø rûgðtingumas kito nuo 0,26 iki 0,98 proc. Titruojamojo rûgðtingumo kiekiu<br />
iðsiskyrë ‘Sveþestj’ obuoliai. Daugiausia sausøjø medþiagø sukaupë ‘Kurnakovskoje’<br />
(17,3 proc.), maþiausiai – ‘Verbnoje’ (12,6 proc.) vaisiai.<br />
15<br />
1 <strong>ir</strong> 2 klasës<br />
1 and 2 classes<br />
60–64 mm<br />
‘Katja’ 1 93 94 6<br />
‘Kovalenkovskoje’ 12 86 98 2<br />
‘Kurnakovskoje’ 6 94 100<br />
‘Pamiatj<br />
Siubarovoj’<br />
Nerûðiniai<br />
Not specific<br />
iki 60 mm<br />
up to 60 mm<br />
7 87 94 4 2<br />
‘Svežestj’ 16 81 97 3<br />
‘Verbnoje’ 35 65 100
2 lentelë. Obelø vaisiø skynimo laikas, laikymosi pabaiga <strong>ir</strong> kokybës rodikliai<br />
Table 2. Harvest date, end of storage and fruit quality parameters of apple cultivars<br />
Babtai, 2001–2004 m.<br />
Skynimo<br />
Laikymosi<br />
Vaisiø<br />
Veislës<br />
laikas,<br />
pabaiga, Vaisiø Patrauklum Patrauklum-<br />
Cultivars mën., d.<br />
mën., d. masë<br />
Skonis kokybë<br />
lumas balais<br />
End of Fruit weight,<br />
balais balais<br />
Appearance<br />
Harvest date<br />
Taste (scores)<br />
Quality<br />
storage g (scores)<br />
evaluation<br />
(month, day)<br />
(month, day)<br />
(scores)<br />
‘Antej’ 09-28 f* 03-04 cd 157 c 7,4 cde 7,0 a 7,0 a<br />
‘Bolotovskoje’ 09-21 def 02-12 cd 140 b 7,2 ab 7,3 cd 7,2 b<br />
‘Delikates’ 09-09 ab 12-22 b 147 bc 7,4 cde 7,5 d 7,4 cd<br />
‘Jubiliar’ 08-<strong>25</strong> a 09-15 a 194 e 7,3 bc 7,1 ab 7,2 b<br />
‘Katja’ 09-10 bc 12-18 b 141 b 7,5 de 7,3 cd 7,3 bcd<br />
‘Kovalenkovskoje’ 09-16 bcd 12-24 b 175 f 7,3 bc 7,0 a 7,0 a<br />
‘Kurnakovskoje’ 09-20 c-f 12-23 b 140 b 7,2 ab 7,0 a 7,0 a<br />
‘Pamiatj Siubarovoj’ 09-27 ef 04-05 de 145 bc 7,1 a 7,2 bc 7,2 b<br />
‘Svežestj’ 09-23 def 05-14 e 107 a 7,5 de 7,3 cd 7,4 cd<br />
‘Verbnoje’ 09-<strong>25</strong> def 04-07 de 207 e 7,3 bc 7,2 bc 7,3 bcd<br />
Veisliø vidurkis<br />
Mean<br />
09-19 01-14 155,3 7,32 7,19 7,19<br />
Veislës<br />
Cultivars<br />
3 lentelë. Obelø veisliø vaisiø cheminë sudëtis<br />
Table 3. Biochemical fruit characteristics of apple cultivars<br />
Babtai, 2001–2004 m. vidurkiai / 2001–2004 average<br />
T<strong>ir</strong>pios sausosios<br />
medžiagos<br />
Dry soluble solids, %<br />
16<br />
Titruojamasis<br />
rûgðtingumas<br />
Titratable acidity, %<br />
Sausosios medžiagos<br />
Dry matter, %<br />
‘Antej’ 13,2 0,81 15,4<br />
‘Bolotovskoje’ 13,7 0,38 15,4<br />
‘Delikates’ 11,0 0,31 13,3<br />
‘Jubiliar’ 11,2 0,86 13,3<br />
‘Katja’ 12,1 0,66 13,7<br />
‘Kovalenkovskoje’ 12,3 0,26 15,1<br />
‘Kurnakovskoje’ 12,8 0,61 17,3<br />
‘Pamiatj Siubarovoj’ 12,4 0,82 16,8<br />
‘Svežestj’ 14,6 0,98 16,3<br />
‘Verbnoje’ 12,8 0,65 12,6<br />
Veisliø vidurkis<br />
Mean<br />
12,6 0,63 14,9<br />
R 05 / LSD 05 1,21 0,07 1,90
Odelës tv<strong>ir</strong>tumu iðsiskyrë ‘Verbnoje’ (45,6 kg/cm 2 ), ‘Bolotovskoje’ (45,2 kg/cm 2 )<br />
<strong>ir</strong> ‘Sveþestj’ (44,8 kg/cm 2 ) obuoliai (3 pav). Minkðèiausia buvo ‘Katja’ <strong>ir</strong> ‘Delikates’<br />
obuoliø odelë.<br />
3 pav. Obuoliø odelës tv<strong>ir</strong>tumas, kg/cm 2<br />
Fig. 3. F<strong>ir</strong>mness of apple skin (kg/cm 2 )<br />
Babtai, 2003–2004 m<br />
Minkðtimo tv<strong>ir</strong>tumu iðsiskyrë ‘Bolotovskoje’ (7,7 kg/cm 2 ) <strong>ir</strong> ‘Sveþestj’ (7 kg/cm 2 )<br />
obuoliai. Ið esmës minkðèiausi ‘Kovalenkovskoje’ (3,7 kg/cm 2 ), ‘Delikates’ (4,1 kg/cm 2 ),<br />
‘Katja’ (4,3 kg/cm 2 ) <strong>ir</strong> ‘Jubiliar’ (5,4 kg/cm 2 ) obuoliai (4 pav.).<br />
Minkðtimo tv<strong>ir</strong>tumas / F<strong>ir</strong>mness of flesh, kg/cm 2<br />
4 pav. Obuoliø minkðtimo tv<strong>ir</strong>tumas, kg/cm 2<br />
Fig. 4. F<strong>ir</strong>mness of apple flesh (kg/cm 2 )<br />
Babtai, 2003–2004 m.<br />
17
Aptarimas. Obelø derlingumo tyrimai parodë, kad ‘Antej’ <strong>ir</strong> ‘Kovalenkovskoje’<br />
vaismedþiai iðaugina didþiausià derliø. Panaðius tyrimø rezultatus gavo <strong>ir</strong> Rusijos<br />
mokslininkai (Ñåäîâ <strong>ir</strong> kt., 2004; Ñåäîâ <strong>ir</strong> kt., 2005). Tai rodo ðiø veisliø aukðtà<br />
adaptyvumo lygá. Mûsø tyrimø duomenimis, veislës ‘Pamiatj Siubarovoj’ obelø derlius<br />
buvo negausus. Taèiau Baltarusijos mokslininkai ‘Pamiatj Siubarovoj’ obelø veislæ<br />
iðsk<strong>ir</strong>ia kaip derlingà (Êîçëîâñêàÿ, 2003). Matyt, ðio poþymio atþvilgiu pastarajai<br />
veislei bûdingas nestabilumas, kurá lemia agroklimato sàlygos.<br />
Perd<strong>ir</strong>bimo pramonei reikia nuolat deranèiø obelø, kuriø vaisiuose bûtø daug<br />
cukraus, vidutiniðkai – rûgðèiø, daugiau kaip 1200 mg/l kalio, apie 11 proc. t<strong>ir</strong>piø<br />
sausøjø medþiagø (Fischer <strong>ir</strong> kt., 1999).<br />
Lietuvos agroklimato sàlygomis t<strong>ir</strong>toje veisliø grupëje ‘Delikates’ bei ‘Sveþestj’<br />
veisliø vaisiø kokybë <strong>ir</strong> cheminë sudëtis ávertinta geriausiai. Sk<strong>ir</strong>tingø ðaliø mokslininkø<br />
atliktø tyrimø rezultatai analogiðki (Porebski <strong>ir</strong> kt., 2000; Uselis, 2002; Sasnauskas<br />
<strong>ir</strong> kt., 2003; Ñåäîâ, 2005). Tai rodo aukðtà ðiø veisliø adaptyvumo lygá <strong>ir</strong> jø<br />
augimo arealo plëtimosi galimybæ.<br />
Iðvados. 1. Didþiausià suminá obuoliø derliø iðaugina veisliø ‘Antej’ <strong>ir</strong> ‘Kovalenkovskoje’<br />
vaismedþiai.<br />
2. Ilgiausias ‘Sveþestj’, trumpiausias ’Jubiliar’ vaisiø vartojimo laikas. Stambiausius<br />
vaisius iðaugina veisliø ‘Verbnoje’ <strong>ir</strong> ‘Jubiliar’, smulkiausius – ‘Sveþestj’<br />
vaismedþiai.<br />
3. Veisliø ‘Delikates’ bei ‘Sveþestj’ vaisiø kokybë <strong>ir</strong> cheminë sudëtis ávertinta<br />
geriausiai.<br />
4. Odelës tv<strong>ir</strong>tumu iðsisk<strong>ir</strong>ia ‘Verbnoje’, ‘Bolotovskoje’ <strong>ir</strong> ‘Sveþestj’, minkðtimo<br />
tv<strong>ir</strong>tumu – ‘Bolotovskoje’ <strong>ir</strong> ‘Sveþestj’ obuoliai.<br />
Gauta 2006-11-15<br />
Parengta spausdinti 2006-12-11<br />
Literatûra<br />
1. Bradford K. J., Alston J. M. Horticultural biotechnology: Challenges for commercial<br />
development // Chronica Horticulturae. 2004. Vol. 44(4). P. 4–8.<br />
2. Della Strada G., Fideghelli C. Le cultivar di pomacee introdote dal 1991–2001 //<br />
L’informatore Agrario. 2002. Vol. 41. P. 65–70.<br />
3. Fischer M., Schüler W., Fischer C., Gerber H. J. Nutzung Pillnitzer apfelsorten für<br />
die herstellung von verarbeitungsprodukten aus biologisch orientiertem Anbau // Erwerbsobstbau.<br />
1999. Vol. 41. P. 93–99.<br />
4. Intensyvios obelø <strong>ir</strong> kriauðiø auginimo technologijos (sud. N. Uselis). Lietuvos<br />
sodininkystës <strong>ir</strong> darþininkystës institutas. Babtai, 2005a. 211 p.<br />
5. Porebski S., Ponedzialek W., Rzeznicka B. Porownanie wartosci sensorycznych<br />
owocow osiemnastu odmian jabloni // Zeszyty naukowe instytutu sadownictwa I kwiaciarstwa<br />
w Skierniewicach. 2000. T. 8. P. 355–359.<br />
6. Sansavini S., Belfanti E., Costa F., Donati F. European apple breeding programs<br />
turn to biotechnology // Chronica Horticulturae. 2005. Vol. 45(2). P. 16–19.<br />
7. Sasnauskas A., Gelvonauskienë D., Duchovskis P., Ðikðnianienë J. Evaluation of<br />
biologically and economically important traits of apple cultivars // Sodininkystë <strong>ir</strong> darþininkystë.<br />
Babtai, 2003. 22(3). P. 3<strong>25</strong>–334.<br />
18
8. Tarakanovas P., Raudonius S. Agronominiø tyrimø duomenø statistinë analizë<br />
taikant kompiuterines programas ANOVA, STAT, SPILT-PLOT ið paketo SELEKCIJA <strong>ir</strong><br />
IRRISTAT / Metodinë priemonë. Akademija, 2003. 57 p.<br />
9. Uselis N. Assessment of productivity and fruit quality of apple cultivars on<br />
rootstock M26 in the fruit bearing orchard // Sodininkystë <strong>ir</strong> darþininkystë. Babtai, 2002.<br />
21(3). P. 14–28.<br />
10. Êîçëîâñêàÿ Ç. À. Ñîâåðøåíñòâîâàíèå ñîðòèìåíòà ÿáëîíè â Áåëà-ðóñè.<br />
Ìèíñê, 2003. 167 ñ.<br />
11. Ëó÷øèå ñîðòà ïëîäîâûõ è ÿãîäíûõ êóëüòóð ÂÍÈÈÑÏÊ (ðåä. Å. Í.<br />
Ñåäîâ). ÂÍÈÈÑÏÊ. Îðåë, 2005. 124 ñ.<br />
12. Ñîðòà ÿáëîíè è ãðóøè (ðåä. Å. Í. Ñåäîâ). ÂÍÈÈÑÏÊ. Îðåë, 2004. 208 ñ.<br />
SODININKYSTË IR DARÞININKYSTË. SCIENTIFIC ARTICLES. 2006. <strong>25</strong>(4).<br />
PRODUCTIVITY, FRUIT QUALITY AND CHEMICAL<br />
CHARACTERISTIC OF INTRODUCED APPLE CULTIVARS<br />
A. Sasnauskas, D. Gelvonauskienë, B. Gelvonauskis, P. Viðkelis<br />
Summary<br />
Productivity, fruit quality and biochemical characteristic of 10 new apple (Malus<br />
domestica Borkh.) cultivars were studied at the Lithuanian Institute of Horticulture<br />
in 1999–2005. Trees were grafted on M.26 rootstock at a spacing of 4 x 2.5 m.<br />
Investigations showed that apple trees of cvs. ‘Antej’ and ‘Kovalenkovskoje’<br />
produced the highest cumulative apple yield. The longest period of storage was that<br />
of cv. ‘Sveþestj’, the shortest one – of cv. ‘Jubiliar’ fruits. The largest fruits have<br />
cvs. ‘Verbnoje’ and ‘Jubiliar’, the smallest – cv. ‘Sveþestj’. Fruits of cv. ‘Delikates’<br />
and ‘Sveþestj’ had better quality and chemical characteristic in comparison with<br />
other apple cultivars. ‘Verbnoje’, ‘Bolotovskoje’ and ‘Sveþestj’ were distinguished<br />
for f<strong>ir</strong>mness of skin, ‘Bolotovskoje’ and ‘Sveþestj’ – for f<strong>ir</strong>mness of flesh.<br />
Key words: apple, chemical characteristic, cultivars, fruit quality, productivity.<br />
19
LIETUVOS SODININKYSTËS IR DARÞININKYSTËS INSTITUTO IR<br />
LIETUVOS ÞEMËS ÛKIO UNIVERSITETO MOKSLO DARBAI.<br />
SODININKYSTË IR DARÞININKYSTË. 2006. <strong>25</strong>(4).<br />
OBELØ SELEKCINIØ NUMERIØ BIOLOGINIØ<br />
SAVYBIØ TYRIMAS<br />
Dalia GELVONAUSKIENË, Audrius SASNAUSKAS,<br />
Bronislovas GELVONAUSKIS, Jûratë Bronë ÐIKÐNIANIENË,<br />
Gintarë ÐABAJEVIENË, Pavelas DUCHOVSKIS<br />
Lietuvos sodininkystës <strong>ir</strong> darþininkystës institutas, LT-54333, Babtai, Kauno r.<br />
El. paðtas A.Sasnauskas@lsdi.lt<br />
2000–2006 m. Lietuvos sodininkystës <strong>ir</strong> darþininkystës institute t<strong>ir</strong>tos ðeðiolikos<br />
selekciniø numeriø obelø (Malus domestica Borkh.) biologinës savybës. Ávertinta<br />
vaismedþiø su M.26 poskiepiu (4 x 2,5 m) fenologija, þiedø <strong>ir</strong> ûgliø paðalimas, vaismedþiø<br />
augumas, atsparumas rauplëms (Venturia inaequalis (Cke) Wint.), filostiktozei<br />
(Phyllosticta mali Pr. at Del.), vëþiui (Nectria galligena Bres.) bei fotosintezës<br />
pigmentø kiekis lapuose.<br />
Nustatyta, kad anksèiausiai þydëti baigia Nr. 19646, o vëliausiai – Nr. 19942 <strong>ir</strong><br />
kontrolinës veislës ‘Antej’ vaismedþiai. Pavasario ðalnoms atspariausi Nr. 20427,<br />
jautriausi – Nr. 20016, Nr. 19436 <strong>ir</strong> Nr. 19709 <strong>ir</strong> veislës ‘Antej’ vaismedþiai. Iðtvermingiausi<br />
þiemà Nr. 19436, Nr. 19646, Nr. 19707, Nr. 20429, Nr. 20978, neiðtvermingiausi<br />
– Nr. 19399, Nr. 20242, Nr. 20427 vaismedþiai. Visi t<strong>ir</strong>ti selekciniai numeriai<br />
imunûs rauplëms. Europinis vëþys nepaþeidë Nr. 19496, Nr. 20016 <strong>ir</strong> Nr. 20429.<br />
Rauplëmis <strong>ir</strong> filostiktoze nes<strong>ir</strong>go Nr. 19399, Nr. 19646, Nr. 19707, Nr. 20427,<br />
rauplëmis <strong>ir</strong> vëþiu – Nr. 19436. Kompleksiniu atsparumu visoms t<strong>ir</strong>toms ligoms<br />
pasiþymëjo Nr. 20016 <strong>ir</strong> Nr. 20429. Selekciniai numeriai skyrësi vaismedþiø aukðèiu,<br />
vainiko skersmeniu <strong>ir</strong> jo projekcijos plotu bei kamieno skersmeniu. Þemiausiø<br />
vaismedþiø aukðtis siekë 2,70, aukðèiausiø – 3,73 m. Maþiausias vainiko skersmuo –<br />
2,53 m, projekcijos plotas – 4,77 m 2 . Nustatyti selekciniø numeriø sk<strong>ir</strong>tumai pagal<br />
chlorofilo a, b <strong>ir</strong> karotinoidø kieká vaismedþiø lapuose. Didþiausias fotosintezës<br />
pigmentø kiekis nustatytas selekcinio numerio 22170 obelø lapuose, maþiausias –<br />
20429 obelø lapuose.<br />
Reikðminiai þodþiai: augumas, atsparumas ligoms, fenologija, fotosintezës pigmentai,<br />
obelys, selekciniai numeriai.<br />
Ávadas. Obelys (Malus domestica Borkh.) – plaèiausiai pasaulyje auginama sodø<br />
kultûra. Lietuvoje jos uþima 76 proc. visø auginamø vaismedþiø ploto (Raudonis<br />
& Valiuðkaitë, 2003). Baltijos ðaliø regiono agroklimato sàlygomis vaismedþiai paðàla<br />
þiemà, nukenèia nuo grybiniø ligø: raupliø (Venturia inaequalis (Cke) Wint., filostik-<br />
20
tozës (Phyllosticta mali Pr. at Del.) (Ikase & Dubravs, 2001) <strong>ir</strong> europinio vëþio<br />
(Nectria galligena Bres), (Kozlovskaya, 2001; Valiuðkaitë <strong>ir</strong> kt., 2003).<br />
Introdukuotø obelø savybës <strong>ir</strong> prisitaikymas prie sk<strong>ir</strong>tingø agroklimato sàlygø<br />
yra labai nevienodas (Bandaravièius <strong>ir</strong> kt., 2001; Uselis, 2001; Sasnauskas <strong>ir</strong> kt.<br />
2005). Daugumos introdukuotø komerciniø obelø veisliø, auginamø mûsø klimato<br />
zonoje, vaisiø kokybë pablogëja, vaismedþiai paðàla. Sodininkystës poreikiams tenkinti<br />
reikia vis naujø veisliø, kuriø biologinës savybës turi tiesioginës átakos vaismedþiø<br />
produktyvumui. Ypaè reikðmingos veislës, labai gerai prisitaikanèios prie nepalankiø<br />
biotiniø <strong>ir</strong> abiotiniø veiksniø (Kozlovskaya <strong>ir</strong> kt., 2000; Sansavini <strong>ir</strong> kt., 2005).<br />
Obelø selekcija <strong>ir</strong> toliau iðlieka aktuali mokslo kryptis. Lietuvoje kryptingi obelø selekcijos<br />
darbai pradëti 1952 m. LSD institute sukurtos komercinës obelø veislës:<br />
‘Auksis’, ‘Noris’, ‘Ðtaris’, ‘Aldas’. 2005 m. sukurtos rauplëms imunios veislës:<br />
‘Skaistis’ <strong>ir</strong> ‘Rudenis’ (Sasnauskas <strong>ir</strong> kt., 2005). Pastaruoju metu þinoma daugiau<br />
kaip 50 genø, lemianèiø áva<strong>ir</strong>ius obelø poþymius (Ïîíoìàðåíêî, Äçþáèíà, 2001).<br />
Obelø selekcijos sëkmë priklauso nuo genetiniø ðaltiniø áva<strong>ir</strong>ovës, tikslingo <strong>ir</strong> sëkmingo<br />
jø panaudojimo kryþminant. Vienas ið prioritetiniø obelø selekcijos programos<br />
tikslø – sukurti imunias <strong>ir</strong> atsparias ligoms, iðtvermingas þiemà, iðauginanèias geros<br />
kokybës vaisius, tinkamas komercinei <strong>ir</strong> ekologinei sodininkystei veisles.<br />
Darbo tikslas – iðt<strong>ir</strong>ti LSD institute sukurtø obelø selekciniø numeriø su M.26<br />
poskiepiu biologines savybes.<br />
Tyrimo objektas <strong>ir</strong> metodai. Tyrimø vieta. Tyrimai atlikti 1999–2006 m. Lietuvos<br />
sodininkystës <strong>ir</strong> darþininkystës instituto obelø veisliø tyrimo sode. 1999 m.<br />
pavasará pasodinta 16 selekciniø numeriø dvimeèiai obelø sodinukai su M.26 poskiepiu.<br />
Sodinimo schema – 4 x 2,5 m, po vienà vaismedá laukelyje 5 pakartojimais.<br />
Tyrimø objektas. T<strong>ir</strong>ta 16 perspektyviø obelø hibridø, sukurtø Lietuvos sodininkystës<br />
<strong>ir</strong> darþininkystës institute: Nr. 19399, Nr. 21118, (‘Prima’ x ‘Idared’), Nr. 19436,<br />
Nr. 19707, Nr. 19709, Nr. 19646 (‘Katja’ x ‘Prima’), Nr. 19942, Nr. 20235, Nr. 20239,<br />
Nr. 20242, Nr. 20427, Nr. 20429, Nr. 22170, (‘Noris’ x ‘Prima’), Nr. 20490 (‘Auksis’ x<br />
‘Prima’) Nr. 20978 (‘Tellissaare’ x ‘Prima’), Nr. 20016 (‘Prima’ x ‘Idared’) kartu su á<br />
Nacionaliná augalø veisliø sàraðà áraðytomis ‘Antej’ <strong>ir</strong> ‘Delikates’ obelø veislëmis.<br />
Sodo prieþiûra. Vaismedþiai priþiûrëti pagal LSDI priimtas intensyvias obelø <strong>ir</strong><br />
kriauðiø auginimo technologijas (Intensyvios obelø <strong>ir</strong> kriauðiø auginimo technologijos,<br />
2005). Nuo ligø vaismedþiai kasmet purkðti fungicidais (5–6 kartus), nuo kenkëjø<br />
– insekticidais (3–4 kartus).<br />
Meteorologinës sàlygos. Tyrimo laikotarpiu buvo sk<strong>ir</strong>tingos meteorologinës sàlygos.<br />
Jos turëjo átakos vaismedþiø biologinëms savybëms bei ligø sukëlëjø vystymuisi<br />
<strong>ir</strong> plitimui. Oro temperatûra <strong>ir</strong> krituliø kiekis tyrimo metais buvo artimi daugiameèiams<br />
vidurkiams, iðskyrus tai, kad 2001 m. liepos mënuo buvo 4°C ðiltesnis, <strong>ir</strong> per<br />
mënesá iðkrito 64 mm krituliø daugiau, palyginti su daugiameèiu vidurkiu. 2002 m.<br />
pavasaris buvo ðiltesnis, taèiau sausesnis uþ vidutiná daugiametá. B<strong>ir</strong>þelá krituliø iðkrito<br />
63 mm daugiau, palyginti su daugiameèiu vidurkiu. 2003 m. pavasará <strong>ir</strong> vasaros<br />
pradþioje oro temperatûra buvo artima daugiametei, o krituliø iðkrito maþiau. B<strong>ir</strong>þelio<br />
<strong>ir</strong> liepos mënesiais orai buvo ðilti <strong>ir</strong> drëgni. 2004 m. kovo mënesio III dekados<br />
oro temperatûra buvo 3,1°C aukðtesnë uþ vidutinæ daugiametæ. Vaismedþiø þydëjimo<br />
laikotarpiu uþregistruotos ankstyvos pavasario ðalnos (nuo -0,3°C iki -4,9°C).<br />
21
2005 m. geguþës mënesá iðkrito 22,8 mm krituliø daugiau nei daugiametis vidurkis.<br />
2002–2003 m. gruodþio mën. temperatûra buvo 5°C þemesnë, o vasario – 1,7°C<br />
aukðtesnë uþ daugiametá vidurká. 2003–2004 m. gruodis <strong>ir</strong> vasaris buvo atitinkamai<br />
1,9°C <strong>ir</strong> 2,5°C ðiltesni, o sausis 2,1°C ðaltesnis uþ daugiametá vidurká.<br />
Tyrimø metodai <strong>ir</strong> statistinë analizë. Obelø hibridø biologiniø savybiø tyrimas<br />
atliktas pagal EUFRIN Obelø <strong>ir</strong> kriauðiø veisliø tyrimo metodikà. Nustatyti vaismedþiø<br />
þydëjimo tarpsniai (þydëjimo pradþia, gausiausio þydëjimo pradþia <strong>ir</strong> pabaiga,<br />
þydëjimo pabaiga), þiedø <strong>ir</strong> ûgliø paðalimas (balais), vaismedþiø augumas (medþio<br />
aukðtis, m, vainiko skersmuo, m, kamieno skersmuo 50 cm aukðtyje, cm, vainiko<br />
projekcijos plotas, m 2 ), atsparumas rauplëms, filostiktozei <strong>ir</strong> vëþiui (balais) bei fotosintezës<br />
pigmentai (chlorofilø <strong>ir</strong> karotinoidø kiekiai, mg m -2 ). Fotosintezës pigmentø<br />
(chlorofilø a, b <strong>ir</strong> karotinoidø) kiekis þalioje lapø masëje buvo nustatytas 100% acetono<br />
ekstrakte spektrofotometriniu Wettstein metodu (Beadle, 1987) spektrofotometru<br />
„Genesys 6“ (ThermoSpectronic, JAV). Selekciniø hibridø atsparumo rauplëms<br />
genetinei kontrolei nustatyti naudoti DNR þymenys. Tam tikslui obelø bendroji<br />
DNR iðsk<strong>ir</strong>ta ið skystame azote homogenizuoto lapo audinio (0,2 g) taikant CTAB<br />
metodà (Doyle <strong>ir</strong> Doyle, 1990). Vf1 geno specifiniam DNR fragmentui amplifikuoti<br />
buvo naudota pradmenø pora:<br />
VF1SPF (5’-TCTATCTCAGTAGTTTCTATAATTCC-3’),<br />
VF1SPR (5’-GTAGTTACTCTCAAGATTAAGAACTT-3’). Pradmenys parinkti<br />
pagal Genø banko (NCBI) sekà AJ297739, publikuotà internete http://<br />
www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/. PGR sàlygos: DNR denatûracija atlikta 94°C temperatûroje<br />
4 min., toliau 35 ciklø – 94°C 1 min. 45 s, 47°C 1 min. 45 s, 72°C 2 min.<br />
30 s, pabaigoje – 72°C 6 min. PGR reakcijai naudota 1,<strong>25</strong> vieneto polimeraziø miðinio<br />
High Fidelity PCR Enzyme Mix* (fermentas). Reakcija vyko esant 1,5 mM MgCl 2<br />
,<br />
1 µM pradmenø <strong>ir</strong> 0,2 mM dNTP.<br />
Eksperimentiniai duomenys biometriðkai ávertinti dispersinës analizës metodais<br />
(Tarakanovas, Raudonius, 2003), naudojant ANOVA statistinæ programà.<br />
Rezultatai. Þydëjimo tarpsniai <strong>ir</strong> trukmë. Tyrimo laikotarpiu kontrolinës veislës<br />
<strong>ir</strong> selekciniai numeriai pradëdavo þydëti vidutiniðkai geguþës 13–17 dienomis (1<br />
lentelë). Anksèiausiai þydëjo selekciniai numeriai 19436, 19646 <strong>ir</strong> 20427. Praëjus 2–<br />
5 dienoms nuo vaismedþiø þydëjimo pradþios, uþregistruotas jø masinis þydëjimas.<br />
Greièiausiai masiðkai suþydëjo sëjinuko Nr. 19707 vaismedþiai. Vëliausiai prasidëjo<br />
Nr. 19942 vaismedþiø masinio þydëjimo tarpsnis. Masinis þydëjimas truko 2–6 dienas.<br />
Trumpiausias jis buvo Nr. 19942, ilgiausias – Nr. 19436 <strong>ir</strong> Nr. 20978 vaismedþiø.<br />
Kontrolinës veislës <strong>ir</strong> selekciniai numeriai baigë þydëti geguþës 23–26 dienomis.<br />
Þydëjimo tarpsnis truko 8–11 dienø. Trumpiausiai, 8 dienas, þydëjo Nr. 19709 vaismedþiai,<br />
dar 6 sëjinukø <strong>ir</strong> kontrolinës veislës ‘Delikates’ – 9 dienas.<br />
Þiedø <strong>ir</strong> ûgliø paðalimas. 2003 m. pavasario ðalnos stipriausiai paþeidë selekciniø<br />
numeriø 19436 <strong>ir</strong> 20978 obelø þiedus. Jø paþeidimai ávertinti atitinkamai 3,5 <strong>ir</strong> 3,0 balais<br />
(2 lentelë). 2004 m. pavasará ðalnos stipriai paþeidë (3,7–6,9 balo) visø t<strong>ir</strong>tø obelø þiedus.<br />
Maþiausiai nukentëjo Nr. 20427 þiedai. 2003 m. þiemà stipriausiai paðalo selekciniø numeriø<br />
20242 <strong>ir</strong> 19399 obelø ûgliai (atitinkamai 4,4 <strong>ir</strong> 4,0 balai). Kontrolinës veislës ‘Antej’ <strong>ir</strong><br />
Nr. 19436 ûgliai paðalo maþiausiai (1,0 <strong>ir</strong> 1,1 balo). 2004 m. stipriausiai paðalo (3,2 balo)<br />
selekcinio numerio 20235, silpniausiai (1,0 balas) – 19436 obelø ûgliai.<br />
22
Selekciniai<br />
numeriai<br />
Selections<br />
1 lentelë. Obelø selekciniø numeriø vaismedþiø þydëjimo tarpsniai<br />
Table 1. Dates of blossoming time of apple selections<br />
Babtai, 2000–2005 m.<br />
Þydëjimo<br />
pradžia,<br />
mën., d.<br />
Beginning of<br />
blossoming, month,<br />
day<br />
Masinio þydëjimo<br />
pradþia, mën., d.<br />
Beginning of full<br />
blossoming, month,<br />
day<br />
Masinio þydëjimo<br />
pabaiga, mën., d.<br />
The end of full<br />
blossoming, month,<br />
day<br />
Þydëjimo<br />
pabaiga,<br />
mën., d.<br />
The end of<br />
blossoming,<br />
month, day<br />
Þydëjimo<br />
trukmë<br />
dienomis<br />
Length of<br />
blossoming<br />
duration, days<br />
19399 05-14 05-18 05-22 05-<strong>25</strong> 11<br />
19436 05-13 05-17 05-23 05-24 11<br />
19646 05-13 05-16 05-21 05-23 10<br />
19707 05-16 05-18 05-21 05-<strong>25</strong> 9<br />
19709 05-16 05-19 05-22 05-24 8<br />
19942 05-17 05-21 05-23 05-26 9<br />
20016 05-16 05-19 05-22 05-<strong>25</strong> 9<br />
20235 05-14 05-18 05-22 05-24 10<br />
20239 05-16 05-19 05-23 05-<strong>25</strong> 9<br />
20242 05-14 05-18 05-22 05-<strong>25</strong> 11<br />
20427 05-13 05-18 05-22 05-24 11<br />
20429 05-15 05-18 05-22 05-<strong>25</strong> 10<br />
20490 05-15 05-19 05-23 05-<strong>25</strong> 10<br />
20978 05-14 05-18 05-24 05-<strong>25</strong> 11<br />
22170 05-14 05-18 05-22 05-<strong>25</strong> 11<br />
21118 05-15 05-18 05-22 05-24 9<br />
‘Delikates’ 05-16 05-19 05-23 05-<strong>25</strong> 9<br />
‘Antej’ 05-16 05-19 05-22 05-26 10<br />
Vidurkis<br />
Mean<br />
05-15 05-18 05-22 05-24 9,9<br />
R 05 / LSD 05 1,99 3,37 2,01 1,01 0,96<br />
Vaismedþiø augumas. Septintaisiais augimo sode metais aukðèiausi buvo<br />
Nr. 20016 <strong>ir</strong> Nr. 20235 vaismedþiai (atitinkamai 3,73 <strong>ir</strong> 3,50 m) (3 lentelë). Þemiausi<br />
buvo Nr. 19707 (2,70 m.) <strong>ir</strong> Nr. 19436 (2,86 m) medeliai. Didþiausiu vainiko skersmeniu<br />
(atitinkamai 3,40 <strong>ir</strong> 3,26 m) <strong>ir</strong> vainiko projekcijos plotu (atitinkamai 9,07 <strong>ir</strong><br />
8,34 m 2 ) pasiþymëjo Nr. 20239 <strong>ir</strong> Nr. 20429. Minëtø selekciniø numeriø vainiko<br />
rodikliai buvo ið esmës didesni uþ kontroliniø veisliø vainiko rodiklius. Maþiausiu<br />
vaismedþio vainiko skersmeniu (atitinkamai 2,53, 2,56 <strong>ir</strong> 2,56 m) bei projekcijos<br />
plotu (atitinkamai 4,77, 5,16 <strong>ir</strong> 5,16 m 2 ) ið selekciniø numeriø iðsiskyrë Nr. 20490,<br />
Nr. 20427 <strong>ir</strong> Nr. 20242. Pastarøjø selekciniø numeriø vaismedþiø kamieno skersmenys<br />
buvo maþiausi arba vieni maþiausiø.<br />
23
2 lentelë. Obelø selekciniø numeriø vaismedþiø þiedø bei ûgliø paðalimas balais<br />
Table 2. Blossoms and one shoot injury of apple selections, scores<br />
Babtai, 2003–2004 m.<br />
Selekciniai Nr.<br />
<strong>ir</strong> veislës<br />
Selections and<br />
cultivars<br />
Þiedø paðalimas pavasario ðalnø<br />
metu balais<br />
Injury of blossoms caused by spring<br />
frosts, scores<br />
Ûgliø paðalimas þiemà balais<br />
Injury of one year shoots caused by<br />
winter cold, scores<br />
2003 m. 2004 m. 2003 m. 2004 m.<br />
19399 1,5 ± 0,54 5,6 ± 1,24 4,0 ± 0,19 2,0 ± 0,39<br />
19436 3,5 ± 0,60 6,3 ± 1,28 1,1 ± 0,10 1,0 ± 0<br />
19646 2,1 ± 0,62 4,5 ± 1,17 1,4 ± 0,16 2,1 ± 0,45<br />
19707 1,0 ± 0 5,7 ± 1,68 1,4 ± 0,14 2,3 ± 0,34<br />
19709 1,0 ± 0 6,2 ± 0,74 2,6 ± 0,30 2,6 ± 1,<strong>25</strong><br />
19942 - - - -<br />
20016 1,0 ± 0 6,9 ± 1,34 2,0 ± 0,43 1,9 ± 0,30<br />
20235 1,8 ± 0,81 4,6 ± 1,72 1,9 ± 0,26 3,2 ± 1,91<br />
20239 - 4,7 ± 1,56 2,0 ± 0,42 2,9 ± 0,40<br />
20242 1,7 ± 0,43 5,4 ± 1,80 4,4 ± 0,51 2,6 ± 0,30<br />
20427 - 3,7 ± 1,62 3,2 ± 0,57 2,0 ± 0,19<br />
20429 1,0 ± 0 5,5 ± 1,13 1,4 ± 0,07 2,3 ± 0,62<br />
20490 1,4 ± 0,36 4,6 ± 1,44 2,2 ± 0,31 1,9 ± 0,22<br />
20978 3,0 ± 1,40 5,4 ± 1,04 1,6 ± 0,26 1,8 ± 0,62<br />
22170 2,5 ± 0,32 4,9 ± 1,61 2,9 ± 0,58 1,4 ± 0,22<br />
21118 - 5,3 ± 1,58 2,0 ± 0,57 1,4 ± 0,22<br />
‘Delikates’ 1,0 ± 0 5,4 ± 0,97 2,4 ± 0,30 1,7 ± 0,39<br />
‘Antej’ 1,8 ± 0,81 5,9 ± 1,07 1,0 ± 0 1,7 ± 0,19<br />
24
3 lentelë. Obelø selekciniø numeriø vaismedþiø augumas<br />
Table 3. Growth vigour of apple tree selections<br />
Babtai, 2006 m.<br />
Selekciniai<br />
Nr. <strong>ir</strong><br />
Vainiko projekcijos<br />
Vaismedþiø aukðtis Vainiko skersmuo<br />
Kamieno skersmuo<br />
veislës<br />
plotas<br />
Tree height, m Crown diameter, m<br />
Selections<br />
Crown section area, m 2 Trunk diameter, cm<br />
and cultivars<br />
19399 3,43 efgh* 2,93 ef 6,73 d 28,0 efg<br />
19436 2,86 ab 2,83 cdef 6,29 c <strong>25</strong>,0 cd<br />
19646 3,0 bcd 2,60 bcd 5,30 g 29,0 fghi<br />
19707 2,70 a 3,13 fghi 7,69 m 31,5 i<br />
19709 3,06 bcd 2,93 ef 6,73 d 27,0 def<br />
19942 3,16 cde 2,90 def 6,60 j 26,8 def<br />
20016 3,73 h 3,03 efg 7,18 l 26,9 def<br />
20235 3,50 fgh 2,86 cdef 6,43 i <strong>25</strong>,1 cd<br />
20239 3,20 def 3,40 i 9,07 o 30,0 ghi<br />
20242 3,03 bcd 2,56 abc 5,16 b 23,1 bc<br />
20427 3,03 bcd 2,56 abc 5,16 b 22,6 b<br />
20429 3,20 def 3,26 ghi 8,34 n 29,1 fghi<br />
20490 3,03 bcd 2,53 ab 4,77 e <strong>25</strong>,6 de<br />
20978 3,16 cde 2,83 cdef 6,29 c 26,2 de<br />
22170 3,26 def 3,00 efg 7,03 k 22,8 bc<br />
21118 3,06 bcd 2,76 bcde 5,96 h 27,6 efg<br />
‘Delikates’ 2,90 abc 2,3 a 4,16 a 19,1 a<br />
‘Antej’ 3,20 def 2,5 ab 4,96 f 22,1 b<br />
Vidurkis<br />
Mean<br />
3,14 2,83 6,32 <strong>25</strong>,9<br />
* Duomenys apskaièiuoti pagal Dunkano kriterijø / Duncan’s multiple range t-test<br />
Tarp vidurkiø, paþymëtø tomis paèiomis raidëmis, nëra esminiø sk<strong>ir</strong>tumø, kai P=0,05 /<br />
Means followed by the same letter are not significantly different at P=0.5<br />
Vaismedþiø atsparumas rauplëms, filostiktozei <strong>ir</strong> vëþiui. Vizualiai ávertinus vaismedþiø<br />
atsparumà grybinëms ligoms, nustatyta, kad selekciniai numeriai rauplëmis<br />
nes<strong>ir</strong>go, o veislës ‘Delikates’ vaismedþius rauplës labai paþeidë – paþeidimas ávertintas<br />
4 balais, ‘Antej’ veislës – 3 balais (4 lentelë).<br />
<strong>25</strong>
4 lentelë. Obelø selekciniø numeriø vaismedþiø atsparumas grybinëms ligoms<br />
Table 4. Resistance of apple selections to fungal diseases<br />
Babtai, 2003–2005 m.<br />
Selekciniai<br />
Nr. <strong>ir</strong><br />
veislës<br />
Selections<br />
and cultivars<br />
Rauplës<br />
Scab<br />
Filostiktozë<br />
Apple blotch<br />
Europinis vëþys<br />
European cancer<br />
vidutinis min.–maks. min.–maks.<br />
vidutinis<br />
vidutinis<br />
pažeidimas pažeidimas pažeidimas<br />
þaizdø<br />
paþeidimø<br />
balais balais balais<br />
kiekis, vnt.<br />
balas<br />
average<br />
average score min-max. score min-max. score<br />
average score<br />
number of<br />
of injury of injury of injury<br />
of injury<br />
lesions<br />
9399 0 0 0 1,8 0,4 1–3<br />
min.–maks.<br />
pažeidimas<br />
balais<br />
min-max. score<br />
of injury<br />
19436 0 0 0–1 0 0 0<br />
19646 0 0 0 1,5 1,5 1–4<br />
19707 0 0 0 1,0 0,6 1–3<br />
19709 0 0 0–0,1 1,2 1,2 1–3<br />
19942 0 0 0 5,8 3,2 1–5<br />
20016 0 0 0 0 0 0<br />
20235 0 0 0 1,0 0,8 1–2<br />
20239 0 0 0 2,8 1,4 1–3<br />
20242 0 0 0–0,1 1,4 1,0 1–3<br />
20427 0 0 0–1 0,8 0,3 0–1<br />
20429 0 0 0 0 0 0<br />
20490 0 0 0–0,1 1,8 0,7 1–3<br />
20978 0 0 0 1,2 0,8 1–2<br />
22170 0 0 0–0,1 1,2 1,3 1–3<br />
21118 0 0 0–0,1 2,0 0,4 1–3<br />
‘Delikates’ 2,4 1–4 0–1 0,2 0,7 1–2<br />
‘Antej’ 1,5 1–3 0,1–1 1,2 0,4 1–5<br />
26
Atlikus PGR su Vf genui specifiniais VF1SPF, VF1SPR pradmenimis, nustatyta,<br />
kad visi t<strong>ir</strong>ti selekciniai numeriai, kaip <strong>ir</strong> veislë ‘Prima’, kurios atsparumà lemia Vf<br />
genas, turi ðiam genui bûdingà 500 bp DNR fragmentà (1 pav). Rauplëms jautrios<br />
veislës ‘Noris’ vaismedþiai ðio DNR fragmento neturi.<br />
1 pav. Obelø selekciniø numeriø Vf geno fragmento elektroforegrama<br />
Fig. 1. Electrophoregram of Vf gene fragment<br />
1 – 19399; 2 – 19436; 3 – 19646; 4 – 19707; 5 – 19709; 6 – 20016; 7 – 20235; 8 – 19942; 9 –<br />
21118; 10 – 20239; 11 – 20242; 12 – 20427; 13 – 20429; 14 – 20490; 15 – 20978; 16 – 22170;<br />
N – ‘Noris’; P – ‘Prima’; M – DNR grandinës ilgio þymuo O’GeneRuler TM 1 kb DNA Ladder<br />
(fermentas)<br />
Filostiktozë obelø selekciniø numeriø nepaþeidë arba paþeidimai buvo neþymûs.<br />
Visi t<strong>ir</strong>ti selekciniai numeriai, iðskyrus Nr. 19496, Nr. 20016 <strong>ir</strong> Nr. 20429, turëjo<br />
europinio vëþio simptomø. Vëþio sukëlëjui ið esmës jautriausias Nr. 19942. Rauplëmis<br />
<strong>ir</strong> filostiktoze nes<strong>ir</strong>go Nr. 19399, Nr. 19646, Nr. 19707, Nr. 20427, rauplëmis <strong>ir</strong><br />
vëþiu – Nr. 19436, në viena t<strong>ir</strong>ta liga – Nr. 20016 <strong>ir</strong> Nr. 20429.<br />
Fotosintetiniai pigmentai. Chlorofilo a kiekis áva<strong>ir</strong>iø selekciniø numeriø obelø<br />
lapuose áva<strong>ir</strong>avo nuo 293 iki 466 mg m -2 (2 pav.). Didþiausias (466 mg m -2 ) chlorofilo<br />
a kiekis nustatytas selekcinio numerio 22170 obelø lapuose, maþiausias – 20429<br />
obelø lapuose (293 mg m -2 ). Kontroliniø veisliø ‘Delikates’ <strong>ir</strong> ‘Antej’ obelø lapuose<br />
chlorofilo a kiekis buvo atitinkamai 380 <strong>ir</strong> 4<strong>25</strong> mg m -2 . Didþiausias (134 mg m -2 ) chlorofilo<br />
b kiekis buvo taip pat selekcinio numerio 22170 obelø lapuose, t. y. 29 mg m -2<br />
didesnis nei kontrolinës veislës ‘Delikates’ <strong>ir</strong> 17 mg m -2 – nei ‘Antej’ obelø lapuose.<br />
2 pav. Fotosintezës pigmentø kiekis selekciniø numeriø obelø lapuose<br />
Fig. 2. Amount of photosynthetic pigments in apple tree leaves<br />
Babtai, 2003–2005 m.<br />
27
Maþiausias chlorofilo b (77 mg m -2 ) <strong>ir</strong> karotinoidø (119 mg m -2 ) kiekis nustatytas<br />
selekcinio numerio 20429 obelø lapuose. Didþiausias karotinoidø kiekis (178 mg m -2 )<br />
nustatytas taip pat selekcinio numerio 22170 obelø lapuose. Jis taip pat buvo didesnis<br />
nei kontroliniø veisliø obelø lapuose (2 pav.).<br />
Chlorofilø a <strong>ir</strong> b santykis áva<strong>ir</strong>avo nuo 3,5 iki 4,1 (3 pav.). Didþiausias chlorofilø<br />
a <strong>ir</strong> b santykis nustatytas selekciniø numeriø 20490, 19707, 20239 <strong>ir</strong> 20978, maþiausias<br />
– Nr. 22170 vaismedþiø lapuose. Taèiau esminiø sk<strong>ir</strong>tumø nebuvo.<br />
Selekciniai Nr. <strong>ir</strong> veislës / Selections and cultivars<br />
3 pav. Chlorofilo a <strong>ir</strong> b santykis selekciniø numeriø obelø lapuose<br />
Fig. 3. Relationship of chlorophylls a, b in apple tree leaves<br />
Babtai, 2003–2005 m.<br />
Aptarimas. Obelø þydëjimo laikas yra svarbi jø savybë. Anksti þydintiems vaismedþiams<br />
kyla grësmë, kad jø þiedus paþeis pavasarinës ðalnos. Ðalnø tikimybë yra<br />
didesnë geguþës mënesio pradþioje nei vëlesniais laikotarpiais. Ið t<strong>ir</strong>tø selekciniø numeriø<br />
vëliausiai pradëdavo þydëti Nr. 19942 – praþysdavo vidutiniðkai geguþës 17<br />
dienà (1 lentelë). Dar ðeði t<strong>ir</strong>ti hibridai, kaip <strong>ir</strong> abi kontrolinës veislës, pradëdavo<br />
þydëti dienà anksèiau. Ilgiau þydinèioms obelø veislëms lengviau parinkti veisles dulkininkes.<br />
Ilgiau þydinèios veislës ilgiau þydi kartu, todël didesnë tikimybë, kad tuo<br />
laikotarpiu ar bent jo dalá bus palankios sàlygos vaismedþiams apdulkinti.<br />
Atsparumas pavasario ðalnoms <strong>ir</strong> þiemos ðalèiams yra viena bûtiniausiø obelø<br />
savybiø Lietuvoje. Obelø þiedø atsparumas pavasario ðalnoms priklauso nuo þiedø<br />
iðsivystymo tarpsnio <strong>ir</strong> ðalnos stiprumo. Kai kuriø t<strong>ir</strong>tø selekciniø numeriø vaismedþiai<br />
buvo atsparesni minëtiems neigiamiems aplinkos veiksniams arba jø atsparumas<br />
buvo panaðus á kontroliniø veisliø atsparumà. Nustatytas atsparumo lygis turëtø<br />
bûti pakankamas, kad vaismedþiø produktyvumas mûsø ðalies klimato sàlygomis<br />
bûtø optimalus.<br />
Ekologiniu <strong>ir</strong> komerciniu aspektais vertingiausios yra kompleksiniu atsparumu<br />
ligoms pasiþyminèios obelø veislës (Kellerhals <strong>ir</strong> kt., 2004). Natûraliame sukëlëjo<br />
infekciniame fone, sode, ant selekciniø numeriø vaismedþiø raupliø poþymiø nepastebëta<br />
(4 lentelë). Visø atrinktø selekciniø numeriø vienas ið tëvø buvo veislë ‘Prima’,<br />
turinti Vf genà. Naudojant specifinius Vf genui DNR þymenis, nustatyta, kad<br />
visi t<strong>ir</strong>ti selekciniai numeriai turëjo Vf genui bûdingà DNR fragmentà (2 pav.). Tai<br />
rodo, kad visø hibridø imunumà rauplëms lemia Vf genas.<br />
28
Baltijos ðaliø klimato sàlygos labai palankios europiniam vëþiui plisti <strong>ir</strong> vystytis.<br />
Ið þievës ligø sukëlëjø labiausiai paplitæs N. galligena. Jis paþeidþia jaunus, greitai<br />
auganèius vaismedþius. LSD institute buvo t<strong>ir</strong>tas 20 veisliø atsparumas vëþiui. Nustatyta,<br />
kad visø veisliø vaismedþiai buvo paþeisti ðios ligos sukëlëjo (Valiuðkaitë <strong>ir</strong><br />
kt., 2003). T<strong>ir</strong>tø selekciniø numeriø grupëje vëþiu nes<strong>ir</strong>go Nr. 19496 (‘Katja x ‘Prima’),<br />
Nr. 20016 (‘Prima’ x ‘Idared’) <strong>ir</strong> Nr. 20429 (‘Noris’ x ‘Prima’) vaismedþiai.<br />
Vëþio sukëlëjui ið esmës jautriausias Nr. 19942 (‘Noris’ x ‘Prima’). Nëra iðt<strong>ir</strong>ta obelø<br />
atsparumo vëþiui <strong>ir</strong> filostiktozei genetinë kontrolë. Tikëtina, kad ðiuos poþymius lemia<br />
monogeniniam atsparumui alternatyvus genetinis mechanizmas. Atsparumas áva<strong>ir</strong>ioms<br />
ligoms priklauso nuo sk<strong>ir</strong>tingos genetinës kontrolës. Tai suteikia galimybiø sukurti genotipus,<br />
pasiþyminèius kompleksiniu atsparumu keletui ligø <strong>ir</strong> kenkëjø (Fischer, 2000).<br />
Ið visø LSD institute sukurtø selekciniø numeriø në viena ið t<strong>ir</strong>tø ligø nes<strong>ir</strong>go Nr. 20016<br />
<strong>ir</strong> Nr. 20429. Rauplëmis <strong>ir</strong> filostiktoze nes<strong>ir</strong>go Nr. 19399, Nr. 19646, Nr. 19707,<br />
Nr. 20427, rauplëmis <strong>ir</strong> vëþiu – Nr. 19436.<br />
Obelø veislës, kuriø vaismedþiai yra riboto augumo, ypaè naudingos veisiant<br />
intensyvius verslinius sodus. T<strong>ir</strong>tø selekciniø numeriø vaismedþiø aukðtis tarpusavyje<br />
skyrësi iki vieno metro. Þemiausi buvo Nr. 19707 vaismedþiai, taèiau jø vainiko<br />
skersmuo <strong>ir</strong> projekcijos plotas buvo vieni didþiausiø (3 lentelë). Selekciniai numeriai<br />
(Nr. 20016 <strong>ir</strong> Nr. 20235), kuriø vaismedþiai aukðèiausi, nepasiþymëjo plaèiais vainikais<br />
ar dideliu kamienø skersmeniu.<br />
Augalø produktyvumà lemia glaudþiai susijæ augimo <strong>ir</strong> vystymosi procesai, kuriø<br />
metu keièiasi augalø fotosintezës <strong>ir</strong> kvëpavimo intensyvumas, asimiliacinis plotas,<br />
fotosintetinis potencialas <strong>ir</strong> fotosintezës produktyvumas (Òðåòüÿêîâ, 1998).<br />
Vienas svarbiausiø veiksniø, uþtikrinanèiø augalø fotosintetiná potencialà, yra optimalus<br />
fotosintezës pigmentø kiekis <strong>ir</strong> santykis lapuose (Datt, 1998). Vienas rodikliø,<br />
charakterizuojanèiø augalø bûklæ, yra fotosintetinio aparato darbas, lemiantis pigmentø<br />
kieká lapuose. Mûsø t<strong>ir</strong>tø selekciniø numeriø obelø lapuose fotosintezës pigmentø<br />
kiekis buvo labai áva<strong>ir</strong>us: didþiausias nustatytas selekcinio numerio 22170,<br />
maþiausias – 20429 obelø lapuose. Ðie selekciniai numeriai minëtu rodikliu lenkë<br />
kontrolines veisles ‘Delikates’ <strong>ir</strong> ‘Antej’.<br />
Iðvados. 1. Vertinant t<strong>ir</strong>tø obelø selekciniø numeriø þydëjimo laikà, nustatyta,<br />
kad vëliausia vaismedþiø þydëjimo data yra geguþës 17 diena, o ilgiausias þydëjimo<br />
laikotarpis – 11 dienø.<br />
2. Nuo 2003 m. pavasario ðalnø maþiausiai nukentëjo keturiø selekciniø numeriø<br />
þiedai. Po 2004 m. stipresniø ðalnø vieno hibrido (Nr. 20427) þiedai pas<strong>ir</strong>odë atspariausi.<br />
Selekcinis numeris 19436 iðsiskyrë iðtvermingumu þiemà: jo metûgliai buvo<br />
paþeisti 1–1,4 balo.<br />
3. Selekciniai numeriai imunûs rauplëms. Tai lemia Vf genas. Europinis vëþys<br />
nepaþeidë Nr. 19496, Nr. 20016 <strong>ir</strong> Nr. 20429. Rauplëmis <strong>ir</strong> filostiktoze nes<strong>ir</strong>go<br />
Nr. 19399, Nr. 19646, Nr. 19707, Nr. 20427, rauplëmis <strong>ir</strong> vëþiu – Nr. 19436. Komleksiniu<br />
atsparumu visoms t<strong>ir</strong>toms ligoms pasiþymëjo Nr. 20016 <strong>ir</strong> Nr. 20429.<br />
4. Selekciniai numeriai skyrësi vaismedþiø aukðèiu, vainiko skersmeniu <strong>ir</strong> jo projekcijos<br />
plotu bei kamieno skersmeniu. Þemiausiø vaismedþiø aukðtis siekë 2,70 m<br />
(Nr. 19707), aukðèiausiø – 3,73 m. (Nr. 20016). Maþiausias vainiko skersmuo buvo<br />
2,53 m (Nr. 20490), projekcijos plotas – 4,77 m 2 (Nr. 20490).<br />
29
5. Nustatyti selekciniø numeriø sk<strong>ir</strong>tumai pagal chlorofilo a, b <strong>ir</strong> karotinoidø<br />
kieká vaismedþiø lapuose. Esminiø sk<strong>ir</strong>tumø pagal chlorofilø a <strong>ir</strong> b santyká tarp t<strong>ir</strong>tø<br />
numeriø nenustatyta.<br />
Gauta 2006-11-20<br />
Parengta spausdinti 2006-12-11<br />
Literatûra<br />
1. Bandaravièius A., Gelvonauskienë D., Sasnauskas A. Introdukuotø obelø veisliø biologiniø<br />
<strong>ir</strong> ûkiniø savybiø tyrimas // Sodininkystë <strong>ir</strong> darþininkystë. Babtai, 2001. 20(1). P. 3–15.<br />
2. Beadle C. I. Plant growth analyses // Coombs J., Hall D. O., Long S. P., Scurlock J.<br />
M. O. (eds.). Techniques in bioproductivity and photosynthesis. 1987. P. 20–<strong>25</strong>.<br />
3. Datt B. Remote Sensing of Chlorophyll a, Chlorophyll b, Chlorophyll a + b, and<br />
Total Carotenoid Content in Eucalyptus Leaves // Remote Sens. Env<strong>ir</strong>on. 1998. Vol. 66.<br />
P. 111–121.<br />
4. Doyle J. J., Doyle J. L. Isolation of plant DNA from fresh tissue // Focus. 1990.<br />
12(1). P. 13-15.<br />
5. Fischer C. Multiple resistant apple cultivars and consequences for apple breeding<br />
in the future // ActaHorticulturae. 2000. 538(1). P. 229–234.<br />
6. Ikase, L. & Dumravs, R. Apple breeding for disease resistance in Latvia. Sodininkystë<br />
<strong>ir</strong> darþininkystë. Babtai, 2001. 20(3). P. 265–274.<br />
7. Intensyvios obelø <strong>ir</strong> kriauðiø auginimo technologijos (sud. N. Uselis). Babtai:<br />
LSDI, 2005. 211 p.<br />
8. Kellerhals M., Bertschinger L., Gessler C. Use of genetic resources in apple breeding<br />
and for sustainable fruit production // Journal of fruit and ornamental plant research.<br />
2004. Vol. XII. P. 51–62<br />
9. Kozlovskaya Z. Apple genetic resources and the<strong>ir</strong> potential for breeding in Belarus.<br />
// Sodininkystë <strong>ir</strong> darþininkystë. Babtai, 2001. 20(3). P. 43–49.<br />
10. Kozlovskaya Z. A., Marudo G. M., Ryabtsev A. S. Some results of the apple<br />
breeding programme in Belarus // Acta Horticulturae. 2000. No 538. V. 1. P. 219–223.<br />
11. Raudonis L., Valiuðkaitë A. Research on pest and disease control in horticultural<br />
plants and its development in Lithuania // Sodininkystë <strong>ir</strong> darþininkystë. Babtai, 2003.<br />
22(3). P. 3–14.<br />
12. Sansavini S., Belfanti E., Costa F., Donati F. European apple breeding programs<br />
turn to biotechnology // Chronica Horticulturae. 2005. Vol. 45(2). P. 16–19.<br />
13. Sasnauskas A., Gelvonauskiene D., Gelvonauskis B., Duchovskis P., Viskelis P.,<br />
Siksnianiene J. B., Bobinas C., Sabajeviene G. Evaluation of new introduced apple cultivars<br />
// Fruit science. 2005. Vol. 222. P. 20–<strong>25</strong>.<br />
14. Tarakanovas P., Raudonius S. Agronominiø tyrimø duomenø statistinë analizë<br />
taikant kompiuterines programas ANOVA, STAT, SPILT–PLOT ið paketo SELEKCIJA <strong>ir</strong><br />
IRRISTAT / Metodinë priemonë. Akademija, 2003. 57 p.<br />
15. Uselis N. Assessment of biological and economical trails of 20 apple varieties<br />
on M.26 rootstock in the f<strong>ir</strong>st–fifth years in orchard // Sodininkystë <strong>ir</strong> darþininkystë.<br />
Babtai, 2001. 20(3). P. 318–333.<br />
16. Valiuðkaitë A., Raðinskienë A., Uselis N., Raudonis L. Investigation of apple<br />
canker (Nectria galligena Bres.) in intensive medium dwarf apple orchard // Sodininkystë<br />
<strong>ir</strong> darþininkystë. Babtai, 2003. 22(3). P. 194–200.<br />
17. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/<br />
30
18. Ïîíîìàðåíêî Â. Â., Äçþáèíà À. À. Èñïîëüçîâàíèå ìèðîâîé êîëëåê-öèè ÿáëîíè<br />
Âñåðîññèéñêîãî èíñòèòóòà ðàñòåíèåâîäñòâà èì. Í. È. Âàâèëîâà â ñåëåêöèè XXI<br />
âåêà. // Ñîñòîÿíèå è ïåðñïåêòèâû ñåëåêöèè ïëîäîâûõ êóëü-òóð. Ìàòåðèàëû<br />
ìåæäóíàðîäíîé íàó÷íî–ïðàêòè÷åñêîé êîíôåðåíöèè. Ìèíñê, 2001. C. 15–16.<br />
19. Òðåòüÿêîâ Í. Í. Ôèçèîëîãèÿ è áèîõèìèÿ ñåëüñêîõîçÿéñòâåííûõ ðàñòåíèé.<br />
Ìîñêâà, 1998. 639 ñ.<br />
SODININKYSTË IR DARÞININKYSTË. SCIENTIFIC ARTICLES. 2006. <strong>25</strong>(4).<br />
INVESTIGATION OF BIOLOGICAL IMPORTANT TRAITS<br />
OF APPLE SELECTIONS<br />
D. Gelvonauskienë, A. Sasnauskas, B. Gelvonauskis, J. B. Ðikðnianienë,<br />
G. Ðabajevienë, P. Duchovskis<br />
Summary<br />
Biological traits of 16 apple (Malus domestica Borkh.) selections were investigated<br />
at the Lithuanian Institute of Horticulture in 2000–2006. Phenology, resistance<br />
of flowers to spring frosts, winterhardiness, apple tree vigour, resistance to scab<br />
(Venturia inaequalis (Cke) Wint.), European canker (Nectria galligena Bres.), apple<br />
blotch (Phyllosticta mali Pr. at Del.) were evaluated and content of pigments in<br />
leaves of apple trees grafted on rootstock M.26 were tested.<br />
It was detected that selection number No. 19464 ended the flowering most early,<br />
No. 19942 and standard cultivar ‘Antej’ – several days later. Flowers of No. 20427<br />
were the most resistant to spring frosts and flowers of No. 20016, No. 19436,<br />
No. 19709 and ‘Antej’ – were the most sensitive. Selection No. 19436 was estimated<br />
as the most winterhardy. Fruit trees of No. 19646, No. 19707, No. 20429,<br />
No. 20978 were fa<strong>ir</strong>ly winterhardy though injuries of one-year-old shoots were little<br />
higher. Winterhardiness of selections No. 19399, No. 20242, No. 20427 were lower.<br />
All investigated selections were immune to apple scab. Apple trees of No. 19496,<br />
No. 20016 and No. 20429 were not damaged by European canker. Symptoms of<br />
scab and apple blotch were not detected for No. 19399, No. 19646, No. 19707 and<br />
No. 20427, to scab and European canker – for No. 19436. Selections No. 20016 and<br />
No. 20429 were resistant to all investigated diseases.<br />
Tested selections differed by tree height, crown diameter, crown section area and<br />
trunk diameter. The height of the lowest trees was 2.70 m and this of the highest –<br />
3.73 m. The lowest crown diameter was 2.53 m and crown section area – 4.77 m 2 .<br />
Significant differences among selections were detected for chlorophyll a, b and carotenoid<br />
content in leaves. Selection No. 22170 had the highest content of photosynthetic<br />
pigments in leaves and No. 20429 – the lowest.<br />
Key words: apple, cultivars, growth, phenology, photosynthetic pigments, resistance<br />
to diseases.<br />
31
LIETUVOS SODININKYSTËS IR DARÞININKYSTËS INSTITUTO IR<br />
LIETUVOS ÞEMËS ÛKIO UNIVERSITETO MOKSLO DARBAI.<br />
SODININKYSTË IR DARÞININKYSTË. 2006. <strong>25</strong>(4).<br />
OBELØ SELEKCINIØ NUMERIØ PRODUKTYVUMO IR<br />
VAISIØ KOKYBËS TYRIMAS<br />
Dalia GELVONAUSKIENË, Audrius SASNAUSKAS,<br />
Bronislovas GELVONAUSKIS, Pranas VIÐKELIS<br />
Lietuvos sodininkystës <strong>ir</strong> darþininkystës institutas, LT-54333, Babtai, Kauno r.<br />
El. paðtas A.Sasnauskas@lsdi.lt<br />
1999–2006 m. t<strong>ir</strong>ta 16 perspektyviø obelø selekciniø numeriø, sukurtø Lietuvos<br />
sodininkystës <strong>ir</strong> darþininkystës institute: Nr. 19399, Nr. 21118 (‘Prima’ x ‘Idared’),<br />
Nr. 19436, Nr. 19707, Nr. 19709, Nr. 19646 (‘Katja’ x ‘Prima’), Nr. 19942, Nr. 20235,<br />
Nr. 20239, Nr. 20242, Nr. 20427, Nr. 20429, Nr. 22170 (‘Noris’ x ‘Prima’), Nr. 20490<br />
(‘Auksis’ x ‘Prima’), Nr. 20978 (‘Tellissaare’ x ‘Prima’), Nr. 20016 (‘Prima’ x<br />
‘Idared’) kartu su ‘Antej’ <strong>ir</strong> ‘Delikates’ veislëmis. Dvimeèiai obelø sodinukai su M.26<br />
poskiepiu pasodinti 1999 m. pavasará. Sodinimo schema – 4 x 2,5 m, po vienà vaismedá<br />
laukelyje 5 pakartojimais. T<strong>ir</strong>tas vaismedþiø derlius (t/ha), vaisiø skynimo laikas,<br />
laikymasis, vaisiø kokybë <strong>ir</strong> cheminë sudëtis.<br />
Nustatyta, kad didþiausià suminá obuoliø derliø iðaugina ðie selekciniai numeriai:<br />
19436 (vëlyvas þieminis) <strong>ir</strong> 19707 (þieminis). Pagal obuoliø laikymosi laikotarpio<br />
trukmæ selekciniai numeriai sugrupuoti á: vëlyvus rudeninius – Nr. 19646 <strong>ir</strong> Nr. 22170;<br />
þieminius – Nr. 19707, Nr. 19709, Nr. 19942, Nr. 20235, Nr. 20239, Nr. 20242, Nr. 20490;<br />
vëlyvus þieminius – Nr. 19399, Nr. 19436, Nr. 20016, Nr. 20427, Nr. 20429, Nr. 20978,<br />
Nr. 21118. Nustatyta, kad geriausio skonio <strong>ir</strong> kokybës yra selekciniø numeriø 20242,<br />
20490, 21118, 19399, 19707, 20429, 20016 vaisiai. Vaisiø dydþio vienodumu iðsiskyrë<br />
Nr. 19709, Nr. 20427 <strong>ir</strong> Nr. 20978. Stambiausius vaisius iðaugino Nr. 22170 (201,3 g)<br />
<strong>ir</strong> Nr. 19646 (199,0 g) vaismedþiai. Tv<strong>ir</strong>èiausia buvo Nr. 19646, Nr. 20242, Nr. 20429,<br />
Nr. 21118 (> 400 N/cm 2 ) vaisiø odelë. Tv<strong>ir</strong>èiausias buvo Nr. 19646 (115 N/cm 2 ).<br />
vaisiø minkðtimas. Ávertinus t<strong>ir</strong>tø poþymiø visumà nustatyta, kad vertingiausi buvo<br />
19436, 19707 obelø selekciniai numeriai. Juos galima registruoti kaip veisles, tinkamas<br />
ekologinei verslinei sodininkystei. Kiti selekciniai numeriai vertingi selekcijai kaip atsk<strong>ir</strong>ø<br />
poþymiø genetiniai ðaltiniai.<br />
Reikðminiai þodþiai: cheminë sudëtis, obelys, produktyvumas, selekciniai<br />
numeriai, vaisiø kokybë.<br />
Ávadas. Obelø (Malus domestica Borkh.) selekcijos tikslus lemia rinka <strong>ir</strong><br />
visuomenës poreikiai. Per pastaràjá deðimtmetá Europos moksliniai centrai sukûrë<br />
daugiau kaip 500 naujø obelø veisliø (Sansavini <strong>ir</strong> kt., 2005). Pastaruoju metu pasaulyje<br />
paplitusios obelø veislës – ‘Golden Delicious’, ‘Gala’, ‘Fuji’ <strong>ir</strong> ‘Braeburn’ (Kellerhals<br />
32
<strong>ir</strong> kt., 2004). Introdukuotø obelø veisliø biologinës <strong>ir</strong> ûkinës savybës sk<strong>ir</strong>tingomis<br />
agroklimato sàlygomis yra labai nevienodos (Bandaravièius <strong>ir</strong> kt., 2001; Uselis, 2001;<br />
Sasnauskas <strong>ir</strong> kt., 2005). Mûsø klimato zonoje daugumos introdukuotø komerciniø<br />
obelø veisliø vaisiø kokybë pablogëja, vaismedþiai paðàla. Obelø veislës, pritaikytos<br />
prie tam tikros agroklimato zonos, yra svarbios ekonomine <strong>ir</strong> ekologine prasme<br />
(Kellerhals <strong>ir</strong> kt., 2004). Viena ið pagrindiniø Europos ðaliø obelø selekciniø programø<br />
krypèiø – produktyvumo didinimas <strong>ir</strong> vaisiø kokybës gerinimas. Veislës turi gausiai <strong>ir</strong><br />
kasmet derëti, jø vaisiai turi bûti vienodi, patrauklios spalvos, gero skonio, standaus<br />
minkðtimo, juose turi bûti gausu maisto medþiagø.<br />
Darbo tikslas – iðt<strong>ir</strong>ti Lietuvos sodininkystës <strong>ir</strong> darþininkystës institute sukurtø<br />
perspektyviø obelø selekciniø numeriø su M.26 poskiepiu produktyvumà <strong>ir</strong> vaisiø kokybæ.<br />
Tyrimo objektas <strong>ir</strong> metodai. Tyrimø vieta. Tyrimai atlikti 2001–2006 m.<br />
Lietuvos sodininkystës <strong>ir</strong> darþininkystës instituto obelø pomologiniame sode. 1999 m.<br />
pavasará pasodinti 16 selekciniø numeriø dvimeèiai obelø sodinukai su M.26 poskiepiu.<br />
Sodinimo schema – 4 x 2,5 m, po vienà vaismedá laukelyje 5 pakartojimais.<br />
Tyrimø objektas. T<strong>ir</strong>ta 16 perspektyviø obelø hibridø, sukurtø Lietuvos<br />
sodininkystës <strong>ir</strong> darþininkystës institute: Nr. 19399, Nr. 21118, (‘Prima’ x ‘Idared’),<br />
Nr. 19436, Nr. 19707, Nr. 19709, Nr. 19646 (‘Katja’ x ‘Prima’), Nr. 19942, Nr. 20235,<br />
Nr. 20239, Nr. 20242, Nr. 20427, Nr. 20429, Nr. 22170, (‘Noris’ x ‘Prima’), Nr. 20490<br />
(‘Auksis’ x ‘Prima’), Nr. 20978 (‘Tellissaare’ x ‘Prima’), Nr. 20016 (‘Prima’ x<br />
‘Idared’) kartu su áraðytomis á Nacionaliná augalø veisliø 2006 m sàraðà ‘Antej’ <strong>ir</strong><br />
‘Delikates’ obelø veislëmis.<br />
Sodo prieþiûra. Vaismedþiai priþiûrëti pagal LSDI priimtas intensyvias obelø <strong>ir</strong><br />
kriauðiø auginimo technologijas (Uselis, 2005). Kasmet vegetacijos laikotarpiu vaismedþiai<br />
purkðti nuo ligø fungicidais (5–6 kartus), nuo kenkëjø – insekticidais (3–4 kartus).<br />
Meteorologinës sàlygos. Tyrimø laikotarpiu buvo sk<strong>ir</strong>tingos meteorologinës<br />
sàlygos. Jos turëjo átakos vaismedþiø biologinëms savybëms bei ligø sukëlëjø<br />
vystymuisi <strong>ir</strong> plitimui. Oro temperatûra <strong>ir</strong> krituliø kiekis tyrimo metais buvo artimi<br />
daugiameèiams vidurkiams, iðskyrus 2001 m. liepos mënesá, kai temperatûra buvo<br />
4°C aukðtesnë, o krituliø per mënesá iðkrito 64 mm daugiau nei daugiametis vidurkis.<br />
2002 m. pavasaris buvo ðiltesnis, taèiau sausesnis, palyginti su daugiameèiu vidurkiu.<br />
B<strong>ir</strong>þelá krituliø iðkrito 63 mm daugiau uþ daugiametá vidurká. 2003 m. pavasará <strong>ir</strong><br />
vasaros pradþioje oro temperatûra buvo artima daugiametei, o krituliø iðkrito maþiau.<br />
B<strong>ir</strong>þelio <strong>ir</strong> liepos mënesiais orai buvo ðilti <strong>ir</strong> drëgni. 2004 m. kovo mënesio III dekados<br />
oro temperatûra buvo 3,1°C aukðtesnë uþ daugiametæ vidutinæ. Vaismedþiø þydëjimo<br />
laikotarpiu uþregistruotos ankstyvos pavasario ðalnos (nuo -0,3°C iki -4,9°C). 2005 m.<br />
geguþës mënesá iðkrito 22,8 mm krituliø daugiau uþ daugiametá vidurká. 2002–2003 m.<br />
þiemà gruodþio mën. temperatûra buvo 5°C þemesnë, o vasario – 1,7°C aukðtesnë uþ<br />
daugiametæ vidutinæ. 2003–2004 m. þiemà gruodis <strong>ir</strong> vasaris buvo ðiltesni atitinkamai<br />
1,9°C <strong>ir</strong> 2,5°C, o sausis – 2,1°C ðaltesnis uþ daugiametá vidurká.<br />
Tyrimø metodai <strong>ir</strong> statistinë analizë. Nustatytas vaismedþiø derlius (t/ha), vaisiø<br />
pasisk<strong>ir</strong>stymas á klases (proc.) pagal skersmená (aukðèiausia klasë – 65–75 mm, 1 <strong>ir</strong> 2<br />
klasës – 60–64 mm, nerûðiniai – iki 60 mm), vaisiø skynimo laikas, laikymosi pabaiga,<br />
vaisiaus masë (g), kokybë (iðvaizda, patrauklumas, bendra kokybë balais) <strong>ir</strong> cheminë<br />
sudëtis (t<strong>ir</strong>pios sausosios medþiagos, sausosios medþiagos, titruojamasis rûgðtingumas,<br />
33
odelës <strong>ir</strong> minkðtimo tv<strong>ir</strong>tumas). Bendras sausøjø medþiagø kiekis nustatytas gravimetriðkai<br />
– iðdþiovinus vaisius 105°C temperatûroje iki nekintamos masës – Food anglysis, 1986),<br />
t<strong>ir</strong>pios sausosios medþiagos – refraktometru, titruojamasis rûgðtingumas – titruojant<br />
0,1 N NaOH t<strong>ir</strong>palu <strong>ir</strong> perskaièiavus á citrinos rûgðtá (Åðìàêîâ <strong>ir</strong> kt., 1987).<br />
Eksperimentiniai duomenys biometriðkai ávertinti dispersinës analizës metodais<br />
(Tarakanovas, Raudonius, 2003), naudojant ANOVA statistinæ programà.<br />
Rezultatai. Derlius. Obelø selekciniai numeriai <strong>ir</strong> kontrolinës veislës pradëjo<br />
derëti treèiaisiais augimo sode metais. T<strong>ir</strong>tø selekciniø numeriø <strong>ir</strong> veisliø vidutinis<br />
suminis vaisiø derlius siekë 73 t/ha (1 pav.). Kontroliniø veisliø ‘Antej’ <strong>ir</strong> ‘Delikates’<br />
suminis derlius (atitinkamai 55 t/ha <strong>ir</strong> 67 t/ha) buvo maþesnis uþ bandymo derliaus<br />
vidurká. Ið t<strong>ir</strong>tø selekciniø numeriø maþiausiai vaisiø (37 t/ha) subrandino Nr. 20235,<br />
daugiausia (159 t/ha) – Nr. 19436. Pastarojo selekcinio numerio derlius buvo daugiau<br />
nei du kartus didesnis uþ vidurká.<br />
1 pav. Suminis obelø selekciniø numeriø <strong>ir</strong> veisliø vaisiø derlius, t/ha<br />
Fig. 1. Cumulative yield of apple selections and cultivars (t/ ha)<br />
Babtai, 2002–2005 m.<br />
2 pav. Vidutinis obelø selekciniø numeriø <strong>ir</strong> veisliø vaisiø derlius, t/ha<br />
Fig. 2. Cumulative yield of apple selections and cultivars (t/ha)<br />
Babtai, 2001–2005 m.<br />
34
2002–2005 m. vidutinis selekcinio numerio ar veislës derlius siekë nuo 7 t/ha<br />
(Nr. 20235) iki 32 t/ha (Nr. 19436) (2 pav.). Selekciniø numeriø <strong>ir</strong> veisliø derliaus<br />
vidurkis siekë beveik 15 t/ha. Aðtuoni selekciniai numeriai davë didesná vidutiná derliø<br />
uþ bandymo derliaus vidurká. Selekcinio numerio 19436 vidutinis derlius ið esmës<br />
skyrësi nuo kitø selekciniø numeriø <strong>ir</strong> kontroliniø veisliø vidutinio derliaus.<br />
Visi t<strong>ir</strong>ti selekciniai numeriai ðeðtaisiais augimo sode metais (2005 m.) derëjo<br />
gausiai. Kalibruojant vaisius nustatyta, kad 11 selekciniø numeriø vaismedþiai iðaugino<br />
tik aukðèiausios kokybës vaisius (1 lentelë). 1–2 klasës obuoliø kiekis áva<strong>ir</strong>avo nuo 1<br />
(Nr. 20427, Nr. 20490) iki 9 procentø (Nr. 20978). Trys selekciniai numeriai iðaugino<br />
1–2 proc. nerûðiniø obuoliø.<br />
Veislë<br />
Cultivar<br />
1 lentelë. Vaisiø susk<strong>ir</strong>stymas á klases pagal skersmená, %.<br />
Table 1. Classification of fruits according to diameter (%)<br />
Babtai, 2005 m.<br />
Aukðèiausia klasë<br />
The highest class<br />
per 75 mm<br />
65–75 mm<br />
iš viso<br />
more than 75 mm<br />
total<br />
19399 35 65 100<br />
19436 39 61 100<br />
19646 78 22 100<br />
19707 13 87 100<br />
35<br />
I <strong>ir</strong> II klasës<br />
I and II classes<br />
60–64 mm<br />
Nerûðiniai<br />
Not specific<br />
iki 60 mm<br />
up to 60 mm<br />
19709 91 91 7 2<br />
19942 28 72 100<br />
20016 72 28 100<br />
20235 21 75 96 3 1<br />
20239 45 55 100<br />
20242 41 59 100<br />
20427 12 86 98 1 1<br />
20429 57 43 100<br />
20490 20 79 99 1<br />
20978 5 86 91 9<br />
22170 73 27 100<br />
21118 29 71 100<br />
‘Delikates’ 54 46 100<br />
‘Antej’ 31 69 100<br />
Skynimo laikas, laikymosi pabaiga <strong>ir</strong> vaisiø kokybës rodikliai. T<strong>ir</strong>tø obelø<br />
selekciniø numeriø vaisiø skynimo laikas skyrësi. Anksèiausiai skinami Nr. 19707<br />
(09 10), vëliausiai – Nr. 21118 (09 29) vaisiai (2 lentelë).<br />
Ilgiausiai iðsilaikë Nr. 21118 <strong>ir</strong> Nr. 20978 (iki balandþio mën. II dekados),<br />
trumpiausiai – Nr. 19646 <strong>ir</strong> Nr.22170 (atitinkamai iki 11 14 <strong>ir</strong> 12 16) vaisiai.
Pagal obuoliø laikymosi laikotarpio trukmæ selekciniai numeriai sugrupuoti á:<br />
1) vëlyvus rudeninius: Nr. 19646 <strong>ir</strong> Nr. 22170 – vaisius tinka vartoti iki gruodþio mën.;<br />
2) þieminius: Nr. 19707, Nr. 19709, Nr. 19942, Nr. 20235, Nr. 20239, Nr. 20242,<br />
Nr. 20490 – vaisiø vartojimo laikas pasibaigia vasario mën.;<br />
3) vëlyvus þieminius: Nr. 19399, Nr. 19436, Nr. 20016, Nr. 20427, Nr. 20429,<br />
Nr. 20978, Nr. 21118 – vaisius tinka vartoti iki kovo mën. <strong>ir</strong> ilgiau.<br />
2 lentelë. Obuoliø skynimo laikas, laikymosi pabaiga <strong>ir</strong> kokybës rodikliai<br />
Table 2. Harvest date, end of storage and fruit quality parameters of apple cultivars and selections<br />
Babtai, 2002–2005 m<br />
Veislë<br />
Cultivar<br />
Skynimo<br />
laikas, mën.,<br />
d.<br />
Harvest date<br />
(month, day)<br />
Laikymosi<br />
pabaiga,<br />
mën., d.<br />
End of storage<br />
(month, day)<br />
Vaisiø masë<br />
Fruit weight, g<br />
36<br />
Patrauklumas<br />
balais<br />
Appearance<br />
(scores)<br />
Skonis<br />
balais<br />
Taste (scores)<br />
Vaisiø<br />
kokybë<br />
balais<br />
Quality<br />
evaluation<br />
(scores)<br />
19399 09 20 03 14 144,6 7,5 7,3 7,3<br />
19436 09 22 03 13 149,0 7,1 7,2 7,1<br />
19646 09 23 11 14 199,0 7,3 7,1 7,1<br />
19707 09 15 01 19 130,6 7,4 7,2 7,3<br />
19709 09 10 01 23 119,6 7,3 7,3 7,3<br />
19942 09 22 01 16 156,0 7,3 5,9 5,9<br />
20016 09 09 03 21 146,6 7,3 7,2 7,2<br />
20235 09 20 02 12 148,7 7,4 7,1 7,2<br />
20239 09 14 01 16 150,0 7,3 6,7 7,0<br />
20242 09 27 01 17 147,7 7,4 7,4 7,4<br />
20427 09 18 03 15 109,0 7,3 7,1 7,2<br />
20429 08 18 03 12 138,0 7,2 7,2 7,2<br />
20490 09 21 02 21 161,7 7,6 7,3 7,4<br />
20978 09 19 04 20 102,7 7,5 7,2 7,2<br />
22170 09 26 12 16 201,3 7,4 7,1 7,2<br />
21118 09 29 04 22 103,4 7,4 7,4 7,4<br />
‘Delikates’ 09 12 12 23 138,7 7,5 7,3 7,4<br />
‘Antej’ 09 26 03 05 171,4 7,3 7,0 7,1<br />
Vidurkis<br />
Mean<br />
09 19 01 15 145,4 7,37 7,12 7,17<br />
R 05 / LSD 05 6,18 7,74 18,3 0,18 0,28 0,12<br />
Ávertinus vaisiaus vidutinæ masæ nustatyta, kad stambiausius vaisius iðaugino<br />
Nr. 22170 (201,3 g) <strong>ir</strong> Nr. 19646 (199,0 g), o smulkiausius – Nr. 20978, Nr. 21118,<br />
Nr. 20427 (102,7–109,0 g) vaismedþiai.
Selekciniai numeriai vaisiø patrauklumu prilygo kontrolinëms veislëms.<br />
Daugumos hibridø vaisiø skonis buvo panaðus á kontroliniø veisliø vaisiø skoná.<br />
Ávertinta, kad geriausio skonio <strong>ir</strong> kokybës yra selekciniø numeriø 20242, 20490 <strong>ir</strong><br />
21118 vaisiai. Hibridø Nr. 19942 <strong>ir</strong> Nr. 20239 vaisiø skonis <strong>ir</strong> kokybë ávertinta<br />
prasèiausiai (2 lentelë).<br />
Vaisiø cheminë sudëtis. T<strong>ir</strong>piø sausøjø medþiagø kiekis t<strong>ir</strong>tø selekciniø numeriø<br />
vaisiuose siekë 11,8–14,0 procentø (3 lentelë). Daugiausia (14,0 proc.) t<strong>ir</strong>piø sausøjø<br />
medþiagø rasta Nr. 19707 <strong>ir</strong> Nr. 19646 vaisiuose. Maþiausiu titruojamuoju rûgðtingumu<br />
iðsiskyrë Nr. 19707 <strong>ir</strong> Nr. 20490 (atitinkamai 0,46 <strong>ir</strong> 0,49 proc.), didþiausiu –<br />
Nr. 20235 <strong>ir</strong> Nr. 20016 (atitinkamai 1,01 <strong>ir</strong> 0,93 proc.) vaisiai. Daugiausia sausøjø<br />
medþiagø (16,0 proc.) rasta Nr. 21118 obuoliuose.<br />
Veislë<br />
Cultivar<br />
3 lentelë. Obuoliø cheminë sudëtis<br />
Table 3. Biochemical characteristic of fruits<br />
Babtai, 2002–2005 m. vidurkiai / average<br />
T<strong>ir</strong>pios sausosios<br />
medžiagos<br />
Soluble solids, %<br />
Titruojamasis<br />
rûgðtingumas<br />
Titratable acidity, %<br />
Sausosios medžiagos<br />
Dry matter, %<br />
19399 12,7 0,8 14,5<br />
19436 11,8 0,57 12,9<br />
19646 13,8 0,81 14,6<br />
19707 14,0 0,46 15,5<br />
19709 13,3 0,68 14,2<br />
19942 12,6 0,54 14,6<br />
20016 12,6 0,93 14,1<br />
20235 12,1 1,01 14,2<br />
20239 13,7 0,49 15,9<br />
20242 13,2 0,53 15,7<br />
20427 12,5 0,83 13,5<br />
20429 11,9 0,57 13,1<br />
20490 12,1 0,49 14,1<br />
20978 11,8 0,85 13,5<br />
21118 12,5 0,52 16,0<br />
22170 13,4 0,67 14,2<br />
‘Delikates’ 11,0 0,31 13,3<br />
‘Antej’ 14,3 0,80 17,5<br />
Vidurkis<br />
Mean<br />
12,7 0,66 14,5<br />
R 05 / LSD 05 0,89 0,189 1,19<br />
37
Vaisiø sulèiø iðeiga kito nuo 53 (Nr. 20239) iki 75 procentø (Nr. 20978) (3 pav.).<br />
Selekciniø numeriø 19436, 20016 <strong>ir</strong> 20490 vaisiuose sulèiø buvo apie 70 procentø.<br />
Vidutinis sulèiø kiekis t<strong>ir</strong>tuose selekciniø numeriø vaisiuose siekë 67 procentus.<br />
3 pav. Obuoliø sulèiø iðeiga, %<br />
Fig. 3. Output of apple juice (%)<br />
Babtai, 2005 m.<br />
T<strong>ir</strong>tø selekciniø numeriø vaisiø odelës tv<strong>ir</strong>tumas labai skyrësi (4 pav.). Trapiausia<br />
buvo (1<strong>25</strong> g/cm 2 ) Nr. 20239 vaisiø odelë. Jos tv<strong>ir</strong>tumas buvo maþesnis uþ kontroliniø<br />
veisliø (360 N/cm 2 , 220 N/cm 2 ) <strong>ir</strong> bandymo vidurká (350 N/cm 2 ). Tv<strong>ir</strong>èiausia buvo<br />
(daugiau kaip 400 g/cm 2 ) selekciniø numeriø 19646, 20242, 20429, 21118 vaisiø<br />
odelë. Ðeðiø selekciniø numeriø odelë buvo tv<strong>ir</strong>tesnë uþ bandymo vidurká <strong>ir</strong> kontroliniø<br />
veisliø vaisiø odelæ.<br />
4 pav. Obuoliø odelës tv<strong>ir</strong>tumas, g/cm 2<br />
Fig 4. F<strong>ir</strong>mness of apple skin (g/cm 2 )<br />
Selekciniai numeriai labai skyrësi vaisiø minkðtimo tv<strong>ir</strong>tumu (5 pav.). Tv<strong>ir</strong>èiausias<br />
buvo Nr. 19646 minkðtimas – 5 N/cm 2 . Minkðèiausius vaisius (41 N/cm 2 <strong>ir</strong> 49 N/cm 2 )<br />
38
iðaugino Nr. 19942 <strong>ir</strong> Nr. 20239. Ðiuo poþymiu pastarieji selekciniai numeriai ið esmës<br />
nesiskyrë nuo kontroliniø ‘Antej’ <strong>ir</strong> ‘Delikates’ (58 N/cm 2 <strong>ir</strong> 40 N/cm 2 ) veisliø.<br />
5 pav. Obuoliø minkðtimo tv<strong>ir</strong>tumas, N/cm 2<br />
Fig. 5. F<strong>ir</strong>mness of apple flesh (N/cm 2 )<br />
Babtai, 2003–2005 m.<br />
Aptarimas. Tobulëjant sodininkystës, vaisiø perd<strong>ir</strong>bimo technologijoms, augant<br />
rinkos <strong>ir</strong> visuomenës poreikiams reikia vis naujø obelø veisliø. Naujausi genetikos <strong>ir</strong><br />
biotechnologijos pasiekimai suteikia galimybiø viename genotipe sujungti daugelá<br />
vertingø poþymiø, lemiamø sk<strong>ir</strong>tingos genetinës kontrolës. Ypaè reikðmingos yra tos<br />
veislës, kurios gerai prisitaiko prie biotiniø <strong>ir</strong> abiotiniø veiksniø (Kozlovskaya <strong>ir</strong> kt.,<br />
2000; Sansavini <strong>ir</strong> kt., 2005), o perd<strong>ir</strong>bamajai pramonei reikia derlingø, nuolat deranèiø<br />
obelø veisliø, kuriø vaisiuose bûtø daug cukraus, vidutiniðkai – rûgðèiø, apie 11 proc.<br />
t<strong>ir</strong>piø sausøjø medþiagø (Fischer <strong>ir</strong> kt., 1999).<br />
Lietuvos sodininkystës <strong>ir</strong> darþininkystës institute sukurtø perspektyviø, rauplëms<br />
imuniø selekciniø numeriø tyrimai parodë, kad kasmet nuo derëjimo pradþios<br />
daugumos jø derlius didëjo (1 pav.). Tyrimø laikotarpiu didþiausià suminá derliø davë<br />
Nr. 19436 <strong>ir</strong> Nr. 19707 (‘Katja’ x ‘Prima’ kryþminimo kombinacijos sëjinukai). Labai<br />
derlingas buvo <strong>ir</strong> Nr. 20490, taèiau jo vaismedþiai prameèiavo kaip <strong>ir</strong> kontrolinë veislë<br />
‘Antej’. Þinoma, kad obelø veisliø derlingumas priklauso ne tik nuo genetinës kontrolës,<br />
bet <strong>ir</strong> nuo klimato sàlygø (Ñåäîâ <strong>ir</strong> kt., 2005). Kadangi ‘Antej’ vaismedþiai yra labai<br />
produktyvûs, kasmet derantys (Êîçëîâñêàÿ, 2003), tikëtina, kad jø derëjimo<br />
nepastovumui galëjo átakos turëti nepalankûs abiotiniai veiksniai.<br />
Vienas ið svarbiø vaisiø poþymiø yra jø vienodumas (Laurens, 1998). T<strong>ir</strong>tø<br />
selekciniø numeriø 91–100 proc. vaisiø buvo aukðèiausios klasës. Vaisiø dydþio<br />
vienodumu iðsiskyrë Nr. 19709, Nr. 20427 <strong>ir</strong> Nr. 20978, taèiau jø vaisiai yra gan<br />
smulkûs (1 lentelë). Vaisiø patrauklumas, skonis vertinami subjektyviai. Sk<strong>ir</strong>tingø<br />
ðaliø þmoniø skoniai sk<strong>ir</strong>iasi, pvz., Kinijoje, Japonijoje, Brazilijoje, Indijoje paklausesni<br />
saldûs, o Europoje didesnæ paklausà turi saldþiarûgðèiai, sultingi, trapaus minkðtimo<br />
obuoliai (Êîíäðàòåíêî, Õîìÿê, 2001). Visø selekciniø numeriø (iðskyrus Nr. 19942)<br />
vaisiø kokybë ið esmës prilygo ar tai vienos, ar kitos kontrolinës veislës vaisiø kokybei.<br />
39
Veislës, kuriø vaisiai tinkami perd<strong>ir</strong>bti, turi atitikti su galutiniu produktu (sultys,<br />
dþiovinti vaisiai <strong>ir</strong> kt.) susijusius kriterijus. Belgijoje, Prancûzijoje, Ispanijoje viena ið<br />
obelø selekcijos krypèiø – sukurti veisles, kuriø vaisiai tiktø sultims <strong>ir</strong> sidrams gaminti.<br />
(Êîçëîâñêàÿ, 2003). T<strong>ir</strong>tø selekciniø numeriø vaisiø sulèiø iðeiga kito nuo 53<br />
(Nr. 20239) iki 75 proc. (Nr. 20978) (3 pav.). Selekciniø numeriø 20978, 19436,<br />
20016 <strong>ir</strong> 20490 vaisiai buvo labai sultingi.<br />
Viena svarbiausiø versliniø obelø veisliø savybiø yra geras vaisiø transportabilumas.<br />
Ið t<strong>ir</strong>tø selekciniø numeriø odelës <strong>ir</strong> vaisiaus minkðtimo tv<strong>ir</strong>tumu iðsiskyrë<br />
Nr. 19646. Maþiausias buvo Nr. 20239 vaisiø abiejø audiniø tv<strong>ir</strong>tumas. Ávertinus t<strong>ir</strong>tø<br />
poþymiø visumà nustatyta, kad vertingiausi obelø selekciniai numeriai – 19436 <strong>ir</strong><br />
19707. Juos galima registruoti kaip veisles, tinkamas ekologinei verslinei sodininkystei.<br />
Kiti selekciniai numeriai vertingi selekcijai kaip atsk<strong>ir</strong>ø poþymiø genetiniai ðaltiniai<br />
Iðvados. 1. Didþiausià suminá obuoliø derliø iðaugino selekciniai numeriai 19436<br />
(vëlyvas þieminis) <strong>ir</strong> 19707 (þieminis). Aðtuoni selekciniai numeriai davë didesná vidutiná<br />
derliø uþ bandymo vidurká.<br />
2. Pagal obuoliø laikymosi laikotarpio trukmæ selekciniai numeriai sugrupuoti á:<br />
vëlyvus rudeninius – Nr. 19646 <strong>ir</strong> Nr. 22170; þieminius – Nr. 19707, Nr. 19709,<br />
Nr. 19942, Nr.20235, Nr.20239, Nr.20242, Nr.20490; vëlyvus þieminius – Nr. 19399,<br />
Nr. 19436, Nr. 20016, Nr. 20427, Nr. 20429, Nr. 20978, Nr. 21118.<br />
3. Ávertinta, kad geriausio skonio <strong>ir</strong> kokybës yra selekciniø numeriø 20242,<br />
20490, 21118, 19399,19707, 20429, 20016 vaisiai. Vaisiø dydþio vienodumu iðsiskyrë<br />
Nr. 19709, Nr. 20427 <strong>ir</strong> Nr. 20978. 11 selekciniø numeriø vaismedþiai iðaugino tik<br />
aukðèiausios klasës vaisius. Stambiausius vaisius iðaugino Nr. 22170 (201,3 g) <strong>ir</strong><br />
Nr. 19646 (199,0 g) vaismedþiai.<br />
4. Tv<strong>ir</strong>èiausià odelæ turëjo Nr. 19646, Nr. 20242, Nr. 20429, Nr. 21118 (> 400 g/cm 2 )<br />
vaisiai. Tv<strong>ir</strong>èiausias minkðtimas buvo Nr. 19646 (115 N/cm 2 ) vaisiø.<br />
5. Ávertinus t<strong>ir</strong>tø poþymiø visumà, nustatyta, kad vertingiausi yra 19436, 19707<br />
obelø selekciniai numeriai. Juos galima registruoti kaip veisles, tinkamas ekologinei<br />
verslinei sodininkystei. Kiti selekciniai numeriai vertingi selekcijai kaip atsk<strong>ir</strong>ø poþymiø<br />
genetiniai ðaltiniai.<br />
Padëka. Autoriai dëkoja Lietuvos valstybiniam mokslo <strong>ir</strong> studijø fondui uþ paramà<br />
atliekant ðiuos tyrimus.<br />
Gauta 2006-11-24<br />
Parengta spausdinti 2006-12-11<br />
Literatûra<br />
1. Bandaravièius A., Gelvonauskienë D., Sasnauskas A. Introdukuotø obelø veisliø<br />
biologiniø <strong>ir</strong> ûkiniø savybiø tyrimas // Sodininkystë <strong>ir</strong> darþininkystë. Babtai, 2001. 20(1).<br />
P. 315.<br />
2. Intensyvios obelø <strong>ir</strong> kriauðiø auginimo technologijos (sud. N. Uselis). Babtai:<br />
Lietuvos sodininkystës <strong>ir</strong> darþininkystës institutas, 2005. 211 p.<br />
40
3. Fischer M., Schüler W., Fischer C., Gerber H. J. Nutzung Pillnitzer apfelsorten für<br />
die herstellung von verarbeitungsprodukten aus biologisch orientiertem Anbau //<br />
Erwerbsobstbau. 1999. Vol. 41. P. 93–99.<br />
4. Food analysis: general techniques, additives, contaminants, and composition.<br />
Rome: FAO, 1986. 205 p.<br />
5. Kellerhals M., Bertschinger L., Gessler C. Use of genetic resources in apple breeding<br />
and for sustainable fruit production // Journal of fruit and ornamental plant research. 2004.<br />
Vol. XII. P. 51–62.<br />
6. Kozlovskaya Z. Apple genetic resources and the<strong>ir</strong> potential for breeding in Belarus //<br />
Sodininkystë <strong>ir</strong> darþininkystë. Babtai, 2001. 20(3). P. 43–49.<br />
7. Kozlovskaya Z. A., Marudo G.M., Ryabtsev A. S. Some results of the apple breeding<br />
programme in Belarus // Acta Horticulturae. 2000. No 538. V. 1. P. 219–223.<br />
8. Laurens F. Review of the current apple breeding programmes in the world: objectives<br />
for scion cultivar improvements // Acta Horticulturae. 1998. Vol. 477. P. 163–170<br />
9. Sansavini S., Belfanti E., Costa F., Donati F. European apple breeding programs<br />
turn to biotechnology // Chronica Horticulturae. 2005. Vol. 45(2). P. 16–19.<br />
10. Sasnauskas A., Gelvonauskiene D., Gelvonauskis B., Duchovskis P., Viskelis P.,<br />
Siksnianiene J., Bobinas C., Sabajeviene G. Evaluation of new introduced apple cultivars //<br />
Fruit science. Vol. 222. 2005. P. 20–<strong>25</strong>.<br />
11. Tarakanovas P., Raudonius S. Agronominiø tyrimø duomenø statistinë analizë<br />
taikant kompiuterines programas ANOVA, STAT, SPILT-PLOT ið paketo SELEKCIJA <strong>ir</strong><br />
IRRISTAT / Metodinë priemonë. Akademija, 2003. 57 p.<br />
12. Uselis N. Assessment of biological and economical trails of 20 apple varieties on<br />
M.26 rootstock in the f<strong>ir</strong>st-fifth years in orchard // Sodininkystë <strong>ir</strong> darþininkystë.<br />
Babtai, 2001. 20(3). P. 318–333.<br />
13. Åðìàêîâ Ô. È., Àðèñèìîâè÷ Â. Â., ßðî÷ Í. Ï., Ïåðóàíñêèé Þ. Â., Ëó-êîâíèêîâà<br />
Ã. À., Èêîííèêîâà Ì. È. Ìåòîäû áèîõèìè÷åñêîâà èññëåäîâàíèÿ ðàñòåíèé (Ïîä<br />
ðåä. À. È. Åðìàêîâà). Ëåíèíãðàä, 1987. 431 ñ.<br />
14. Êîíäðàòåíêî Ò. Å., Õîìÿê Ì. ß. Ñó÷ñíié ñòàí âèðîáíèöòâà ñà-äèâíîãî<br />
ìàòåðiàëó ÿáëóí â Óêðàiíi // Càäiâíèöòâî. 2001. Âèï. 52. C. 64–69<br />
15. Êîçëîâñêàÿ Ç. À. Ñîâåðøåíñòâîâàíèå ñîðòèìåíòà ÿáëîíè â Áåëàðó-ñè.<br />
Ìèíñê, 2003. 167 ñ.<br />
16. Ñîðòà ÿáëîíè è ãðóøè (ðåä. Ñåäîâ Å. Í.) // ÂÍÈÈÑÏÊ. Îðåë, 2004. 208 ñ.<br />
SODININKYSTË IR DARÞININKYSTË. SCIENTIFIC ARTICLES. 2006. <strong>25</strong>(4).<br />
PRODUCTIVITY AND FRUIT QUALITY OF APPLE<br />
SELECTIONS<br />
D. Gelvonauskienë, A. Sasnauskas, B. Gelvonauskis, P. Viðkelis<br />
Summary<br />
Advanced selections received at the Lithuanian Institute of Horticulture<br />
(No. 19399, No. 21118, (‘Prima’ x ‘Idared’), No. 19436, No. 19707, No. 19709,<br />
No. 19646 (‘Katja’ x ‘Prima’), No. 19942, No. 20235, No. 20239, No. 20242,<br />
No. 20427, No. 20429, No. 22170, (‘Noris’ x ‘Prima’), No. 20490 (‘Auksis’ x ‘Prima’)<br />
41
No. 20978 (‘Tellissaare’ x ‘Prima’), No. 20016 (‘Prima’ x ‘Idared’) and standard<br />
cultivars ‘Antej’ and ‘Delikates’ were tested in 1999–2006. Two-years-old apple<br />
trees on rootstock M.26 were planted in an orchard in 1999. Trees were placed 4 x<br />
2.5 m and selection was presented by 5 trees, 1 tree per replication. Apple tree yield<br />
(t ha -1 ), fruit size, fruits picking time, storage time, fruit quality and fruit chemical<br />
content was investigated.<br />
It was determined that cumulative yield of selections No. 19436 and 19707 was<br />
the highest. According to storage time, selections were grouped as late autumn cultivars<br />
– No. 19646 and No. 22170, winter cultivars – No. 19707, No. 19709, No. 19942,<br />
No. 20235, No. 20239, No. 20242, No. 20490, late winter cultivars – No. 19399,<br />
No. 19436, No. 20016, No. 20427, No. 20429, No. 20978, No. 21118. Fruits taste<br />
and quality of selections No. 20242, No. 20490, No. 21118, No. 19399, No. 19707,<br />
No. 20429 and No. 20016 were the best. Selections No. 19709, No. 20427 and No.<br />
20978 had uniform fruit size. The largest fruits had selections No. 22170 (201.3 g)<br />
and No. 19646 (199.0 g). Fruit skin f<strong>ir</strong>mness of selections No. 19646, No. 20242,<br />
No. 20429 and No. 21118 (>400 N/cm 2 ) was the highest, flesh f<strong>ir</strong>mness – of selection<br />
No. 19646 (115 N/cm 2 ).<br />
Selections No. 19436 and No. 19707 can be selected as the best ones among<br />
the tested selections.<br />
Kay words: apple selections, chemical content, fruit quality, productivity.<br />
42
LIETUVOS SODININKYSTËS IR DARÞININKYSTËS INSTITUTO IR<br />
LIETUVOS ÞEMËS ÛKIO UNIVERSITETO MOKSLO DARBAI.<br />
SODININKYSTË IR DARÞININKYSTË. 2006. <strong>25</strong>(4).<br />
BRAÐKIØ VEISLIØ TYRIMAS LIETUVOJE<br />
PAGAL TARPTAUTINÆ COST 863 PROGRAMÀ<br />
Rytis RUGIENIUS, Audrius SASNAUSKAS<br />
Lietuvos sodininkystës <strong>ir</strong> darþininkystës institutas, LT-45333, Babtai, Kauno r.<br />
El. paðtas r.rugienius@lsdi.lt<br />
2003–2006 m. Lietuvos sodininkystës <strong>ir</strong> darþininkystës institute pagal tarptautinæ<br />
COST863 programà t<strong>ir</strong>tos 10 veisliø <strong>ir</strong> hibridiniø klonø, pasodintø 2003 <strong>ir</strong> 2004<br />
metais, braðkiø biologinës <strong>ir</strong> ûkinës savybës. Vidurio Lietuvos agroklimato sàlygomis<br />
iðtvermingiausios þiemà ið t<strong>ir</strong>tø veisliø buvo ‘Salut’ <strong>ir</strong> ‘Roxana’ braðkës. Labiausiai<br />
paðalo ‘Irma’ <strong>ir</strong> ‘Alba’ veisliø augalai. Pagal derëjimo laikà veislës ‘Qeen Eliza’,<br />
’Salut’, ‘Alba’, ‘Roxana’ prisk<strong>ir</strong>tinos prie vidutinio ankstyvumo, hibridinis klonas<br />
(toliau – h. k.) VR96582 – prie vidutiniðkai vëlyvø, o h. k. 92.340.3 – prie vëlyvø<br />
braðkiø veisliø. Veislë ‘Irma’ yra nejautri dienos ilgumui, dera vidutiniðkai anksti.<br />
Vidutiniðkai per dvejus metus (2004 <strong>ir</strong> 2005) derlingiausia buvo ‘Roxana’ veislë<br />
(19,6 t/ha) <strong>ir</strong> h. k. 92.340.3 (18,5t/ha), 2005 <strong>ir</strong> 2006 metais – ‘Roxana’ (16,5 t/ha) <strong>ir</strong><br />
‘Salut’ (13,8 t/ha). Didþiausias uogas uþaugino ‘Roxana’, ‘Qeen Eliza’ veislës <strong>ir</strong> h. k.<br />
92.340.3. Iðoriniu patrauklumu iðsiskyrë ‘Roxana’ <strong>ir</strong> h. k. 92.340.3 braðkiø uogos.<br />
Tv<strong>ir</strong>tos konsistencijos buvo h. k. 92.340.3, ‘Alba’ <strong>ir</strong> h. k. VR96582 uogos, geriausias<br />
skonis – ‘Irma’ uogø. Pagal ûkiðkai svarbiø savybiø visumà tinkamiausios Lietuvoje<br />
auginti yra ‘Roxana’, ‘Salut’ veisliø <strong>ir</strong> h. k. 92.340.3 braðkës.<br />
Reikðminiai þodþiai: Fragaria ananassa Duch., derlingumas, iðtvermingumas<br />
þiemà, uogø kokybë.<br />
Ávadas. Iðsamios þinios apie naujausias Europoje <strong>ir</strong> pasaulyje sukurtas braðkiø<br />
veisles yra svarbios ne tik augintojams, siekiantiems maksimalaus pelno maþiausiomis<br />
sànaudomis, vartotojams, kuriems svarbi uogø kokybë, bet <strong>ir</strong> selekcininkams,<br />
kurie siekia iðvesti naujas, tobulesnes, visø rinkos dalyviø poreikius atitinkanèias,<br />
þmogaus sveikatà <strong>ir</strong> aplinkà tausojanèias veisles. Lietuvos sodininkystës <strong>ir</strong> darþininkystës<br />
institute braðkiø veislës buvo t<strong>ir</strong>iamos nuolat, nuolat vykdoma jø selekcija<br />
(Misevièiûtë, Lukoðevièius, 1988; Uselis, Raðinskienë, 1999, 2001; Raðinskienë, Uselis,<br />
2000; Rugienius, Sasnauskas, 2005). Lietuvai ástojus á ES, iðsiplëtë ne tik selekcininkø<br />
<strong>ir</strong> veisliø tyrëjø bendradarbiavimo galimybës, bet <strong>ir</strong> iðkilo naujø uþdaviniø. Pagrindinis<br />
tarptautinës COST programos tikslas yra plëtoti ðaliø bendradarbiavimà mokslo<br />
srityje, skatinti mokslo <strong>ir</strong> verslo sàveikà vartotojo <strong>ir</strong> aplinkos interesais (Faedi, 2004).<br />
Nuo 2001m. LSDI ásijungë á tarptautinæ COST836 (vëliau <strong>ir</strong> á jos tæsiná – COST863)<br />
programà <strong>ir</strong> á jos esminæ veiklà – Europos veisliø tyrimo tinklà. Ðios veiklos tikslas –<br />
43
iðt<strong>ir</strong>ti naujausias braðkiø veisles áva<strong>ir</strong>aus klimato <strong>ir</strong> auginimo technologijø sàlygomis<br />
(Mezzetti, 2004). Kuriant ðá tinklà taip pat buvo siekiama per trumpà laikà ávertinti naujø<br />
veisliø prisitaikymà, tinkamumà auginti <strong>ir</strong> vartoti konkreèioje ðalyje teikiant reikalingà<br />
informacijà augintojams apie naujø veisliø ypatybes, galimybes ðiomis veislëmis uþpildyti<br />
niðas, susidariusias ðiø ðaliø rinkose, ávertinti, ar uogø kokybës rodikliai atitinka<br />
konkretaus vartotojo interesus. Kadangi tos paèios veislës buvo t<strong>ir</strong>iamos visose tinkle<br />
dalyvaujanèiose ðalyse vienu metu, buvo galima plaèiau iðt<strong>ir</strong>ti genotipo <strong>ir</strong> aplinkos sàveikà<br />
(Navatel, Krüger, 2004). Pagal 2001–2004 m. tyrimø rezultatus ðiaurës ðalyse<br />
buvo siûloma auginti ‘Florence’, ‘Kimberly’, ‘Vima Zanta’, ‘Filon’, ‘Madeleine’ <strong>ir</strong> ‘Alice’<br />
veisles (Hietaranta <strong>ir</strong> kt., 2004). Lenkijoje, be ðiø minëtø veisliø, gerai buvo vertinamos<br />
<strong>ir</strong> ‘Tarda’, ‘Civmad’, ‘Maya’, ‘Paros’, ‘Elkat’, ‘Patty’ (Krüger <strong>ir</strong> kt., 2004; Masny,<br />
Zurawicz, 2004). Nuo 2003 m. ðalyse COST836 narëse, tarp jø <strong>ir</strong> Lietuvoje, pradëtos<br />
t<strong>ir</strong>ti naujos veislës. Lietuvos sodininkystës <strong>ir</strong> darþininkystës institutas gavo Europos<br />
medelynuose iðaugintø naujø veisliø daigus bendriems tyrimams. Braðkës tyrimams<br />
augintos pagal Lietuvoje taikomas auginimo technologijas, o vertinimai atlikti pagal<br />
COST836 veikloje priimtas visose ðalyse vienodas metodikas.<br />
Darbo tikslas – ávertinti naujø braðkiø veisliø <strong>ir</strong> selekciniø numeriø, pateiktø<br />
tarptautiniams (COST836 <strong>ir</strong> COST863 veiklø) tyrimams, tinkamumà auginti Lietuvos<br />
agroklimato sàlygomis.<br />
Medþiagos <strong>ir</strong> metodai. Tyrimas atliktas 2003–2006 m. Lietuvos sodininkystës<br />
<strong>ir</strong> darþininkystës instituto selekciniame uogyne. Tyrimui naudotos braðkiø Fragaria<br />
x ananassa Duch. veislës <strong>ir</strong> selekciniai numeriai, iðvesti Italijos Cesena regiono Forli<br />
bandymø stotyje: ‘Roxana’, ’Alba’ ‘Qeen Eliza’ (iðvesta kaip hibridinis klonas (h. k.)<br />
Nr. 94.568.2), ‘Irma’ (iðvesta kaip h. k. VR 95.42.03), h. k. VR 96.58.2 bei h. k.<br />
92.340.3. Taip pat Lenkijos sodininkystës <strong>ir</strong> gëlininkystës institute Skiernievicuose<br />
iðvesta veislë ‘Salut’. Standartinës veislës – ‘Honeoye’, ’Venta’ <strong>ir</strong> ‘Dangë’. Atliekant<br />
mûsø tyrimà, augalai sodinti <strong>ir</strong> priþiûrëti pagal LSDI priimtas intensyvias sodø <strong>ir</strong><br />
uogynø auginimo technologijas (Uselis, 2002). D<strong>ir</strong>voþemis – sekliai karbonatingas<br />
giliau glëjiðkas rudþemis (RDg4-k1). Braðkës buvo sodinamos du kartus – 2003 m.<br />
(I sodinimas) <strong>ir</strong> 2004 m. (II sodinimas) – eilëmis 0,8 m x 0,3 m atstumu. Apskaitiniame<br />
bandymø laukelyje – 15 augalø. Atlikti keturi bandymo pakartojimai. Abejais<br />
metais sodintø veisliø sudëtis panaði, tik antraisiais metais buvo sodinamos veislës<br />
‘Salut’ <strong>ir</strong> ‘Venta’, bet nebuvo sodinama ‘Honeoye’. Vertinta: augalø paðalimas po<br />
þiemos, balandþio–geguþës mënesá (9 balai – þuvæs, 0 – nepaðalæs); augalø bûklë po<br />
derliaus nuëmimo (9 balai – puiki, 0 – augalai þuvæ), þydëjimo pradþia (data, kai<br />
praþydo 3–5 proc. þiedø); uogø nokimo pradþia (data, kai 3–5 proc. uogø buvo<br />
skynimo brandos); uogø derlius (perskaièiuotas á t/ha), didþiausios uogos masë (trijø<br />
didþiausiø p<strong>ir</strong>mojo ar antrojo skynimo uogø vidutinë masë, g), vidutinë uogos masë<br />
derëjimo pradþioje (antrojo skynimo vidutinë uogos masë, g), vidutinë uogos masë<br />
masinio derëjimo metu (skynimo, kurio metu priskinta daugiausiai uogø, daþniausiai<br />
ketv<strong>ir</strong>tojo ar penktojo, 100 uogø vidutinë masë, g). LSDI pomologinë komisija atliko<br />
uogø iðorinio patrauklumo, minkðtimo konsistencijos, bendros kokybës ávertinimà<br />
balais (1 – maþiausia iðraiðka, 5 – didþiausia iðraiðka). Tyrimø duomenys statistiðkai<br />
ávertinti naudojant programà ANOVA.<br />
Meteorologinës sàlygos tyrimø metais braðkëms augti buvo tipiðkos <strong>ir</strong> vidutiniðkai<br />
palankios. 2004–2005 <strong>ir</strong> 2005–2006 m. þiemà tam tikrais laikotarpiais temperatû-<br />
44
os svyravimai v<strong>ir</strong>ðijo 30°C <strong>ir</strong>, esant nepakankamai sniego dangai, augalai gerokai<br />
paðalo, o tai turëjo átakos jautresniø veisliø augimui <strong>ir</strong> derëjimui. Pavasario ðalnos<br />
tyrimo laikotarpiu didesnës þalos derliui nepadarë. Vegetacijos metu 2004 m. b<strong>ir</strong>þelio<br />
<strong>ir</strong> rugpjûèio mënesiais buvo tarpsniø, kai krituliø iðkrito 1,6 karto daugiau uþ normà<br />
<strong>ir</strong> dël lietaus <strong>ir</strong> drëgmës pertekliaus pablogëjo d<strong>ir</strong>vos aeracija. 2005 metais derëjimo<br />
sàlygos buvo palankios, o 2006 m. derëjimo pabaigos laikotarpis buvo sausas, dël to<br />
uogos susmulkëjo <strong>ir</strong> sutrumpëjo derëjimo laikas.<br />
Rezultatai. Braðkiø iðtvermingumas 2003–2004 m. þiemà buvo sk<strong>ir</strong>tingas <strong>ir</strong><br />
paðalimo þiemà poþymiai 2004 m. pavasará, atsiþvelgiant á veislæ, skyrësi nuo 4,0 iki<br />
7,4 balo (1 lentelë). Jautriausi þiemojimo sàlygoms buvo veislës ‘Irma’ augalai (paðalimas<br />
– 7,4 balo), nuo jos ið esmës nesiskyrë h. k. VR96.58.2, ‘Alba’, ‘Qeen Eliza’ <strong>ir</strong><br />
h. k. 92.340.3 augalai. Maþiau paðalo veisliø ‘Honeoye’, ‘Roxana’ <strong>ir</strong> ‘Dangë’ braðkës.<br />
Paðalimas turëjo átakos augalø bûklei tais paèiais metais. Geriausia buvo ‘Honeoye’,<br />
‘Roxana’ augalø bûklë, prasèiausia – ‘Irma’ <strong>ir</strong> ‘Alba’ augalø, jie po þiemos<br />
paðalimo per vasarà nevisiðkai atsigavo. Hibridinio klono 92.340.3 augalai po paðalimo<br />
atsigavo geriau. Labiausiai 2004–2005 m. þiemà nukentëjo ‘Irma’ veislës augalai<br />
(paðalimas – 7,3–7,6 balo). Nuo jos nedaug skyrësi ‘Alba’ <strong>ir</strong> h. k.VR96.58.2. Hibridinio<br />
klono 92.340.3 augalai nukentëjo maþiau, taèiau veislës ‘Roxana’ augalai buvo<br />
paþeisti labiau nei 2004 m. Áprastos mûsø klimato zonoje veislës paðalo gerokai maþiau<br />
(paðalimas – 2,0–2,7 balo) nei italø selekcijos veislës. 2006 metais matyti panaðios<br />
tendencijos kaip <strong>ir</strong> 2005 m. Dësninga, kad geriausios bûklës 2005 <strong>ir</strong> 2006 m.<br />
vasarà buvo ‘Salut’, ‘Venta’, ‘Dangë’ augalai, taèiau nuo jø nedaug skyrësi <strong>ir</strong> ‘Qeen<br />
Eliza’, ‘Roxana’ <strong>ir</strong> h. k. 92.340.3 braðkës.<br />
1 lentelë. Sk<strong>ir</strong>tingø veisliø braðkiø augalø paðalimas þiemà <strong>ir</strong> bûklë balais<br />
Table 1. Cold injury and plant state of different strawberry cultivars (scores)<br />
Babtai, 2004–2006 m.<br />
Pašalimas<br />
Pašalimas<br />
Pašalimas<br />
2004 m. Bûklë 2004 m. 2005 m. Bûklë 2005 m. 2006 m. Bûklë 2006 m.<br />
Veislë, h. k. pavasará vasar¹ pavasará vasar¹ pavasará vasar¹<br />
Cultivar (h.c.) Cold injury, Plant state,<br />
Cold<br />
Plant state,<br />
Cold<br />
Plant state,<br />
spring of summer of 2004<br />
injury,<br />
summer of 2005<br />
injury,<br />
summer of 2006<br />
spring of<br />
spring of<br />
2004<br />
2005<br />
2006<br />
‘Alba’ 6,0 3,4 6,0 4,3 6,0 4,0<br />
‘Qeen Eliza’ 6,0 5,4 4,3 7,0 4,7 6,7<br />
‘Irma’ 7,4 2,6 7,3 2,3 7,6 2,6<br />
VR96.58.2 6,6 4,6 6,3 4,7 6,3 4,3<br />
‘Roxana’ 4,0 7,4 6,0 6,8 6,3 6,0<br />
92.340.3 6,0 5,4 4,3 6,7 4,6 7,0<br />
‘Salut’ - 2,0 8,7 2,3 8,7<br />
‘Honeoye’ 4,0 6,0 2,7 - - -<br />
‘Venta’ - 2,0 7,3 2,3 7,6<br />
‘Dangë’ 4,6 5,4 2,0 9,0 2,0 8,7<br />
R 05 / LSD 05 1,8 1,6 1,1 1,5 1,3 1,4<br />
45
2004 m. braðkës þydëjo <strong>ir</strong> derëjo áprastu laiku (2 lentelë). Anksèiausiai (05-12)<br />
praþydo ‘Qeen Elizos’ <strong>ir</strong> ’Irmos’ augalai, vëliausiai, net aðtuoniomis dienomis vëliau –<br />
hibridinio klono 92.340.3 augalai. Anksèiausiai derëti pradëjo veisliø ‘Alba’ <strong>ir</strong> ‘Roxana’<br />
braðkës, vëliausiai, net 10 dienø vëliau – h. k. 92.340.3 augalai. 2005 metais<br />
abiejø sodinimø (1-ojo – 2003 m. <strong>ir</strong> 2-ojo – 2004 m.) augalai þydëjo <strong>ir</strong> derëjo vienodai,<br />
todël ðiame straipsnyje pateikiami 2005 m. abiejø sodinimø suminiai duomenys.<br />
Dël palyginti þemos oro temperatûros balandþio–geguþës mënesá augalai þydëti pradëjo<br />
vëliau nei 2004 m. Vëliau, orui atðilus, klimato sàlygos buvo palankios braðkëms<br />
derëti. Anksèiausiai 2005 m., kaip <strong>ir</strong> 2004 m., pradëjo þydëti <strong>ir</strong> derëti veislës ‘Irma’<br />
braðkës (atitinkamai 05-21 <strong>ir</strong> 06-18). Nuo jos pagal ðiuos poþymius maþai skyrësi<br />
kitos veislës <strong>ir</strong> h. k. 2005 metais þydëjimo <strong>ir</strong> derëjimo sk<strong>ir</strong>tumai tarp veisliø buvo<br />
maþesni nei 2004 m. Vëliausiai þydëti <strong>ir</strong> derëti tais metais pradëjo h. k. 92.340.3<br />
augalai. 2006 metais matyti tos paèios tendencijos kaip <strong>ir</strong> 2005 metais – vëlesná<br />
þydëjimà lëmë vëluojantis pavasaris, o derëjimo laikas dël smarkaus oro atðilimo b<strong>ir</strong>þelio<br />
pabaigoje buvo beveik artimas vidutiniam. Sk<strong>ir</strong>tumai tarp veisliø taip pat nebuvo<br />
labai dideli – anksèiausiai derëjo ‘Alba’, ‘Qeen Eliza’ <strong>ir</strong> ‘Salut’, vëliausiai – h. k.<br />
92.340.3 braðkës.<br />
2 lentelë. Sk<strong>ir</strong>tingø veisliø braðkiø fenologinës fazës<br />
Table 2. Flowering and fruiting time of different strawberry cultivars and hybrid clones<br />
Þydëjimo<br />
Derëjimo<br />
Þydëjimo<br />
Derëjimo<br />
Þydëjimo Derëjimo<br />
pradžia<br />
Veislë<br />
pradžia<br />
pradžia<br />
pradžia<br />
pradžia pradžia<br />
2004 m.<br />
Cultivars<br />
2004 m.<br />
2005 m.<br />
2005 m.<br />
2006 m. 2006 m.<br />
Beginning of<br />
Beginning of<br />
Beginning of Beginning of<br />
Beginning of<br />
Beginning of<br />
flowering,<br />
flowering,<br />
flowering, fruiting,<br />
fruiting, 2004<br />
fruiting, 2005<br />
2004<br />
2005<br />
2006 2006<br />
‘Alba’ 05-14 06-20 05-23 06-19 05-<strong>25</strong> 06-19<br />
‘Qeen Eliza’ 05-12 06-<strong>25</strong> 05-23 06-19 05-<strong>25</strong> 06-19<br />
‘Irma’ 05-12 06-22 05-21 06-18 05-23 06-23<br />
VR96.58.2 05-19 06-<strong>25</strong> 05-22 06-20 05-24 06-23<br />
‘Roxana’ 05-14 06-20 05-23 06-19 05-<strong>25</strong> 06-21<br />
92.340.3 05-20 06-30 05-24 06-23 05-27 07-28<br />
‘Salut’ - - 05-23 06-19 05-<strong>25</strong> 06-19<br />
‘Honeoye’ 05-14 06-22 05-22 06-18 - -<br />
‘Venta’ - - 05-22 06-18 05-<strong>25</strong> 06-23<br />
‘Dangë’ 05-16 06-<strong>25</strong> 05-23 06-22 05-<strong>25</strong> 06-28<br />
P<strong>ir</strong>mojo sodinimo braðkiø derlius 2004 m. priklausë nuo genotipo <strong>ir</strong> svyravo<br />
nuo 7,3 iki 22,6 t/ha (3 lentelë). 2005 m. veisliø sk<strong>ir</strong>tumai pagal derlingumà buvo dar<br />
didesni (2,9–23,7 t/ha). Derlingumu 2004 m. kitas veisles ið esmës lenkë veislë ‘Roxana’<br />
(22,6 t/ha), o 2005 m. ði veislë nusileido h. k. 92.340.3 (23,7 t/ha) <strong>ir</strong> veislei<br />
‘Dangë’ (20,1 t/ha). Ðiø trijø veisliø vidutinis derlius (2004–2005 m.) buvo didesnis<br />
negu likusiø t<strong>ir</strong>tøjø. Maþiausiai derlinga buvo veislë ‘Irma’ (5,5 t/ha), kurios derlius<br />
2005 metais, kaip <strong>ir</strong> veislës ‘Roxana’, palyginti su 2004 m., ið esmës sumaþëjo. H. k.<br />
46
92.340.3 <strong>ir</strong> veislës ‘Dangë’ derlius 2005 metais labai padidëjo. 2004 metø sodinimo<br />
braðkiø derlius ið esmës maþesnis nei 2003 m. sodinimo. Kaip <strong>ir</strong> p<strong>ir</strong>mojo sodinimo<br />
didþiausià derliø p<strong>ir</strong>maisiais derëjimo metais davë veislë ‘Roxana’ (21,3 t/ha). Ið esmës<br />
nuo jos nesiskyrë <strong>ir</strong> ‘Salut’ (16,0 t/ha). 2006 m. derlius buvo gerokai maþesnis,<br />
o sk<strong>ir</strong>tumai tarp veisliø ne tokie ryðkûs kaip ankstesniais tyrimo metais. Didþiausià<br />
vidutiná 2005–2006 metø derliø davë veislës ‘Roxana’ (16,5 t/ha), ‘Salut’ (13,8 t/ha)<br />
<strong>ir</strong> ‘Dangë’ (12,6 t/ha), maþiausià – ‘Irma’ (6,4 t/ha), ‘Alba’ (6,3 t/ha). Palyginti su<br />
p<strong>ir</strong>mojo sodinimo augalais, labai sumaþëjo h. k. 92.340.3 derlingumas.<br />
3 lentelë. Sk<strong>ir</strong>tingø veisliø braðkiø derlius<br />
Table 3. Strawberry yield of different strawberry cultivars<br />
Babtai, 2004–2006 m.<br />
I sodinimas 2004–2005 m.<br />
II sodinimas 2005–2006 m.<br />
I trial (2004–2005)<br />
II trial (2005–2006)<br />
Veislë, h. k.<br />
Cultivars (h.c.)<br />
2004–2005 m.<br />
2004–2005 m.<br />
2004 m. 2005 m. vidurkis 2005 m. 2006 m. vidurkis<br />
Mean of 2004–2005<br />
Mean of 2004–2005<br />
‘Alba’ 10,0 10,5 10,3 8,8 3,7 6,3<br />
‘Qeen Eliza’ 7,3 11,6 9,5 12,4 8,4 1,4<br />
‘Irma’ 8,0 2,9 5,5 7,7 5,2 6,4<br />
VR96.58.2 9,3 8,2 8,8 10,3 6,9 8,6<br />
‘Roxana’ 22,6 16,7 19,6 21,3 11,8 16,5<br />
92.340.3 13,4 23,7 18,5 8,7 7,5 8,1<br />
‘Salut’ - - - 16,0 11,6 13,8<br />
‘Honeoye’ 10,1 13,4 11,7 - -<br />
‘Venta’ - - - 12,9 9,3 11,1<br />
‘Dangë’ 14,1 20,1 17,7 13,9 11,4 12,6<br />
R 05 / LSD 05 4,7 6,6 8,1 7,5 5,5 8,6<br />
Didþiausios bei derëjimo pradþios vidutinës uogø masës duomenys pateikti 4<br />
lentelëje, o vidutinës uogø masës masinio derëjimo metu – 5 lentelëje. Atsk<strong>ir</strong>os veislës<br />
ið esmës skyrësi pagal ðiuos rodiklius. Didþiausia buvo h. k. 92.340.3 vidutinë<br />
uogos masë, jos maksimali masë siekë 57,7 g. Veisliø ‘Qeen Eliza’, ‘Roxana’, h. k.<br />
VR96.58.2 didþiausios uogos masë taip pat v<strong>ir</strong>ðijo 50 g. Ðiø veisliø didþiausia buvo<br />
p<strong>ir</strong>møjø skynimø vidutinë uogos masë. Uogø dydis 2006 m.buvo gerokai maþesnis,<br />
kitais tyrimo metais jis buvo gana stabilus. P<strong>ir</strong>mojo sodinimo braðkiø uogø dydis<br />
2005 m. buvo ðiek tiek maþesnis negu antrojo sodinimo braðkiø, bet ið esmës dydþiu<br />
skyrësi tik veislës ‘Alba’ (didþiausia uoga) <strong>ir</strong> h. k. 92.340.3 bei ‘Qeen Eliza’ (derëjimo<br />
pradþios) uogos.<br />
Vertingiausiø braðkiø veisliø uogos derëjimo metu smulkëja neþymiai. Atliekant<br />
mûsø tyrimà, pakankamai stabilus uogø dydis buvo bûdingas ‘Qeen Eliza’, VR96.58.2,<br />
‘Roxana’‚ Dangës’ <strong>ir</strong> h. k. 92.340.03 braðkëms (5 lentelë). Kekerinio puvinio sk<strong>ir</strong>tingø<br />
veisliø uogos buvo paþeistos nevienodai. Ðis paþeidimas priklausë nuo konkreèiø<br />
47
metø klimato sàlygø, ypaè nuo drëgmës reþimo. 2004 m. paþeistø uogø kiekis svyravo<br />
nuo 6,4 iki 17,8 proc., 2005 m. – nuo 1,0 iki 10,0 proc., 2006 m. buvo paþeista<br />
labai maþai uogø (0–1,4 proc.). Daugiausia paþeista buvo h. k. 9.234.03 bei ‘Irma’<br />
veislës uogø, maþiausiai – ‘Alba’ <strong>ir</strong> ‘Honeoye’.<br />
4 lentelë. Sk<strong>ir</strong>tingø veisliø braðkiø p<strong>ir</strong>mojo (I) <strong>ir</strong> antrojo (II) sodinimø didþiausios<br />
bei derëjimo pradþios vidutinë uogos masë<br />
Table 4. Average weight of the biggest berry and average berry weight at<br />
the beginning of fruiting of different strawberry cultivars and hybrid clones<br />
of f<strong>ir</strong>st (I) and second (II) planting<br />
Babtai, 2004–2005 m.<br />
Veislë, h. k.<br />
Cultivar (h.c.)<br />
2004 m.<br />
(I)<br />
Didþiausios uogos masë<br />
Weight of the biggest berry, g<br />
2005 m.<br />
(I)<br />
2005 m.<br />
(II)<br />
2006 m.<br />
(II)<br />
Derëjimo pradþios vidutinë uogos masë<br />
Average berry weight at the beginning of<br />
fruiting, g<br />
2004 m.<br />
(I)<br />
2005 m.<br />
(I)<br />
2005 m.<br />
(II)<br />
2006 m.<br />
(II)<br />
‘Alba’ 37,3 33,7 48,7 24,0 13,8 16,1 24,5 11,4<br />
‘Qeen Eliza’ 50,3 46,7 52,7 27,3 20,4 15,1 23,9 15,2<br />
‘Irma’ 30,3 <strong>25</strong>,3 31,3 <strong>25</strong>,3 11,2 12,3 11,7 9,4<br />
VR96.58.2 43,7 44,7 49,3 27,3 15,8 23,9 21,4 10,1<br />
‘Roxana’ 47,3 44,0 50,7 23,0 26,2 17,2 23,0 11,1<br />
92.340.3 49,0 47,7 57,7 31,0 <strong>25</strong>,4 16,3 22,9 13,6<br />
‘Salut’ - - 48,7 <strong>25</strong>,7 - 16,2 9,9<br />
‘Honeoye’ 21,7 31,3 - - 9,3 15,7 - -<br />
‘Venta’ - - 39,0 28,3 - - 17,4 12,6<br />
‘Dangë’ 29,7 <strong>25</strong>,3 34,7 20,0 15,4 15,4 15,9 8,9<br />
R 05 / LSD 05 7,2 8,1 11,7 4,9 4,9 5,5 6,7 3,0<br />
Iðoriðkai patrauklius vaisius iðaugino ‘Roxana’ <strong>ir</strong> h. k. 92.340.3 braðkës (6 lentelë).<br />
Nuo jø ið esmës nesiskyrë ‘Alba’, ‘Qeen Eliza’ <strong>ir</strong> ‘Dangës’ veisliø uogø patrauklumas.<br />
Maþiau patrauklios buvo ‘Irma’, ‘Salut’, ‘Honeoye’ <strong>ir</strong> ‘Ventos’ uogos.<br />
Tv<strong>ir</strong>èiausias minkðtimas buvo h. k. 92.340.3 (4,8 balo), ‘Alba’ <strong>ir</strong> h. k. VR96582<br />
uogø, maþiausiai tv<strong>ir</strong>tos ‘Irmos’ (3,9 balo), ‘Ventos’ (4,1 balo), ‘Honeoye’ <strong>ir</strong> ‘Dangës’<br />
(4,2 balo) uogos. Uogø skonis, atsiþvelgiant á veislæ, buvo ávertintas nuo 4,0<br />
balø (‘Honeoye’) iki 4,6 balo (‘Irma’). Pastarosios veislës uogø skonis panaðus á<br />
‘Ventos’ uogø. Ðios veislës uogø skonis vertinamas labai gerai arba puikiai. ‘Honeoye’<br />
<strong>ir</strong> ‘Salut’ veisliø uogos skoniu neiðsiskyrë. Bendra sk<strong>ir</strong>tingø veisliø uogø kokybë<br />
labai nesiskyrë. Geriausiai ávertinta veisliø ‘Qeen Eliza’, h. k. VR9.658.2 <strong>ir</strong> 9.234.03<br />
bendra uogø kokybë (4,4 balo), prasèiausiai – ‘Honeoye’ (3,9 balo).<br />
48
5 lentelë. Sk<strong>ir</strong>tingø veisliø vidutinë uogos masë (g) (vum) <strong>ir</strong> kekerinio puvinio paþeistø<br />
uogø (%) (s) masinio derëjimo metu<br />
Table 5. Average berry weight (g) (vum) and percentage of berries, injured by grey mold<br />
(s) in the middle of cropping season<br />
Babtai, 2004–2005 m.<br />
Veislë, h. k.<br />
Cultivar (h.c.)<br />
I sodinimas<br />
I trial<br />
II sodinimas<br />
II trial<br />
2004 m. 2005 m. 2005 m. 2006 m.<br />
vum s vum s vum s vum s<br />
‘Alba’ 11,3 6,4 10,3 2,3 8,8 6,7 8,3 0<br />
‘Qeen Eliza’ 17,2 12,8 8,2 3,0 14,1 4,5 9,2 0<br />
‘Irma’ 11,0 15,7 8,8 4,5 7,2 10,0 9,6 0<br />
VR96.58.2 11,5 8,3 12,1 4,3 10,7 4,2 6,2 0<br />
‘Roxana’ 20,2 9,8 7,6 2,0 11,8 3,6 6,9 1,4<br />
92.340.3 15,9 17,8 11,4 4,5 12,3 6,0 7,2 0<br />
‘Salut’ - - - - 7,7 5,1 7,9 0<br />
‘Honeoye’ 8,0 6,7 6,1 1,0 - - - 0<br />
‘Venta’ - - - - 8,1 10,0 6,8 0<br />
‘Dangë’ 11,8 9,0 11,1 2,2 9,5 4,2 6,6 0<br />
R 05 / LSD 05 4,9 2,6 4,1 1,3 3,5 2,2 1,5 0,3<br />
6 lentelë Sk<strong>ir</strong>tingø braðkiø veisliø uogø kokybë balais<br />
Table 6. Quality of strawberry berries of different cultivars<br />
Babtai, 2004–2006 m.<br />
Veislë, h. k.<br />
Cultivar (h.c.)<br />
Vaisiaus išorinis<br />
patrauklumas<br />
External appearance<br />
Minkštimo<br />
konsistencija<br />
F<strong>ir</strong>mness<br />
Vaisiaus<br />
skonis<br />
Taste<br />
Bendras vaisiaus<br />
kokybës ávertinimas<br />
General evaluation<br />
‘Alba’ 4,4 4,6 4,4 4,3<br />
‘Qeen Eliza’ 4,5 4,4 4,4 4,4<br />
‘Irma’ 4,0 3,9 4,6 4,3<br />
VR96.58.2 4,5 4,6 4,4 4,4<br />
‘Roxana’ 4,6 4,3 4,1 4,3<br />
92.340.3 4,6 4,8 4,4 4,4<br />
‘Salut’ 4,1 4,3 4,2 4,2<br />
‘Honeoye’ 4,0 4,2 4,0 3,9<br />
‘Venta’ 3,8 4,1 4,5 4,2<br />
‘Dangë’ 4,4 4,2 4,4 4,2<br />
R 05 / LSD 05 0,2 0,3 0,1 0,3<br />
49
Aptarimas. Mûsø duomenimis, pagal derëjimo laikà veisles ‘Qeen Eliza’, ‘Irma’,<br />
‘Salut’, ‘Alba’, ’Roxana’ galima bûtø prisk<strong>ir</strong>ti prie vidutinio ankstyvumo,<br />
VR96.58.2 – prie vidutiniðkai vëlyvø, o selekciná numerá 92.340.3 – prie vëlyvø braðkiø<br />
veisliø. Veislës ‘Qeen Eliza’ <strong>ir</strong> ‘Alba’ autoriø (Faedi <strong>ir</strong> kt., 2002a) yra prisk<strong>ir</strong>iamos<br />
prie ankstyvøjø, bet Lietuvos agroklimato sàlygomis jos þydi <strong>ir</strong> dera panaðiu laiku<br />
kaip veislës ‘Venta’ <strong>ir</strong> ‘Honeoye’, todël mes jas taip pat priskyrëme prie vidutinio<br />
ankstyvumo veisliø.<br />
Mûsø duomenimis, daugelis t<strong>ir</strong>tø Italijoje sukurtø braðkiø veisliø nëra pakankamai<br />
prisitaikiusios augti mûsø klimato zonoje. Visos jos, iðskyrus veislæ ‘Roxana’,<br />
paðalo kur kas labiau nei veislës, sukurtos Lietuvoje (‘Venta’, ‘Dangë’) ar ðalyse,<br />
kuriø klimato sàlygos panaðios á Lietuvos (‘Saliut’, ‘Honeoye’). Veislës ‘Roxana’<br />
augalai maþiau paðalo 2004 m., taèiau 2005 <strong>ir</strong> 2006 metais paðalo panaðiai kaip <strong>ir</strong><br />
kitos italiðkos veislës. Matyt, átakos turëjo tai, kad po gausaus derëjimo antraisiais<br />
augimo – p<strong>ir</strong>maisiais derëjimo metais augalai nepajëgë tinkamai pas<strong>ir</strong>uoðti þiemoti.<br />
Panaðias tendencijas, kad daugelis Europos pietuose sukurtø veisliø blogiau þiemoja<br />
<strong>ir</strong> sunkiau atsigauna po derëjimo, pastebëjo <strong>ir</strong> kitø veisliø tyrëjai, dalyvaujantys<br />
COST863 veikloje (Hietaranta <strong>ir</strong> kt., 2004; Krüger <strong>ir</strong> kt., 2004; Masny, Zurawicz,<br />
2004). Sk<strong>ir</strong>tingø veisliø augalai po þiemos atsigavo nevienodai. Veislës ‘Irma’, o ið<br />
dalies <strong>ir</strong> ‘Alba’ bei h. k. VR96.58.2 augalai vegetacijos metu taip <strong>ir</strong> neatsigavo, o kitø<br />
veisliø (‘Qeen Eliza’, ‘Roxana’, h. k. 92.340.3) augalø bûklë vegetacijos metu buvo<br />
daugiau ar maþiau patenkinama. Sk<strong>ir</strong>tingo iðtvermingumo þiemà átaka ypaè akivaizdi<br />
veisliø ‘Irma’ <strong>ir</strong> ‘Roxana’ derliui. Veislës ‘Irma’ augalai jautriausiai reagavo á þiemojimo<br />
sàlygas, tai padarë didelæ átaka derliui. Ði veislë, kaip raðo autoriai Faedi <strong>ir</strong> Baruzzi<br />
(2004) <strong>ir</strong> kaip pastebëta atliekant mûsø tyrimus, yra nejautri dienos ilgumui <strong>ir</strong> antrà<br />
kartà dera liepos antroje pusëje. Taèiau antrasis metø derlius yra gerokai maþesnis<br />
nei p<strong>ir</strong>masis <strong>ir</strong> sudaro tik 20 proc. p<strong>ir</strong>mojo derliaus. Antrasis derlius gali bûti didelis<br />
Italijos sàlygomis, nes ten nuo vieno ðios veislës augalo priskinama daugiau kaip 1 kg<br />
uogø, bet Lietuvos sàlygomis, kur p<strong>ir</strong>masis derlius daug maþesnis <strong>ir</strong> siekia tik 200 g<br />
ið augalo, antrojo derliaus ekonominis naudingumas yra abejotinas. Galima teigti, kad<br />
antrasis derëjimas (kaip <strong>ir</strong> p<strong>ir</strong>masis derëjimas sodinimo metais), nors derlius <strong>ir</strong> nëra<br />
labai gausus, iðsekina augalus, <strong>ir</strong> jie dël trumpesnio nei Italijoje vegetacijos laikotarpio<br />
nespëja tinkamai pas<strong>ir</strong>uoðti þiemoti, paðàla þiemà <strong>ir</strong> kitais metais dera negausiai. Ðia<br />
veislæ Lietuvoje dar reikëtø iðt<strong>ir</strong>ti kartu su kitomis dienos ilgumui nejautriomis veislëmis<br />
taikant specialià auginimo technologijà. Veislës ‘Roxana’ dideles derlingumo potencines<br />
galimybes, pas<strong>ir</strong>eiðkusias 2004 m., lëmë didesnis jos iðtvermingumas þiemà,<br />
taèiau, esant blogesnëms þiemojimo sàlygoms vëlesniais metais, sumaþëjo <strong>ir</strong> ðios<br />
veislës augalø derlingumas. Iðtvermingesniø þiemà veisliø (‘Dangë’, h. k. 92.340.3,<br />
‘Saliut’) <strong>ir</strong> derlingumas buvo didesnis bei stabilesnis. Nagrinëjant abiejø (2003 <strong>ir</strong><br />
2004 m.) sodinimø braðkiø derlingumà konkreèiais metais matyti, kad veislës labai<br />
nevienodai reagavo ne tik á þiemojimo, bet <strong>ir</strong> augimo sàlygas. Konkreèiø metø derliui,<br />
bent jau kai kuriø veisliø, átakos turëjo ankstesniø metø augimo sàlygos. Tuo galima<br />
paaiðkinti <strong>ir</strong> h. k. 92.340.3 antrojo sodinimo augalø gerokai maþesná derliø 2005 metais<br />
nei p<strong>ir</strong>mojo sodinimo augalø. Apibendrinat galima teigti, kad panaðaus á Lietuvos<br />
klimato zonoje sukurtos veislës yra gerokai stabilesnës <strong>ir</strong> patikimesnës, negu sukurtosios<br />
kitose klimato juostose, taèiau pasitaiko <strong>ir</strong> iðimèiø – veislës ‘Roxana’ derlingu-<br />
50
mo potencinës galimybës <strong>ir</strong> patenkinamas iðtvermingumas lëmë tai, kad jos derlius<br />
prilygo, o kai kurias metais <strong>ir</strong> v<strong>ir</strong>ðijo tradiciðkai Lietuvoje auginamø veisliø derliø.<br />
Reikia manyti, kad naudojant reikiamas agrotechnikos priemones (mulèiavimas, priedangos,<br />
laistymas <strong>ir</strong> kt.) ðià veislæ galima bûtø sëkmingai auginti Lietuvoje.<br />
Uogø dydis yra svarbus desertiniø braðkiø rodiklis <strong>ir</strong> vartotojui, <strong>ir</strong> augintojui.<br />
Tai, kad 2005 metais skyrësi veisliø ‘Alba’, ‘Qeen Eliza’, ‘Roxana’ <strong>ir</strong> h. k. 92.340.3<br />
p<strong>ir</strong>mojo <strong>ir</strong> antrojo sodinimø braðkiø uogø vidutinë masë, rodo, kad ðiø veisliø uogø<br />
kokybë priklauso nuo augimo sàlygø bei nuo augalø amþiaus (p<strong>ir</strong>mojo ar antrojo<br />
sodinimo). Mûsø klimato zonoje ðiø veisliø derlius antraisiais derëjimo metais kokybës<br />
poþiûriu yra gerokai prastesnis, nors jo dydis <strong>ir</strong> prilygsta p<strong>ir</strong>møjø metø derliui.<br />
VR96.58.2 <strong>ir</strong> ‘Dangës’ braðkiø uogø masë maþiau priklausë nuo augalø amþiaus. Kiti<br />
desertinëms braðkëms svarbûs rodikliai yra uogø patrauklumas <strong>ir</strong> jø transportabilumas.<br />
T<strong>ir</strong>tø veisliø uogø kokybë ðiuo poþiûriu buvo ðiek tiek geresnë negu kontroliniø<br />
veisliø. Tai yra dësninga, nes jau daug metø braðkiø selekcijoje didelis dëmesys kreipiamas<br />
á uogø kokybæ <strong>ir</strong> ypaè á jø prekinæ iðvaizdà (Faedi <strong>ir</strong> kt, 2002; Roudeillac,<br />
Trajkovski, 2004). Ið t<strong>ir</strong>tø veisliø iðoriðkai patraukliausios buvo ‘Roxanos’, h. k.<br />
92.340.3 <strong>ir</strong> ‘Qeen Elizos’ uogos. Hibridiniø klonø VR96.58.2 <strong>ir</strong> 92.340.3 uogø minkðtimas<br />
buvo tv<strong>ir</strong>èiausios konsistencijos. Ðios keturios minëtos veislës galëtø bûti naudojamos<br />
veislëms, turinèioms poþymiø, kuriø trûksta lietuviðkoms <strong>ir</strong> Lietuvoje auginamoms<br />
veislëms – patrauklià iðvaizdà <strong>ir</strong> tv<strong>ir</strong>tas uogas, kurti. Ankstesnës selekcijos<br />
italø <strong>ir</strong> apskritai Pietø Europos veisliø braðkiø skonis nebuvo geras (Masny, Ýurawicz,<br />
2004). Ádomu paþymëti, kad veisliø, t<strong>ir</strong>tø ðiuo tyrimu, uogø skonis panaðus á<br />
‘Ventos’ veislës uogø skoná <strong>ir</strong> yra kur kas geresnis uþ Lietuvoje paplitusios veislës<br />
‘Honeoye’ uogø skoná. Tai rodo, kad ðiuo metu selekcijoje kreipiamas didesnis dëmesys<br />
á ðá poþymá <strong>ir</strong> pasiekta daug geresniø rezultatø kuriant braðkiø veisles, kuriø<br />
uogos skanesnës.<br />
Iðvados. 1. Vidurio Lietuvos agroklimato sàlygomis iðtvermingiausios þiemà ið<br />
t<strong>ir</strong>tø veisliø yra ‘Salut’ <strong>ir</strong> ‘Roxana’ braðkës. Labiausiai paðàla veisliø ‘Irma’ <strong>ir</strong> ‘Alba’<br />
augalai.<br />
2. Tyrimø duomenimis, pagal derëjimo laikà veisles ‘Qeen Eliza’, ‘Irma’, ‘Salut’,<br />
‘Alba’, ‘Roxana’ galima bûtø prisk<strong>ir</strong>ti prie vidutinio ankstyvumo, hibridiná klonà<br />
VR96.58.2 – prie vidutiniðkai vëlyvø, o h. k. 92.340.3 – prie vëlyvøjø braðkiø veisliø.<br />
3. Derlingiausi 2004–2005 metais buvo ‘Roxana’ veislë (19,6 t/ha) <strong>ir</strong> h. k.<br />
92.340.3 (18,5 t/ha), 2005–2006 metais – ‘Roxana’ (16,5 t/ha) <strong>ir</strong> ‘Salut’ (13,8 t/ha).<br />
Didþiausias uogas uþaugina ‘Roxana’, h. k. 92.340.3 <strong>ir</strong> ‘Qeen Eliza’ veislë.<br />
4. Didþiausiu patrauklumu iðsisk<strong>ir</strong>ia ‘Roxana’ <strong>ir</strong> h. k. 9.234.03 braðkës. Tv<strong>ir</strong>èiausios<br />
yra h. k. 92.340.3, ‘Alba’ <strong>ir</strong> h. k. VR96.58.2 uogos, geriausias ‘Irma’ veislës<br />
uogø skonis.<br />
5. Pagal ûkiðkai svarbiø savybiø visumà tinkamiausios Lietuvoje auginti yra ‘Roxana’,<br />
‘Salut’ <strong>ir</strong> h. k. 92.340.3 braðkës.<br />
Padëka. Dëkojame, kad ðá darbà parëmë Tarptautiniø mokslo <strong>ir</strong> technologijø<br />
plëtros programø agentûra.<br />
Gauta 2006-11-24<br />
Parengta spausdinti 2006-12-11<br />
51
Literatûra<br />
1. Faedi W., Baruzzi G., Cubicciotti G., Lucchi P., Magnani S., Turci P. Recent progress<br />
in strawberry breeding in Italy // Acta Horticulturae. 2002b. T. 567. P. 157–160.<br />
2. Faedi W., Baruzzi G. New strawberry cultivars from Italian breeding activity // Acta<br />
Horticulturae. 2004 T. 649. P. 81–84.<br />
3. Faedi F. COST: Past, Present, Future // Acta Horticulturae. 2004 T. 649. P. 21–24.<br />
4. Faedi W., Morgues F., Rosati C. Strawberry breeding and varieties: situation and<br />
perspectives // Acta Horticulturae. 2002a. T. 567. P. 51–60.<br />
5. Hietaranta T., Svensson B., Daugaard H. European network for strawberry cultivar<br />
evaluation: summary results of the strawberry cultivar trials from the Nordic countries //<br />
Acta Horticulturae. 2004. T. 649. P. 131–136.<br />
6. Intensyvios sodø <strong>ir</strong> uogynø auginimo technologijos (sud. N. Uselis). Lietuvos<br />
sodininkystës <strong>ir</strong> darþininkystës institutas. Babtai, 2002. P. 190.<br />
7. Krüger E., Krieg R., Innerhofer G., Latet G., Lieten F., MacNaeidhe F., Evenhuis B.,<br />
Kruczynska D. Synthesis of the Central European strawberry cultivar results // Acta<br />
Horticulturae. 2004. T. 649. P. 137–140.<br />
8. Masny A., Ýurawicz E. Field performance of selected strawberry genotypes collected<br />
at the Research Institute of Pomology and Floriculture (RIPF), Skierniewice, Poland //<br />
Acta Horticulturae. 2004. T. 649. P. 147–150.<br />
9. Mezzetti B. COST836: European cooperation on berry research // Acta Horticulturae.<br />
2004. T. 649. P. <strong>25</strong>–26.<br />
9. Misevièiûtë A., Lukoðevièius A. Sodo augalø veisliø tyrimas <strong>ir</strong> selekcija // Sodininkystë<br />
<strong>ir</strong> darþininkystë. Babtai, 1988. T. 7. P. 26–46.<br />
10. Navatel J. C., Krüger E. From Finland to Turkey the European strawberry cultivar<br />
network // Acta Horticulturae. 2004. T. 649. P. 1<strong>25</strong>–130.<br />
11. Raðinskienë A., Uselis N. Braðkiø biologiniø <strong>ir</strong> ûkiniø savybiø ávertinimas // Sodininkystë<br />
<strong>ir</strong> darþininkystë. Babtai, 2000. T. 19(1). P. 53–68.<br />
12. Roudeillac P., Trajkovski K. Breeding for fruit quality and nutrition in strawberries<br />
// Acta Horticulturae. 2004. T. 649. P. 55–60.<br />
13. Rugienius R., Sasnauskas A. Braðkiø veisliø <strong>ir</strong> hibridiniø klonø tyrimas // Sodininkystë<br />
<strong>ir</strong> darþininkystë. Babtai, 2005. T. 24(1). P. 34–41.<br />
14. Uselis N., Raðinskienë A. Investigation of strawberry varieties in Lithuania //<br />
Sodininkystë <strong>ir</strong> darþininkystë. Babtai, 1999. T. 18(1). P. 165–173.<br />
15. Uselis N., Raðinskienë A. Braðkiø biologiniø <strong>ir</strong> ûkiniø savybiø ávertinimas // Sodininkystë<br />
<strong>ir</strong> darþininkystë. Babtai, 2001. T. 20(2). P. 18–31.<br />
52
SODININKYSTË IR DARÞININKYSTË. SCIENTIFIC ARTICLES. 2006. <strong>25</strong>(4).<br />
INVESTIGATION OF STRAWBERRY CULTIVARS<br />
ACCORDING TO INTERNATIONAL COST 863<br />
PROGRAMME IN LITHUANIA<br />
R. Rugienius, A. Sasnauskas<br />
Summary<br />
Ten strawberry cultivars and hybrid clones were investigated according to<br />
COST863 action in 2003–2006. Strawberries were planted in two stages – at 2003<br />
and 2004. Under the agroclimatic conditions of the middle of Lithuania cultivars<br />
‘Salut’ <strong>ir</strong> ‘Roxana’ were the most winterhardy. ‘Irma’ and ‘Alba’ were the most<br />
cold susceptible ones. According to our data, ‘Qeen Eliza’, ‘Irma’, ‘Salut’, ‘Alba’,<br />
‘Roxana’ are medium early, hybrid clone (h.c.) VR96582 is medium late, h.c. 92.340.3<br />
is late. ‘Irma’ is weekday neutral. The highest two-year (2004–2005) average yield<br />
of f<strong>ir</strong>st planting was received from ‘Roxana’ (19,6 t/ha) and h.c. 92.340.3 (18,5 t/<br />
ha), the highest yield of another planting (2005–2006) – ‘Roxana’ (16,5 t/ha) and<br />
‘Salut’ (13,8 t/ha). ‘Roxana’, h.c. 923403 and ‘Qeen Eliza’ had the biggest berries.<br />
The best appearance was of ‘Roxana’ and h.c. 9.234.03, berry f<strong>ir</strong>mness – of h.c.<br />
92.340.3, ‘Alba’ and h.c. VR96.582, best taste of ‘Irma.’ Among investigated cultivars<br />
the most promising under Lithuanian conditions were ‘Roxana’, ‘Salut’ and<br />
h.c. 92.340.3 strawberries.<br />
Key words: Fragaria ananassa Duch., fertility, cold resistance, berry quality.<br />
53
SCIENTIFIC WORKS OF THE LITHUANIAN INSTITUTE OF<br />
HORTICULTURE AND LITHUANIAN UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURE.<br />
SODININKYSTË IR DARÞININKYSTË. 2006. <strong>25</strong>(4).<br />
GROWTH AND FRUITING OF APPLE TREE<br />
CV. ‘JONICA’ ON DIFFERENT ROOTSTOCKS<br />
Przemysùaw BANACH, Maciej GÀSTOÙ<br />
Department of Pomology and Apiculture Agricultural University in<br />
KrakówAl. 29 Listopada 54, 31-4<strong>25</strong> Kraków, Poland.<br />
E-mail przemek351@op.pl<br />
Abstract: The aim of the experiment, conducted in 1999-2003, was to estimate<br />
the influence of five rootstocks (M.9, M.26, P 22, P 59 and P 60) on the growth,<br />
cropping and fruit quality of apple trees ‘Jonica’. The investigated rootstocks significantly<br />
influenced trees’ vigour expressed as trunk cross-section area (TCSA). The<br />
weakest growth was obtained for trees grafted on rootstocks P 59 and P 22 (10.9<br />
and 11.3 cm 2 TCSA), while stronger on M.9 and P 60 (<strong>25</strong>.6 cm 2 and 19.1 cm 2 , respectively).<br />
The trees on M.26 were characterized by the strongest vigour (30.6 cm 2 ).<br />
Weather conditions, especially rainfalls, had a great impact on the growth of the<br />
assessed trees. The growth of trees expressed as crown volume was especially<br />
decreased by rootstocks P 22 and P 59. The highest flowering abundance in comparison<br />
to rootstock M.9 (3.3 in scale 0-5) was observed for P 22 (4.0) followed by P<br />
59 and P 60 (3.5) and M.26 (3.3). Rootstocks did not have an impact on fruit set.<br />
The highest fruit set was observed in 2001 and 2002, and consequently the highest<br />
yield was obtained in these seasons. Though some differences between rootstocks<br />
were found in the respect of yielding, they were not statistically significant. The total<br />
yield varied from 37.5 kg/tree for M.9, 36.4 kg for M.26, 33.3 kg for P 22, 26.1 kg<br />
for P 60 and <strong>25</strong>.3 kg/tree. However, some differences concerning productivity of<br />
trees were found. As far as yield efficiency index is concerned, the most productive<br />
trees were those grafted on rootstocks P 22 and P 59 (2.96 and 2.40 kg/cm 2 , respectively).<br />
Trees on rootstocks M.9, P 60 and M.26 were less productive, with the yield<br />
efficiency index of 1.51, 1.40 and 1.20 kg/cm 2 , respectively. Rootstocks used for<br />
this study significantly differentiated the mean weight of fruit, which varied from<br />
220 g for M.9, followed by M.26 (204 g) and P 60 (197 g), P 22 (178 g) and P 59<br />
(186 g). Rootstocks did not affect fruit coloring.<br />
Key words: apple, rootstock, growth, fruit quality.<br />
Introduction. Rootstock as an integrated part of fruit tree strongly influences<br />
its vigour, productivity and quality of fruits. However, there is no universal rootstock<br />
for all climatic and soil conditions. Altough trees of ‘Jonagold’ grafted on<br />
54
semi-dwarf rootstocks, such as M.26 or P 60 show good orchard performance on<br />
light soils, on fertile ones they grow too vigorously (Skrzyñski and Poniedziaùek<br />
1999). On the other hand, rootstock M.9 with its many advantages (Webster,<br />
1992; Webster and Hollands, 1999) in some conditions is not winter hardy enough<br />
(Czynczyk, 1979, 1997; Webster and Hollands, 1999) and suffers from droughts<br />
(Czynczyk and Omieciñska, 1990; Makosz and Wùodarczyk, 1993). Therefore, it<br />
is necessary to select the rootstock, which is best suited to our severe climatic<br />
conditions. As rootstock of Polish origin are thought to be more frost resistant<br />
(Zagaja et al. 1998), we tried to assess the performance of ‘Jonica’ trees, one of<br />
the most popular cultivars in our orchards, grafted on Polish selection rootstocks:<br />
P 22, P 59 and P 60 in comparison to standard ones: M.9 and M.26. The second<br />
goal was to find a rootstock best adapted to soil and climate conditions, specific<br />
for southern Poland.<br />
Material and methods. The experiment was established in the spring of 1997<br />
in the Experimental Station in Garlica Murowana, near Krakow. The soil of the plot<br />
where the fruit trees were planted was in the valuation class II b. It is of the brown<br />
soil type developed from loess and represents a species determined as silt loam. The<br />
experimental material was composed of one-year-old budded trees of cultivar ‘Jonica’<br />
on five rootstocks: M.9, M.26, P 22, P 59 and P 60. In the orchard the soil<br />
cultivation system was herbicidal fallow in rows and grass in inter-rows. The apple<br />
trees were spaced 1.0 × 4.0 m. The crowns of trees were trimmed in a slender<br />
spindle form. The protection of the trees was carried out according to the recommendations<br />
accepted for commercial plantations. However, no preventive spraying<br />
with calcium salts was applied.<br />
The experiment was established in a randomized blocks design, each treatment<br />
being represented by four replications – plots of five trees each.<br />
The following measurements and observation were made during the experiment:<br />
Growth of trees was estimated as the increase of trunk cross-section area<br />
(TCSA) measured at the height of 30 cm, for biennial periods. Additionally, the<br />
crown volume was annually ascertained.<br />
The flowering abundance was evaluated in scale 0 to 5, where 0 – no flowering,<br />
5 – very intensive flowering. Some branches were labeled and flowers were<br />
counted. In July fruit set was recorded.<br />
At harvest, for each plot, the yield was weighted, the blush area and weight of<br />
100 randomly chosen fruits was recorded. Moreover, the efficiency index was calculated.<br />
The measurements were listed and subjected to analysis of variance. Differences<br />
between the means were ascertained with a multiple Duncan Test, using a Statistica<br />
6.0 program. The mean values for the combinations labeled with the same<br />
letters do not significantly differ at the significance level α = 0.05.<br />
Results and discussion. Used rootstocks significantly affected vegetative growth<br />
of trees (Table 1 and Table 2). As far as trunk cross-sectional area is concerned, the<br />
weakest tree vigour was obtained for P 22 and P 59 rootstock, stronger for P 60 and<br />
M.9. Trees grafted on M.26 revealed the strongest vigour.<br />
55
Table 1. Trunk cross-section area increase (cm 2 ) during 1999-2002 as influenced by<br />
different rootstocks and year of study<br />
1 lentelë. Kamieno skerspjûvio ploto (KSP) priklausomumas nuo poskiepiø <strong>ir</strong> tyrimo<br />
metø 1999–2002 m.<br />
Treatment<br />
Veislës <strong>ir</strong><br />
poskiepio derinys<br />
Initial TCSA,<br />
spring of 1999<br />
TCSA increase<br />
KSP padidëjimas, cm 2<br />
Pradinis KSP 1999 m.<br />
pavasará, cm 2 1999 2000 2001 2002<br />
Final TCSA,<br />
autumn of 2002<br />
Galutinis KSP 2002 m.<br />
rudená, cm 2<br />
‘Jonica’/M.9 2.79 3.84 * bc 6.50 b 6.52 b 5.95 b <strong>25</strong>.6 bc<br />
‘Jonica’/P 60 2.20 3.24 b 4.45 ab 3.50 a 5.72 b 19.1 b<br />
‘Jonica’/M.26 2.73 4.36 c 7.83 b 7.58 b 8.07 c 30.6 c<br />
‘Jonica’/P 22 2.14 1.32 a 1.66 a 2.06 a 4.10 ab 11.3 a<br />
‘Jonica’/P 59 2.05 1.28 a 1.95 a 2.71 a 2.93 a 10.9 a<br />
2.80 a 4.48 b 4.58 b 5.34 c<br />
* Means followed by the same letter do not differ at α = 0.05; Duncan ‘s Multiply Range Test<br />
* Tarp tomis paèiomis raidëmis skiltyse paþymëtø reikðmiø pagal Dunkano kriterijø (α = 0,05)<br />
esminiø sk<strong>ir</strong>tumø nëra.<br />
Table 2. Mean canopy volume (m 3 ) of ‘Jonica’ trees as influenced by different rootstocks<br />
and year of study<br />
2 lentelë. ‘Jonica’ veislës vaismedþiø vidutinio vainiko dydþio priklausomumas nuo<br />
poskiepiø <strong>ir</strong> tyrimo metø<br />
Treatment<br />
Veislës <strong>ir</strong><br />
poskiepio derinys<br />
Canopy volume<br />
Vainiko dydis, m 3<br />
Mean for<br />
treatment<br />
Veislës <strong>ir</strong><br />
poskiepio derinio<br />
vidurkis<br />
1999 2000 2001 2002<br />
‘Jonica’/M.9 1.73 b 1.12 b 1.00 b 2.94 bc 1.70 c<br />
‘Jonica’/P 60 1.53ab 1.00 b 0.79 ab 2.34 b 1.41 bc<br />
‘Jonica’/M.26 1.89 b 1.06 b 1.11 b 3.36 c 1.86 c<br />
‘Jonica’/P 22 1.01 a 0.43 a 0.57 a 1.03 a 0.76 a<br />
‘Jonica’/P 59 1.08 a 0.52 a 0.65 a 1.30 a 0.87 a<br />
1.47 b 0.85 a 0.84 a 2.24 c<br />
This is in accordance with previous reports of Mika et al. (1983), Pätzold and<br />
Fisher (1991), Webster (1997), Baab (1998) and S³owiñski (2001). Skrzyñski and<br />
Poniedziaùek (1998) reported that ‘Jonagold’ trees on rootstocks P 14 and M.26<br />
grew more vigorously, while grafted on P 22 weaker than on M.9. Although some<br />
differences were found between rootstocks M.9 and P 60, they were not statistically<br />
significant. The same reported Voltz et al. (1993) and Ostrowska et al. (2001).<br />
The growth of trees expressed as crown volume was especially decreased by P 22<br />
56
and P 59 rootstocks. This conf<strong>ir</strong>med previous findings of Kruczyñska and Czynczyk<br />
(1998a), Lipecki (1994), Kurlus and Ugolik (1994) and Gruca (2001).<br />
Table 3. Flowering abundance (scale 0-5) of ‘Jonica’ trees as influenced by<br />
different rootstocks and year of study<br />
3 lentelë. ’Jonica‘ veislës vaismedþiø þydëjimo gausos (0–5 skalë) priklausomumas<br />
nuo poskiepiø <strong>ir</strong> tyrimo metø<br />
Treatment<br />
Veislës <strong>ir</strong><br />
poskiepio derinys<br />
Flowering abundance (scale 0-5)<br />
Þydëjimo gausa (0–5 skalë)<br />
1999 2000 2001 2002<br />
Mean for<br />
treatment<br />
Veislës <strong>ir</strong> poskiepio<br />
derinio vidurkis<br />
‘Jonica’/M.9 4.15 ab 3.60 a 3.<strong>25</strong> bc 2.20 a 3.30 ab<br />
‘Jonica’/P 60 4.05 ab 4.30 a 2.60 ab 2.97 a b 3.48 b<br />
‘Jonica’/M.26 3.85 a 4.35 b 2.00 a 1.95 a 3.03 a<br />
‘Jonica’/P 22 4.80 b 4.20 a 3.40 c 3.66 b 4.01 c<br />
‘Jonica’/P 59 4.50 ab 3.87 a 3.30 bc 2.55 a 3.55 b<br />
4.24 b 4.06 b 2.88 a 2.61 a<br />
Table 4. Fruit set of ‘Jonica’ trees as influenced by different rootstocks<br />
and year of study<br />
4 lentelë. ‘Jonica’ veislës vaismedþiø vaisiø uþuomazgø priklausomumas<br />
nuo poskiepiø <strong>ir</strong> tyrimo metø<br />
Treatment<br />
Veislës <strong>ir</strong><br />
poskiepio derinys<br />
Fruit set<br />
Vaisiø uþuomazgos, %<br />
1999 2000 2001 2002<br />
Mean for treatment<br />
Veislës <strong>ir</strong> poskiepio<br />
derinio vidurkis<br />
‘Jonica’/M.9 8.17 ab 1.60 a 12.7 a 18.6 a 10.26 a<br />
‘Jonica’/P 60 7.47 a 1.27 a 13.2 a 14.9 a 9.21 a<br />
‘Jonica’/M.26 9.00 ab 2.45 a 17.45 a 15.32 a 11.05 a<br />
‘Jonica’/P 22 7.80 ab 5.60 b 15.72 a 20.93 a 12.51 a<br />
‘Jonica’/P 59 9.42 b 1.55 a 15.00 a 13.70 a 9.91 a<br />
8.37 b 2.49 a 14.81 c 16.69 c<br />
Wagenmakers (1994) stated that too strong growth causes poorer light perception,<br />
and consequently decreases flowering intensity. Some authors (Brown et<br />
al., 1985; Bauger et al., 1994; Stutte et al., 1994) pointed out rootstock, which<br />
significantly influences this feature. This experiment also proved it. The highest<br />
flowering abundance in comparison to rootstock M.9 was observed for P 22,<br />
followed by P 59, P 60 and M.26. Rootstocks did not affect the fruit set (Table 4),<br />
however, big differences between seasons regarding this feature were recorded.<br />
The highest fruit set was noted in 2001 and 2002 (14.8% and 16.7%, respectively),<br />
the highest yielding for these years was obtained. Though in some years of the<br />
57
experiment the differences in yield were observed, the total yield was not differentiated<br />
(Table 5).<br />
Table 5. The total yield (kg/tree) of ‘Jonica’ trees and the<strong>ir</strong> efficiency index (kg/cm 2<br />
TCSA) as influenced by different rootstocks and year of study<br />
5 lentelë. ‘Jonica’ veislës vaismedþiø suminio derliaus (kg/vaismedis) <strong>ir</strong> jo produktyvumo<br />
indekso (kg/cm 2 KSP) priklausomumas nuo poskiepiø <strong>ir</strong> tyrimo metø<br />
Treatment<br />
Yield (kg/tree)<br />
Veislës <strong>ir</strong><br />
Derlius, kg/vaismedis<br />
poskiepio<br />
derinys 1999 2000 2001 2002<br />
Total, 1999-<br />
2002<br />
1999–2002 m.<br />
suminis derlius<br />
Efficiency index<br />
Produktyvumo<br />
indeksas, kg/cm 2<br />
KSP<br />
‘Jonica’/M.9 8.86 c 6.24 a 9.16 a 13.2 b 37.5 a 1.51 a<br />
‘Jonica’/P 60 4.88 a 4.36 a 6.52 a 10.3 ab 26.1 a 1.40 a<br />
‘Jonica’/M.26 6.04 ab 5.90 a 15.71 a 8.8 ab 36.4 a 1.20 a<br />
‘Jonica’/P 22 7.82 bc 5.82 a 8.92 a 10.7 ab 33.3 a 2.96 b<br />
‘Jonica’/P 59 7.50 bc 3.76 a 6.90 a 7.2 a <strong>25</strong>.3 a 2.40 b<br />
7.02 ab 5.21 a 9.44 b 10.03 b<br />
This is in a line with the previous reports of Kviklys et al. (1999) and Skrzyñski<br />
and Poniedziaùek (1999) who did not record any differences between rootstocks<br />
M.9 and P 60. However, many authors (Baab, 1998; Czynczyk, 1998; Sùowiñski,<br />
2001) pointed out that rootstock M.9 yielded better than P 22 and worse in comparison<br />
to P 60. The most productive trees were those grafted on rootstocks P 22 and<br />
P 59 (2.96 and 2.40 kg/cm 2 , respectively). Trees on rootstocks M.9, P 60 and M.26<br />
were less productive, with the yield efficiency index of 1.51, 1.40 and 1.20 kg/cm 2 ,<br />
respectively.<br />
Table 6. Mean fruit weight (g) of ‘Jonica’ apples as influenced by<br />
different rootstocks and year of study<br />
6 lentelë. ‘Jonica’ veislës vaismedþiø vidutinës vaisiø masës (g)<br />
priklausomumas nuo poskiepiø <strong>ir</strong> tyrimo metø<br />
Fruit weight<br />
Mean for<br />
Treatment<br />
Veislës <strong>ir</strong><br />
Vaisiaus masë, g<br />
treatment<br />
poskiepio derinys<br />
Veislës <strong>ir</strong> poskiepio<br />
1999 2000 2001 2002 derinio vidurkis<br />
‘Jonica’/M.9 218 b 206 b 233 b 224 c 220 d<br />
‘Jonica’/P 60 182 a 188 ab 227 b 192 ab 197 bc<br />
‘Jonica’/M.26 196 ab 194 ab 214 ab 210 bc 204 c<br />
‘Jonica’/P 22 169 a 163 a 195 a 186 a 178 a<br />
‘Jonica’/P 59 178 a 169 a 194 a 202 abc 186 ab<br />
190 a 185 a 214 b 204 b<br />
58
M.9 rootstock favored larger fruits, whereas P 22 and P 59 – smaller ones<br />
(Table 6). This conf<strong>ir</strong>med previous findings of Kruczyñska and Czynczyk (1998)<br />
and Skrzyñski (2002). Some authors reported that rootstock M.9 favored better<br />
fruit coloring, whereas worse for P 22 and M.26 (Pätzold and Fisher, Baab, 1998).<br />
However, this was not true for this experiment – investigated rootstocks did not<br />
affected fruit coloring (Table 7).<br />
Treatment<br />
Veislës <strong>ir</strong><br />
poskiepio derinys<br />
Table 7. Blush area (scale 0-5) of apple fruit skin as influenced by<br />
different rootstock and year of study<br />
7 lentelë. Obuoliø þievës paraudimo ploto (0–5 skalë) priklausomumas<br />
nuo poskiepiø <strong>ir</strong> tyrimo metø<br />
Blush area<br />
Paraudimo plotas (0–5 skalë)<br />
1999 2000 2001 2002<br />
Mean for<br />
treatment<br />
Veislës <strong>ir</strong><br />
poskiepio derinio<br />
vidurkis<br />
‘Jonica’/M.9 4.00 a 4.<strong>25</strong> ab 3.<strong>25</strong> a 2.<strong>25</strong> a 3.43 a<br />
‘Jonica’/P 60 4.<strong>25</strong> a 4.50 b 3.50 a 3.00 abc 3.81 a<br />
‘Jonica’/M.26 4.00 a 4.<strong>25</strong> ab 3.00 a 2.<strong>25</strong> ab 3.37 a<br />
‘Jonica’/P.22 3.66 a 3.33 a 3.00 a 3.33 c 3.33 a<br />
‘Jonica’/P.59 3.<strong>25</strong> a 4.<strong>25</strong> ab 2.50 a 3.<strong>25</strong> bc 3.31 a<br />
3.84 b 4.16 b 3.05 a 2.79 a<br />
Conclusions. 1. The investigated rootstocks significantly influenced trees’ vigour<br />
expressed as trunk cross-section area (TCSA).<br />
2. Rootstocks did not have an impact on fruit set.<br />
3. The total yield did not depend on used rootstock. The most productive trees<br />
were those grafted on rootstocks P 22 and P 59 followed by M.9, P 60 and M.26.<br />
4. Rootstocks significantly differentiated the mean weight of fruit.<br />
Gauta 2006-11-15<br />
Parengta spausdinti 2006-12-11<br />
References<br />
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quality, light transmission and net photosynthesis of ‘Golden Delicious’ apple trees on<br />
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resistance of apple trees. J. Fruit Ornam. Plant Res. 1997. 6. P. 143–152.<br />
5. Czynczyk A. Effect of M.9, B9, and M.26 rootstocks on growth, fruiting and winter<br />
hardiness of three apple cultivars. Fruit Sci. rep. 1979. 1. P. 26–33.<br />
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6. Czynczyk A., Omieciñska B. Karùowe i póùkarùowe podkùadki dla jabùoni. Sad Nowoczesny.<br />
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P. 101–110.<br />
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na wzrost, plonowanie oraz skùad mineralny liúci trzech odmian jabùoni. Czæúã I.<br />
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10. Kruczyñska D., Czynczyk A. Wpùyw podkùadek sùaborosnàcych i wstawek skarlajàcych<br />
na wzrost, plonowanie oraz skùad mineralny liúci trzech odmian jabùoni. Czæúã II.<br />
Jakoúãæ owoców. Zesz. Nauk. ISiK w Skierniewicach, 1998b. T. 5. P. 37–46.<br />
11. Kurlus R., Ugolik M. Wzrost i plonowanie odmiany ‘Szampion’, ‘Royal Gala’, i<br />
‘Jonagored’ na podkùadkach polskiej hodowli. XXVI Ogólno. Nauk. Konf. Sad., Skierniewice,<br />
1996. P. 271–273.<br />
12. Kviklys D., Uselis N., Kvikliene N. Rootstock effect on ‘Jonagold’ apple tree<br />
growth, yield fruit quality. Proceedings of the International Seminar “Apple Rootstocks<br />
for Intensive Orchard”. Warszawa, 1999. P. 67–68.<br />
13. Lipecki J. Wzrost drzew i plonowanie jabùoni odmiany ‘Melrose’ i ‘Jonagold’ na<br />
podkùadce M.9 i M.26. XXIII Nauk. Konf. Sad., Skierniewice, 30-08–01-09-1994. P. 8–11.<br />
14. Makosz E., Wùodarczyk P. Wzrost i plonowanie róýnych odmian jabùoni na<br />
podkùadce M.9 w 1992 roku. Ogrodnictwo. 1993. 4. P. 5–8.<br />
15. Mika A., Grochowska M. J., Karoszewska A. Effect of dormant and summerpruning,<br />
disbudding and growths retardants on growth, flower bud formation and fruiting of<br />
young apple trees. Am. Soc. Hort. Sci. 1983. 108. P. 655–660.<br />
16. Naukowa Konferencja Sadownicza Skierniewice 1996. P. 271–273.<br />
17. Ostrowska K., Zdzieszyñska–Mazutrczak R. Wpùyw podkùadek na wzrost i plonowanie<br />
mùodych drzew jabùoni odm ’Jonagold‘. Zesz. Nauk. ISiK Skierniewice, 2001. T. 9.<br />
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Apfelunterlagen. Erwerbsobstbau. 1991. T. 33(1). P. 7–10.<br />
19. Skrzyñski J., Poniedzia³ek W. Growth and cropping of ‘Jonagold’ apple trees on<br />
six different rootstocks: M.9, M.26, P 14, P 22 and P 60. Miêdz. Symp. “Apple rootstocks<br />
for intensive orchard”. Warszawa–Ursynów, 1999. P. 97–98.<br />
20. Skrzyñski J., Poniedziaùek W. Ocena wzrostu i owocowania odmiany ‘Jonagold’<br />
na podkùadkach sùaborosnacych. Zesz. Nauk. A.R. w Krakowie, 1998. 333. P. 597–602.<br />
21. Skrzyñski J. Wpùyw podkùadki na wzrost i plonowanie drzew oraz jakoúã i zdolnoúã<br />
przechowalniczà jabùek odmiany ‘Jonagold’. Zesz. Nauk. AR w Krakowie, S., Rozprawy,<br />
2002. 287 p.<br />
22. Sùowiñski A. Numerical compilation of orchard trial results on apple rootstocks.<br />
Department of Pomology and Basic Natural Sciences in Horticulture, Warsaw Agricultural<br />
University–SGGW, 2001.<br />
23. Stutte G. W., Baugher T. A., Walter S. P., Leach D. W., Glenn D. M., Tworkowski<br />
T. J. Rootstock and training system affect dry master and carbohydrate distribution in<br />
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24. Volz R. K., Ferguson I. B., Bowen J. H., Watkins C. B. Crop load effects on fruit<br />
mineral nutrition, maturity, fruiting, and tree growth of ‘Cox’s Orange Pippin’ apple.<br />
J. Hort. Sci. 1993. 68. P. 127–138.<br />
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<strong>25</strong>. Wagenmakers P. S. Light relations in orchard systems: Praca doktorska. Uniwersytet<br />
Wageningen, Holandia, 1994.<br />
26. Webster A. D. A review of fruit tree rootstocks research, and development. Acta<br />
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27. Webster A. D., Hollands M. S. A rootstocks studies: Comparison of polish,<br />
Russian, USA and UK selection as rootstocks for the apple cultivar ‘Cox Orange Pippin’<br />
(Malus domestica Borkh.). J. Hort. Sci. Biotech. 1999. 74. P. 367–374.<br />
28. Webster A. D. The status of apple rootstocks development // Proc. 88 th Annual<br />
Meeting of the Washington State Hort. Ass. 1992. P. 113–119.<br />
29. Zagaja S. W., Czynczyk A., Jakubowski T. Omieciñska B. Breeding and evaluating<br />
of apple rootstocks for Northern Europe. Hort. Science. 1988. 23. P. 109–112.<br />
SODININKYSTË IR DARÞININKYSTË. MOKSLO DARBAI. 2006. <strong>25</strong>(4).<br />
OBELØ VEISLËS ‘JONICA’ SU SKIRTINGAIS<br />
POSKIEPIAIS AUGIMAS IR DERËJIMAS<br />
P. Banach, M. Gàstoù<br />
Santrauka<br />
1999–2003 metais atlikto bandymo tikslas buvo nustatyti penkiø poskiepiø (M.9,<br />
M.26, P 22, P 59 <strong>ir</strong> P 60) átakà obelø veislës ‘Jonica’ augimui, derëjimui <strong>ir</strong> vaisiø<br />
kokybei. T<strong>ir</strong>ti poskiepiai turëjo esminës átakos vaismedþiø augumui – kamieno skerspjûvio<br />
plotui (KSP). Prasèiausiai augo vaismedþiai su P 59 <strong>ir</strong> P 22 poskiepiais (KSP –<br />
atitinkamai 10,9 <strong>ir</strong> 11,3 cm 2 ), geriau – su M.9 <strong>ir</strong> P 60 poskiepiais (KSP – atitinkamai<br />
<strong>25</strong>,6 <strong>ir</strong> 19,1 cm 2 ). Vaismedþiai su M.26 poskiepiu iðsiskyrë stipriausiu augumu (KSP –<br />
30,6 cm 2 ). T<strong>ir</strong>tø vaismedþiø augimui didelæ átakà darë oro sàlygos, ypaè lietûs. Vaismedþiø<br />
vainiko augimà ypaè stabdë P 22 <strong>ir</strong> P 59 poskiepiai. Palyginti su M.9 poskiepiu<br />
(vaismedþiø su juo þydëjimas 0–5 skalëje vertinamas 3,3 balo), gausiausiai þydëjo vaismedþiai<br />
su P 22 (4,0 balai), kiek maþiau – su P 59 <strong>ir</strong> P 60 (3,5 balo) <strong>ir</strong> dar maþiau – su<br />
M.26 poskiepiu (3,3 balo). Poskiepiai nedarë átakos vaisiø uþuomazgoms. Daugiausia<br />
vaisiø obelys uþmezgë 2001 <strong>ir</strong> 2002 metais, taigi bûtent tais metais buvo gautas<br />
didþiausias derlius. Nors vaismedþiø su sk<strong>ir</strong>tingais poskiepiais derlius skyrësi, tie<br />
sk<strong>ir</strong>tumai buvo neesminiai. Obelø su M.9 poskiepiu suminis derlius buvo 37,5 kg ið<br />
vaismedþio, su M.26 – 36,4 kg, su P 22 – 33,3 kg, su P 60 – 26,1 kg <strong>ir</strong> <strong>25</strong>,3 kg ið<br />
vaismedþio. Pagal derliaus produktyvumo indeksà derlingiausi buvo vaismedþiai su<br />
P 22 <strong>ir</strong> P 59 poskiepiais (atitinkamai 2,96 <strong>ir</strong> 2,40 kg/cm 2 ). Vaismedþiai su M.9, P 60<br />
<strong>ir</strong> M.26 poskiepiais buvo maþiau produktyvûs, jø derliaus produktyvumo indeksas<br />
buvo atitinkamai 1,51; 1,40 <strong>ir</strong> 1,20 kg/cm 2 . Ðiam tyrimui naudoti poskiepiai turëjo esminës<br />
átakos vidutinei vaisiaus masei: vaismedþiø su M.9 poskiepiu vaisiaus masë buvo<br />
220 g, su M.26 – 204 g, su P 60 – 197 g, su P 22 – 178 g <strong>ir</strong> su P 59 – 186 g. Poskiepiai<br />
neturëjo átakos vaisiø spalvai.<br />
Reikðminiai þodþiai: obelys, poskiepiai, augimas, vaisiø kokybë.<br />
61
LIETUVOS SODININKYSTËS IR DARÞININKYSTËS INSTITUTO IR<br />
LIETUVOS ÞEMËS ÛKIO UNIVERSITETO MOKSLO DARBAI.<br />
SODININKYSTË IR DARÞININKYSTË. 2006. <strong>25</strong>(4).<br />
SODINAMOSIOS MEDÞIAGOS SVEIKUMO ÁTAKA<br />
OBELØ AUGIMUI IR DERLIUI<br />
Darius KVIKLYS, Jûratë STANKIENË<br />
Lietuvos sodininkystës <strong>ir</strong> darþininkystës institutas, LT-54333, Babtai, Kauno r.<br />
El. paðtas d.kviklys@lsdi.lt<br />
Henk KEMP<br />
Applied Plant Research, Research Unit Fruit Lingewal 1, 6668 LA Randwijk,<br />
The Netherlands<br />
2003–2006 metais Lietuvos sodininkystës <strong>ir</strong> darþininkystës institute atlikti sk<strong>ir</strong>tingo<br />
sveikumo sodinamosios medþiagos átakos vaismedþiø augimui, derliui <strong>ir</strong> jo kokybei<br />
tyrimai. T<strong>ir</strong>ti obelø veisliø ‘Ðampion’ <strong>ir</strong> ‘Jonagold’ su M.9 <strong>ir</strong> M.26 poskiepiais<br />
sertifikuoti dev<strong>ir</strong>usuoti (VF) <strong>ir</strong> nesertifikuoti (NT) sodinukai. Atlikus vaismedþiø v<strong>ir</strong>usologinës<br />
bûklës tyrimus, nesertifikuotuose ‘Ðampion’ vaismedþiuose su M.9 <strong>ir</strong><br />
M.26 poskiepiais nustatyti obelø þiedinës chlorotinës dëmëtligës (ACLSV) <strong>ir</strong> obelø kamieno<br />
vagotumo (ASGV) v<strong>ir</strong>usai. Obelø mozaikos v<strong>ir</strong>uso (ApMV) nerasta. 2006 m.<br />
v<strong>ir</strong>usø koncentracija turëjo tendencijà didëti visuose variantuose <strong>ir</strong> ‘Jonagold’ veislës<br />
vaismedþiuose su M.9NT poskiepiais nustatytas ASGV v<strong>ir</strong>usas. Sodo áveisimo metais<br />
sertifikuotø vaismedþiø vegetatyvinis augimas buvo ið esmës intensyvesnis nei<br />
nesertifikuotø vaismedþiø. Antraisiais–ketv<strong>ir</strong>taisiais augimo sode metais vaismedþiø<br />
vegetatyvinë <strong>ir</strong> generatyvinë raida bei vidutinë vaisiaus masë nepriklausë nuo sodinamosios<br />
medþiagos sveikumo.<br />
Reikðminiai þodþiai: derlius, obelys, sodinamoji medþiaga, vaismedþiø ligos,<br />
vegetatyvinis augimas, v<strong>ir</strong>usologinë bûklë.<br />
Ávadas. Be grybiniø <strong>ir</strong> bakteriniø ligø, didelæ þalà þemës ûkio augalams daro v<strong>ir</strong>usinës<br />
ligos. Pagal patv<strong>ir</strong>tintà sodo augalø dauginimo sistemà á rinkà patenkanti sodinamoji<br />
medþiaga privalo bûti sertifikuota. Sertifikuojama tik dev<strong>ir</strong>usuota sodinamoji medþiaga,<br />
taèiau prekiaujama <strong>ir</strong> nesertifikuota CAC kategorijos sodinamàja medþiaga, kurios<br />
kilmë <strong>ir</strong> v<strong>ir</strong>usologinë bûklë nenustatyta. V<strong>ir</strong>usai yra ypaè pavojingi dar <strong>ir</strong> dël to, kad<br />
jø sukelta infekcija yra sisteminio pobûdþio, o simptomai, nelygu augalo veislë <strong>ir</strong> sukëlëjo<br />
tipas, daþniausiai maþai iðreikðti arba jø visai nëra. Todël sveiki, neturintys visø<br />
þinomø v<strong>ir</strong>usø <strong>ir</strong> jiems giminingø organizmø (fitoplazmø, v<strong>ir</strong>oidø, rikecijø) augalai yra<br />
geresnës kokybës, derlingesni <strong>ir</strong> ilgiau gyvena. Ypaè tai svarbu sodo augalams, kurie<br />
turi iðlikti produktyvûs keliolika ar keliasdeðimt metø. Obelyse randama per 40 v<strong>ir</strong>usiniø<br />
62
ligø sukëlëjø, kuriø dauguma priklauso latentiniø v<strong>ir</strong>usø grupei <strong>ir</strong> yra daþniausiai perduodami<br />
tik su sodinamàja medþiaga (Cieszlinska <strong>ir</strong> Malinowski, 2002; Nemeth, 1986).<br />
Pastaraisiais metais, naudojant jautrius v<strong>ir</strong>usø identifikavimo metodus, atrandami nauji<br />
v<strong>ir</strong>usai, jø ðtamai, fitoplazmos, rikecijos <strong>ir</strong> v<strong>ir</strong>oidai (Cieszlinska <strong>ir</strong> kt., 1995; Chunjiang<br />
<strong>ir</strong> kt., 2000; Malinowski <strong>ir</strong> kt., 1997; Malinowski <strong>ir</strong> kt., 1998). V<strong>ir</strong>usø daroma þala<br />
sustiprëja, jeigu augalai uþkrësti keliais v<strong>ir</strong>usais tuo paèiu metu. V<strong>ir</strong>usuoti medþiai tampa<br />
jautresni grybinëms bei bakterinëms ligoms <strong>ir</strong> áva<strong>ir</strong>iems stresams augimo metu (Desvignes,<br />
1999; Zawadzka <strong>ir</strong> kt., 1989; Zawadzka, Guzewska, 1986). Jau net jaunø tokiø<br />
medþiø produktyvumas yra þymiai maþesnis. V<strong>ir</strong>usiniø ligø neigiamà poveiká galima<br />
matyti ne tik sode, bet <strong>ir</strong> dauginimo metu medelyne: sodinukai auga prasèiau, yra ne<br />
tokie veðlûs bei nevienodi (Golis <strong>ir</strong> kt., Maxim <strong>ir</strong> kt., 2004).<br />
Lietuvoje labiausiai paplitæ <strong>ir</strong> ekonomiðkai þalingi yra obelø latentinës þiediðkosios<br />
dëmëtligës (ACLSV), obelø mozaikos (ApMV) <strong>ir</strong> obelø kamieno vagotumo<br />
(ASGV) v<strong>ir</strong>usai. Tyrimø duomenimis, Lietuvoje tarp obelø veisliø <strong>ir</strong> poskiepiø labiausiai<br />
paplitæs yra obelø latentinës þiediðkosios dëmëtligës v<strong>ir</strong>usas. Kiti v<strong>ir</strong>usai randami<br />
tik kai kuriose veislëse <strong>ir</strong> nedidelëmis koncentracijomis (Stankienë <strong>ir</strong> kt., 2000).<br />
Pavojø sodininkystei kelia nepatikrintos v<strong>ir</strong>usologiniu aspektu sodinamosios medþiagos<br />
naudojimas augalams dauginti. V<strong>ir</strong>usai gali sparèiai paplisti per uþsikrëtusius<br />
poskiepius <strong>ir</strong> skiepûglius (Nemeth, 1986).<br />
Darbo tikslas – ávertinti sk<strong>ir</strong>tingos v<strong>ir</strong>usologinës bûklës sodinamosios medþiagos<br />
átakà obelø augimui, derëjimui <strong>ir</strong> vaisiø kokybei.<br />
Tyrimo objektas <strong>ir</strong> metodai. Tyrimai atlikti 2003–2006 metais Lietuvos sodininkystës<br />
<strong>ir</strong> darþininkystës institute. T<strong>ir</strong>tos obelø veislës ‘Ðampion’ <strong>ir</strong> ‘Jonagold’ su<br />
M.9 <strong>ir</strong> M.26 poskiepiais. Obelø sodas áveistas 2003 m. pavasará.<br />
Tyrimø schema:<br />
1. M.9 poskiepis, nesertifikuota sodinamoji medþiaga (toliau M.9NT).<br />
2. M.9 poskiepis, sertifikuota dev<strong>ir</strong>usuota sodinamoji medþiaga (toliau M.9VF).<br />
3. M.26 poskiepis, nesertifikuota sodinamoji medþiaga (toliau M.26NT).<br />
4. M.26 poskiepis, sertifikuota dev<strong>ir</strong>usuota sodinamoji medþiaga (toliau M.26VF).<br />
Nesertifikuota sodinamoji medþiaga, kaip <strong>ir</strong> sertifikuota dev<strong>ir</strong>usuota, iðauginta<br />
tame paèiame Nyderlandø medelyne, taèiau skiepûgliai dauginimui imti ið motininiø<br />
medþiø, kuriø v<strong>ir</strong>usologinë bûklë neiðt<strong>ir</strong>ta. Tai reiðkia, kad ði sodinamoji medþiaga<br />
nebûtinai gali turëti v<strong>ir</strong>usø <strong>ir</strong> kitø giminingø organizmø, taèiau nëra t<strong>ir</strong>ta pagal bûtinus<br />
sertifikavimo etapus <strong>ir</strong> procedûras.<br />
Vaismedþiai su M.9 poskiepiu sodinti 3 x 1 m atstumais, o su M.26 – 3 x 1,5 m.<br />
Sodas priþiûrëtas pagal priimtas intensyvias sodø prieþiûros technologijas (Intensyvios<br />
obelø <strong>ir</strong> kriauðiø auginimo technologijos, 2005).<br />
2005 <strong>ir</strong> 2006 m. atliktas v<strong>ir</strong>usologinis vaismedþiø ávertinimas, analizuojant jungtiná<br />
bandiná, paimtà ið kiekvieno varianto. Obelø þiedinës chlorotinës dëmëtligës v<strong>ir</strong>usas<br />
(ACLSV), obelø mozaikos v<strong>ir</strong>usas (ApMV) <strong>ir</strong> obelø kamieno vagotumo v<strong>ir</strong>usas<br />
(ASGV) buvo nustatyti laboratorijoje modifikuotu imunofermentinës analizës DAS-<br />
ELISA metodu (Clark <strong>ir</strong> kt; 1977, Fleg <strong>ir</strong> kt; 1979, Maat; 1992, Fuchs <strong>ir</strong> kt; 1988).<br />
Sode buvo vertinta: kamienëlio storis (mm) 30 cm nuo þemës pav<strong>ir</strong>ðiaus; vidutinis<br />
derlius ið medþio (kg); vidutinë vaisiaus masë (g) sveriant 100 vaisiø ið pakartojimo.<br />
63
Tyrimo variantai kartoti 4 kartus. Variante – 20 vaismedþiø. Duomenys apdoroti<br />
trifaktorinës dispersinës analizës bûdu su „Anova“ kompiuterine programa.<br />
Meteorologinës sàlygos. 2003 m. þiemà krituliø iðkrito daug maþiau, o oro temperatûra<br />
buvo þemesnë negu daugiametis vidurkis. Pavasará iðkrito krituliø 33 procentais<br />
maþiau, bet buvo truputá ðilèiau negu daugiametis vidurkis. 2003 m. vasara <strong>ir</strong><br />
rugsëjo mën. buvo ðiek tiek ðiltesni negu vidutinë daugiametë norma, bet krituliø<br />
kiekis buvo artimas daugiameèiam.<br />
2004 m. sausis buvo ðaltesnis negu áprasta, taèiau sodams didesnës þalos nepadarë.<br />
Balandþio <strong>ir</strong> geguþës mënesiai buvo sausesni negu áprasta. Po palyginti ðiltoko<br />
balandþio geguþës mënuo buvo vësus. Geguþës 14 <strong>ir</strong> 17 dienomis po ðilto periodo<br />
buvo didelës -3 – -2,5°C ðalnos, kurios labai pakenkë sodo augalø þiedams <strong>ir</strong> net<br />
uþuomazgoms, todël p<strong>ir</strong>masis derlius buvo maþesnis.<br />
2005 m. pavasará po ilgo <strong>ir</strong> ðalto periodo staiga atðilus, þydëjimo laikas buvo<br />
trumpas, taèiau tai nepakenkë vaisiø uþmezgimui.<br />
2006 m. ilgas <strong>ir</strong> ðaltas periodas þydëjimo metu, taèiau be ðalnø þiedø apdulkinimui<br />
<strong>ir</strong> vaisiø uþmezgimui átakos neturëjo. Dël ilgalaikës sausros <strong>ir</strong> karðèio liepos<br />
mënesá sumaþëjo vaisiø masë <strong>ir</strong> derlius ið vaismedþio.<br />
Rezultatai. Atlikus vaismedþiø v<strong>ir</strong>usologinës bûklës tyrimus, nesertifikuotuose<br />
‘Ðampion’ veislës vaismedþiuose su M.9 <strong>ir</strong> M.26 poskiepiais 2005 m. nustatyti obelø<br />
þiedinës chlorotinës dëmëtligës (ACLSV) <strong>ir</strong> obelø kamieno vagotumo (ASGV) v<strong>ir</strong>usai.<br />
ASVG v<strong>ir</strong>uso koncentracija buvo maþesnë nei ACLSV v<strong>ir</strong>uso. ‘Jonagold’ veislës<br />
vaismedþiuose buvo nustatyta nedidelë obelø kamieno vagotumo v<strong>ir</strong>uso (ASGV) koncentracija.<br />
2006 m. atlikti v<strong>ir</strong>usologiniai tyrimai parodë, kad ACLSV <strong>ir</strong> ASGV v<strong>ir</strong>usø<br />
koncentracijà ‘Ðampion’ M.9 NT vaismedþiuose padidëjo, palyginti su ACLSV v<strong>ir</strong>uso<br />
koncentracija 2005 m. ‘Ðampion’ veislës vaismedþiuose su M.26NT poskiepiu.<br />
2006 m. ACLSV v<strong>ir</strong>uso koncentracija buvo nepakitusi, o ASGV – padidëjo. T<strong>ir</strong>iant<br />
‘Jonagold’ veislës nesertifikuotø vaismedþiø su M.9NT poskiepiu v<strong>ir</strong>usologinæ bûk-<br />
Variantas<br />
Treatment<br />
1 lentelë. ACLSV v<strong>ir</strong>uso koncentracija 2005 <strong>ir</strong> 2006 m.<br />
Table 1. Detected ACLSV concentration in 2005–2006<br />
2005 m. 2006 m.<br />
‘Šampion’<br />
M.9NT 0,194 ± 0,002 0,220 ± 0,005<br />
M.9VF neigiama / negative (0,078 ± 0,001) neigiama / negative (0,106 ± 0,006)<br />
M.26NT 0,268 ± 0,004 0,269 ± 0,002<br />
M.26VF neigiama / negative (0,080 ± 0,002) neigiama / negative (0,120 ± 0,003)<br />
‘Jonagold’<br />
M.9NT neigiama / negative (0,078 ± 0,002) neigiama / negative (0,146 ± 0,004)<br />
M.9VF neigiama / negative (0,079 ± 0,001) neigiama / negative (0,091 ± 0,003)<br />
M.26NT neigiama / negative (0,078 ± 0,001) neigiama / negative (0,117 ± 0,002)<br />
M.26VF neigiama / negative (0,080 ± 0,002) neigiama / negative (0,095 ± 0,007)<br />
64
læ, 2006 m. buvo aptiktas ASGV v<strong>ir</strong>usas. ACLSV koncentracija nev<strong>ir</strong>ðijo paklaidos<br />
ribø, palyginti su 2005 m. Lyginant 2005 <strong>ir</strong> 2006 metø duomenis, nustatyta, kad<br />
sertifikuotuose dev<strong>ir</strong>usuotuose ‘Ðampion <strong>ir</strong> ‘Jonagold’ veisliø vaismedþiuose su poskiepiais<br />
M.9VF <strong>ir</strong> M.26.VF ACLSV <strong>ir</strong> ASGV v<strong>ir</strong>usø nerasta. Obelø mozaikos (AMV)<br />
v<strong>ir</strong>uso nerasta në viename variante (1, 2 lentelës).<br />
Variantas<br />
Treatment<br />
2 lentelë. ASGV v<strong>ir</strong>uso koncentracija 2005 <strong>ir</strong> 2006 m.<br />
Table 2. ASGV v<strong>ir</strong>us concentration in 2005–2006<br />
2005 m. 2006 m.<br />
‘Šampion’<br />
M.9NT 0,160 ± 0,002 0,190 ± 0,006<br />
M.9VF neigiama / negative (0,072 ± 0,002) neigiama / negative (0,072 ± 0,002)<br />
M.26NT 0,159 ± 0,003 0,199 ± 0,002<br />
M.26VF neigiama / negative (0,080 ± 0,002) neigiama / negative (0,070 ± 0,003)<br />
‘Jonagold’<br />
M.9NT neigiama / negative (0,073 ± 0,003) 0,170 ± 0,005<br />
M.9VF neigiama / negative (0,072 ± 0,002) neigiama / negative (0,095 ± 0,004)<br />
M.26NT neigiama / negative (0,075 ± 0,002) neigiama / negative (0,129 ± 0,006)<br />
M.26VF neigiama / negative (0,070 ± 0,002) neigiama / negative (0,100 ± 0,003)<br />
Augumas. Lyginant sertifikuotus dev<strong>ir</strong>usuotus <strong>ir</strong> nesertifikuotus vaismedþius<br />
2003 m., nustatyta, kad abiejø t<strong>ir</strong>tø veisliø sertifikuotø dev<strong>ir</strong>usuotø vaismedþiø<br />
su abiem poskiepiais kamienëliai storesni negu nesertifikuotø (3 lentelë). 2004 m.<br />
‘Ðampion’ veislës M.9VF vaismedþiai buvo ið esmës storesni nei M.9NT, taèiau<br />
su M.26 poskiepiu nesertifikuotø vaismedþiø kamienëlio skersmuo buvo didesnis<br />
nei dev<strong>ir</strong>usuotø. Treèiaisiais augimo sode metais – 2005 m. M.9VF <strong>ir</strong> M.9NT<br />
kamienëliø skersmuo susilygino, o su M.26 poskiepiu iðliko esminiai sk<strong>ir</strong>tumai<br />
kaip <strong>ir</strong> ankstesniais metais. Ketv<strong>ir</strong>taisiais augimo sode metais – 2006 m. su M.26<br />
poskiepiu nesertifikuoti vaismedþiai buvo ið esmës storesni. ‘Jonagold’ veislës<br />
sertifikuotø dev<strong>ir</strong>usuotø vaismedþiø su abiem poskiepiais kamienëliø storiai p<strong>ir</strong>maisiais,<br />
antraisiais <strong>ir</strong> treèiaisiais augimo metais buvo ið esmës didesni negu nesertifikuotø.<br />
Ketv<strong>ir</strong>taisiais metais nesertifikuotø vaismedþiø skersmuo priaugo ið<br />
esmës daugiau nei sertifikuotø. Vertinant sertifikuotø dev<strong>ir</strong>usuotø <strong>ir</strong> nesertifikuotø<br />
‘Ðampion’ veislës vaismedþiø abu poskiepius kartu, nustatyta, kad sodinimo<br />
metais dev<strong>ir</strong>usuoti vaismedþiai augo stipriau, o 2004 <strong>ir</strong> 2005 metais kamienëlio<br />
skersmens sk<strong>ir</strong>tumai buvo neesminiai. 2006 m. ið esmës pastorëjo nesertifikuotø<br />
vaismedþiø kamienëliai. ‘Jonagold’ veislës nesertifikuotø vaismedþiø kamienëliø<br />
storio dydþiø sk<strong>ir</strong>tumas taip pat buvo esminis, palyginti su sertifikuotais dev<strong>ir</strong>usuotais<br />
2005 <strong>ir</strong> 2006 m. Pastarieji augo veðliau 2005 m., taèiau 2006 m. jau ið<br />
esmës silpniau negu nesertifikuoti.<br />
65
3 lentelë. Sodinamosios medþiagos sveikumo átaka vaismedþiø augimui<br />
Table 3. Effect of health status of planting material on tree growth<br />
Variantas<br />
Treatment<br />
Kamienëlio<br />
skersmuo<br />
2003 m., mm<br />
Trunk diameter<br />
(mm) 2003<br />
Kamienëlio<br />
skersmuo<br />
2004 m., mm<br />
Trunk diameter<br />
(mm) 2004<br />
‘Šampion’<br />
Kamienëlio<br />
skersmuo<br />
2005 m., mm<br />
Trunk diameter<br />
(mm) 2005<br />
Kamienëlio<br />
skersmuo<br />
2006 m., mm<br />
Trunk diameter<br />
(mm) 2006<br />
M.9NT 17,3 <strong>25</strong>,4 30,3 35,75<br />
M.9VF 18,7 27,4 30,3 34,75<br />
M.26NT 18,3 32,4 41,3 50,50<br />
M.26VF 18,7 29,7 39,4 43,00<br />
R 05 / LSD 05 0,59 0,81 1,52 2,69<br />
NT 17,8 28,9 35,8 43,10<br />
VF 18,7 28,6 34,9 38,90<br />
R 05 / LSD 05 0,35 0,51 0,95 1,90<br />
‘Jonagold’<br />
M.9NT 17,2 26,4 33,0 41,00<br />
M.9VF 17,7 26,7 34,8 40,00<br />
M.26NT 18,0 30,5 40,0 53,50<br />
M.26VF 20,0 31,8 45,0 49,<strong>25</strong><br />
R 05 / LSD 05 1,21 1,37 1,52 2,69<br />
NT 17,6 28,5 36,5 47,30<br />
VF 18,8 29,2 39,9 44,60<br />
R 05 / LSD 05 0,85 0,97 1,<strong>25</strong> 1,90<br />
Derlius. 2004 m., antraisiais augimo sode metais, po dideliø pavasariniø ðalnø<br />
buvo skintas negausus obuoliø derlius. Ið esmës gausiausiai derëjo M.9VF vaismedþiai.<br />
Nuo ‘Ðampion’ veislës vaismedþio buvo priskinta vidutiniðkai 2,10 kg, arba<br />
6,93 t/ha obuoliø (4 lentelë). Sertifikuoti dev<strong>ir</strong>usuoti vaismedþiai buvo ið esmës derlingesni<br />
uþ nesertifikuotus. 2005 m. didþiausias derlius buvo skintas nuo M.26NT.<br />
Gausiausias gautas vaismedþiø su M.9 poskiepiu derlius ið hektaro (iki <strong>25</strong> t), esminiø<br />
sk<strong>ir</strong>tumø tarp M.9NT <strong>ir</strong> M.9VF nebuvo. 2006 m. gausiau derëjo dev<strong>ir</strong>usuoti ‘Ðampion’<br />
veislës vaismedþiai su M.26 poskiepiu – 12,88 kg, arba 28,59 t/ha obuoliø<br />
nuo medþio. Lyginant ‘Ðampion’ veislës vaismedþius su abiem poskiepiais, uþfiksuotas<br />
didesnis sertifikuotø dev<strong>ir</strong>usuotø vaismedþiø derlius, o ‘Jonagold’ veislës ið<br />
esmës didesná derliø ið ploto vieneto davë nesertifikuoti vaismedþiai su M.26 poskiepiu<br />
(4, 5 lentelës). Esminiø sk<strong>ir</strong>tumø tarp sertifikuotø <strong>ir</strong> nesertifikuotø vaismedþiø<br />
su M.9 poskiepiu nebuvo.<br />
66
4 lentelë. Sodinamosios medþiagos sveikumo átaka ‘Ðampion’<br />
veislës vaismedþiø derëjimui<br />
Table 4. Effect of health status of planting material on ‘Sampion’ apple yield<br />
2004 m. 2005 m. 2006 m.<br />
Variantas<br />
Treatment kg/vaism.<br />
t/ha<br />
kg/vaism.<br />
t/ha<br />
kg/vaism.<br />
t/ha<br />
kg/tree<br />
kg/tree<br />
kg/tree<br />
M.9NT 1,67 5,52 7,45 24,83 7,24 24,12<br />
M.9VF 2,10 6,93 7,37 24,56 8,64 28,77<br />
M.26NT 0,76 1,66 9,85 21,89 9,86 20,89<br />
M.26VF 1,00 2,20 7,74 17,20 12,88 28,59<br />
R 05 / LSD 05 0,27 0,78 1,20 3,31 3,20 8,21<br />
NT 1,22 3,59 8,65 23,26 8,55 23,01<br />
VF 1,55 4,57 7,56 20,88 10,76 28,68<br />
R 05 / LSD 05 0,16 0,48 0,73 2,02 2,26 5,70<br />
5 lentelë. Sodinamosios medþiagos sveikumo átaka ‘Jonagold’ veislës<br />
vaismedþiø derëjimui<br />
Table 5. Effect of health status of planting material on ‘Jonagold’ apple yield<br />
2004 m. 2005 m. 2006 m.<br />
Variantas<br />
Treatment kg/vaism.<br />
t/ha<br />
kg/vaism.<br />
t/ha<br />
kg/vaism.<br />
t/ha<br />
kg/tree<br />
kg/tree<br />
kg/tree<br />
M.9NT 0,08 0,28 4,89 16,3 6,55 21,81<br />
M.9VF 0,17 0,58 4,52 15,1 5,74 19,11<br />
M.26NT 0,05 0,11 3,82 8,5 12,40 27,53<br />
M.26VF 0,01 0,01 4,67 10,4 5,95 13,21<br />
R 05 / LSD 05 0,27 0,78 1,20 3,31 3,2 8,21<br />
NT 0,07 0,20 4,37 12,4 9,5 24,67<br />
VF 0,09 0,29 4,59 12,8 5,84 16,16<br />
R 05 / LSD 05 0,16 0,48 0,73 2,02 2,26 5,70<br />
Vaisiø kokybë. 2004 m. ‘Ðampion’ veislës vaismedþiø vidutinë vaisiaus masë<br />
nuo M.9NT <strong>ir</strong> M.26NT buvo didesnë atitinkamai uþ M.9VF <strong>ir</strong> M.26VF, nors esminiø<br />
sk<strong>ir</strong>tumø nenustatyta (6 lentelë). Taèiau vidutinë nesertifikuotø vaismedþiø vaisiaus<br />
masë buvo ið esmës didesnë uþ sertifikuotø dev<strong>ir</strong>usuotø. 2005 m., prieðingai, sertifikuotø<br />
dev<strong>ir</strong>usuotø vaismedþiø vidutinë vaisiaus masë buvo ið esmës didesnë nei nesertifikuotø.<br />
Atsk<strong>ir</strong>ai vertinant poskiepius, nustatyta, kad M.26VF vaisiai buvo ið<br />
esmës didesni uþ M.26NT, o tarp M.9VF <strong>ir</strong> M.9NT sk<strong>ir</strong>tumo nebuvo. 2006 m. didesnë<br />
vaisiaus masë buvo vaismedþiø su nesertifikuotais M.9NT poskiepiais. Vaismedþiø<br />
su M.26 poskiepiu vidutinei vaisiaus masei sodinamosios medþiagos sveikumo<br />
lygis átakos neturëjo. 2004 <strong>ir</strong> 2005 m. ‘Jonagold’ veislës vaismedþiø vaisiaus<br />
masei vaismedþiø sveikumo lygis esminës átakos neturëjo. 2006 m. didesne vaisiaus<br />
67
mase iðsiskyrë sertifikuoti dev<strong>ir</strong>usuoti vaismedþiai su M.9VF poskiepiu, taèiau esminiø<br />
sk<strong>ir</strong>tumø nenustatyta nei su M9.NT, nei lyginant abu poskiepius kartu (7 lentelë).<br />
6 lentelë. Sodinamosios medþiagos sveikumo átaka ‘Ðampion’ veislës<br />
vidutinei vaisiaus masei, g<br />
Table 6. Effect of health status of planting material on ‘Sampion’ apple fruit weight, g<br />
Variantas<br />
Treatment<br />
2004 m. 2005 m. 2006 m.<br />
M.9NT 195 121 163<br />
M.9VF 183 124 148<br />
M.26NT 172 133 171<br />
M.26VF 161 147 172<br />
R 05 / LSD 05 15,2 7,6 13,9<br />
NT 183 127 167<br />
VF 172 136 160<br />
R 05 / LSD 05 8,8 4,7 9,8<br />
7 lentelë. Sodinamosios medþiagos sveikumo átaka ‘Jonagold’ veislës<br />
vidutinei vaisiaus masei, g<br />
Table 7. Effect of health status of planting material on ‘Jonagold’ apple fruit weight, g<br />
Variantas<br />
Treatment<br />
2004 m. 2005 m. 2006 m.<br />
M.9NT 150 139 165<br />
M.9VF 150 136 172<br />
M.26NT 157 143 165<br />
M.26VF 150 139 164<br />
R 05 / LSD 05 12.1 7.6 13,9<br />
NT 154 141 165<br />
VF 150 138 168<br />
R 05 / LSD 05 8,7 4,7 9,83<br />
Aptarimas. Atlikus v<strong>ir</strong>usologinius obelø vaismedþiø tyrimus, surasti obelø þiedinës<br />
chlorotinës dëmëtligës (ACLSV) <strong>ir</strong> obelø kamieno vagotumo (ASGV) v<strong>ir</strong>usai.<br />
Obelø mozaikos v<strong>ir</strong>uso ApMV nebuvo rasta. ACLSV priklauso patogeniniø latentiniø<br />
obelø v<strong>ir</strong>usø grupei. Tai vienas labiausiai paplitusiø augalø, taip pat <strong>ir</strong> obelø, v<strong>ir</strong>usø,<br />
daþnai aptinkamø kartu su kitais latentiniais v<strong>ir</strong>usais, o tai sustiprina jø poveiká <strong>ir</strong><br />
pas<strong>ir</strong>eiðkimà. Árodyta, kad ACLSV gali sumaþinti poskiepio <strong>ir</strong> áskiepio atitikimà (Nemeth,<br />
1986). ASGV v<strong>ir</strong>usas yra randamas obelyse <strong>ir</strong> kriauðëse <strong>ir</strong> taip pat priklauso II<br />
latentiniø v<strong>ir</strong>usø tipui. V<strong>ir</strong>usas yra pakankamai stabilus, taèiau randamas augaluose<br />
tik kartu su kitais latentiniais v<strong>ir</strong>usais <strong>ir</strong> retais atvejais sukelia poskiepiø þuvimà (Yanase,<br />
1983). Nors nustatyti v<strong>ir</strong>usai gali pakenkti obelø atsparumui, poskiepio <strong>ir</strong> áskiepio<br />
68
atitikimui <strong>ir</strong> augimui sode (Maxim <strong>ir</strong> kt., 2004), taèiau jø koncentracija t<strong>ir</strong>tuose bandiniuose<br />
buvo maþa <strong>ir</strong> turëjo tendencijà didëti. Todël galima manyti, kad ðiø v<strong>ir</strong>usø<br />
átaka vaismedþiø augimui <strong>ir</strong> derëjimui yra minimali <strong>ir</strong> priklauso daugiau nuo veislës <strong>ir</strong><br />
meterologiniø sàlygø. Taèiau negalima teigti, kad nesertifikuoti vaismedþiai nebuvo<br />
uþkrësti <strong>ir</strong> kitais v<strong>ir</strong>usais, kurie galëjo neigiamai paveikti obelø vegetatyviná <strong>ir</strong> generatyviná<br />
vystymàsi. Dev<strong>ir</strong>usuotuose vaismedþiuose v<strong>ir</strong>usø nebuvo rasta. Ketv<strong>ir</strong>taisiais<br />
augimo sode metais – 2006 m. vaismedþiuose su poskiepiu M.9NT jau buvo nustatytas<br />
ASGV v<strong>ir</strong>usas. Bûtø galima daryti prielaidà, kad nesertifikuotuose ‘Jonagold‘<br />
veislës su poskiepiu M.9NT vaismedþiuose su ASGV ðio v<strong>ir</strong>uso koncentracija didës<br />
bei daugës medþiø, uþkrëstø ASGV. Be to, negalima atmesti prielaidos, kad nesertifikuotuose<br />
vaismedþiuose, bëgant metams, bus aptiktas <strong>ir</strong> ApMV v<strong>ir</strong>usas.<br />
Sertifikuotuose dev<strong>ir</strong>usuotuose vaismedþiuose ACLSV <strong>ir</strong> ASGV koncentracija,<br />
nors <strong>ir</strong> didëjo, bet nelabai stipriai. Galima manyti, kad vëlesniu sodo augimo<br />
metu, ats<strong>ir</strong>andant naujiems v<strong>ir</strong>usams <strong>ir</strong> didëjant jø koncentracijai, nesertifikuoti<br />
vaismedþiai blogiau vegetatyviðkai vystysis <strong>ir</strong> derës negu sertifikuoti, taèiau ðiuo<br />
metu nustatyti aiðkiø tendencijø <strong>ir</strong> sk<strong>ir</strong>tumø tarp sertifikuotø <strong>ir</strong> nesertifikuotø vaismedþiø<br />
augimo <strong>ir</strong> derëjimo dar negalima. Taip pat negalima teigti, kad vaismedþiø<br />
augimo, derëjimo ar vaisiø kokybës vienodumas priklausë nuo sodinamosios medþiagos<br />
sveikumo lygio.<br />
Sveika sodinamoji medþiaga garantuoja geresná vaismedþiø prigijimà <strong>ir</strong> veðlesná<br />
augimà p<strong>ir</strong>maisiais metais (Ciezsliñska, Malinowski, 2002). Tai ypaè svarbu ðiuolaikiniuose<br />
intensyviuose soduose, kad vaismedþiai greièiau uþpildytø jiems sk<strong>ir</strong>tà plotà<br />
<strong>ir</strong> pradëtø kuo anksèiau derëti. V<strong>ir</strong>usai gali susilpninti medþiø augimà <strong>ir</strong> medelyne<br />
(Golis <strong>ir</strong> kt., 2000; Maxim <strong>ir</strong> kt., 2004, Hammond; 2005) <strong>ir</strong> sode (Wertheim, 1998).<br />
Atlikti tyrimai patv<strong>ir</strong>tino, kad dev<strong>ir</strong>usuoti vaismedþiai sodinimo metais stipriau vystësi<br />
vegetatyviðkai.<br />
Nors medþiø v<strong>ir</strong>usologinë bûklë gali turëti átakos vaisiø kokybei (Zawadska,<br />
Guzewska, 1986), taèiau ðiais tyrimais to nenustatyta. Vidutinë vaisiaus masë koreliavo<br />
su derliumi. 2004 m. ‘Ðampion’ veislës dev<strong>ir</strong>usuoti vaismedþiai derëjo gausiau,<br />
bet jø vidutinë vaisiaus masë buvo maþesnë uþ nesertifikuotø. Taèiau kitais metais,<br />
nuo nesertifikuotø obelø skinant didesná derliø, dev<strong>ir</strong>usuoti vaismedþiai uþaugino ið<br />
esmës didesnës masës vaisius. Visais tyrimø metais ‘Jonagold’ veislës vaismedþiø<br />
vaisiaus masës esminiø sk<strong>ir</strong>tumø nenustatyta.<br />
Iðvados. 1. Sodo áveisimo metais dev<strong>ir</strong>usuotø ‘Ðampion’ bei ‘Jonagold’ obelø<br />
veislës vaismedþiø vegetatyvinis augimas yra ið esmës intensyvesnis nei nesertifikuotø<br />
vaismedþiø.<br />
2. Antraisiais–ketv<strong>ir</strong>taisiais augimo sode metais vaismedþiø vegetatyvinë <strong>ir</strong> generatyvinë<br />
raida bei vidutinë vaisiaus masë nepriklausë nuo sodinamosios medþiagos<br />
sveikumo lygio.<br />
3. ACLSV <strong>ir</strong> ASGV v<strong>ir</strong>usø koncentracija turëjo tendencijà didëti abiejø veisliø<br />
obelø su abiem poskiepiais vaismedþiuose. Ketv<strong>ir</strong>taisiais augimo sode metais <strong>ir</strong> ‘Jonagold’<br />
veislës vaismedþiuose su poskiepiu M.9NT buvo nustatytas ASGV v<strong>ir</strong>usas.<br />
Gauta 2006-11-15<br />
Parengta spausdinti 2006-12-11<br />
69
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1. Chunjiang L., Nobu Y., Tsuyoshi T., Tsutae I., Kouji Y., H<strong>ir</strong>oki K. Nucleotide sequent<br />
and genome organization of Apple latent spheric v<strong>ir</strong>us: a new v<strong>ir</strong>us classified into the<br />
family Comov<strong>ir</strong>idaE // Journal of General V<strong>ir</strong>ology. 2000. Vol. 81. P. 541–547.<br />
2. Cieszliñska M., Malinowski T. V<strong>ir</strong>us and v<strong>ir</strong>us-like diseases of fruit trees and small<br />
fruits // Zeszyty Naukowe Instytuta Sadownictwa. 2002. Vol. 10. P. 197–206.<br />
3. Cieszliñska M, Malinowski T, Zawadzka B. Studies on several strains of apple<br />
chlorotic leaf spot v<strong>ir</strong>us (ACLSV) isolated from different fruit tree species // Acta Horticulturae.<br />
1995. Vol. 386. P. 63–71.<br />
4. Clark M, Adams A. N. Characteristics of microplate method of enzyme linked<br />
immunosorbent assay for detection of plant v<strong>ir</strong>us // Journal of General V<strong>ir</strong>ology. 1977.<br />
Vol. 34. P. 479–483.<br />
5. Desvignes J. C. V<strong>ir</strong>us Diseases of Fruit Trees. Ctifl, 1999. 202 pp.<br />
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procedure of enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) // Annual Applied Biology.<br />
1979. Vol. 91. P. 61–65.<br />
7. Fuchs E., Gruntzig M., Al Kai B. Das serologische Nachweis mechanisch Übertagbaren<br />
V<strong>ir</strong>en des Kern – und Steinobstes // Nachrichen blat für den Pflanenschutz in der<br />
DDR. 1988. Vol. 42(10). P. 208–211.<br />
8. Golis T., Bielicki P., Zawadzka B., Czynczyk A. Jakocê drzewek jabloni uzyskanych<br />
w szkólce w zaleznoszci od stopnia porazenia w<strong>ir</strong>usami podkladek i zrazów // Rocz. AR<br />
Poznañ CCCXXIII. 2000. Vol. 31(2). P. 45–50.<br />
9. Hammond, R. Plant V<strong>ir</strong>us-Based Vectors In Agriculture And Biotechnology // In<br />
Vitro Cellular And Developmental Biology – Plants. 2005. Vol. 41. P. 405–410.<br />
10. Intensyvios obelø <strong>ir</strong> kriauðiø auginimo technologijos (sud. N. Uselis). LSDI.<br />
Babtai, 2005. 212 p.<br />
11. Kviklys D., Stankiene J. Sodinamosios medþiagos sveikatingumo átaka obelø<br />
veislës Ðampion augimui <strong>ir</strong> derëjimui jauname sode // Sodininkystë <strong>ir</strong> darþininkystë. Babtai,<br />
2005. 24(4). P. 48–56.<br />
12. Maat D. Z. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) (1). 1992. P. 1–13.<br />
13. Malinowski T., Cieszliñska M., Zawadzka B., Interewicz B., Porêbska A. Characterization<br />
of monoclonal antibodies against applechlorotic leaf spot v<strong>ir</strong>us (ACLSV) and<br />
the<strong>ir</strong> application for detection of ACLSV and identification of its strains // Phytopathologia<br />
Polonia. 1997. Vol. 14. P. 35–40.<br />
14. Malinowski T., Komorowska B., Golis T., Zawadzka B. Detection of apple stem<br />
pitting v<strong>ir</strong>us and pear vein yellows v<strong>ir</strong>us using reverse transcription – polymerase chain<br />
reaction // Acta Horticulturae. 1998. Vol. 472. P. 87–95.<br />
15. Maxim A., Zagrai L., Zagrai I., Isac M. Studies on the influence of Apple stem<br />
grooving v<strong>ir</strong>us on tree growth of various apple cultivars in the nursery // Acta Horticulturae.<br />
2004. Vol. 657. P. 41–44.<br />
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Kiado, Budapest. 1986. 841 p.<br />
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2000. Vol. 207. P. 51–55.<br />
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1<strong>25</strong>.<br />
70
19. Yanase H. Back transmission apple stem grooving v<strong>ir</strong>us to apple seedlings and<br />
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and Kobano zumi (Malus sieboldii, var. arborescens) rootstocks // Acta Horticulturae.<br />
1983. T. 130. P. 117–122.<br />
20. Zawadzka B., Guzewska I. The influence of apple mosaic and apple rubbery wood<br />
diseases on storage disorders and fruit quality of Jonared, McIntosh, and Spartan cultivars<br />
// Fruit Science Reports. 1986. Vol. 13(4). P. 185–191.<br />
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SODININKYSTË IR DARÞININKYSTË. SCIENTIFIC ARTICLES. 2006. <strong>25</strong>(4).<br />
EFFECT OF HEALTH STATUS OF PLANTING MATERIAL<br />
ON APPLE TREE GROWTH AND YIELD<br />
D. Kviklys, J. Stankienë, H. Kemp<br />
Summary<br />
Trials on the effect of planting material of different health status on fruit tree<br />
growth, yield and fruit quality were conducted at the Lithuanian Institute of Horticulture<br />
during 2003–2006. Certified v<strong>ir</strong>us free and not tested trees of cvs. ‘Ðampion’<br />
and ‘Jonagold’ on M.9 and M.26 rootstocks were tested. Low concentrations<br />
of Apple chlorotic leave spot v<strong>ir</strong>us (ACLSV) and Apple stem groowing v<strong>ir</strong>us (ASGV)<br />
v<strong>ir</strong>uses were detected in not certified planting material of cv. ‘Ðampion’ in 2005 and<br />
Apple stem groowing v<strong>ir</strong>us (ASGV) in not certified planting material on M.9 of cv.<br />
‘Jonagold’ in 2006. Concentration of v<strong>ir</strong>uses had tendency to increase. V<strong>ir</strong>us free<br />
trees had stronger vegetative growth (total shoot length and stem diameter) at planting<br />
year than not tested ones. During second and fourth year in the orchard vegetative<br />
and generative development of apple trees and fruit weight did not depend on<br />
health status of planting material.<br />
Key words: apple, planting material, vegetative growth, v<strong>ir</strong>us diseases, v<strong>ir</strong>us<br />
status, yield.<br />
71
LIETUVOS SODININKYSTËS IR DARÞININKYSTËS INSTITUTO IR<br />
LIETUVOS ÞEMËS ÛKIO UNIVERSITETO MOKSLO DARBAI.<br />
SODININKYSTË IR DARÞININKYSTË. 2006. <strong>25</strong>(4).<br />
AGROTECHNINIØ (ÛKININKAVIMO) SISTEMØ ÁTAKA<br />
‘ELISE’ VEISLËS OBELØ DERLIUI, PRODUKCIJOS<br />
KOKYBEI IR DIRVOÞEMIO SUDËÈIAI<br />
Sk<strong>ir</strong>mantas NOMINAITIS, Vida Marija RUTKOVIENË<br />
Lietuvos þemës ûkio universitetas, LT-53345, Studentø g. 11, Akademija,<br />
Kauno r., el. paðtas ai@nora.lzua.lt; sk<strong>ir</strong>mantas.nominaitis@lzuu.lt<br />
Pranas VIÐKELIS<br />
Lietuvos sodininkystës <strong>ir</strong> darþininkystës institutas, LT-54333, Babtai, Kauno r.<br />
El. paðtas biochem@lsdi.lt<br />
Palyginamasis tyrimas darytas 2002–2005 metais Kauno kolegijos Kraðtotvarkos<br />
fakulteto mokomajame sode, áveistame karbonatingame sekliai glëjiðkame iðplautþemyje.<br />
T<strong>ir</strong>ta sk<strong>ir</strong>tingø agrotechniniø sistemø átaka obelø veislës ‘Elise’ derëjimo<br />
dinamikai <strong>ir</strong> derliui bei vaisiø kokybei.<br />
Nustatyta, kad taikant sk<strong>ir</strong>tingo intensyvumo – áprastinæ <strong>ir</strong> ekologinæ – agrotechnines<br />
sistemas, ‘Elise’ obelø derlingumas ið esmës skyrësi paskutiniaisiais tyrimo<br />
metais. Didesnis derlius gautas ekologinës gamybos variante. Ekologiðkuose obuoliuose<br />
buvo daugiau vitamino C, geresnës buvo jø elektrocheminës savybës.<br />
Reikðminiai þodþiai: obuoliø kokybë, derlingumas, ekologinë gamyba, cheminë<br />
sudëtis<br />
Ávadas. Ekologinë gamyba vaidina vis svarbesná vaidmená ágyvendinant ES aplinkosaugos<br />
programas, daugiau dëmesio sk<strong>ir</strong>iant aplinkai <strong>ir</strong> iðteklius tausojantiems ûkininkavimo<br />
metodams, sprendþiant maisto saugos uþdavinius (Tauscher <strong>ir</strong> kt. 2003;<br />
Alfoeldi <strong>ir</strong> kt. 1996) Vis daugiau kalbama apie taupias, efektyvias, tausojanèias, tvarias<br />
sistemas, kurios maþina áva<strong>ir</strong>iø iðtekliø naudojimà, saugo aplinkà <strong>ir</strong> vartotojus aprûpina<br />
saugiu bei geros kokybës maistu (Kadþiulienë, 2004). Þemës ûkio produktø <strong>ir</strong> þaliavø<br />
gamybos intensyvinimas, didinantis aplinkos tarðà, ðiandien tampa nebeaktualus dar <strong>ir</strong><br />
todël, kad daugeliui ðaliø pavyko iðspræsti maisto produktø nepritekliø problemà (Spiekermann,<br />
2001). Pagamintos produkcijos pertekliø eksportuoti á besivystanèius kraðtus<br />
ateityje bus nenaudinga, nes pasaulio prekybos politika remia idëjà skatinti vietos<br />
gamintojus aps<strong>ir</strong>ûpinti þemës ûkio þaliavomis <strong>ir</strong> produktais (Tauscher <strong>ir</strong> kt., 2003).<br />
Intensyviai tobulëjant genø inþinerijai, produktø ávaizdþio kûrimo ar augalø auginimo<br />
be substrato technologijoms, vël kyla didelis susidomëjimas vidine maisto produktø<br />
kokybe. Ðie gyvybiniø procesø valdymo technologiniai pasiekimai kelia sus<strong>ir</strong>ûpinimà<br />
daugeliui þmoniø (Huber, Fuchs, 2003).<br />
72
Daugiau kaip pusæ amþiaus sodo, kaip <strong>ir</strong> kitø kultûriniø augalø, selekcininkai<br />
derino savo tyrimus prie augalo produktyvumà skatinanèiø intensyvios gamybos technologijø<br />
(Bloksma, 2003). Sumedëjæ sodo augalai yra daugiametë kultûra <strong>ir</strong> gamintojams<br />
pradëjus ûkininkauti ekologiðkai, be sintetiniø pesticidø <strong>ir</strong> greitai t<strong>ir</strong>pstanèiø tràðø,<br />
iðkyla uþdavinys palaikyti optimalø augalø derëjimà <strong>ir</strong> sveikatà bei produkcijos<br />
kokybæ (Bloksma, Northolt <strong>ir</strong> kt., 2004) (Geipel, Kreckl, 2006).<br />
Darbo tikslas – kompleksiðkai ávertinti obelø veislës ‘Elise’ vaisiø kokybæ <strong>ir</strong><br />
derëjimà, taikant áprastinæ <strong>ir</strong> ekologinæ agrotechnines sistemas, bei ðiø sistemø poveiká<br />
d<strong>ir</strong>voþemiui.<br />
Tyrimo objektas <strong>ir</strong> metodai. Bandymas atliktas 2002–2005 metais Kauno kolegijos<br />
Kraðtotvarkos fakulteto mokomajame sode pagal schemà:<br />
I – taikytos intensyvios agrotechninës priemonës. Træðta du kartus: amonio<br />
salietra <strong>ir</strong> „Kem<strong>ir</strong>a Kombi“. Augalø apsaugos nuo ligø <strong>ir</strong> kenkëjø priemonës per vegetacijà<br />
naudotos vidutiniðkai 9 kartus;<br />
II – ekologinës gamybos variante sintetiniai pesticidai <strong>ir</strong> tràðos nenaudoti. Skystomis<br />
natûralios kilmës tràðomis „Biokal 01“ <strong>ir</strong> „Biokal 02“ træðta per lapus, o „Biokal 03“<br />
granuliø presuoti kubeliai iðberti pomedþiuose. Rudená ekologinës gamybos variantas<br />
(pomedþiai) træðtas kompostu – 8 kg/m 2 .<br />
Tyrimui pas<strong>ir</strong>inkta þieminë obelø veislë ‘Elize’, sukurta Olandijoje. Vaisiai vidutinio<br />
dydþio, apvalaus kûgio formos, odelë pasidengusi raudoniu su bronzos atspalviu.<br />
Vaismedþiai vidutinio augumo, vidutiniðkai iðtvermingi þiemà, vidutiniðkai jautrûs<br />
rauplëms, jautrûs þievës ligoms.<br />
Veislës ‘Elize’, poskiepis M.9, sodinimo schema 3,5 x 1,2 m. Sodas pasodintas<br />
2002 m. pavasará, sodinamoji medþiaga importuota ið Olandijos. Sodas lietintas laðeline<br />
drëkinimo sistema. Vaismedþiø pomedþiuose áprastinës gamybos variante palaikytas<br />
herbicidinis pûdymas, ekologinës gamybos variante – juodasis pûdymas. Abiejø<br />
variantø pomedþiai mulèiuoti medþio droþlëmis. Bandymo plotas – lyguma su nedideliu<br />
nuolydþiu ðiaurës kryptimi. Bandymo vietoje vyrauja karbonatingieji sekliai<br />
glëjiðki iðplautþemiai (Calcari – Hipogleyic Luvisols), vidutinio sunkumo <strong>ir</strong> sunkûs<br />
priemoliai, kur d<strong>ir</strong>voþemio pH KCl<br />
6,8–7,5, humuso kiekis nedidelis – 1,2–1,8%, P 2<br />
O 5<br />
–<br />
126–155 mg/kg, K 2<br />
O – 130–151 mg/kg.<br />
Meteorologinës sàlygos vertintos remiantis Kauno meteorologinës stoties duomenimis.<br />
Visais tyrimo metais vidutinës mënesio temperatûros vegetacijos pradþioje<br />
nedaug skyrësi, o vegetacijos vidurys <strong>ir</strong> pabaiga buvo ðiltesni, iðskyrus 2003 metus,<br />
kai spalio mënesio vidutinë temperatûra buvo 2,2°C þemesnë uþ daugiametá vidurká.<br />
Krituliø kiekis áva<strong>ir</strong>avo labiau: 2003 metais lietingas buvo liepos, o 2005 m. – rugpjûèio<br />
mënuo. Ávertinus temperatûros svyravimus visais tyrimo metais, galima teigti,<br />
kad sàlygos sodo augalams augti buvo palankios.<br />
Obuoliø cheminës analizës atliktos LSDI Biochemijos <strong>ir</strong> technologijos laboratorijoje.<br />
T<strong>ir</strong>pios sausosios medþiagos nustatytos refraktometru (Ïåòåðáóðãñêèé, 1963),<br />
monosacharidai bei sacharozë – Bertrano metodu (Åðìàêîâ <strong>ir</strong> kt., 1987), titruojamasis<br />
rûgðtingumas, iðreikðtas obuoliø rûgðtimi – titruojant 0,1 N natrio ðarmo t<strong>ir</strong>palu,<br />
askorbo rûgðtis – titruojant 2,6-dichlorfenolindofenolio natrio druskos t<strong>ir</strong>palu<br />
(Åðìàêîâ <strong>ir</strong> kt., 1987), nitratai – potenciometriðkai, su jonselektyviu elektrodu (Metodiniai<br />
nurodymai, 1990), sausosios medþiagos – gravimetriðkai, iðdþiovinus 105°C<br />
temperatûroje iki nekintamos masës (Food analysis, 1986). Vaisiø odelës tv<strong>ir</strong>tumas<br />
73
nustatytas penetrometru IDP-500, audiniø tv<strong>ir</strong>tumas – penetrometru FT 327. Ið kiekvieno<br />
varianto imta po 10 vaisiø, tv<strong>ir</strong>tumas matuotas prieðingose vaisiaus pusëse.<br />
Vaisiø elektrocheminiai tyrimai atlikti LÞÛU Aplinkotyros laboratorijoje. Vandenilio<br />
jonø koncentracija nustatyta tiesioginës potenciometrijos metodu, matuojant jonometru<br />
Methrom AG CH -9101, redokso potencialas (rH vertë) nustatytas tiesioginës<br />
potenciometrijos metodu, matuojant jonometru Methrom AG CH –9101, naudojant<br />
platinos elektrodà, savitasis elektrinis laidis (rho vertë) matuotas konduktometru<br />
intoLAB WTW. Iðvestinio dydþio P vertë, charakterizuojanti produkto energinæ vertæ,<br />
apskaièiuota pagal NERST-o lygtá:<br />
P[µW] = [29,07 (rH-2pH)] 2 x rho -1<br />
Rezultatai. Tyrimo metais abiejø variantø derlius akivaizdþiai didëjo, nes tyrimas<br />
pradëtas antraisiais po sodo pasodinimo metais. P<strong>ir</strong>møjø <strong>ir</strong> antrøjø derëjimo<br />
metø duomenimis, obelø veislës ’Elise’ derëjimo dinamikos sk<strong>ir</strong>tumai, taikant sk<strong>ir</strong>tingo<br />
ûkininkavimo sistemas, neesminiai. 2005 metais ekologinës gamybos variante<br />
gautas 5 proc. didesnis derlius (1 pav.).<br />
1 pav. Ûkininkavimo sistemos átaka derliui<br />
Fig. 1. Farming system effect on yield<br />
2 pav. Ûkininkavimo sistemos átaka ‘Elise’<br />
vaisiø odelës kietumui<br />
Fig. 2. Farming system effect on ‘Elise’ fruit skin<br />
f<strong>ir</strong>mness<br />
3 pav. Ûkininkavimo sistemos átaka<br />
‘Elise’ vaisiø minkðtimo kietumui<br />
Fig. 3. Farming system effect on<br />
‘Elise’ fruit tissue f<strong>ir</strong>mness<br />
74
Sk<strong>ir</strong>tingø agrotechniniø sistemø taikymas obuoliø technologinëms savybëms, t. y.<br />
obuoliø odelës tv<strong>ir</strong>tumui <strong>ir</strong> minkðtimo kietumui, esminës átakos neturëjo.<br />
1 lentelë. Ûkininkavimo sistemos átaka ‘Elise’ veislës obuoliø cheminei sudëèiai<br />
Table 1. Farming system effect on ‘Elise’ fruit chemical composition<br />
Variantai<br />
Treatment<br />
Ekologinë<br />
gamyba<br />
Organic farming<br />
Áprastinë gamyba<br />
Conventional<br />
farming<br />
Bendrasis cukrus<br />
Total sugar content,<br />
%<br />
T<strong>ir</strong>pios sausosios<br />
medžiagos<br />
Dry soluble solids, %<br />
Sausosios<br />
medžiagos<br />
Dry matter, %<br />
Askorbo rugštis<br />
Vitamin C, mg%<br />
10,9 12,6 14,7 2,27<br />
10,56 12,8 14,9 1,93<br />
R 05 / LSD 05 1,04 1,00 1,14 0,28<br />
Vertinant obuoliø cheminæ sudëtá, nustatyta, kad visais tyrimo metais bendrojo<br />
cukraus, t<strong>ir</strong>piø sausøjø medþiagø <strong>ir</strong> sausøjø medþiagø kiekiø sk<strong>ir</strong>tumai tarp variantø<br />
buvo neesminiai (1 lentelë).<br />
2 lentelë. Ûkininkavimo sistemos átaka ‘Elise’ veislës obuoliø mineralinei sudëèiai<br />
Table 2. Farming system effect on ‘Elise’ fruit mineral composition<br />
Variantai<br />
%<br />
Treatment N P K Ca<br />
Ekologinë gamyba<br />
Organic farming<br />
0,23 0,08 0,72 0,08<br />
Áprastinë gamyba<br />
Conventional farming<br />
0,27 0,08 0,66 0,04<br />
R 05 / LSD 05 0,11 0,01 0,07 0,19<br />
Nustatyti esminiai vitamino C kiekio sk<strong>ir</strong>tumai: ekologiðki obuoliai jo sukaupë<br />
daugiau. Analizuojant vaisiø mineralinæ sudëtá, tyrimo metais esminiø sk<strong>ir</strong>tumø tarp<br />
variantø nenustatyta (2 lentelë).<br />
LÞÛU Aplinkotyros laboratorijoje iðtyrus ‘Elise’ veislës ekologiðkø <strong>ir</strong> pagal áprastines<br />
technologijas auginamø obuoliø elektrochemines savybes derëjimo metu, nustatyta,<br />
kad ekologinës gamybos obuoliø elektrocheminës savybës geriausios ðiems<br />
pasiekus skynimo brandà (spalio mën.). Obuolius sandëliuojant nemodifikuotos aplinkos<br />
sàlygomis, ðios savybës blogëja, taèiau ekologiðkø obuoliø P vertë gruodþio<br />
mënesá buvo didesnë nei áprastiniø obuoliø (4 pav).<br />
75
4 pav. Agrotechninës sistemos átaka obuoliø elektrocheminiø savybiø<br />
kitimui derëjimo <strong>ir</strong> laikymo metu<br />
Fig. 4. Farming system effect on the data of electrochemical parameter variation<br />
during yielding and storage of ‘Elise’ fruit<br />
5 pav. Agrotechniniø sistemø átaka vario kiekiui v<strong>ir</strong>ðutiniame d<strong>ir</strong>voþemio<br />
sluoksnyje sodo pomedþiuose<br />
Fig. 5. Agrotechnical system influence on copper amount in top horizon of orchard soil<br />
Vertinant d<strong>ir</strong>voþemio sudëties kitimà pomedþiø v<strong>ir</strong>ðutiniame sluoksnyje 2003–2005<br />
metais, nustatyta, kad humuso <strong>ir</strong> bendrojo azoto kiekis ið esmës nekito. Nustatyti Cu<br />
kiekio esminiai sk<strong>ir</strong>tumai tarp variantø. Paskutiniaisiais tyrimo metais ekologinës gamybos<br />
variante judriøjø vario formø susikaupë net 43 proc. daugiau nei áprastinës<br />
sistemos variante, taèiau didþiausios leidþiamos koncentracijos (DLK) nev<strong>ir</strong>ðijo (5 pav.).<br />
Aptarimas. Rezultatai rodo, kad sk<strong>ir</strong>tingos agrotechninës sistemos turëjo átakos<br />
vaisiø derliui tik paskutiniaisiais tyrimo metais, o jø cheminei sudëèiai <strong>ir</strong> technologinëms<br />
savybëms esminës átakos neturëjo, taèiau pastebëtos tendencijos patv<strong>ir</strong>tino<br />
kitø mokslininkø gautus rezultatus. Weibel <strong>ir</strong> kt. (2000) palyginamuoju bandymu tyrë<br />
‘Golden Delicious’ obuolius, uþaugintus tausojanèios <strong>ir</strong> ekologinës gamybos variantuose.<br />
Ekologiðkø obuoliø vaisiø minkðtimo kietumas buvo 14 proc. didesnis, nusta-<br />
76
tyta, kad ekologiðki ‘Golden Delicious’ obuoliai sukaupë 31 proc. daugiau fosforo,<br />
19 proc. daugiau fenoliø, geresnës buvo jø juslinës savybës <strong>ir</strong> elektrocheminiai rodikliai.<br />
Velim<strong>ir</strong>ov <strong>ir</strong> kt. (1995), Ruth (2001) ‘Golden Delicious’ ekologiðkuose obuoliuose<br />
aptiko daugiau vitamino C, nustatë, kad jø vaisiø minkðtimas kietesnis. Mûsø<br />
atliktame bandyme ekologiðkuose obuoliuose taip pat buvo daugiau vitamino C. Ekologiðkø<br />
‘Elize’ vaisiø minkðtimas <strong>ir</strong> odelës kietumas bandymo metais prilygo ðiems<br />
pagal áprastines technologijas auginamø obuoliø rodikliams.<br />
Maisto chemijos <strong>ir</strong> technologijø srities mokslo darbuotojai dabartinius produktø<br />
kokybës vertinimo metodus (Tauscher 2003), pagrástus produkto sudedamøjø daliø<br />
analize, siûlo papildyti metodais, kurie apibûdintø produktà kaip visumà. Ði produktø<br />
gyvybingumà <strong>ir</strong> tinkamumà vartoti apibûdinanti kokybës sàvoka buvo iðplëtota praëjusio<br />
ðimtmeèio paskutiniaisiais deðimtmeèiais. Tam pas<strong>ir</strong>inktas produkto elektrocheminiø<br />
rodikliø iðvestinis dydis – produkto vertë P. Rodiklis apskaièiuojamas iðmatavus<br />
pH vertæ, redokso potencialà <strong>ir</strong> elektriná laidumà augalo sultyse. Vertingesni tie<br />
produktø mëginiai, kuriø P vertë yra þemesnë, – jø gyvybingumas didesnis (Velim<strong>ir</strong>ov<br />
2002). Analizuojant produkto energinæ P vertæ, nustatyti akivaizdûs obuoliø kokybës<br />
sk<strong>ir</strong>tumai tarp variantø laikymo metu. Tai patv<strong>ir</strong>tina <strong>ir</strong> Weibel <strong>ir</strong> kt. (2000)<br />
atlikti tyrimai. Ávertinus pomedþiø v<strong>ir</strong>ðutinio d<strong>ir</strong>voþemio sluoksnio savybiø kitimà,<br />
galima teigti, kad sk<strong>ir</strong>tingø agrotechniniø sistemø taikymas esminës átakos neturëjo.<br />
Ðio bandymo rezultatai rodo, kad obelø veislæ ‘Elise’ galima auginti intensyviuose<br />
<strong>ir</strong> ekologinës gamybos soduose, nes ekologiðkø <strong>ir</strong> áprastai auginamø vaisiø kokybë<br />
buvo panaði.<br />
Iðvados. 1. Sk<strong>ir</strong>tingø agrotechniniø sistemø taikymas vaisiø mineralinei <strong>ir</strong> cheminei<br />
sudëèiai átakos neturëjo.<br />
2. Ekologiðki ‘Elise’ veislës obuoliai sukaupia daugiau vitamino C nei pagal áprastines<br />
gamybos technologijas auginami tos paèios veislës obuoliai.<br />
3. Ekologiðki ‘Elise’ veislës obuoliai laikymo metu pasiþymi geresnëmis elektrocheminëmis<br />
savybëmis.<br />
Gauta 2006-11-17<br />
Parengta spausdinti 2006-12-11<br />
Literatûra<br />
1. Alföldi T., Mäder P., Niggli U., Spiess E., Dubois D., Besson J. Quality of plant<br />
products. Darmstadt, 1996.<br />
2. Benavides A., Recasens I., Casero T., Soria Y., Puy J. Multivariate analysis of<br />
quality and mineral parameters on golden smoothie apples treated before harvest with<br />
calcium and stored in controlled atmosphere // Food Science and Technology International.<br />
2002. Vol.8. P. 139–146.<br />
3. Bloksma J. Biologische appels en Peren. Driebergen – LBI 2003.<br />
4. Bloksma J., Northolt M., Machteld H., Jansonius P., Zanen M. Parameters for apple<br />
quality. LBI. 2004. P. 15–21.<br />
5. Geipel K., Kreckl W. Organic apple farming without pesticide application. Ecofruit -<br />
12th International Conference on Cultivation Technique and Phytopathological Problems<br />
in Organic Fruit-Growing 2006. P. 133–137.<br />
77
6. Huber K., Fuchs N. Wie w<strong>ir</strong>kt die Erzeugungsqualität von Lebensmitteln Lebendige<br />
Erde, Nr.: 4/2003.<br />
7. Kadþiulienë Þ. Ankðtiniø þolynai ekologinei <strong>ir</strong> tausojamajai þemd<strong>ir</strong>bystei. Mano<br />
ûkis, 2004. Nr. 9.<br />
8. Kviklienë N. Influence of harvest date on physiological and biochemical processes<br />
in apple fruit. Sodininkystë <strong>ir</strong> darþininkystë. Babtai, 2004. T. 23. P. 412–420.<br />
9. Metodiniai nurodymai nitratams nustatyti augalininkystës produkcijoje. Vilnius,<br />
1990.<br />
10. Spiekermann U. Ernährung und Lebens(mittel)qualität – ein historischer Rückblick<br />
bis zur Gegenwart. Bona, 2001.<br />
11. Tauscher B. <strong>ir</strong> kt. Bewertung von Lebensmitteln unterschiedener Produktionsverfahren.<br />
Münster-Hiltrup 2003.<br />
12. Velim<strong>ir</strong>ov A. Integrative Methods of Product Quality Assessment in Connection<br />
with the P-Value-Determination. Lednice, 2002.<br />
13. Velim<strong>ir</strong>ov A., Plochberger K., Schott W., Walz V. Neue Untersuchungen zur Qualität<br />
unterschiedlich angebauter Äpfel Bioskop. 1995.<br />
14. Weibel F. P.; Bickel R.; Leuthold S., Alfoeldi T. Are organically grown apples<br />
tastier and healthier Acta Horticulturae 2000. P. 417–426.<br />
15. Wrona D., Kot C. Cropping and fruit quality of Sampion apple trees on M.9,<br />
depending on N fertilization. Sodininkystë <strong>ir</strong> darþininkystë. Babtai, 2002. T. 21. P. 120–1<strong>25</strong>.<br />
16. Ìåòîäû áèîõèìè÷åñêîãî èññëåäîâàíèÿ ðàñòåíèé // Ïîä ðåä. À. È. Åðìàêîâà.<br />
Ëåíèíãðàä, 1987.<br />
SODININKYSTË IR DARÞININKYSTË. SCIENTIFIC ARTICLES. 2006. <strong>25</strong>(4).<br />
INFLUENCE OF DIFFERENT AGROTECHNICAL<br />
MEASURES ON APPLE-TREE ‘ELISA’ YIELD,<br />
PRODUCTION QUALITY AND COMPOSITION OF SOIL<br />
S. Nominaitis, V. M. Rutkovienë, P. Viðkelis<br />
Summary<br />
Investigations were carried out in 2002–2005 in the Demonstration orchard of<br />
Land management faculty in Kaunas College. There was investigated an effect of<br />
different agro technical measures (organic and conventional farming) on yield of<br />
apple-tree ‘Elisa’ yield, production quality and composition of soil.<br />
It was established that during f<strong>ir</strong>st two farming years, differences of apples<br />
yield between systems were not defined. On the th<strong>ir</strong>d year of investigation yield of<br />
organic apple-trees has been higher than conventional. The results of production<br />
quality study showed, that amount of vitamin C was significantly greater in organic<br />
apples. Electrochemical properties were better in organic apples too.<br />
Key words: apple quality, harvest, organic farming, chemical composition.<br />
78
LIETUVOS SODININKYSTËS IR DARÞININKYSTËS INSTITUTO IR<br />
LIETUVOS ÞEMËS ÛKIO UNIVERSITETO MOKSLO DARBAI.<br />
SODININKYSTË IR DARÞININKYSTË. 2006. <strong>25</strong>(4).<br />
POSKIEPIØ ÁTAKA OBELØ VAISMEDÞIØ<br />
FOTOSINTEZËS SISTEMOS VEIKLAI<br />
Gintarë ÐABAJEVIENË 1 , Darius KVIKLYS 1 ,<br />
Nomeda KVIKLIENË 1 , Aistë KASIULEVIÈIÛTË 2 ,<br />
Pavelas DUCHOVSKIS 1<br />
1<br />
Lietuvos sodininkystës <strong>ir</strong> darþininkystës institutas, LT-54333 Babtai, Kauno r.<br />
El. paðtas G.Sabajeviene@lsdi.lt<br />
2<br />
Lietuvos þemës ûkio universitetas, LT-53067 Akademija, Kauno r.<br />
2004–2006 m. Lietuvos sodininkystës <strong>ir</strong> darþininkystës institute buvo atlikti fotosintezës<br />
pigmentø sistemos obelø lapuose tyrimai.T<strong>ir</strong>tos ‘Belaruskoje malinovoje’<br />
veislës obelys su 9 poskiepiais: Bulboga, Pure 1, B.9, B.396, B.491, M.9, M.26,<br />
P 60, P 22. Tyrimo laikotarpiu fotosintezës pigmentø kiekiai <strong>ir</strong> jø santykis kito. Obelims<br />
gausiai derant, bendras fotosintezës pigmentø kiekis lapuose buvo didesnis, jø<br />
santykis – maþesnis. Fotosintezës pigmentø kiekis lapuose priklausë nuo obelø poskiepiø.<br />
Vaismedþiø su Pure 1 <strong>ir</strong> P 22 poskiepiais lapai chlorofilø <strong>ir</strong> karotinoidø sintetino<br />
daugiausiai, o su M.26 <strong>ir</strong> B.396 – maþiausiai. Vidutinis vaismedþiø lapo plotas<br />
taip pat priklausë nuo poskiepio <strong>ir</strong> derliaus. Vidutinis lapo plotas buvo maþiausias su<br />
Pure 1 <strong>ir</strong> M.9, o didþiausias su Bulboga <strong>ir</strong> P 60 poskiepiais. Obelims gausiau derant,<br />
maþëjo vidutinis lapo plotas.<br />
Reikðminiai þodþiai: derlius, fotosintezës pigmentai, lapo plotas, obelis, poskiepiai.<br />
Ávadas. Lietuvoje <strong>ir</strong> kitose ðalyse atliktais tyrimais nustatyta, kad poskiepis turi<br />
átakos áskiepio derëjimo pradþiai, derlingumui, vaisiø kokybei, vaismedþio fiziologiniams<br />
rodikliams (Fallahi <strong>ir</strong> kt., 2002; Marini <strong>ir</strong> kt., 2002; Kviklys <strong>ir</strong> kt., 2006; Kviklienë,<br />
Kviklys, 2006; Ðabajevienë <strong>ir</strong> kt, 2006). Taèiau fiziologiniai <strong>ir</strong> biocheminiai<br />
mechanizmai, kurie lemia morfologinius sk<strong>ir</strong>tumus nëra visiðkai iðaiðkinti. Nukrypimas<br />
nuo vaismedþiø rûðiai ar netgi atsk<strong>ir</strong>ai veislei bûtinø specifiniø optimaliø fiziologiniø<br />
sàlygø gali sukelti stresà. Vienas rodikliø, leidþianèiø nustatyti vaismedþio bûsenà,<br />
yra fotosintezës aparato darbas <strong>ir</strong> já lemiantis pigmentø kiekis obels lapuose (Gitelson,<br />
Merzlyak, 1995; Merzlyak <strong>ir</strong> kt., 1999).<br />
Sk<strong>ir</strong>tingos chlorofilø formos bei karotinoidai, kaip fotosintezës aparato dalys,<br />
atlieka specifines fotosintezës proceso funkcijas, todël jø kiekis <strong>ir</strong> tam tikras santykis<br />
bûtini, kad fotosintezë vyktø efektyviai (Datt, 1998; Zarco-Tejada <strong>ir</strong> kt., 2000). Chlorofilai<br />
yra pagrindiniai pigmentai, paverèiantys ðviesos energijà kaupiamàja chemine<br />
79
energija. Nuo fotosintezës pigmentø veikimo priklauso lapo absorbuotos saulës ðviesos<br />
kiekis. Taigi nuo chlorofilø kiekio tiesiogiai priklauso fotosintezës potencialas <strong>ir</strong><br />
p<strong>ir</strong>minë produkcija (Curran <strong>ir</strong> kt.,1990; Filella <strong>ir</strong> kt., 1995). Chlorofilai taip pat tiesiogiai<br />
rodo augalo mitybos bûsenà, nes didþioji lapuose esanèio azoto dalis áeina á chlorofilø<br />
sudëtá (Moran <strong>ir</strong> kt., 2000). Karotinoidai aktyviai dalyvauja fotosintezës aparato<br />
veikloje. Kintant augimo sàlygoms, keièiasi <strong>ir</strong> jø kiekis lapuose (Demmig-Adams,<br />
Adams, 1996).<br />
Darbo tikslas – iðt<strong>ir</strong>ti ‘Belaruskoje malinovoje’ veislës obelø su sk<strong>ir</strong>tingais poskiepiais<br />
fotosintezës pigmentø sistemos formavimàsi.<br />
Tyrimo sàlygos <strong>ir</strong> metodai. 2004–2006 m. Lietuvos sodininkystës <strong>ir</strong> darþininkystës<br />
institute deranèiame sode t<strong>ir</strong>tos ‘Belaruskoje malinovoje’ veislës obelys su 9<br />
poskiepiais (Bulboga, Pure 1, B.9, B.396, B.491, M.9, M.26, P 60, P 22). Vaismedþiai<br />
formuoti laibos verpstës formos vainikais, sodinimo schema – 4 x 1,5 m. Tyrimas<br />
atliktas keturiais pakartojimais, po 3 medþius kiekviename. Pakartojimai iðdëstyti<br />
atsitiktine tvarka.<br />
Lapø ëminiai imti rugpjûèio mënesá nuo trijø medþiø ið pietinës pusës. Fotosintezës<br />
pigmentø analizei paimta 0,2–0,4 g þalios masës (ið visiðkai iðsivysèiusio lapo),<br />
sutrinta su 1 g CaCO 3<br />
, filtruota <strong>ir</strong> praskiesta 100% acetonu iki 50 ml pagal Wetshtein<br />
(Ãàâðèëåíêî <strong>ir</strong> kt. 2003). T<strong>ir</strong>iamøjø medþiagø koncentracija nustatyta spektrofotometru<br />
(Genesys 6, ThermoSpectronic). Matavimai atlikti 3 biologiniais pakartojimais.<br />
Lapø plotas matuotas automatiniu matuokliu WinDias. Tyrimo duomenys ávertinti<br />
dispersinës analizës metodu naudojant ANOVA statistinæ programà.<br />
2004 m. sausis buvo ðaltesnis negu áprasta, taèiau sodams didesnës þalos nepadarë.<br />
Balandþio <strong>ir</strong> geguþës mënesiai buvo sausesni negu áprasta. Po palyginti ðilto<br />
balandþio geguþës mënuo buvo vësus. Geguþës 14 <strong>ir</strong> 17 dienomis po ðilto laikotarpio<br />
buvo didelës -3° – -2,5°C ðalnos, kurios labai pakenkë sodo augalø þiedams <strong>ir</strong> net<br />
uþuomazgoms, todël derlius buvo maþesnis.<br />
2005 m. pavasará po ilgo <strong>ir</strong> ðalto laikotarpio staiga atðilus, þydëjimo laikas buvo<br />
trumpas, taèiau tai nepakenkë vaisiø uþuomazgoms.<br />
2006 m., obelims þydint, ilgà laikotarpá buvo ðalta, taèiau ðalnø nebuvo, taigi<br />
neigiamos átakos ðios meteorologinës sàlygos þiedø apdulkinimui <strong>ir</strong> vaisiø uþmezgimui<br />
neturëjo. Dël ilgalaikës sausros <strong>ir</strong> karðèio liepos mënesá sumaþëjo vaisiø masë <strong>ir</strong><br />
derlius ið vaismedþio.<br />
Rezultatai. Fotosintezës pigmentø kiekio <strong>ir</strong> santykio kitimas obelø su sk<strong>ir</strong>tingais<br />
poskiepiais lapuose priklausë nuo metø (1 <strong>ir</strong> 2 lentelës). 2004 m. t<strong>ir</strong>ti vaismedþiai<br />
fotosintezës pigmentø sintetino maþiausiai (obelø su B.396, B.146 poskiepiais lapuose<br />
bendras chlorofilø kiekis nesiekë 300 mg m -2 ), taèiau iðsiskyrë dideliu chlorofilø<br />
santykiu. Daugiausia chlorofilø (bendras jø kiekis – 394,3 mg m -2 ) kaupë vaismedþiai<br />
su Pure 1 poskiepiu. Efektyviausiai fotosintezës pigmentø sintezë vyko vaismedþiø<br />
su Pure 1 <strong>ir</strong> Bulboga poskiepiais lapuose, chlorofilø a/b santykis juose v<strong>ir</strong>ðijo 4.<br />
Maþiausias chlorofilø a/b santykis buvo nustatytas ‘Belaruskoje malinovoje’ obelø su<br />
P 22 poskiepiu lapuose (3,67). Intensyviausiai fotosintezës pigmentø kaupimas ‘Belaruskoje<br />
malinovoje’ obelø su sk<strong>ir</strong>tingais poskiepiais lapuose vyko 2005 m. Daugiausia<br />
chlorofilø sintetino vaismedþiai su Pure 1, P 60 <strong>ir</strong> P 22 poskiepiais (bendras jø<br />
kiekis – apie 520 mg m -2 ). Didþiausias chlorofilø a/b santykis nustatytas vaismedþiø<br />
80
su P 22 poskiepiu lapuose (3,5). 2006 metais daugiausia chlorofilø kaupë vaismedþiai<br />
su Pure 1 <strong>ir</strong> B.146 poskiepiais (483 mg m -2 ). Silpniausiai ðiø pigmentø sintezë<br />
vyko obelø su M.9 poskiepiu lapuose (363 mg m -2 ). Chlorofilø a/b santykis ðiais<br />
metais t<strong>ir</strong>tuose vaismedþiuose skyrësi nereikðmingai <strong>ir</strong> buvo apie 3.<br />
1 lentelë. Chlorofilø a/b santykis ‘Belaruskoje malinovoje’ veislës obelø<br />
su sk<strong>ir</strong>tingais poskiepiais lapuose<br />
Table 1. Chlorophyll a/b ratio in leaves of apple tree cv. ‘Belaruskoje malinovoje’<br />
on different rootstocks<br />
Poskiepis<br />
2004 m. 2005 m. 2006 m.<br />
Vidurkis<br />
Rootstock<br />
Average<br />
Pure 1 4,06 b* 3,18 abc 3,15 b 3,46<br />
B.146 3,9 ab 3,21 abc 3,1 ab 3,4<br />
B.396 4,0 ab 3,28 abc 3,06 ab 3,45<br />
B.9 3,92 ab 3,39 bc 3,06 ab 3,46<br />
P 22 3,67 a 3,53 c 3,05 ab 3,42<br />
P 60 3,91 ab 3,<strong>25</strong> abc 3,03 ab 3,4<br />
M.9 3,99 ab 3,26 abc 2,96 ab 3,4<br />
M.26 3,97 ab 3,02 a 3,03 ab 3,34<br />
Bulboga 4,01 ab 3,18 abc 3,06 ab 3,42<br />
Vidurkis<br />
Average 3,92 3,26 3,06<br />
*Tomis paèiomis raidëmis lentelës skiltyse paþymëti skaièiai ið esmës nesisk<strong>ir</strong>ia (P≤0,05)<br />
*Values followed by the same letters within the columns are not statistically different at P≤0.05.<br />
Karotinoidø sintezë obelø su sk<strong>ir</strong>tingais poskiepiais lapuose visais tyrimo metais<br />
vyko analogiðkai chlorofilø sintezei (3 lentelë). 2004 m. vaismedþiai karotinoidø kaupë<br />
maþiausiai (obelø su B.146 poskiepiu lapuose jø kiekis buvo tik 100 mg m -2 ).<br />
Daugiausia karotinoidø sintetino vaismedþiai su M.9 <strong>ir</strong> Pure 1 poskiepiais. 2005 m.<br />
ðiø pigmentø sintezë vyko intensyviausiai. Daugiausia karotinoidø kaupë obelys<br />
su P 60 <strong>ir</strong> P 22 poskiepiais (apie 145 mg m -2 ). 2006 m. didþiausias karotinoidø<br />
kiekis nustatytas vaismedþiuose su Pure 1, B.146 <strong>ir</strong> Bulboga poskiepiais (apie<br />
130 mg m-2). Obelys su M.9 poskiepiu karotinoidø kaupë ypaè maþai (98,7 mg m -2 ).<br />
81
2 lentelë. Bendras chlorofilø a + b kiekis ‘Belaruskoje malinovoje’ veislës obelø<br />
su sk<strong>ir</strong>tingais poskiepiais lapuose, mg m -2<br />
Table 2. Chlorophyll a + b content (mg m -2 ) in leaves of apple tree cv. ‘Belaruskoje<br />
malinovoje’ on different rootstocks<br />
Poskiepis<br />
2004 m. 2005 m. 2006 m.<br />
Vidurkis<br />
Rootstock<br />
Average<br />
Pure 1 394,3 e* 528,6 e 83,2 e 468,7<br />
B.146 292,4 a 486 bcd 483,0 e 420,47<br />
B.396 292,4 a 464 abc 404,2 bc 386,87<br />
B.9 330,2 bc 466,2 abc 423,4 c 406,6<br />
P 22 353,6 cd 521,0 cd 449,8 d 441,47<br />
P 60 326,3 abc 522,6 d 394,4 bc 414,43<br />
M.9 375,6 de 441,8 ab 363,3 a 393,57<br />
M.26 304,7 ab 433,6 a 392,1 bc 376,8<br />
Bulboga 300,4 ab 493,0 bcd 415,7 c 403,03<br />
Vidurkis<br />
Average 330,0 484,1 423,2<br />
*Tomis paèiomis raidëmis lentelës skiltyse paþymëti skaièiai ið esmës nesisk<strong>ir</strong>ia (P≤0,05)<br />
*Values followed by the same letters within the columns are not statistically different at P≤0.05.<br />
3 lentelë. Karotinoidø kiekis ‘Belaruskoje malinovoje’ veislës obelø<br />
su sk<strong>ir</strong>tingais poskiepiais lapuose, mg m -2<br />
Table 3. Carotenoid content (mg m -2 ) in leaves of apple tree cv. ‘Belaruskoje malinovoje’<br />
on different rootstocks<br />
Poskiepis<br />
2004 m. 2005 m. 2006 m.<br />
Vidurkis<br />
Rootstock<br />
Average<br />
Pure 1 112,8 bc* 135,9 cd 133 e 127,23<br />
B.146 100 a 137,9 d 127,8 e 121,9<br />
B.396 105,2 ab 126,5 abc 112,3 bc 114,67<br />
B.9 108,6 ab 133,1 bcd 111,0 abc 117,57<br />
P 22 110,9 bc 147,8 e 120,0 de 126,23<br />
P 60 111,7 bc 144,1 d 116,3 cd 124,03<br />
M.9 121,1 c 123,0 ab 98,7 a 114,27<br />
M.26 103,5 ab 122,2 a 105,6 ab 110,43<br />
Bulboga 104,6 ab 132,4 bc 128,7 e 121,9<br />
Vidurkis<br />
Average 108,7 133,7 117,0<br />
*Tomis paèiomis raidëmis lentelës skiltyse paþymëti skaièiai ið esmës nesisk<strong>ir</strong>ia (P≤0,05)<br />
*Values followed by the same letters within the columns are not statistically different at P≤0.05.<br />
82
Vidutinis ‘Belaruskoje malinovoje’ veislës obelø su sk<strong>ir</strong>tingais poskiepiais lapo<br />
plotas taip pat priklausë nuo metø (4 lentelë). Didþiausias vidutinis lapo plotas nustatytas<br />
2004 m. (39,18 cm 2 ). Didþiausius lapus augino vaismedþiai su Bulboga, o<br />
maþiausius – su Pure 1 <strong>ir</strong> M.9 poskiepiais. 2005 metais fotosintezei obelø lapuose<br />
vykstant efektyviausiai, vidutinis lapo plotas buvo maþiausias (31,83 cm 2 .). Didþiausias<br />
lapo plotas vaismedþiø su P 60 <strong>ir</strong> P 22 poskiepiais, o maþiausias – su M.9. 2006 m.<br />
didþiausius lapus augino vaismedþiai su Bulboga (40,84 cm 2 ), o maþiausius – su Pure<br />
1 (32,03 cm 2 ) poskiepiu. Per visus tyrimo metus vaismedþiø su Pure 1 <strong>ir</strong> M.9 poskiepiais<br />
lapai buvo maþesni, o su Bulboga <strong>ir</strong> P 60 poskiepiais – didþiausi.<br />
4 lentelë. Vidutinis ‘Belaruskoje malinovoje’ veislës obelø su sk<strong>ir</strong>tingais<br />
poskiepiais lapo plotas, cm 2<br />
Table 4. Average leaf area of apple tree cv. ‘Belaruskoje malinovoje’<br />
on different rootstocks<br />
Poskiepis<br />
2004 m. 2005 m. 2006 m.<br />
Vidurkis<br />
Rootstock<br />
Average<br />
Pure 1 35,67 a* 30,64 ab 32,03 a 32,78<br />
B.146 40,94 ab 31,35 ab 35,85 b 36,05<br />
B.396 38,95 ab 32,79 ab 33,96 ab 35,23<br />
B.9 39,67 ab 30,67 ab 34,79 ab 35,04<br />
P 22 36,48 ab 33,87 b 36,55 bc 35,64<br />
P 60 41,75 ab 35,35 b 36,55 b 37,88<br />
M.9 35,44 a 28,38 a 35,93 b 33,<strong>25</strong><br />
M.26 41,11ab 31,34 ab 37,05 bc 36,50<br />
Bulboga 42,58b 32,08 ab 40,84 c 38,50<br />
Vidurkis<br />
Average 39,18 31,83 35,95<br />
35,65<br />
*Tomis paèiomis raidëmis lentelës skiltyse paþymëti skaièiai ið esmës nesisk<strong>ir</strong>ia (P≤0,05).<br />
*Values followed by the same letters within the columns are not statistically different at P≤0.05.<br />
Dël pavasario ðalnø 2004 m. vidutinis obelø derlius buvo labai maþas – vidutiniðkai<br />
7 kg ið vaismedþio. Maþiau nuo ðalnø nukentëjo vaismedþiai su M.9 <strong>ir</strong> B.396<br />
poskiepiais. Gausiausiai obelys derëjo 2005 m. – 18 kg. Ið esmës derlingiausi buvo<br />
vaismedþiai su B.146 <strong>ir</strong> M.26, o 2006 m. – su Bulboga <strong>ir</strong> M.9 poskiepiais. Vidutiniðkai<br />
per trejus tyrimo metus didþiausias derlius surinktas nuo vaismedþiø su stipriausiai<br />
auganèiais B.146 <strong>ir</strong> Bulboga poskiepiais, o maþiausias derlius – su nykðtukiniu<br />
poskiepiu P 22.<br />
83
5 lentelë. Vidutinis ‘Belaruskoje malinovoje’ veislës obelø su sk<strong>ir</strong>tingais<br />
poskiepiais derlius, kg/ið vaismedþio<br />
Table 5. Average yield of apple tree cv. ‘Belaruskoje malinovoje’<br />
on different rootstocks (kg/tree)<br />
Poskiepis<br />
Rootstock<br />
Metai<br />
Year<br />
2004 2005 2006<br />
Vidurkis<br />
Average<br />
Pure 1 6,9 bc 12,0 a 11,49 b 10,13<br />
B.146 3,04 a 30,9 d 16,45 c 16,80<br />
B.396 10,54 d 22,6 c 7,49 b 13,54<br />
B.9 9,56 cd 8,02 a 17,38 c 11,65<br />
P 22 6,87 bc 9,04 a 7,75 b 7,89<br />
P 60 3,81 ab 22,7 c 10,90 b 12,47<br />
M.9 11,34 d 10,4 a 18,56 cd 13,43<br />
M.26 9,07 cd 29,0 d 2,17 a 13,41<br />
Bulboga 4,07 ab 17,9 b 22,22 d 14,73<br />
Vidurkis<br />
Average<br />
7,24 18,06 12,71 12,67<br />
*Tomis paèiomis raidëmis lentelës skiltyse paþymëti skaièiai ið esmës nesisk<strong>ir</strong>ia (P≤0,05).<br />
*Values followed by the same letters within the columns are not statistically different at P≤0.05.<br />
Aptarimas. Vienas svarbiausiø veiksniø, uþtikrinanèiø aukðtà augalø agrobiologiná<br />
potencialà, yra optimalus fotosintezës pigmentø kiekis <strong>ir</strong> jø santykis lapuose<br />
(Datt, 1998). Chlorofilø kiekis – svarbus veiksnys, lemiantis fotosintezës intensyvumà,<br />
o chlorofilø a/b santykis bei chlorofilø sumos su karotinoidais santykis – fotosintezës<br />
aktyvumo rodikliai. Analizuojant tyrimo duomenis, nustatytas ryðys tarp chlorofilø<br />
sintezës efektyvumo <strong>ir</strong> derliaus. Panaðûs dësningumai uþfiksuoti atliekant <strong>ir</strong><br />
ankstesnius mûsø tyrimus su ‘Auksis’ veisle (Ðabajevienë <strong>ir</strong> kt., 2006). Didþiausias<br />
chlorofilø santykis nustatytas 2004 m., kai ‘Belaruskoje malinovoje’ veislës obelys<br />
nebuvo produktyvios. 2005 m. <strong>ir</strong> 2006 m., vaismedþiams derant labai gausiai, chlorofilø<br />
a/b santykis sumaþëjo. Nepaisant to, chlorofilø a/b santykis t<strong>ir</strong>tø ‘Belaruskoje<br />
malinovoje’ veislës obelø lapuose iðliko pakankamai didelis (didesnis nei 3) <strong>ir</strong> fotosintezës<br />
nelëtino. Nors áva<strong>ir</strong>iais metais poskiepiø átaka chlorofilø a/b santykiui buvo<br />
sk<strong>ir</strong>tinga <strong>ir</strong> uþfiksuoti esminiai jø sk<strong>ir</strong>tumai, taèiau vidutiniðkai per tyrimø metus poskiepiø<br />
nulemtas chlorofilø a/b santykis buvo labai panaðus, iðskyrus M.26 poskiepá,<br />
iðsiskyrusá kiek maþesniu santykiu. Panaðûs duomenys gauti <strong>ir</strong> atliekant tyrimus su<br />
obelø veisle ‘Auksis’, taèiau, jà t<strong>ir</strong>iant, maþesnis chlorofilø a/b santykis nustatytas<br />
obelø su P 22 poskiepiu lapuose (Ðabajevienë <strong>ir</strong> kt., 2006).<br />
Chlorofilø <strong>ir</strong> karotinoidø kiekio kitimas lapuose rodo vaismedþio fiziologinæ bûsenà<br />
(Merzlyak <strong>ir</strong> kt., 1999). Kintant augimo sàlygoms, keièiasi <strong>ir</strong> jø kiekis lapuose<br />
(Demmig-Adams, Adams, 1996). 2004 metais dël pavasario ðalnø sumaþëjus derliui,<br />
fotosintezës pigmentø sintezë sulëtëjo <strong>ir</strong> suaktyvëjo vegetatyvinis augimas. Tyrimo<br />
84
metais ‘Belaruskoje malinovoje’ veislës obelys daugiausia chlorofilø <strong>ir</strong> karotinoidø<br />
kaupë su stipriausiai vaismedþiø vegetatyviná augumà ribojanèiais poskiepiais Pure 1<br />
<strong>ir</strong> P 22, o maþiausiai – su M.26 <strong>ir</strong> B.396 poskiepiais. T<strong>ir</strong>iant poskiepius su obelø<br />
veisle ‘Auksis’, obelys su M.26 poskiepiu fotosintezës pigmentø taip pat sintetino<br />
maþiausiai (Ðabajevienë <strong>ir</strong> kt., 2006).<br />
Vaismedþiø gebëjimas pask<strong>ir</strong>styti <strong>ir</strong> naudoti ðviesos energijà priklauso nuo genotipo<br />
<strong>ir</strong> nuo aplinkos sàlygø (Greer <strong>ir</strong> kt., 1997). Nustatytas ryðys tarp vidutinio lapo<br />
ploto <strong>ir</strong> derliaus gausumo. Didëjant derliui, maþëjo vidutinis lapo plotas. Maþiausi<br />
lapo ploto pokyèiai uþfiksuoti vaismedþiø su P 22 (apie 3 cm 2 ) <strong>ir</strong> Pure 1 (5 cm 2 )<br />
poskiepiais, kuriø derlius trejø metø laikotarpiu taip pat kito maþiausiai. Didþiausi<br />
lapo ploto pokyèiai pastebëti su Bulboga, M.26 <strong>ir</strong> B.146 poskiepiais (iki 10 cm 2 ),<br />
kuriø vidutinis vaismedþio derlius skyrësi nuo 5 iki 10 kartø. Taèiau iðryðkëjo <strong>ir</strong><br />
sk<strong>ir</strong>tinga poskiepiø átaka lapo ploto <strong>ir</strong> derliaus priklausomumui. Nebuvo nustatyti<br />
bendri vaismedþiø su B.9, P 60 <strong>ir</strong> M.9 poskiepiais dësningumai – jø vidutinio lapo<br />
ploto pokyèiai priklausë ne tik nuo derliaus pokyèiø.<br />
Silpniau auganèiø vaismedþiø su Pure 1 <strong>ir</strong> M.9 poskiepiais vidutinis lapo plotas<br />
buvo maþiausias, o stipriau auganèiø su Bulboga <strong>ir</strong> P 60 poskiepiais – didþiausias.<br />
Taèiau tiesioginis ryðis tarp poskiepio nulemto vaismedþio augumo <strong>ir</strong> vidutinio lapo<br />
ploto nebuvo nustatytas, nes <strong>ir</strong> su nykðtukiniu P 22, <strong>ir</strong> su pusiau þemaûgiu M.26<br />
poskiepiu vidutinis lapo plotas buvo artimas tyrimø vidurkiui.<br />
Iðvados. 1. Nustatytas ryðys tarp chlorofilø sintezës efektyvumo <strong>ir</strong> derliaus.<br />
Obelims gausiai derant, bendras fotosintezës pigmentø kiekis lapuose buvo didesnis,<br />
jø santykis – maþesnis.<br />
2. Poskiepio genotipas lemia fotosintezës pigmentø sintezæ. Vaismedþiø su Pure 1<br />
<strong>ir</strong> P 22 poskiepiais lapai chlorofilø <strong>ir</strong> karotinoidø sintetino daugiausia, o su M.26 <strong>ir</strong><br />
B.396 – maþiausiai.<br />
3. Vidutinis lapo plotas buvo maþiausias su Pure 1 <strong>ir</strong> M.9, o didþiausias – su<br />
Bulboga <strong>ir</strong> P 60 poskiepiais. Obelims gausiau derant, maþëja vidutinis lapo plotas.<br />
Padëka. Darbo autoriai dëkingi Lietuvos valstybiniam mokslo <strong>ir</strong> studijø fondui<br />
uþ finansinæ paramà.<br />
Gauta 2006-11-15<br />
Parengta spausdinti 2006-12-11<br />
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ROOTSTOCK EFFECT ON PHOTOSYNTHETIC PIGMENT<br />
SYSTEM FORMATION IN APPLE TREE LEAVES<br />
G. Ðabajevienë, D. Kviklys, N. Kviklienë, A. Kasiulevièiûtë, P. Duchovskis<br />
Summary<br />
Photosynthetic pigment system in the leaves of apple tree cv. ‘Belaruskoje malinovoje’<br />
on different rootstocks was investigated at the Lithuanian Institute of Horticulture<br />
during 2004–2006. Nine rootstocks were included: Bulboga, Pure1, B.9,<br />
B.396, B.416, M.9, M.26, P 60, P 22. The photosynthetic pigment content and<br />
ratios of apple tree cv. ‘Belaruskoje malinovoje’ on different rootstocks varied between<br />
years. Photosynthetic pigment content and chlorophyll a/b ratio in apple leaves<br />
depended on crop load: the higher crop the higher photosynthetic pigment content<br />
86
and lower chlorophyll a/b ratio. Rootstock genotype determines accumulation of<br />
photosynthetic pigments. Apple rootstocks Pure 1 and P 22 accumulated the largest<br />
amount of total chlorophyll and carotenoid content. The lowest photosynthetic pigment<br />
content was found in apple trees with M.26 and B. 396 rootstocks. Average<br />
leaf area depended on crop load and rootstock. The biggest leaves were on fruit<br />
trees with Bullboga and P 60, and the smallest with Pure 1 and M.9 rootstocks.<br />
Increasing crop load decreased average leaf area.<br />
Key words: leaf area, Malus x domestica, photosynthetic pigment, rootstock,<br />
yield.<br />
87
SCIENTIFIC WORKS OF THE LITHUANIAN INSTITUTE OF<br />
HORTICULTURE AND LITHUANIAN UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURE.<br />
SODININKYSTË IR DARÞININKYSTË. 2006. <strong>25</strong>(4).<br />
QUALITY OF ‘JONICA’ APPLE FRUIT AS<br />
INFLUENCED BY ROOTSTOCKS<br />
Jan SKRZYÑSKI, Maciej GÀSTOÙ<br />
Department of Pomology and Apiculture, Faculty of Horticulture, Agricultural<br />
University in Kraków, Al. 29 Listopada 54, 31-4<strong>25</strong> Kraków, Poland.<br />
E-mail jskrzy@wp.pl<br />
Abstract. The influence of five vegetative rootstocks (M.9, M.26, P 22, P 59<br />
and P 60) on fruit quality was evaluated. Fruit size, flesh f<strong>ir</strong>mness, seed number,<br />
starch index (SI), soluble solids content (SSC), and titratable acidity (TA) were<br />
measured during two consecutive seasons. The analysis was performed at optimum<br />
harvest date time and after 6 months of storage, followed by simulated shelf life<br />
period at 20°C. There was no evident effect of rootstocks on fruit maturity at harvest<br />
as determined by Streif’s index and starch index. However, fruit from trees on<br />
P 22 tended to have less starch and lower F/RS values. At harvest flesh f<strong>ir</strong>mness of<br />
apples from trees on rootstocks P 22 and P 59 was the highest, respectively the<br />
lowest one was observed for M.26 rootstock. Fruits from trees grafted on M.9 and<br />
M.26 had the highest mean weight (223 g and 218 g, respectively), whereas P 22<br />
and P 59 – 179 g and 170 g. A negative correlation between fruit size and flesh<br />
f<strong>ir</strong>mness was observed. After storage and additional shelf life period flesh f<strong>ir</strong>mness<br />
of fruits from M.9 rootstock was the lowest, while those on P 22 and P 59, like at<br />
harvest time, had higher values. Soluble solids content was significantly influenced<br />
by rootstock type, especially in 2004. Fruit from trees on rootstocks P 22 and P 59<br />
had high SSC at harvest and at two post storage evaluations. The lowest values for<br />
respective time of analysis were noted for fruit from M.9 and M.26, respectively.<br />
Titratable acidity was influenced by the rootstock type and the year of study. Higher<br />
values were observed in 2004. Rootstock P 59 favoured high TA in ‘Jonica’ fruit.<br />
Correlations between studied parameters were established and will be discussed.<br />
Key words: Malus x domestica, fruit size, flesh f<strong>ir</strong>mness, soluble solids, acids,<br />
Streif’s index.<br />
Introduction. The effect of type of rootstock, on which specific cultivar is<br />
raised, on the whole tree performance and fruit quality components are one of the<br />
most important issues in fruit science. The decision, which rootstock should be<br />
selected for a given planned orchard, is crucial for future orchard management and<br />
profitability.<br />
88
The main objectives of planting trees on vegetative rootstocks are: regulation<br />
of tree size, growth rate and crown volume, induction of early bearing and high<br />
cropping, adaptation of root system to existing soil and climatic conditions (water<br />
deficit toleration, winter hardiness, etc.). Expected beneficial effect on quality of<br />
fruit is often listed at the end of objectives. However, the influence on fruit quality<br />
in an existing worldwide overproduction of apples becomes now more important<br />
issue.<br />
According to Webster and Hollands (1999), we knew still too little about interactions<br />
between rootstock and scion. Rootstock and scion cultivar affect each<br />
other mutually, therefore each combination of those components should be treated<br />
separately (Schneider et al., 1978). The most commonly used in Europe rootstock<br />
M.9 is lately more often criticized (Groot, 1997; Riesen and Husistein, 1998). Studies<br />
on similar crown volumes trees suggest that the more dwarfing rootstock the<br />
better light penetration and photosynthetic productivity could be observed (Baugher<br />
et al., 1994). This logically should influence the whole tree performance and most<br />
importantly – fruit quality. According to Kader (1985), quality is a combination of<br />
features including appearance, texture, flavour, nutritive value and safety. Consumer<br />
demands are already high for flesh f<strong>ir</strong>mness and taste (Autio et al., 1996). For citrus<br />
fruit the influence of rootstock on quality is already well defined (Castle, 1995). For<br />
‘Jonagold’ fruit (and its sport’s as well) flesh f<strong>ir</strong>mness is considered to be the most<br />
important parameter, which by 50% decide internal components of quality (Pladett<br />
et al., 1992). Soluble solids content and acidity in an equal share contribute to the<br />
remaining part of those components. Balanced sugars and acid ratio in apple fruit<br />
could provide sweet but refreshing taste. The latter may occur only when appropriate<br />
acid content is maintained (Vangdal, 1985; Sekse, 1992). For commercially important<br />
apple cultivars such as ‘Jonagold’, there are already known minimal values<br />
for the<strong>ir</strong> acceptability in a selling period – soluble solids should be within 13–14%<br />
and flesh f<strong>ir</strong>mness no lower than 45 N (Hoehn et al., 2001).<br />
The objective of our study was to compare the effect of new Polish rootstocks<br />
and well-known English ones on the main quality features of ‘Jonica’ apples.<br />
Materials and methods. The experiments were carried out on ‘Jonica’ trees<br />
planted on rootstocks of Polish selection: P 22, P 59, P 60 and of Malling Series: M.26,<br />
M.9. The studies were realized in the period of the beginning of full production capacity<br />
of the experimental orchard (4–6 years after planting). Trees were planted at a<br />
spacing of 4 x 1.2 m, in four, 5 trees per each replication. Each 6 th tree in a row was a<br />
pollinator – ‘Ðampion’. All trees were trained as slender spindle. From the middle of<br />
September, fruits from boundary rows around experimental plots were sampled in<br />
weekly intervals for optimum harvest date evaluation. Fruits were picked when Streif’s<br />
harvest index values calculated according to formula F(RS) -1 were within recommended<br />
range (Streif, 1983). Mean fruit size (as weight in grams) and percent of blush<br />
coloured area were evaluated on a 100 fruit sample. Fruit quality evaluation and analysis<br />
(fruit flesh f<strong>ir</strong>mness, soluble solids content, titratable acidity, starch pattern, etc.)<br />
were carried out according to standard methods (Johnson, 1992). The analyses were<br />
performed at optimum harvest date and respective ones after storage for 6 months,<br />
89
followed by simulated shelf life period of 7 days at 20°C. Fruits were stored in a<br />
conventional refrigerated room at 1–2°C, 90–92% RH for 180 days.<br />
Results were subjected to the analysis of variance using Duncan’s Multiple<br />
Range test. Tables contain means for 2 consecutive seasons (2003 and 2004), since<br />
similar relationships were observed during both years of study.<br />
Results and discussion. On the average, fruit size, expressed on a weight<br />
basis of apples from trees on studied rootstocks (Table 1) were within or slightly<br />
below optimal for consumption for ‘Jonica’ (200–220 g). However, trees on M.9<br />
tended to produce significantly larger fruits and on P 22 – smaller ones. Fruits<br />
from trees grafted on M.9 and M.26 had the highest mean weight (223 g and 218<br />
g, respectively), whereas these on P 22 and P 59 – 179 g and 170 g. The results<br />
for rootstock M.9 were in agreement with other reports (Babalar and Primoradian,<br />
1996; Groot, 1997), and seemed to be non-dependent on crop volume (within<br />
optimum range) as suggested by Ferguson and Watkins (1992). Webster and Hollands<br />
(1999) and Pätzold and Fisher (1991) also report about the smallest fruits<br />
from trees on P 22.<br />
Very little information exists on the importance of seed number in apple fruit so<br />
far. However, taking into account physiological involvement of seeds in Ca uptake<br />
and transport into apple fruit this phenomena deserves more attention. The most<br />
numerous seeds were present in fruits from trees on rootstock P 60, where also<br />
high fruit Ca was observed (data not published).<br />
Table 1. Fruit size, seed number and blush area of ‘Jonica’ apples at harvest<br />
1 lentelë. ‘Jonika’ veislës obelø vaisiø dydis, sëklø skaièius <strong>ir</strong> paraudimo<br />
plotas derliaus nuëmimo metu<br />
Rootstock<br />
Poskiepis<br />
Fruit size<br />
Vaisiø dydis,<br />
g<br />
Seed number<br />
Sëklø skaièius, vnt.<br />
Blush area<br />
Paraudimo plotas,<br />
%<br />
M.9 223 e 4.7 c 60 ab<br />
M.26 218 d 4.3 ab 63 a<br />
P 22 179 b 4.6 bc 71 b<br />
P 59 170 a 4.0 a 66 ab<br />
P 60 197 c 4.8 c 60 a<br />
*Means within columns followed by the same letter do not differ at α = 0.05<br />
* Tarp skiltyse ta paèia raide paþymëtø skaièiø nëra esminiø sk<strong>ir</strong>tumø, kai α = 0,05.<br />
In practical terms there was no effect of rootstock on area covered by blush of<br />
‘Jonica’ fruit. All fruits satisfy minimal requ<strong>ir</strong>ement for that cultivar to be classified<br />
according to EU standards at Class I (at least 1/3 of skin area covered by blush). In<br />
other studies with vigorous cultivars, such as ‘Jonica’, fruits from trees on P 22<br />
were having more % blush than on other rootstocks (Autio et al., 1996; Baab, 1998).<br />
Our study conf<strong>ir</strong>ms those earlier results. In some other experiments better coloration<br />
was also observed for fruits from trees on MM.106, while in others – on the<br />
most dwarfing M.27 (Drake et al., 1991).<br />
90
Table 2. Fruit flesh f<strong>ir</strong>mness, starch index, Streif’s index, total soluble solids and<br />
titratable acidity of ‘Jonica’ apples as affected by rootstocks at harvest<br />
2 lentelë. Poskiepiø átaka ’Jonika‘ veislës obelø vaisiø minkðtimo kietumui,<br />
krakmolo indeksui, Streifo indeksui, bendram t<strong>ir</strong>piø sausøjø medþiagø kiekiui <strong>ir</strong><br />
titruojamajam rûgðtingumui derliaus nuëmimo metu<br />
Rootstock<br />
Poskiepis<br />
Flesh f<strong>ir</strong>mness<br />
Minkštimo<br />
kietumas, kg cm -2<br />
Starch index<br />
(scale1-10)<br />
Krakmolo indeksas<br />
(skalë 1–10)<br />
Streif’s<br />
index<br />
Streifo<br />
indeksas<br />
Total soluble<br />
solids<br />
T<strong>ir</strong>pios sausosios<br />
medžiagos, %<br />
Titratable acidity (mg<br />
malate 100 g -1 )<br />
Titruojamasis<br />
rûgðtingumas, mg malato<br />
100 g -1 )<br />
M.9 8.1 b 9.3 bc 0.07 n.s. 12.6 b 635 b<br />
M.26 7.9 a 8.9 a 0.07 12.0 a 601 ab<br />
P 22 8.6 c 9.6 d 0.07 13.3 c 586 a<br />
P 59 8.6 c 9.4 c 0.07 13.2 c 630 b<br />
P 60 8.1 b 9.2 b 0.07 12.6 b 603 ab<br />
* Means within columns followed by the same letter do not differ at α = 0.05<br />
* Tarp skiltyse ta paèia raide paþymëtø skaièiø nëra esminiø sk<strong>ir</strong>tumø, kai α = 0,05.<br />
There was no evident effect of rootstocks on fruit maturity at harvest as determined<br />
by Streif index and starch index (Table 2). However, fruits from trees on P 22<br />
tended to have less starch and lower F/RS values. At harvest flesh f<strong>ir</strong>mness of<br />
apples from trees on rootstocks P 22 and P 59 was the highest. Respectively, the<br />
lowest ones were observed for M.26 rootstock. In opposition to those findings, in<br />
both reports of Drake et al., (1991) and Autio (1994) it was evident that the more<br />
dwarf rootstock the higher fruit flesh f<strong>ir</strong>mness. According to Johnson (1992), rootstock<br />
and flesh f<strong>ir</strong>mness are ind<strong>ir</strong>ectly related through a negative correlation – fruit<br />
size and flesh f<strong>ir</strong>mness. Presented study seems to conf<strong>ir</strong>m such relationship, small<br />
apple fruits originating from trees on P 22 rootstock were having the highest flesh<br />
f<strong>ir</strong>mness at harvest.<br />
‘Jonica’ fruit from trees on rootstock M.9 reached harvest maturity usually 3–<br />
5 days earlier than on other rootstocks (unpublished results), and tend to obtain the<br />
lowest values of Streif’s index for fruits from trees on P 22.<br />
Rootstock did affect the content of carbohydrates and organic acids (Table 2).<br />
Soluble solids content was the highest for fruits from trees on P 22 and P 59. This<br />
conf<strong>ir</strong>m the results of Autio et al., (1996), who stated that fruits from trees on<br />
rootstocks from P series tended to contain more soluble solids than from M.26 or<br />
M.9, respectively. Results of cited above author and of our study are in opposition<br />
to earlier reports stating that fruits from trees on M.9 and M.26 tended to have<br />
more soluble solids (Autio 1994). Some authors claimed that soluble solids content<br />
was negatively correlated to trunk cross sectional area (Autio et al., 1996). Such<br />
tendency could be observed in a reported study only for fruit from trees on P 22<br />
and P 59.<br />
91
Table 3. The effect of rootstocks on fruit flesh f<strong>ir</strong>mness, total soluble<br />
solids and titratable acidity of ‘Jonica’ apples after storage and simulated<br />
shelf life period of 7 days at 20°C<br />
3 lentelë. Poskiepiø átaka ’Jonika‘ veislës obelø vaisiø minkðtimo kietumui,<br />
bendram t<strong>ir</strong>piø sausøjø medþiagø kiekiui <strong>ir</strong> titruojamajam rûgðtingumui po<br />
laikymo <strong>ir</strong> 7 dienas palaikius 20°C temperatûroje<br />
After storage<br />
Po laikymo<br />
After storage in optimal conditions for 180 days ‘Jonica’ apples in general satisfy<br />
quality criteria for Class 1 or Extra (Table 3). The results have shown that<br />
rootstocks influenced the quality of fruits after storage and additional period of simulated<br />
shelf life. The maintenance of ‘Jonica’ apple flesh f<strong>ir</strong>mness after storage for<br />
180 days and 7 days at 20°C was the best for fruits from trees on P 22 and P 59.<br />
Drake et al. (1991), however, observed such tendency for fruits from trees on more<br />
vigorous rootstocks. Fruits from all rootstocks/scion combinations in our study<br />
maintained after storage flesh f<strong>ir</strong>mness above 4.5 kg. This should satisfy consumers’<br />
minimal requ<strong>ir</strong>ements of 45 N for fruit acceptability as indicated by P³ocharski<br />
and Konopacka (1999) and Hoehn et al. (2001). However, Goffings and Herregods<br />
(1994) suggested slightly higher value of 5 kg. The retention of total soluble<br />
solids (TSS) after storage and a period of simulated shelf life reflected the relationships<br />
observed at harvest time (Skrzyñski, 2006). There were on the average 1%<br />
smaller values of TSS, which is a common result after storage in regular a<strong>ir</strong>. The<br />
best retention of titratable acidity was for fruit from trees on rootstocks of M. series<br />
after storage. After additional 7 days at room temperature fruits from trees on P 59<br />
and P 60 tended to have higher titratable acidity.<br />
Fruits from those rootstocks may fully satisfy consumer expectations for fresh<br />
consumption due to balanced sugars and acids content as suggested by Vangdal (1985)<br />
and Sekse (1992). It was not conf<strong>ir</strong>med that in general apples from trees on rootstock<br />
M.26 tend to produce fruits with more balanced components (Vangdal, 1985).<br />
Conclusions. 1. The effects of rootstocks on the main fruit quality attributes at<br />
harvest were significant.<br />
2. Rootstocks affect ‘Jonica’ fruit quality retention after storage and shelf life.<br />
3. Trees on P60 and M.9 were of balanced vigor and fruits from those trees<br />
were of the best quality.<br />
92<br />
After 7 days storage at 20°C<br />
Palaikius 7 dienas 20°C temperatûroje<br />
titratable<br />
total<br />
flesh<br />
acidity<br />
total<br />
Rootstock<br />
soluble<br />
Poskiepis f<strong>ir</strong>mness<br />
(mg malate flesh f<strong>ir</strong>mness soluble<br />
solids<br />
minkštimo<br />
100 g -1 ) minkštimo solids<br />
kietumas,<br />
t<strong>ir</strong>pios titruojamasis<br />
kietumas,<br />
kg cm -2 sausosios rûgðtingumas, kg cm -2 sausosios<br />
medžiagos,<br />
medžiagos, % mg malato<br />
%<br />
100 g -1<br />
M.9 5.1 b 12.1 a 292 cd 4.8 b 12.3 c 234 n.s.<br />
titratable<br />
acidity (mg<br />
malate 100 g -1 )<br />
titruojamasis<br />
rûgðtingumas, mg<br />
malato 100 g -1<br />
M.26 4.9 a 12.0 a 301 d 4.7 a 11.9 a 247<br />
P 22 5.6 e 13.0 d <strong>25</strong>3 a 5.1 d 12.7 d 230<br />
P 59 5.5 d 12.8 c 275 b 5.1 d 12.5 d <strong>25</strong>8<br />
P 60 5.4 c 12.3 b 287 bc 4.9 b 12.1 b <strong>25</strong>3
Acknowledgements. This work was partially supported by the State Committee<br />
for Scientific Research (KBN) under contract 3 P06 R 058<strong>25</strong>.<br />
Gauta 2006-11-09<br />
Parengta spausdinti 2006-12-11<br />
References<br />
1. Autio W. R., Hayden R. A., Micke W. C., Brown G. R. Rootstock affects ripening,<br />
color, and shape of ‘Starkspur Supreme Delicious’ apples in the 1984 NC-140 cooperative<br />
planting. Fruit Var. J. 1996. 50(1). P. 45–53.<br />
2. Autio W. R. Rootstock affects apple ripening, quality and storability. Compact<br />
Fruit Tree. 1994. 27. P. 41–47.<br />
3. Baab G. Apfelunterlagen Gestern und Heute. Erwerbsobstbau. 1998. 40. P. 162–169.<br />
4. Babalar M., Primoradian M. Rootstock effect on ethylene production, fruit size,<br />
fruit shape and other quality parameters during growth period of ‘Red Delicious’ apples.<br />
Iranian J. Agric. Sci. 1996. 27(1). P. 33–39.<br />
5. Baugher T. A., Singha S., Leach D. W., Walter S. P. Growth, productivity, spur<br />
quality, light transmission and net photosynthesis of ‘Golden Delicious’ apple trees on<br />
four rootstocks in three training systems. Fruit Var. J. 1994. 48. P. <strong>25</strong>1–<strong>25</strong>5.<br />
6. Castle W. S. Rootstock as a fruit quality factor in citrus and deciduous tree crops.<br />
New Zealand J. Crop Hort. Sci. 1995. 23(4). P. 383–394.<br />
7. Drake S. R, Larsen F. E., Higgins S. S. Quality and storage of ‘Granny Smith’ and<br />
‘Greenspur’ apples on seedling, M.26, and MM.111 rootstocks. J. Amer. Soc. Hort. Sci.<br />
1991. 116(2). P. 261–264.<br />
8. Ferguson I. B., Watkins C. B. Crop load affects mineral concentrations and incidence<br />
of Bitter Pit in ‘Cox’s Orange Pippin’ apple fruit. J. Amer. Soc. Hort. Sci. 1992. 117(3).<br />
P. 373–376.<br />
9. Groot M. J. FPO-onderzoek naar economische aspecten onderstammenkeuze. M.9<br />
niet altijd de beste keuze. Fruitteelt. 1997. 87. P. 18–19.<br />
10. Hoehn E. H., Gasser F., Guggenbuhl B., Casutt M. M. Consumer demands on<br />
eating quality of apples: minimum requ<strong>ir</strong>ements on f<strong>ir</strong>mness, soluble solids and acidity. VI<br />
Intern. CA Research Conference, Rotterdam, Abstract 16-02, 2001.<br />
11. Johnson D. S. The effect of flower and fruit thinning on the f<strong>ir</strong>mness of ‘Cox’s<br />
Orange Pippin’ apples at harvest and after storage. J. Hort. Sci. 1992. 61. P. 95–101.<br />
12. Kader A. A. Quality factors: definition and evaluation for fresh horticultural<br />
crops // Postharvest technology of horticultural crops. Eds: Kader et al. Cooperative<br />
Extension, Univ. Calif., Davies, Spec. Publ. 1985. 3311. P. 118–121.<br />
13. Pätzold G., Fisher M. Ergebnisse aus Obstunterlagenprüfungen // Schwachwachsende<br />
Apfelunterlagen. Erwerbsobstbau. 1991. 33. P. 7–10.<br />
14. P³ocharski W. J., Konopacka D. The relation between mechanical and sensory<br />
parameters of apples and pears. Acta Hort. 1999. P. 485, 309–317.<br />
15. Riesen W., Husistein A. Influence of rootstocks on apple fruit quality. Acta Hort.<br />
1998. 466. P. 161–167.<br />
16. Schneider G. W., Chaplin C. E., Martin D. C. Effects of apple rootstocks, tree<br />
spacing, and cultivar on fruit and tree size, yield and foliar mineral composition. J. Amer.<br />
Soc. Hort. Sci. 1978. 103. P. 230–232.<br />
17. Sekse L. Changes in the content of soluble solids and titratable acids in apples<br />
during ripening and storage. Norw. J. Agric. Sci. 1992. P. 6, 111–119.<br />
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18. Skrzyñski J. Growth and productivity of apple trees and fruit quality at harvest as<br />
affected by rootstocks. Acta Hort. (in print). 2006.<br />
19. Streif J. Der optimale Erntetermin beim Äpfel. I. Qualitätsentwicklung und Reife.<br />
Gartenbauwissenschaft. 1983. 48. P. 154–159.<br />
20. Vangdal E. Quality criteria for fruit for fresh consumption. Acta Agric. Scand.<br />
1985. P. 35, 41–47.<br />
21. Webster A. D., Hollands M. S. Apple rootstock studies: comparison of Polish,<br />
Russian, USA and UK selections as rootstocks for the apple cultivar ‘Cox’s Orange Pippin’<br />
(Malus domestica Borkh.). J. Hort. Sci. Biotech. 1999. 74. P. 367–374.<br />
SODININKYSTË IR DARÞININKYSTË. MOKSLO DARBAI. 2006. <strong>25</strong>(4).<br />
’JONIKA‘ VEISLËS OBELØ VAISIØ KOKYBËS PRIKLAUSOMUMAS NUO<br />
POSKIEPIØ<br />
J. Skrzyñski, M. Gàstoù<br />
Santrauka<br />
Ðiuo tyrimu ávertinta penkiø vegetatyviniø poskiepiø (M.9, M.26, P 22, P 59 <strong>ir</strong><br />
P 60) átaka vaisiø kokybei. Du sezonus ið eilës buvo matuotas vaisiø dydis, minkðtimo<br />
tv<strong>ir</strong>tumas, krakmolo indeksas (KI), t<strong>ir</strong>piø sausøjø medþiagø (TSM) kiekis, titruojamasis<br />
rûgðtingumas (TR), nustatytas sëklø skaièius. Analizë buvo atlikta optimaliu<br />
derliaus nuëmimo metu <strong>ir</strong> praëjus 6 laikymo mënesiams, po kuriø obuoliai<br />
buvo papildomai laikomi 20°C temperatûroje. Streifo indeksas <strong>ir</strong> krakmolo indeksas<br />
parodë, kad poskiepiai vaisiø brandai akivaizdþios átakos neturëjo. Taèiau vaismedþiø<br />
su P 22 poskiepiu vaisiuose buvo maþiau krakmolo <strong>ir</strong> maþesnës F <strong>ir</strong> RS santykio<br />
reikðmës. Derliaus nuëmimo metu kieèiausi buvo vaismedþiø su P 22 <strong>ir</strong> P 59 poskiepiais,<br />
minkðèiausi – vaismedþiø su P 26 poskiepiu obuoliai. Vidutinë didþiausia buvo<br />
vaismedþiø, áskiepytø á M.9 <strong>ir</strong> M.26, vaisiø masë (atitinkamai 223 <strong>ir</strong> 218 g), o vaismedþiø,<br />
áskiepytø á P 22 <strong>ir</strong> P 59, – atitinkamai 179 <strong>ir</strong> 170 g. Nustatyta neigiama<br />
koreliacija tarp vaisiø dydþio <strong>ir</strong> minkðtimo kietumo. Po laikymo <strong>ir</strong> papildomo vaisiø<br />
laikymo minkðèiausi buvo vaismedþiø su M.9 poskiepiu vaisiai. Kaip <strong>ir</strong> derliaus nuëmimo<br />
metu, kietesni buvo vaismedþiø su P 22 <strong>ir</strong> P 59 poskiepiais vaisiai. Poskiepiø<br />
rûðis darë esminæ átakà t<strong>ir</strong>piø sausøjø medþiagø kiekiui, ypaè 2004 metais. Derliaus<br />
nuëmimo metu <strong>ir</strong> atliekant dvi analizes po laikymo daugiausia t<strong>ir</strong>piø sausøjø medþiagø<br />
nustatyta vaismedþiø su P 22 <strong>ir</strong> P 59 poskiepiais vaisiuose. Analiziø duomenimis,<br />
maþiausiai ðiø medþiagø buvo vaismedþiø su M.9 <strong>ir</strong> M.26 poskiepiais vaisiuose. Titruojamajam<br />
rûgðtingumui darë átakà poskiepio rûðis <strong>ir</strong> tyrimo metai. Didesnës jo reikðmës<br />
buvo nustatytos 2004 metais. Didelá TR kieká ‘Jonika’ vaisiuose lëmë P 59<br />
poskiepis. Buvo nustatyti koreliaciniai ryðiai tarp t<strong>ir</strong>tø rodikliø.<br />
Reikðminiai þodþiai: Malus x domestica, vaisiø dydis, minkðtimo kietumas,<br />
t<strong>ir</strong>pios sausosios medþiagos, rûgðtys, Streifo indeksas.<br />
94
SCIENTIFIC WORKS OF THE LITHUANIAN INSTITUTE OF<br />
HORTICULTURE AND LITHUANIAN UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURE.<br />
SODININKYSTË IR DARÞININKYSTË. 2006. <strong>25</strong>(4).<br />
TECHNIQUES FOR COLD HARDINESS RESEARCH<br />
FOR APPLE ROOTSTOCKS<br />
Jean-Pierre PRIVÉ<br />
Atlantic Food and Horticulture Research Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food<br />
Canada, Bouctouche New Brunswick, E4S 2J2, Canada.<br />
E-mail privej@agr.gc.ca<br />
Abstract. Three reliable methods are explained for estimating different types of<br />
cold hardiness in Malus. They include: 1) a whole plant controlled freezing experiment<br />
for the assessment of low mid-winter injury, 2) electrical impedance spectroscopy<br />
(Z), for the estimation of multiple freeze-thaw cycling injury and 3) a controlled<br />
freezing protocol to facilitate the rapid screening of large populations of Malus<br />
seedlings. The aim of this manuscript is not the results of these three methods but<br />
rather the description of the methods for cold hardiness testing. With the f<strong>ir</strong>st method,<br />
plant mortality and morbidity (shoot, trunk and root regrowth) proved to be<br />
good indicators for evaluating low mid-winter cold hardiness. Of these, incremental<br />
root growth was the most sensitive to cold temperatures. The results from this<br />
study were validated by the good correlations between the laboratory findings and<br />
the 2004 field survival data from New York, USA following a test winter. The next<br />
method, Z, used root pieces of Ottawa 3 subjected to one, two and three controlled<br />
freeze-thaw cycles at temperatures of -3, -6, -9 and -12°C. Root tissue integrity, as<br />
measured by Z, was severely reduced with multiple events of freeze-thaw cycling<br />
and conf<strong>ir</strong>ms that freeze-thaw cycling is more detrimental to apple rootstock viability<br />
than periods of constant freezing. Screening for cold hardiness in seedlings of<br />
Malus, 16–20 weeks after radicle emergence, was the th<strong>ir</strong>d method and holds promise<br />
in segregating large seedling populations and could increase the efficacy of<br />
breeding for cold hardiness.<br />
Key words: cold stress, electrical impedance spectroscopy, Malus, seedling<br />
screening, whole plant freezing and regrowth.<br />
Introduction. The cold hardening process of plants in temperate zones of the<br />
world parallels the march of the seasons. Canada, situated between the arctic and<br />
the 42°N latitude, has many different growing areas, all with the<strong>ir</strong> own particular<br />
env<strong>ir</strong>onments. Recently, studies have begun to examine the relationship between<br />
local climate and apple production (Caprio and Quamme, 1999). In the Okanagan<br />
95
Valley of British Columbia, low temperatures during late fall and early winter were<br />
the main climatic factors limiting apple production in this area. Similar studies have<br />
been done for Atlantic Canada but low temperatures were not found to be associated<br />
with low production (Privé et al., 2000). However, what seems common to apple<br />
rootstock injury in the Maritimes are the multiple freeze-thaw events which occur<br />
throughout the winter, causing a melting of the insulating snow cover and permitting<br />
freeze-thaw cycling to occur deep below the soil surface. Although soil temperatures<br />
at 10 cm in 1992 dropped to near -9°C, this temperature is not known to harm<br />
most of the rootstocks in our region (Privé and LeBlanc, 1999). However, the midwinter<br />
thaw was very stressful to plant integrity since tree mortality and vigour were<br />
seriously affected in the subsequent growing season.<br />
In cold hardiness studies, there is the challenge of evaluating many plant samples<br />
for the<strong>ir</strong> survival at various developmental stages and freezing stresses. It is the<br />
purpose of this manuscript to examine three techniques used to assess apple rootstock<br />
hardiness at Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada in Eastern Canada. These include<br />
1) using whole plant controlled freezing tests and regrowth parameters; 2) cell<br />
integrity of root pieces subjected to freeze-thaw cycling and assessed using electrical<br />
bioimpedance spectroscopy (Z) and 3) a seedling screening protocol used to<br />
facilitate rapid progress in breeding programs.<br />
Materials and methods. Plant material. Uniform specimens of various apple<br />
rootstocks were lifted from the nursery in the autumn, packed in moist sawdust,<br />
and placed in refrigerated storage at 3°C. Following two months in storage, whole<br />
plants were removed for whole plant controlled freezing tests and roots pieces from<br />
these same plants were cut from each of the rootstocks for the Z-analysis.<br />
Freezing experiments. In the whole plant controlled freezing experiment, trees<br />
were removed from cold storage, rinsed with water to remove soil and sawdust.<br />
Roots were then equipped with thermocouples, placed in plastic bags as described<br />
by Privé and Embree (1997), and all groups except the control were placed into a 3<br />
x 3 m walk-in controlled-climate chamber preset to -3°C. The bagged control trees<br />
were returned to cold-storage. A CR-7 datalogger (Campbell Scientific, Calgary,<br />
AB) was programmed to read all thermocouples every minute and to output 15<br />
minute average values, including minimum and maximum values. The six freezethaw<br />
treatments were based on freezing cycles of 16 hours at -12°C and thawing<br />
cycles of 16 hours at +2°C. Once all the treatments were completed, trees were<br />
returned to cold storage and sawdust was added to each of the bags to conserve<br />
moisture until the trees could be potted. All trees were bare-rooted in the bags for the<br />
same period, including the control. No root dehydration or injury due to the freezing<br />
treatments was visible d<strong>ir</strong>ectly after the treatments. Prior to potting the plants, initial<br />
measurements were taken on trunk cross-sectional area (TCA/cm 2 ) and root volume<br />
(cm 3 ). Root volume was calculated using the Archimedes principle: W a<strong>ir</strong><br />
– W water<br />
= B<br />
= Vρ; where W = mass; B = buoyant force; V = volume and ρ = liquid density.<br />
Following these initial measurements, rootstocks were planted in 16-liter pots with a<br />
soilless mixture (Agro-Mix, Fafard, Shippagan, N. B.), placed in trenches in the<br />
field, and grown under normal cultural practices for the area. Pots were drip-<strong>ir</strong>rigated<br />
as requ<strong>ir</strong>ed and fertilized weekly until late July with 20N-20P-20K (1 g·liter -1 ).<br />
96
For the Z experiment, root pieces (2–4 mm diameter) were randomly selected<br />
from apple rootstocks and cut into 3–4 cm long segments. The samples were prepared<br />
and frozen as described by Privé and Zhang (1996). Cooling rates were programmed<br />
at 4.8°C·hr -1 and held for one hour at the pre-selected test temperatures of<br />
-3, -6, -9, and -12°C, then removed and allowed to thaw for 20 minutes at 20°C<br />
before being analysed using Z (this is considered a 1X freeze-thaw treatment). One<br />
advantage of measuring tissue impedance (Æ) as an indicator of physiological status<br />
is that the tissue is not destroyed while useful data are being obtained. This permitted<br />
the same root segments to be analyzed for multiple freeze-thaw events. Hence, our<br />
samples were again placed into the test tubes, re-frozen at the pre-selected test<br />
temperatures for a second time, re-thawed and re-analysed for a second time (treatment<br />
2X). This procedure was repeated once again (treatment 3X).<br />
For the rootstock seedling experiments, seeds were stratified in moist sand at 3<br />
to 5°C for 9 weeks. At the f<strong>ir</strong>st sign of radicle emergence, 60 seeds for each of the<br />
three genotypes were planted in a soilless mixture in Styro seedling trays (240 cells/<br />
tray, Beaver Plastics Ltd., Edmonton AB, Canada). All exterior cells of the tray were<br />
filled with seedlings and acted as buffers for the treatment seedlings. Plants were<br />
grown in a greenhouse for 6–8 weeks under good growing conditions (16 h, 20–<br />
30°C, 900 μmol·m -2·s -1 , fertilised with 200 ppm of 10N-52P-10K once a week for 3<br />
weeks followed by 200 ppm of 20N-20P-20K at 3x/week for another 3 weeks until<br />
plants were 5–7 cm.). Seedlings were then acclimated in controlled env<strong>ir</strong>onment<br />
chambers (8 h of 600 μmol·m -2·s -1 , 12-15°C/3–4°C D/N, 100 ppm 20N-20P-20K<br />
once a week for 6 weeks). Two frost events (-3°C for 16 h) were then given in the<br />
next two weeks while growing at 10/3°C D/N and 8 h light periods. Following this,<br />
the trays were placed in insulated boxes with vermiculite and heating cables to prevent<br />
the roots from freezing and placed in programmable freezers. Cooling rates<br />
were programmed at 2°C·hr -1 and held for one hour at the pre-selected test temperatures<br />
of -10, -20, -<strong>25</strong>, -30, and -40°C, removed and held in cold storage (3–5°C)<br />
overnight.<br />
Cold hardiness evaluations. For the whole-plant controlled freezing experiment,<br />
tree mortality was recorded, final root volume and trunk cross-sectional area (TCSA)<br />
were measured to calculate the growth increment over the season, and new shoot<br />
growth dry weight was determined after oven drying at 80°C for one week. Root<br />
and shoot regrowth data were only taken from surviving trees at each of the selected<br />
temperatures. Validation of mortality was done by comparing our laboratory results<br />
with field results (percent survival) from the Champlain Valley in New York, USA in<br />
2004.<br />
For the electrical impedance experiment, the spectra between 100 Hz and 800<br />
kHz were measured by a computer-controlled Hewlett Packard 4284A Precision<br />
LCR Meter using needle electrodes (Zhang and Willison, 1992). The impedance<br />
spectra were analyzed by a complex nonlinear least squares program called BIA,<br />
which was written in Visual Basic (available upon request from Dr. Zhang). The<br />
formula used in the program was: Z = R ∞<br />
+ (R o<br />
- R ∞<br />
) / [1 + (jωτ) ψ ], where Z is<br />
impedance; R o<br />
corresponds to extracellular resistance or the resistance at extremely<br />
low frequency; R ∞<br />
corresponds to total tissue resistance or the resistance at<br />
97
extremely high frequency as though all membranes were destroyed; τ is a generalized<br />
time constant of the tissue; ψ is a distribution factor of the time constant<br />
(Repo et al., 1993); ψ is a complex number operator [(-1) 1/2 ] and ω is angular<br />
frequency of the alternate current. The ô and ø parameters characterize the whole<br />
system and describe the distribution of cell sizes. Impedance parameters were<br />
normalized to values for 1 cm 3 of tissue. In this report, all data are normalized and<br />
all resistances are expressed as ohm·cm -1 .<br />
For the seedling experiment, mortality tests were conducted on the plants once<br />
they were removed from cold storage, moved to the greenhouse, defoliated with<br />
scissors, and regrown for four weeks. Plant viability was measured as percent seedling<br />
survival. This was collected as binomial data with each plant given a rating of<br />
either 1 or 0. Only plants that had a ≥ 50% stem death were recorded as 0. Percentages<br />
of plant population mortality were then calculated by dividing the number of<br />
plants given a rating of zero over the total number of seedlings per tray per selection<br />
population.<br />
Statistical analysis. With the f<strong>ir</strong>st method, the mortality of apple cultivars was<br />
related to a series of freezing temperatures by logistic regression, from which the<br />
temperature that 20% of trees died was determined (i.e., LT 20<br />
). The predicted values<br />
for LT 20<br />
were obtained from a mixed model (REML) analysis, with year and cultivar<br />
as fixed factors. The morbidity of the surviving trees, which were planted in the<br />
field, was assessed by the increases in root volume and trunk diameter and reduction<br />
in shoot growth. The increase in root volume was calculated for each individual tree.<br />
Both root volume and trunk diameter increases were regressed on the log scale for<br />
each group of cultivar and replicate trees; the percentage increase was calculated<br />
from the ratio of the mean final to mean initial measurements. This ratio of the<br />
means is a more precise estimate of the fractional increase than from the mean of the<br />
ratios from individual trees. To calculate the temperature at which 50% regrowth<br />
occurred a “linear divided by linear” functional relationship was used, i.e., Y = a + (b /<br />
(1 + c t)), where t = temperature, and from which the temperature at RT 50<br />
was<br />
calculated using the estimated parameters. A hardiness index was computed by averaging<br />
the results of the four regrowth attributes. Correlations between our results<br />
(root volume RT 50<br />
) and the Champlain Valley field results (% survival) were used to<br />
validate our findings.<br />
With the second method, unit weighting statistical procedures were used for all<br />
impedance spectral analyses. In most analyses, the full range impedance data (100<br />
Hz to 800 KHz) were used. Please refer to Privé and Zhang (1996) for details.<br />
With the last method, the survival of the three genotypes to freezing was analysed<br />
as a General Linear Model (GLM), (SAS Institute Inc., Cary, N. C.) with the<br />
number of plants surviving as a binomial variant with a logistic link function (McCullagh<br />
and Nelder, 1983). The data were back-transformed [y = 100×exp(p)/(1 +<br />
exp(p))] in order to express the data as percentages.<br />
Results. The whole-plant controlled freezing experiments followed by regrowth<br />
measurements provided a good segregation of the cold hardiness of various<br />
apple rootstocks (Table 1). In the subsample of rootstocks presented in this<br />
manuscript, KSC28 had the highest (-14.3°C) while M.4 had the lowest (-8.1°C)<br />
98
hardiness index. Other rootstocks that had good hardiness indices include M.9Emla,<br />
CG6179, M.26Emla and P 2. Differences in cold hardiness are evident between<br />
rootstocks but also between the various components used to calculate overall hardiness.<br />
Rootstock mortality (LT 20<br />
) was highest for M.4 and G.16 and lowest for<br />
KSC28, G65, M.9Emla, M.26Emla, P 2, CG6179 and B.118. Root volume increase<br />
was the most sensitive to cold injury while both incremental increases in new<br />
shoot growth and trunk diameters were quite similar in the<strong>ir</strong> sensitivity. CG6179,<br />
M.9Emla and M.26Emla had a 50% reduction in root growth at temperatures between<br />
-11 and -12°C (RT 50<br />
) while B.9 and A.2 reported the same reduction at<br />
temperatures between -4.7 and -5.3°C (Table 1). To validate our results we compared<br />
our laboratory results with those from the 2004 test winter from the Champlain<br />
Valley of New York in 2004. A good correlation was found between the field<br />
tree survival data and our controlled freezing results (r = -0.70) (Fig. 1) thus<br />
indicating a good fit.<br />
Table 1. Whole plant rootstock screening<br />
1 lentelë. Poskiepio testavimas<br />
Rootstock<br />
Poskiepis<br />
New shoot<br />
growth<br />
Naujø ûgliø<br />
augimas<br />
(RT 50 , °C)<br />
Trunk diameter<br />
increase<br />
Kamieno<br />
padidëjimas<br />
(RT 50 , °C)<br />
Root volume<br />
increase<br />
Ðaknø tûrio<br />
padidëjimas<br />
(RT 50 , °C)<br />
Mortality<br />
Žuvimas<br />
(LT 20, °C)<br />
Hardiness index<br />
Atsparumo rodiklis<br />
(°C)<br />
A.2 -10.9 -13.8 -5.3 -11.8 -10.4<br />
B.9 -9.7 -10.7 -4.7 -10.7 -9.0<br />
B.118 -12.6 -11.0 -8.0 -12.0 -10.9<br />
CG179 -13.5 -13.3 -12.3 -12.4 -12.9<br />
CG202 -9.7 -10.8 -7.7 -11.1 -9.8<br />
CG210 -14.1 -13.2 -8.5 -11.1 -11.7<br />
G.16 -12.7 -13.0 -9.4 -9.8 -11.2<br />
G.30 -12.6 -13.1 -8.8 -11.8 -11.6<br />
G.65 -14 -9.6 -9.9 -12.9 -11.6<br />
KSC28 -16.9 -16.5 -9.4 -14.1 -14.3<br />
M.26 -11.4 -15.0 -6.5 -12.1 -11.3<br />
M.26EMLA -13.0 -14.2 -11.3 -12.6 -12.8<br />
M.27 -12.9 -9.5 -5.3 -12.4 -10.0<br />
M.4 -7.9 -10.6 -5.8 -8.2 -8.1<br />
M.9 -13.4 -12.5 -5.2 -11.1 -10.6<br />
M.9.EMLA -14.5 -14.3 -11.9 -12.7 -13.3<br />
P 2 -13.4 -14.4 -9.8 -12.5 -12.5<br />
99
Fig. 1. Correlation between controlled freezing results (as indicated by root hardiness<br />
(RT 50<br />
for root volume increase) and field data from New York in 2002 (% survival)<br />
1 pav. Koreliacija tarp kontroliuojamo ðalèio rezultatø (ðaknø atsparumas, ðaknø tûrio<br />
padidëjimas RT 50<br />
) <strong>ir</strong> lauko duomenø Niujorke 2002 metais (iðlikusiø poskiepiø, %)<br />
Electrical impedance (Z) proved to be a very sensitive tool in monitoring for<br />
changes in cell integrity associated to cold stress. The exponential decrease in extracellular<br />
resistance with decreasing temperatures can be described by the equations:<br />
Ro = 44298.23×exp (0.1894×T), Ro = 17798.33×exp (0.1640×T), Ro = 12242.27×exp<br />
(0.1349×T) for the root pieces receiving the 1X, 2X or 3X freeze-thaw cycling<br />
treatments, respectively (Fig. 2). At each of the temperatures, it was obvious that<br />
freeze-thaw cycling was very detrimental to the viability of these root pieces. At<br />
-3°C, two freeze-thaw events were enough to severely injure the root tissue and at<br />
-9°C, one freeze-thaw event was enough to severely reduce root viability to the<br />
extent that further freeze-thaw cycling had no additional effect. Two freeze-thaw<br />
events at -3°C equalled the damage from one freeze-thaw event at -9°C.<br />
Fig. 2 Extracellular resistance (Ro), derived from Z measurements from<br />
Ottawa 3 apple root pieces subjected to one (1X), two (2X) and three (3X)<br />
freeze-thaw cycle treatments<br />
2 pav. Ottawa 3 poskiepio làsteliø atsparumas (Ro), ávertintas Z rodikliais, ið<br />
3 ðaknies daliø, veiktø vienu (1X), dviem (2X) <strong>ir</strong> trimis ðaldymo-atðildymo ciklais<br />
100
Only genotype 1 was able to survive temperatures < -20°C (Fig. 3). Temperatures<br />
at which seedling survival was reduced by 50% were -13.6, -15.7 and -17.5°C<br />
for genotypes 2, 3 and 1, respectively. For these three genotypes it seems that the<br />
best screening temperatures for differentiating the population were between -10 and<br />
-20°C but this is specific to the genotypes undergoing evaluation.<br />
Fig.3 Mortality of three apple rootstock seedlings following controlled<br />
acclimation and freezing<br />
3 pav. Obelø su trimis sk<strong>ir</strong>tingais poskiepiais þuvimas kontroliuojamomis<br />
aklimatizacijos <strong>ir</strong> ðaldymo sàlygomis<br />
Discussion. Mortality, shoot, trunk and root regrowth results were summarized<br />
in an attempt to segregate populations of different apple rootstocks according<br />
to the<strong>ir</strong> cold hardiness (Table 1). Low mid- winter injury is the type of<br />
cold stress for which this method is best suited. Most of the results from the<br />
present study agree with the literature (Czynczyk and Holubowicz, 1984; Quamme,<br />
1990) and since they were well correlated with in vivo field data, we recommend<br />
this whole-plant recovery evaluation method for cold hardiness screening<br />
of apple rootstocks.<br />
Freeze-thaw cycling was very detrimental to either cell viability or regrowth.<br />
Using the Z-technique, the extracellular resistance parameter (R o<br />
), was very responsive<br />
to freeze-thaw cycling, decreasing exponentially with increasing cold<br />
stress. The decrease in R o<br />
is mostly due to release of intracellular electrolytes to<br />
extracellular space (Zhang et al., 1992). It is speculated that the release of electrolytes<br />
to extracellular space is due to membrane rupture and reseal during freezethaw<br />
cycling, but the event of rupture-reseal does not necessarily involve membrane<br />
functional loss in non-lethal freeze-thaw stresses (Zhang et al., 1994). Membrane<br />
rupture could have been caused by the piercing of the cellular membranes by<br />
ice crystals or by the osmotic contraction and expansion of the membranes due to<br />
the drastic difference in solute concentrations between the frozen and un-frozen<br />
state. This latter explanation seems most likely because most evidence seems to<br />
suggest that solute loading and vesicle expansion are very important to plant freezing<br />
tolerance (Kaye and Guy, 1995). Freeze-thaw cycling caused more root inju-<br />
101
y than constant periods of cold. Although more complicated than the whole-plant<br />
method, this technique is best suited for the evaluation of freeze-thaw cycling as it<br />
is non-destructive and allows for continual sampling of the same tissues over<br />
multiple freeze-thaw cycles.<br />
Screening seedlings of Malus, 16–20 weeks after emergence, using a protocol<br />
to induce acclimation and select the hardiest individuals could improve the efficacy<br />
of breeding for cold hardiness by eliminating a large proportion of cold-tender seedlings<br />
before time and maintenance costs are invested in field plantings. Plant viability,<br />
collected in the form of binomial values and used to calculate percent seedling survival<br />
was a simple, efficient and precise method to segregate seedling populations for<br />
cold hardiness. We are presently running field trials with these same genotypes in the<br />
hopes of getting a test winter to compare our controlled studies to in vivo field<br />
results.<br />
Acknowledgements. Thanks to K. McRae and B. Walker for the<strong>ir</strong> statistical<br />
help and A. LeBlanc and M. Cao for the<strong>ir</strong> technical assistance.<br />
Gauta 2006-11-09<br />
Parengta spausdinti 2006-12-11<br />
References<br />
1. Caprio J. M. and Quamme H. A., Weather conditions associated with apple production<br />
in the Okanagan Valley of British Columbia. Can. J. Plant Sci. 1999. 79. P. 129–137.<br />
2. Kaye C. and Guy C. L. Perspective of plant cold tolerance; physiology and molecular<br />
responses. Sci. Prog. 1995. 78. P. 271–299.<br />
3. McCullagh P. and Nelder J. A. Generalized Linear Models, Chapman and Hall,<br />
London, 1983.<br />
4. Privé J.-P., Caprio J. M., Quamme H. A. and Embree C. Weather conditions associated<br />
with apple production in the Annapolis Valley of Nova Scotia and the Okanagan<br />
Valley of British Columbia. Proc. of the 11 th Atlantic Region Hydrotechnical Conference.<br />
2000. p. 33 (Abstr.)<br />
5. Privé J.-P., Embree C.G. Freezing media affects cooling rate and regrowth of KSC28<br />
apple rootstocks. Can. J. Plant Sci. 1997. 77. P. 461–471.<br />
6. Privé J.-P., LeBlanc A. Apple and small fruits research report. AAFC technical<br />
report no 99–01. 1999. 77 pp.<br />
7. Privé J.-P., Zhang M. I. N. Estimating cold stress in ‘Beautiful Arcade’ apple roots<br />
using electrical impedance analysis. HortTech. 1996. 6. P. 54–58.<br />
8. Repo T., Zhang M. I. N. Modelling woody plant tissues using a distributed electrical<br />
c<strong>ir</strong>cuit. J. Expt. Bot. 1993. 44. P. 977–982.<br />
9. Zhang M. I. N., Willison J. H. M. Electrical impedance analysis in plant tissues: In<br />
vivo detection of freezing injury. Can. J. Bot. 1992. 70. P. 2<strong>25</strong>4–2<strong>25</strong>8.<br />
10. Zhang M. I. N., Willison J. H. M., Xiao X. and Cheung C. H. Membrane-damage<br />
due to freeze-thaw stress in enhanced by post-thaw immersion in hypotonic solution.<br />
Can. J. Plant Sci. 1994. 74. P. 357–358.<br />
102
SODININKYSTË IR DARÞININKYSTË. MOKSLO DARBAI. 2006. <strong>25</strong>(4).<br />
OBELØ POSKIEPIØ ATSPARUMO ÐALÈIUI TYRIMAI<br />
J.-P. Privé<br />
Santrauka<br />
Ðiuo bandymu t<strong>ir</strong>ti trys esminiai obelø atsparumo ðalèiui ávertinimo metodai:<br />
1) viso augalo ðaldymas kontroliuojamomis sàlygomis þemø vidurþiemio temperatûrø<br />
paþeidimams ávertinti, 2) elektrinës varþos spektrometrija (Z) pasikartojanèiø uþðalimo-atðilimo<br />
ciklø daromiems paþeidimams ávertinti, 3) kontroliuojamas ðaldymas<br />
obelø sëjinukø populiacijoms bûdingø bruoþø kaupimui palengvinti. Ðio darbo tikslas<br />
– atsparumo ðalèiui vertinimo metodø ávertinimas, apibendrinimas, o ne rezultatai,<br />
gauti naudojant ðiuos metodus. P<strong>ir</strong>masis metodas árodo, kad augalo m<strong>ir</strong>tingumas <strong>ir</strong><br />
ligotumas, ðaknø, kamieno <strong>ir</strong> ðakø ataugimas yra tinkami rodikliai nustatant atsparumà<br />
þiemos ðalèiams. Ðaknø prieaugis jautriausias þemoms temperatûroms. Ðie duomenys<br />
pagrásti stipria koreliacija tarp laboratoriniø <strong>ir</strong> lauko bandymø, atliktø 2004<br />
metø þiemà Niujorke, JAV. Antruoju (Z) metodu ávertintas làsteliø atsparumas Ottawa<br />
3 poskiepio obelø ðaknyse, veiktose vienu, dviem <strong>ir</strong> trimis ðaldymo-atðildymo<br />
ciklais, keièiant -3, -6, -9 <strong>ir</strong> -12°C temperatûras. Didelis taip veikiamø poskiepiø<br />
ðaknø audiniø vientisumo sumaþëjimas rodo, kad ðaldymo-ðildymo ciklø padaryta<br />
þala daug didesnë nei nuolatinio ðaldymo. Treèiasis metodas naudotas atliekant obelø<br />
sëjinukø atsparumo ðalèiui tyrimus. Didelëms populiacijoms bûdingø bruoþø sukaupimas<br />
padidina ðalèiui atspariø veisliø efektyvumà.<br />
Reikðminiai þodþiai: ataugimas, elektrinës varþos spektroskopija, obelys, sëjinukø<br />
testavimas, ðalèio stresas, viso augalo ðaldymas.<br />
103
LIETUVOS SODININKYSTËS IR DARÞININKYSTËS INSTITUTO IR<br />
LIETUVOS ÞEMËS ÛKIO UNIVERSITETO MOKSLO DARBAI.<br />
SODININKYSTË IR DARÞININKYSTË. 2006. <strong>25</strong>(4).<br />
MIÐKINËS OBELS (MALUS SYLVESTRIS MILL.)<br />
SKIRIAMIEJI YPATUMAI<br />
Raimundas PETROKAS<br />
Lietuvos miðkø institutas, Liepø 1, LT-53101, G<strong>ir</strong>ionys, Kauno r.<br />
El. paðtas raimundaspetrokas@myway.com<br />
Pavelas DUCHOVSKIS<br />
Lietuvos sodininkystës <strong>ir</strong> darþininkystës institutas, LT-54333, Babtai, Kauno r.<br />
El. paðtas p.duchovskis@lsdi.lt<br />
Lapø peroksidazës izofermentinës sudëties kaitos fone buvo nagrinëjami miðkinës<br />
obels (Malus sylvestris Mill.) vaisiø dengiamosios spalvos ypatumai. Darbo objektas<br />
– miðke aptiktos savaime plintanèios obelys <strong>ir</strong> jø trimeèiai generatyviniai palikuonys,<br />
iðauginti LSDI medelyne. T<strong>ir</strong>iant peroksidazës þymenis, ávertintas jos izoformø<br />
elektroforetinis mobilumas bei t<strong>ir</strong>tø ðeimø spektrai. Nustatyta, kad miðkiniø<br />
obelø, kuriø vaisiai neturi dengiamosios spalvos, visø palikuoniø peroksidazës spektruose<br />
nëra izoformø, kuriø Rf = 0,43, o laukinës obels sk<strong>ir</strong>iamuoju poþymiu reikëtø<br />
laikyti peroksidazës izoformà, kurios Rf = 0,67. Vaisiø dengiamosios spalvos nebuvimas<br />
taip pat yra sk<strong>ir</strong>iamasis Malus sylvestris Mill. medþiø, auganèiø ne tik miðke, bet<br />
<strong>ir</strong> atv<strong>ir</strong>ose vietose bei pamiðkëse, poþymis.<br />
Reikðminiai þodþiai: fenotipas, miðkinë obelis, peroksidazës izoformos.<br />
Ávadas. Manoma, kad ðalèiui atspari miðkinë obelis (Malus sylvestris Mill.) ats<strong>ir</strong>ado<br />
antrojo ledynmeèio epochoje ið Malus orientalis Uglitz., iðplitusios ið Kaukazo á<br />
ðiauræ (Ñêèáèíñêàÿ, 1966). Miðkinës obels kilmës centras – tarp iðtisinio ledyno<br />
Dnepro <strong>ir</strong> Dono lieþuviø – Kursko, Voroneþo sritys. Traukiantis ledynui, miðkinës<br />
obelys iðplito á ðiauræ iki Karelijos sàsmaukos <strong>ir</strong> á Europà. Miðkinë obelis prarado<br />
plaukuotumà, kuris bûdingas jos protëviams (Malus orientalis Uglitz.), kilusiems ið<br />
Malus sieversii (Ledeb.) M. Roem. – sekcijos Eumalus Zbl. tikrosios obels, iðsisk<strong>ir</strong>ianèios<br />
savo poþymiø pastovumu. Bûdingiausias M. sieversii poþymis – antocianinas,<br />
esantis ðakø þievëje, lapø gyslose <strong>ir</strong> koteliuose, iðtisinë violetiðkai raudona nokstanèiø<br />
<strong>ir</strong> raudona prinokusiø vaisiø spalva. Ið Malus orientalis Uglitz. miðkinë obelis<br />
galëjo paveldëti pradiná jaunø ûgliø augimo taðkø plaukuotumà, horizontalø lapø iðsidëstymà<br />
apatinëse ðakose (kad efektyviau vyktø fotosintezë drëgnoje miðko tankmëje),<br />
stiprø lajos ðakojimàsi bei vëlyvesná derëjimà. Kai kuriø autoriø (Ñàìèãóëëèí <strong>ir</strong><br />
kt., 1994) duomenimis, genetiðkai M. sylvestris artimiausia Ðiaurës Kaukazo <strong>ir</strong> Vidu-<br />
104
inës Azijos rûðims – M. orientalis <strong>ir</strong> M. sieversii (1 pav.), o maþiausias genetinis<br />
atstumas nustatytas iki Malus sieversii (Ledeb.) M. Roem. – pagrindinio M. domestica<br />
p<strong>ir</strong>mtako (Forte <strong>ir</strong> kt., 2001).<br />
1 pav. Galimi giminystës ryðiai tarp Malus rûðiø. D – nukrentantys taurëlapiai, P –<br />
iðliekantys taurëlapiai, L – skiautëti lapai, NL – beskiauèiai lapai, G – yra sklereidþiø,<br />
NG – nëra sklereidþiø (Juniper <strong>ir</strong> kt., 1999)<br />
Fig. 1. Possible relationships between Malus species. D – calyx deciduous, P – calyx<br />
persistent, L – leaves lobed, NL – leaves not lobed, G – grit cells, NG – no grit cells<br />
Antrinë, arba dengiamoji, obels vaisiø spalva priklauso nuo daþanèiø medþiagø<br />
gausumo odelës làstelëse (Tuinyla <strong>ir</strong> kt., 1990). Massimo Pigliucci (1996) raðo, kad<br />
augalai, kuriø áprastos augavietës yra ten, kur nuolatinës paunksmës nëra, patekæ á<br />
paunksmæ su maþu raudonøjø <strong>ir</strong> infraraudonøjø spinduliø santykiu, slopina chlorofilo<br />
<strong>ir</strong> antriniø pigmentø sintezæ. Taigi iðeitø, kad miðko radavietëse kultûriniø obelø vaisiai<br />
gali neturëti dengiamosios spalvos.<br />
Biocheminiuose procesuose, kuriø katalizatoriai – fermentai, atsispindi augalø<br />
reakcija á aplinkos veiksnius. Fermentø makromolekuliø funkciniai elementai yra ið<br />
dalies arba visiðkai savarankiðki to paties baltymo polipeptidai – domenai. Augalø<br />
peroksidaziø makromolekules paprastai sudaro du tokie domenai (Rosby, 2000, Aucla<strong>ir</strong>,<br />
2004), todël juos gali nulemti ne tik to paties geno subvienetai, bet <strong>ir</strong> sk<strong>ir</strong>tingi,<br />
nealeliniai genai. Peroksidazës katalizuojamø biocheminiø reakcijø efektas gali bûti<br />
prisk<strong>ir</strong>iamas genams modifikatoriams, komplementariems genams arba netgi poligenams.<br />
Peroksidazë (1.11.1.7.) priklauso oksidoreduktaziø klasës fermentams (Glemþa,<br />
1987). Pagal jos izoformø kitimà lapø ekstraktuose identifikuojamos obelø veislës <strong>ir</strong><br />
rûðys (Vinterhalter, James, 1982, Ìàëû÷åíêî, Ãðóøèí, 1986, Barnes, 1993, Manganaris,<br />
Alston, 1993, Gelvonauskis, Ðikðnianienë, 2001). Tø paèiø organø izofermentø<br />
sudëtá atitinkamame ontogenezës etape lemia tik genotipas (Êîíàðåâ, 1987).<br />
Darbo tikslas – nustatyti miðkinës obels vaisiø fenotipinius ypatumus lapø peroksidazës<br />
izofermentinës sudëties kaitos fone.<br />
Tyrimo objektas <strong>ir</strong> metodai. Siekiant iðt<strong>ir</strong>ti miðkinës obels genotipiná kintamumà,<br />
buvo ávertinti 27 generatyvinës brandos medþiai (1 lentelë). 1997–1999 m. surinkti<br />
jø prinokæ vaisiai – maþiausiai po trisdeðimt nuo kiekvienos obels. Ið sëklø<br />
Lietuvos sodininkystës <strong>ir</strong> darþininkystës institute (LSDI) buvo iðauginti 27 ðeimø<br />
sëjinukai. Peroksidazës izofermentinës sudëties kaita t<strong>ir</strong>ta septyniø ðeimø trimeèiø<br />
105
sodinukø (108 genotipai) lapuose. Ðiam tyrimui pagal motininiø medþiø fenotipinio<br />
ávertinimo rezultatus buvo parinktos tokios miðke aptiktø obelø ðeimos: tipiðkos miðkinës<br />
obels Nr. 3, miðkinës obels Nr. 22, kuri turëjo pagrindinio Malus domestica Borkh.<br />
p<strong>ir</strong>mtako – Malus sieversii (Ledeb.) M. Roem. – poþymiø, Nr. 18 bei Nr. 13, miðke<br />
aptiktos kultûrinës kilmës obels Nr. 1, seniausios (~70 m. amþiaus) netikrojo branduolio<br />
neturëjusios miðkinës obels Nr. 4 <strong>ir</strong> miðko gilumoje uþaugusios obels Nr. 23 ðeimos.<br />
Motininë obelis Nr. 1 <strong>ir</strong> Nr. 3 auga Vaiðvydavos g<strong>ir</strong>ininkijoje, Nr. 4 – Ðilënø, Nr. 13 –<br />
Balskø, Nr. 18 – Stempliø, Nr. 22 – Lanèiûnavos <strong>ir</strong> Nr. 23 – Ðilinës g<strong>ir</strong>ininkijoje. Miðkinës<br />
obels sk<strong>ir</strong>iamieji poþymiai, kuriais vadovaujantis atrinkti motininiai medþiai, buvo<br />
ðie: 2–2,5 cm ploèio vaisiai, rutuliðki arba plokðti, gelsvi, be dengiamosios spalvos arba<br />
rausvaðoniai, vaiskoèio <strong>ir</strong> vaisiaus ilgiø santykis = 1, ûgliai ploni, trumpaûgliai baigiasi<br />
dygliu (dygliaûgliai), pumpurai <strong>ir</strong> lapai pliki, lapø ilgis < 6 cm, plotis < 4 cm (Öåòòåðìàí,<br />
1950, Ëèõîíîñ, 1963, Íîâèêîâ, 1965, Wagner, 1995 bei tyrimø medþiaga). Fenotipiniø<br />
poþymiø ypatumai tipiðkose miðkinës obels radavietëse ávertinti pagal tyrimui parengtus<br />
morfologiniø poþymiø deskriptorius (Petrokas, 2002).<br />
Sodinukø lapø peroksidazës izofermentinës sudëties tyrimas atliktas LSDI Augalø<br />
fiziologijos laboratorijoje 2004 m. liepos II deðimtadiená, nes nustatyta, kad peroksidazës<br />
izoformø kiekis obelø lapuose kinta vegetacijos metu (Gelvonauskis, Ðikðnianienë,<br />
2001), o daugiausia jø <strong>ir</strong> geriausias ryðkumas gelyje – liepos mënesá.<br />
Ëminiø paëmimas <strong>ir</strong> paruoðimas. Lapø (4–6 lapas nuo ûglio v<strong>ir</strong>ðûnës) ëminiai<br />
paimti p<strong>ir</strong>moje dienos pusëje <strong>ir</strong> padëti á laboratorijos ðaldytuvà (anksti ryte, visi vienu<br />
metu). Netrukus 0,<strong>25</strong> g lapo audinio sutrinta trintuvëje ant ledo, pridëta 2 ml trisglicininio<br />
buferio (pH 8,3), 0,015 g askorbo, 0,03 g glutamo rûgðties (izofermentams<br />
stabilizuoti) <strong>ir</strong> 0,05 g polivinylp<strong>ir</strong>olidono (fenoliniams junginiams „suriðti“ – mëginiams<br />
iðgryninti). Obels lapø mëginiai centrifuguoti 4 min. 8000 aps./min. greièiu<br />
kambario temperatûroje. Po to pridëta bromfenolo mëlynojo daþo (daþas parodo elektroforezës<br />
pabaigà).<br />
Elektroforetinis buferis. Tris-glicininis buferis (pH 8,3) – 2-amino-2-(hydroksimetyl)-1,3-propandiolio<br />
(Tris) – 3 g, glicino – 14,4 g – praskiestas distiliuotu vandeniu<br />
iki 500 ml. Naudotas tokios koncentracijos t<strong>ir</strong>palas: 100 ml buferio <strong>ir</strong> 900 ml<br />
vandens.<br />
Poliakrilamidinio gelio gamyba. Poliakrilamidinis nedenatûruojantis gelis ruoðtas<br />
pagal Daviso (1964) metodikà. Koncentruojanèio gelio polimerizacija inicijuota apðvieèiant<br />
t<strong>ir</strong>palà (riboflavinà) ultravioletiniø spinduliø lempa.<br />
Elektroforezë vyko vertikalaus gelio aparate nuo katodo (-) link anodo (+),<br />
srovë – 20 mA, átampa – 120V. Kai daþas pasiekdavo frakcionuojantá gelá, perjungta<br />
40 mA srovë <strong>ir</strong> 220 V átampa. Px izoformos pasiþymi sk<strong>ir</strong>tingu elektrostatiniu krûviu,<br />
todël elektriniame lauke juda sk<strong>ir</strong>tingu greièiu <strong>ir</strong> po tam tikrà laikotarpá trukusios<br />
elektroforezës gelyje uþima sk<strong>ir</strong>tingas pozicijas.<br />
Gelio daþymas. Peroksidazës (Px) izoformos elektroforegramose iðryðkintos<br />
pagal modifikuotà Jaaska (1972) metodikà.<br />
Pagal peroksidazës izoformø pozicijas, po elektroforezës iðryðkintas gelyje, elektroforegramose<br />
buvo apskaièiuotas jø elektroforetinis mobilumas (dviem pakartojimais)<br />
pagal formulæ Rf = r i<br />
R -1 , kur: r i<br />
– atstumas nuo frakcionuojanèio gelio pradþios<br />
iki izofermento pozicijos; R – atstumas nuo sk<strong>ir</strong>iamojo gelio pradþios iki bromfenolio<br />
mëlynojo juostos gelio apaèioje.<br />
106
1 lentelë. Generatyvinæ brandà pasiekusios Pietvakariø <strong>ir</strong> Vidurio Lietuvos miðkinës<br />
obelys, kuriø palikuonys iðauginti LSDI medelyne<br />
Table 1. Data of mature wild apple trees from the forests of southwestern and central<br />
Lithuania, which progeny was grown in LIH nursery-garden<br />
Medžio<br />
Nr.<br />
Tree<br />
No.<br />
15<br />
16<br />
8<br />
26<br />
23<br />
9<br />
10<br />
11<br />
19<br />
14<br />
3<br />
27<br />
20<br />
13<br />
22<br />
24<br />
<strong>25</strong><br />
4<br />
Radavietë<br />
Habitat<br />
M. pakelë<br />
F. roadside<br />
Miškas<br />
Forest<br />
M. pakelë<br />
F. roadside<br />
Miškas<br />
Forest<br />
Miškas<br />
Forest<br />
M. pakelë<br />
F. roadside<br />
Miškas<br />
Forest<br />
Pamiðkë<br />
F. edge<br />
Miškas<br />
Forest<br />
Miškas<br />
Forest<br />
Miškas<br />
Forest<br />
Miškas<br />
Forest<br />
Miškas<br />
Forest<br />
Miškas<br />
Forest<br />
Miškas<br />
Forest<br />
Miškas<br />
Forest<br />
M. pakelë<br />
F. roadside<br />
Pamiðkë<br />
F. edge<br />
Amžiaus kl.<br />
Age class<br />
(10 yr)<br />
III<br />
IV<br />
V<br />
D 1,3 ,<br />
cm<br />
H, m<br />
H /<br />
H LAJOS/<br />
107<br />
CROWN<br />
H /<br />
D LAJOS/<br />
CROWN<br />
13 5 1,42 1,00<br />
16 8 1,14 2,00<br />
13 8 1,33 1,33<br />
13 10 1,11 1,81<br />
10 11 1,37 2,20<br />
21 11 1,22 2,20<br />
11 7 1,75 1,40<br />
14 10 1,42 2,22<br />
16 12 1,20 2,66<br />
17 14 1,40 2,15<br />
15 14 1,16 3,11<br />
24 14 2,00 2,54<br />
15,5 11 1,22 2,00<br />
12 13 1,18 2,60<br />
13 13 1,18 5,20<br />
14 14 1,40 2,54<br />
VI 29 17 1,41 3,09<br />
VII <strong>25</strong> 12 1,20 2,40<br />
Stiebo<br />
išreikštumas<br />
Stem expression<br />
Iki 3/4 lajos<br />
Up to ¾ of crown<br />
height<br />
Iki v<strong>ir</strong>ðûnës<br />
Up to the tree top<br />
Iki 1/2 lajos<br />
Up to ½ of crown<br />
height<br />
Iki 1/2 lajos<br />
Up to 1/2 of<br />
crown height<br />
Iki 1/2 lajos<br />
Up to ½ of<br />
crown height<br />
Iki lajos<br />
Up to the crown<br />
basis<br />
Iki 3/4 lajos<br />
Up to ¾ of crown<br />
height<br />
Iki 1/2 lajos<br />
Up to 1/2 of<br />
crown height<br />
Iki 3/4 lajos<br />
Up to ¾ of crown<br />
height<br />
Iki 3/4 lajos<br />
Up to ¾ of crown<br />
height<br />
Iki v<strong>ir</strong>ðûnës<br />
Up to the tree<br />
top<br />
Iki 1/2 lajos<br />
Up to 1/2 of<br />
crown height<br />
Iki lajos<br />
Up to the crown<br />
basis<br />
Iki 3/4 lajos<br />
Up to ¾ of<br />
crown height<br />
Iki lajos<br />
Up to the crown<br />
basis<br />
Keli stiebai<br />
Few stems from<br />
the ground<br />
Iki 3/4 lajos<br />
Up to ¾ of crown<br />
height<br />
Branduolio<br />
bûklë<br />
Heartwood<br />
condition<br />
Patamsëjæs<br />
Dark<br />
Nëra<br />
Indiscernible<br />
Patamsëjæs<br />
Dark<br />
Nëra<br />
Indiscernible<br />
Átrûnijæs<br />
Rotten<br />
Patamsëjæs<br />
Dark<br />
Patamsëjæs/<br />
Dark<br />
Patamsëjæs<br />
Dark<br />
Patamsëjæs<br />
Dark<br />
Patamsëjæs<br />
Dark<br />
Šviesus<br />
Pale<br />
Šviesus<br />
Pale<br />
Patamsëjæs<br />
Dark<br />
Šviesus<br />
Pale<br />
Šviesus<br />
Pale<br />
Patamsëjæs<br />
Dark<br />
Šviesus<br />
Pale<br />
Iki lajos<br />
Nëra<br />
Up to the crown<br />
Indiscernible<br />
basis<br />
Pastaba: paryðkintu ðriftu paþymëti medþiai, kuriø palikuoniø lapuose t<strong>ir</strong>tos peroksidazës þymenos.<br />
Note: female-trees, which progeny was examined with the aid of peroxidase analysis, are in bold.
Rezultatai. Prielaida, kad miðko radavietëse vaisiai neturi dengiamosios spalvos<br />
<strong>ir</strong> tai <strong>ir</strong> yra sk<strong>ir</strong>iamasis miðkinës obels poþymis (2 lentelë), neatitinka mokslo<br />
literatûroje pateikto miðkinës obels apraðymo (Öåòòåðìàí, 1950, Ëèõîíîñ, 1963,<br />
Íîâèêîâ, 1965, Wagner, 1995). Matyt, pagrindinis dengiamosios spalvos nebuvimo<br />
veiksnys yra apðvietimo pobûdis miðkinës obels gamtinëse augavietëse – netiesioginë,<br />
iðsklaidyta saulës ðviesa <strong>ir</strong> nepalankus raudonøjø <strong>ir</strong> infraraudonøjø spinduliø<br />
santykis dël kaimyniniø augalø, sugerianèiø fotosintetiðkai aktyvius raudonuosius spindulius<br />
(Pigliucci 1996, Du Preez <strong>ir</strong> kt., 2004), bei ultravioletiniø spinduliø (370 nm)<br />
trûkumas. Taèiau reakcijos á tiesioginá saulës apðvietimà (Tuinyla <strong>ir</strong> kt., 1990) <strong>ir</strong><br />
antocianino produkcijos didëjimo galimybës koncepcijà paneigia obels Nr. 18 (Ðilutës<br />
miðkø urëdija, Stempliø g<strong>ir</strong>ininkija), auganèios atv<strong>ir</strong>oje vietoje, poþymiai – jos<br />
vaisiai <strong>ir</strong>gi neturëjo dengiamosios spalvos. Galbût visai neatsitiktinai peroksidazës<br />
izoformos, kuriø Rf = 0,55 <strong>ir</strong> Rf = 0,67, buvo visø ðios obels palikuoniø spektruose,<br />
sk<strong>ir</strong>tingai nuo kitø t<strong>ir</strong>tø kultûrinës kilmës <strong>ir</strong> miðkiniø obelø ðeimø (3 lentelë, 2 pav.).<br />
Dengiamosios spalvos taip pat neturëjo miðkiniø obelø Nr. 13 <strong>ir</strong> Nr. 3 vaisiai. Në<br />
vienas ið trijø minëtø obelø palikuoniø neturëjo lapø peroksidazës izoformø, kuriø<br />
Rf = 0,43 <strong>ir</strong> Rf = 0,63. Kad bûtø nustatyta, kaip tai susijæ su dengiamosios spalvos<br />
nebuvimu, reikëtø tolesnio tyrimo. Kita vertus, maþai yra obelø veisliø (‘Paprastasis<br />
antaninis’, ‘Popierinis’), kuriø obuoliai bûna vienspalviai, <strong>ir</strong> panaðu, kad dengiamosios<br />
spalvos nebuvimas yra sk<strong>ir</strong>iamasis miðkinës obels medþiø, auganèiø ne tik miðke,<br />
bet <strong>ir</strong> atv<strong>ir</strong>ose vietose bei pamiðkëse (miðkinë obelis Nr. 18 <strong>ir</strong> Nr. 4 – 1 lentelë),<br />
poþymis.<br />
2 lentelë. Savaime plintanèiø obelø vaisiø áva<strong>ir</strong>ovë<br />
Table 2. Spine bearing and fruit diversity of wild apples<br />
Medžio<br />
Nr.<br />
Tree No.<br />
26*<br />
27*<br />
23<br />
22<br />
14<br />
<strong>25</strong><br />
3, 8<br />
15<br />
11<br />
24<br />
Ðakeliø<br />
dygliuotumas<br />
Spine bearing<br />
Dygliaûgliai<br />
Pointed shoots<br />
Dygliaûgliai<br />
Pointed shoots<br />
Dygliaûgliai<br />
Pointed shoots<br />
Dygliai<br />
Spines<br />
Dygliai<br />
Spines<br />
Dygliai<br />
Spines<br />
Dygliai<br />
Spines<br />
Dygliai<br />
Spines<br />
Dygliai<br />
Spines<br />
Nëra<br />
Absent<br />
Vaisiø forma<br />
Fruit shape<br />
Plokšèia<br />
Flat<br />
Plokšèia<br />
Flat<br />
Kriaušiška<br />
Pear-shaped<br />
Plokšèia<br />
Flat<br />
Plokšèia<br />
Flat<br />
Rutuliška<br />
Globular<br />
Rutuliška<br />
Globular<br />
Kûgiðka<br />
Conic<br />
Kiaušiniška<br />
Ovoid<br />
Plokšèia<br />
Flat<br />
Pagrindinë<br />
vaisiø spalva<br />
Fruit ground<br />
colour<br />
Geltona<br />
Yellow<br />
Gelsva<br />
Yellowish<br />
Žalia<br />
Green<br />
Gelsva<br />
Yellowish<br />
Žalia<br />
Green<br />
Geltona<br />
Yellow<br />
Gelsva<br />
Yellowish<br />
Gelsva<br />
Yellowish<br />
Gelsva<br />
Yellowish<br />
Gelsva<br />
Yellowish<br />
Dengiamoji<br />
vaisiø spalva<br />
Fruit over colour<br />
Nëra<br />
Absent<br />
Nëra<br />
Absent<br />
Nëra<br />
Absent<br />
Rausva<br />
Reddish<br />
Nëra<br />
Absent<br />
Nëra<br />
Absent<br />
Nëra<br />
Absent<br />
Nëra<br />
Absent<br />
Nëra<br />
Absent<br />
Nëra<br />
Absent<br />
-<br />
-<br />
-<br />
Dengiamosios<br />
spalvos pobûdis<br />
Pattern of over<br />
colour<br />
Šonai<br />
Sides<br />
-<br />
-<br />
-<br />
-<br />
-<br />
-<br />
108
17<br />
19<br />
13*<br />
4**<br />
6*<br />
1<br />
7<br />
9<br />
16, 20<br />
10<br />
5<br />
18<br />
Absent Flat Yellowish Absent<br />
Nëra<br />
Plokšèia Gelsva Geltona<br />
Absent Flat Yellowish Yellow<br />
Nëra<br />
Rutuliška Geltona Nëra<br />
Absent Globular Yellow Absent<br />
Nëra<br />
Rutuliška Gelsva Nëra<br />
Absent Globular Yellowish Absent<br />
Nëra<br />
Rutuliška Gelsva Nëra<br />
Absent Globular Yellowish Absent<br />
Nëra<br />
Rutuliška Gelsva Geltona<br />
Absent Globular Yellowish Yellow<br />
Nëra<br />
Rutuliška Gelsva Rausva<br />
Absent Globular Yellowish Reddish<br />
Nëra<br />
Rutuliška Žalsva Geltona<br />
Absent Globular Greenish Yellow<br />
Nëra<br />
Rutuliška Žalsva Rausva<br />
Absent Globular Greenish Reddish<br />
Nëra<br />
Rutuliška Žalia Nëra<br />
Absent Globular Green Absent<br />
Nëra<br />
Kûgiðka Žalsva Nëra<br />
Absent Conic Greenish Absent<br />
Nëra<br />
Kiaušiniška Gelsva Nëra<br />
Absent Ovoid Yellowish Absent<br />
Nëra<br />
Kriaušiška Geltona Nëra<br />
Absent Pear-shaped Yellow Absent<br />
Šonai<br />
Sides<br />
-<br />
-<br />
-<br />
Šonai<br />
Sides<br />
Dëmës<br />
Spots<br />
Šonai<br />
Sides<br />
Dëmës<br />
Spots<br />
-<br />
-<br />
-<br />
-<br />
*Lapø apaèioje reti plaukeliai / Sparse pubescence on the underneath of leaves<br />
**Lapø apaèia plaukuota / Pubescence on the underneath of leaves<br />
2 pav. Obels Nr. 18 palikuoniø lapø peroksidazës izofermentø elektroforegrama<br />
Fig. 2. The progeny of wild apple tree No. 18: peroxidase ‘runs’ in polyacrylamide gels<br />
109
Aptarimas. Paþymëtina, kad obelis Nr. 18, kitais savo poþymiais visiðkai nepanaði<br />
á kultûrinës kilmës obelis (tokias kaip, pavyzdþiui, Nr. 1), iðaugino miðkinëms<br />
obelims nebûdingus kriauðiðkus vaisius (2 lentelë). Neolito epochos iðkasenose aptikti<br />
p<strong>ir</strong>mykðtës Malus sylvestris vaisiai (4 lentelë) – taip pat kriauðiðkos (arba apvalios)<br />
formos (Klichowska, 1990). Neolito (prieð 11 200 m.) <strong>ir</strong> Bronzos (prieð 4500 m.)<br />
epochø Europos gyventojai vaisius skynë iðimtinai nuo laukiniø medþiø (Hopf, 1973,<br />
Schweingruber, 1979, Zohary, Hopf, 1988, Dolatowski, 1990), kita vertus, Linnaeus’as<br />
(1753) pripaþino tik keturias Maloideae poðeimio gentis: tuo metu obelys<br />
laikytos Pyrus genties rûðimis. Gal visi ðie faktai turi „bendrà vardiklá“ Jeigu taip,<br />
tuomet lapø peroksidazës izoformà, kurios Rf = 0,67, reikëtø laikyti sk<strong>ir</strong>iamuoju<br />
Malus sylvestris Mill. poþymiu, nes tokiø izoformø nebuvo në viename kultûrinës<br />
kilmës obels Nr. 1 <strong>ir</strong> obels Nr. 22 palikuoniø spektre. Obelis Nr. 22 (1 lentelë) Këdainiø<br />
urëdijos Lanèiûnavos g<strong>ir</strong>ininkijoje aptikta miðko masyve esanèioje k<strong>ir</strong>tavietëje.<br />
Ðios obels aukðèio <strong>ir</strong> lajos ploèio santykis buvo iðsk<strong>ir</strong>tinai didelis, be to, ji augo viena<br />
tarp kitø medþiø. Jos iðsivystæ lapai plaèiai elipsiðki <strong>ir</strong> stori, iki 9,5 cm ilgio (lapkotis<br />
iki 4 cm) <strong>ir</strong> iki 6 cm ploèio, lapo kotelis priaugimo vietoje lenktas. Panaðaus dydþio<br />
lapai buvo <strong>ir</strong> lajos v<strong>ir</strong>ðutinëje, <strong>ir</strong> apatinëje dalyje. Obels pagrindinës lapø gyslos, lapkoèiai<br />
<strong>ir</strong> nokstantys vaisiai – su violetiðkai raudonu atspalviu, o metûgiai – rausvai<br />
rudi. Tai rodo, kad ði obelis galëjo turëti iðryðkëjusiø Malus sieversii (Ledeb.) M.<br />
Roem. poþymiø. M. sieversii – pagrindinis M. domestica p<strong>ir</strong>mtakas (Forte <strong>ir</strong> kt.,<br />
2001). Ðios obels, kaip <strong>ir</strong> kultûrinës kilmës obels Nr. 1, palikuoniø spektruose nebuvo<br />
lapø peroksidazës izoformø, kuriø Rf – 0,67, 0,73 <strong>ir</strong> 0,77 (3 lentelë).<br />
Šeimos<br />
Nr.<br />
Progeny<br />
No.<br />
3 lentelë. Obels ðeimø sk<strong>ir</strong>tumai pagal lapø peroksidazës izoformø<br />
elektroforetiná mobilumà Rf<br />
Table 3. Specificity of peroxidase isoforms in apple leaf extracts according to<br />
relative mobility of bands Rf<br />
Kiekis,<br />
vnt.<br />
Number<br />
Px izoformø Rf vertës/ Rf values<br />
0,<strong>25</strong> 0,43 0,49 0,55 0,60 0,63 0,65 0,67 0,73 0,77 0,84 0,90<br />
3 11 N N N<br />
18 20 N V N V<br />
13 22 N N<br />
4 20 N<br />
22 11 N N N N N N<br />
23 9 N N V N N N N<br />
1 11 N N N N N<br />
Pastaba: V – Px izoforma bûdinga visiems palikuonims, N – izoformos neturëjo në vienas ið<br />
palikuoniø, tuðti langeliai – Px izoformà turëjo kai kurie palikuonys.<br />
Note: V – isoform detected in a whole progeny, N – missing isoform, empty cells – isoform<br />
detected in the part of progeny.<br />
110
4 lentelë. Ðveicarijoje Neolito epochos iðkasenose aptiktø Malus sylvestris<br />
vaisiø forma <strong>ir</strong> vidutiniai matmenys (Klichowska, 1990)<br />
Table 4. Malus sylvestris fruit shape and mean measurements of fruits from<br />
Neolithic Switzerland<br />
Vietovë<br />
Vaisiø forma Vaisiø ilgis, mm Sëklø ilgis, mm<br />
Locality<br />
Fruit shape<br />
Fruit length<br />
Seed length<br />
Auvernier Kriaušiška / Pear-shaped 21,5–<strong>25</strong>,0 7,7–8,0<br />
Burgäschisee-Süd Kriaušiška / Pear-shaped 29,0–34,0 8,2–9,0<br />
Apvali / Globular 22,0–26,0 5,0–6,7<br />
Iðvada. 1. Vaisiø dengiamosios spalvos nebuvimas yra sk<strong>ir</strong>iamasis Malus sylvestris<br />
Mill. poþymis. Tokiu poþymiu taip pat reikëtø laikyti lapø peroksidazës izoformà,<br />
kurios Rf = 0,67.<br />
Gauta 2006-10-24<br />
Parengta spausdinti 2006-12-11<br />
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äëÿ èäåíòèôèêàöèè ôîðì ñîðòà ÿáëîíè ÿíäèêîâñêîé // Áèîëîãèÿ, ÂÈÐ. 1986. Ò. 166.<br />
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29. Öåòòåðìàí Í. Î. Malus praecox // Ôëîðà ÁÑÑÐ. T. 3. Ìèíñê: Àêàäåìèÿ Íàóê<br />
Áåëîðóññêîé ÑÑÐ, 1950. C. 38–39.<br />
112
SODININKYSTË IR DARÞININKYSTË. SCIENTIFIC ARTICLES. 2006. <strong>25</strong>(4).<br />
DISTINCTIVE CHARACTERISTICS OF MALUS<br />
SYLVESTRIS MILL.<br />
R. Petrokas, P. Duchovskis<br />
Summary<br />
The over colour of wild apple fruit was studied in the context of leaf peroxidase<br />
analysis. The th<strong>ir</strong>d-year progenies of wild apple have been selected for the analysis<br />
according to the phenotypic evaluation of different female-trees at the<strong>ir</strong> natural habitats.<br />
The specificity of peroxidase polymorphism of the progenies was revealed.<br />
Peroxidase band at Rf = 0.43 was not detected at all in the progenies of the femaletrees<br />
without fruit over colour. Hypothetically, peroxidase band at Rf = 0.67 and the<br />
absence of fruit over colour are the identification characteristics of Malus sylvestris<br />
Mill. at the inside and outside of forest cover.<br />
Key words: Malus sylvestris Mill., peroxidase polymorphism, phenotype.<br />
113
LIETUVOS SODININKYSTËS IR DARÞININKYSTËS INSTITUTO IR<br />
LIETUVOS ÞEMËS ÛKIO UNIVERSITETO MOKSLO DARBAI.<br />
SODININKYSTË IR DARÞININKYSTË. 2006. <strong>25</strong>(4).<br />
OBELØ LIGØ IR KENKËJØ PLITIMO ÁVERTINIMAS<br />
SKIRTINGOS PRAMONINËS TARÐOS RAJONUOSE<br />
Laisvûnë DUCHOVSKIENË*, Jurga SAKALAUSKAITË*,<br />
Darius KVIKLYS*, Jûratë Bronë ÐIKÐNIANIENË*,<br />
Eugenija KUPÈINSKIENË**<br />
*Lietuvos sodininkystës <strong>ir</strong> darþininkystës institutas, LT-54333, Babtai, Kauno r.<br />
El. paðtas a.valiuskaite@lsdi.lt<br />
**Lietuvos þemës ûkio universitetas, Studentø g. 11, LT-53361 Akademija,<br />
Kauno r., el. paðtas likup@takas.lt<br />
Rajonø, kuriø pramonës ámoniø tarða yra sk<strong>ir</strong>tinga, apylinkëse – prie naftos<br />
perd<strong>ir</strong>bimo ámonës AB „Maþeikiø nafta“, cemento gamyklos AB „Akmenës cementas“<br />
bei azoto tràðø gamyklos AB „Achema“ – atlikti oro terðalø koncentracijos <strong>ir</strong> ligø<br />
bei kenkëjø paþeistø ‘Paprastojo antaninio’ veislës obelø lapø tyrimai. Prie AB „Akmenës<br />
cementas“ <strong>ir</strong> AB „Achema“ SO 2<br />
<strong>ir</strong> NO 2<br />
koncentracijos buvo maþos <strong>ir</strong> prilygo<br />
Lietuvos neuþterðtø vietø koncentracijoms, tik prie AB „Maþeikiø nafta“ SO 2<br />
koncentracija<br />
buvo ðiek tiek didesnë. 2005–2006 m. daugiausia filostiktozës (Phylosticta<br />
mali Prill et Del.) paþeistø lapø buvo Jonavos <strong>ir</strong> N. Akmenës apylinkëse. 2005 m.<br />
lapø chlorozë gausiausiai pas<strong>ir</strong>eiðkë Maþeikiø <strong>ir</strong> Kauno apylinkëse (Babtuose), o kitais<br />
metais ðios ligos paþeistø lapø daugiausia aptikta Maþeikiø, N. Akmenës apylinkëse.<br />
Obelø raupliø (Venturia inaequalis (Cooke) Aderh.) aptikta tik Maþeikiø rajone<br />
<strong>ir</strong> prie N. Akmenës. 2006 m. ligø gausumas <strong>ir</strong> intensyvumas buvo kur kas maþesnis<br />
nei pernai. Ið filostiktozës paþeistø lapø buvo iðsk<strong>ir</strong>ti 4 ðios ligos sukëlëjus lydintieji<br />
grybai. 2005–2006 m. lapus grauþianèiøjø kenkëjø paþeidimø visuose uþterðtuose<br />
rajonuose buvo rasta daug, o lapsukiø paþeistø lapø daugiausia aptikta netoli AB<br />
„Maþeikiø nafta“. 2006 m. rasta fitofaginiø <strong>ir</strong> entomofaginiø erkiø bei tripsø, bet jø<br />
buvo negausu. Susumavus ligø ar kenkëjø paþeistus <strong>ir</strong> sveikus lapus tyrimo metais,<br />
paaiðkëjo, kad visuose regionuose, kur didelë tarða, kenkëjø <strong>ir</strong> ligø paþeistø obelø lapø<br />
buvo þymiai daugiau nei Kauno apylinkëse (Babtuose).<br />
Reikðminiai þodþiai: chlorozë, filostiktozë, obelø rauplës, grauþiantieji kenkëjai,<br />
lapsukiai.<br />
Ávadas. Dël þmogaus intensyvios ûkinës veiklos praëjusiame ðimtmetyje atmosferoje<br />
pagausëjo áva<strong>ir</strong>iø oro priemaiðø – NO, NO 2<br />
, SO 2<br />
, NH 3<br />
, O 3<br />
, dulkiø. Atmosferos<br />
terðalø poveikis sumedëjusiems augalams pradëtas nagrinëti t<strong>ir</strong>iant didelës koncentracijos<br />
dujø sukeltas ûmias augalø ligas – chlorozæ, lapø audiniø apm<strong>ir</strong>imà, lapø<br />
114
numetimà (Welburn, 1988). E. Kupèinskienës (2003) duomenimis, t<strong>ir</strong>tame ruoþe<br />
prie AB „Maþeikiø nafta“, AB „Akmenës cementas“, AB „Achema“ SO 2<br />
<strong>ir</strong> rûgðèiø<br />
dujiniø terðalø NO 2<br />
kiekis nuolat kinta. Mokslininkai pripaþásta, kad oro terðalai gali<br />
neigiamai veikti medþiø augimà. Kai kurie autoriai pastebi, kad atmosferos tarðos<br />
poveikis augalams daþniausiai ats<strong>ir</strong>anda tik esant labai didelëms koncentracijoms <strong>ir</strong><br />
pas<strong>ir</strong>eiðkia nedideliu mastu (Manion, Lachance, 1992). Kiti (Bruch, 1985) ilgalaikæ<br />
atmosferos tarðà laiko veiksniu, silpninanèiu medþiø gyvybingumà <strong>ir</strong> kartu maþinanèiu<br />
jø atsparumà kitiems, biotiniams <strong>ir</strong> abiotiniams, veiksniams. Atlikti tyrimai<br />
rodo, kad miesto, pramonës ámoniø ar transporto sukeliama tarða, veikianti kaip<br />
sudëtingas áva<strong>ir</strong>iø kenksmingø medþiagø miðinys, greièiau ardo augalø vaðkinius<br />
pav<strong>ir</strong>ðius, taip pagreitina jø senëjimà, palengvina oro terðalø patekimà á lapus, sudaro<br />
palankesná mikroklimatà patogeniniams grybams, parazitiniams mikroorganizmams<br />
vystytis (Barnes, Brown, 1990). Per paskutiniuosius deðimtmeèius t<strong>ir</strong>tas<br />
gamyklø rûgðèiø terðalø poveikis spygliuoèiams (Turunen, Huttunen, 1990; Krupa,<br />
2003), o sumedëjæ kultûriniai augalai dar labai maþai t<strong>ir</strong>ti (Titus, Kang, 1982). Lietuvoje,<br />
be intensyviø versliniø sodø, yra dar daug ekstensyviø, be to, veisiami<br />
ekologiniai sodai, kuriems pramonës ámoniø tarða yra labai kenksminga (Duchovskis,<br />
1998, Uselis, Kviklys, 1999). Ir praëjusiame, <strong>ir</strong> ðiame deðimtmetyje dël gamybos<br />
apimties bei technologijø kaitos Lietuvos ámonëse mûsø kraðto pramonës objektø<br />
sukeliama oro tarða labai keièiasi, todël <strong>ir</strong> retrospektyviniu, <strong>ir</strong> perspektyviniu<br />
poþiûriu bûtina nuolat stebëti atmosferos tarðà <strong>ir</strong> jos padarinius gyviems <strong>ir</strong> negyviems<br />
ekosistemos elementams (Kupèinskienë, 2000). Tarðos poveiká augalams<br />
netiesiogiai rodo <strong>ir</strong> ligø bei kenkëjø daroma þala lapijai <strong>ir</strong> vaisiams (Jenks, Ashworth,<br />
1999; Krebs, 2001).<br />
Darbo tikslas – iðt<strong>ir</strong>ti, koká poveiká sk<strong>ir</strong>tingos cheminës prigimties pramonës<br />
ámoniø tarða daro ligø <strong>ir</strong> kenkëjø, paþeidþianèiø ‘Paprastojo antaninio’ obelø (Malus<br />
domestica L.) lapus, gausumui <strong>ir</strong> intensyvumui.<br />
Tyrimo vieta, metodai <strong>ir</strong> sàlygos. Tyrimai atlikti 2005–2006 m. liepos–rugpjûèio<br />
mënesiais netoli Lietuvos pramonës ámoniø – naftos perd<strong>ir</strong>bimo AB „Maþeikiø<br />
nafta“, N. Akmenës cemento gamyklos AB „Akmenës cementas“ bei Jonavos azoto<br />
tràðø gamyklos AB „Achema“. Kauno r. (Babtai) pas<strong>ir</strong>inktas kaip kontrolinis, santykinai<br />
maþiau uþterðtas rajonas. Rûgðèiø dujiniø terðalø NO 2<br />
<strong>ir</strong> SO 2<br />
koncentracijos<br />
buvo nustatomos naudojant Didþiojoje Britanijoje pagamintus standartinius difuzinius<br />
vamzdelius. Eksponuojant terðalus, vamzdeliai tv<strong>ir</strong>tai pritv<strong>ir</strong>tinami prie mediniø kuoleliø<br />
1,6 m aukðtyje (Atkins <strong>ir</strong> kt., 1978). Pasibaigus ekspozicijos laikui, neuþkimðti<br />
vamzdeliø galai uþkemðami. Azoto dvideginiui sugerti naudojamas trietanolaminas.<br />
Absorbuojamo NO 2<br />
kiekis nustatomas spektrofotometriðkai. Analizë atlikta LÞÛU<br />
„Tempus“ laboratorijoje Ashenden <strong>ir</strong> Bell metodu (1989). Sieros dvideginio analizë<br />
atlikta Didþiosios Britanijos Gradko International Ltd. laboratorijoje joninës chromatografijos<br />
bûdu (Atkins <strong>ir</strong> kt., 1978). T<strong>ir</strong>ti ekologiðkai auginamo ‘Paprastojo antaninio’<br />
su sëkliniu poskiepiu obelø lapai. Tyrimo objektø atstumas nuo AB „Maþeikiø<br />
nafta“ buvo vienas kilometras rytø kryptimi, nuo AB „Akmenës cementas“ <strong>ir</strong> AB<br />
„Achema“ – du kilometrai ðiaurës vakarø kryptimi. Kiekvienoje vietoje tyrimams pas<strong>ir</strong>inkta<br />
po 2–3 medþius, iðanalizuota po 100 lapø <strong>ir</strong> jungtinis vaisiø bandinys. Ligø <strong>ir</strong><br />
kenkëjø padarytø paþeidimø intensyvumas apskaièiuotas pagal formulæ:<br />
115
R = Σ(n·b)/N, èia:<br />
Σ(n·b) – vienodai paþeistø lapø skaièius <strong>ir</strong> paþeidimo reikðmës sandaugø suma;<br />
N – tikrintø lapø skaièius.<br />
Mikromicetø gentinei sudëèiai nustatyti buvo imti filostiktozës paþeistø lapø fragmentai<br />
<strong>ir</strong> padëti ant PDA mitybinës terpës. Pagal morfologinius kolonijø augimo poþymius<br />
<strong>ir</strong> mikroskopu nustatytos grybø gentys <strong>ir</strong> rûðys. Mikromicetø rûðies aptikimo<br />
daþnis (proc.) apskaièiuotas pagal formulæ: A = B/C·100 (Mèð÷èíê, 1988) (èia: A –<br />
mikromicetø aptikimo daþnis; B – mëginiø skaièius, kuriuose aptikta rûðis; C – bendras<br />
mëginiø skaièius). Rûðys, kuriø aptikimo daþnis yra maþesnis kaip 30 proc.,<br />
prisk<strong>ir</strong>iamos prie atsitiktiniø, didesnis kaip 30 proc. – prie tipiniø, didesnis kaip<br />
50 proc. – prie dominuojanèiø.<br />
Duomenø statistinë analizë atlikta pagal Dunkano kriterijø.<br />
Rezultatai. Prie AB „Akmenës cementas“ bei AB „Achema“ oro terðalø koncentracijos<br />
buvo maþos <strong>ir</strong> prilygo koncentracijoms neuþterðtose Lietuvos vietose<br />
(Ðopauskienë, 1999; Perkauskas, Mikelinskiene, 1998) bei foninëms Europos koncentracijoms<br />
– 2–5 µg m -3 SO 2<br />
<strong>ir</strong> 5–10 µg m -3 NO 2<br />
(Mylona, 1996), tik prie AB<br />
„Maþeikiø nafta“ SO 2<br />
koncentracija buvo didesnë (9,4 µg m -3 ) (1 lentelë).<br />
1 lentelë. Vidutinës mënesio SO 2<br />
(µg m -3 , vidurkiai) <strong>ir</strong> NO 2<br />
(µg m -3 ) koncentracijos ore<br />
Table 1. Mean of monthly a<strong>ir</strong> SO 2<br />
(µg m -3 , averages) and NO 2<br />
(µg m -3 ) concentrations<br />
Oro<br />
priemaišos<br />
Impurity of a<strong>ir</strong><br />
SO 2<br />
NO 2<br />
Tyrimo<br />
metai<br />
Year of<br />
investigation<br />
2005<br />
2005<br />
AB „Maþeikiø<br />
nafta“ – 2 km<br />
9,4<br />
6,0<br />
Atstumas nuo / Distance from<br />
„Akmenës<br />
cementas“ –<br />
3,5 km<br />
2,0<br />
2,6<br />
„Achema“ –<br />
2,5 km<br />
1,0<br />
5,0<br />
2005 m. daugiausia filostiktozës (Phylosticta mali Prill et Del.) paþeistø lapø<br />
buvo Jonavos (100 proc.) rajone <strong>ir</strong> N. Akmenës apylinkëse. Lapø chlorozë labiausiai<br />
pas<strong>ir</strong>eiðkë Maþeikiø <strong>ir</strong> Babtø apylinkëse. Maþiausiai chlorozës aptikta Jonavos azoto<br />
tràðø gamyklos apylinkëse. Obelø raupliø aptikta tik Maþeikiø rajone <strong>ir</strong> prie N. Akmenës<br />
(2 lentelë). Panaðios tendencijos iðliko <strong>ir</strong> 2006 m. Filostiktozë labiausiai pas<strong>ir</strong>eiðkë<br />
<strong>ir</strong> jos intensyvumas buvo didþiausias Jonavos (39 proc.) rajone <strong>ir</strong> N. Akmenës<br />
(32 proc.) apylinkëse (2 lentelë). Chlorozës paþeistø lapø daugiausia aptikta Maþeikiø,<br />
N. Akmenës apylinkëse, Babtø apylinkëse chlorozë visai nepas<strong>ir</strong>eiðkë, sk<strong>ir</strong>tingai<br />
nei 2005 m. Rauplëmis serganèiø lapø daugiausia aptikta netoli Maþeikiø naftos perd<strong>ir</strong>bimo<br />
ámonës. Ligø gausumas <strong>ir</strong> intensyvumas buvo kur kas maþesnis nei 2005<br />
metais, nes liepos mënuo buvo labai karðtas <strong>ir</strong> sausas, dël to ligos maþiau plito.<br />
116
2 lentelë. Obelø ligø paplitimas <strong>ir</strong> intensyvumas Lietuvos pramonës rajonuose<br />
2005–2006 m.<br />
Table 2. Distribution and intensity of apple diseases at industry districts in Lithuania in<br />
2005 and 2006<br />
Rajonas,<br />
apylinkës<br />
District,<br />
surroundings<br />
Maþeikiø<br />
N. Akmenës<br />
Jonavos<br />
Kauno<br />
Maþeikiø<br />
N. Akmenës<br />
Jonavos<br />
Kauno<br />
Paþeista lapø<br />
Damaged leaves, %<br />
filostiktozë chlorozë<br />
leaf spot chlorosis<br />
40 b<br />
95 a<br />
100 a<br />
50 b<br />
21 c<br />
32 b<br />
39 a<br />
<strong>25</strong> c<br />
36 a<br />
28 a<br />
19 b<br />
36 a<br />
19 a<br />
21 a<br />
9 b<br />
0 c<br />
Paþeista vaisiø<br />
Damaged fruits, %<br />
obelø rauplës<br />
apple scab<br />
2005 m.<br />
20 a<br />
10 b<br />
0<br />
0<br />
2006 m.<br />
2 a<br />
1 b<br />
0 c<br />
0 c<br />
filostiktozë<br />
leaf spot<br />
0,8 b<br />
1,91 a<br />
2,23 a<br />
0,69 b<br />
0,22 b<br />
0,68 a<br />
0,64 a<br />
0,26 b<br />
Ligø intensyvumas balais<br />
Disease intensity, points<br />
chlorozë<br />
chlorosis<br />
0,56 a<br />
0,46 b<br />
0,29 c<br />
0,45 b<br />
0,39 a<br />
0,36 a<br />
0,19 b<br />
0 c<br />
obelø rauplës<br />
apple scab<br />
0,2 a<br />
0,1 a<br />
0<br />
0<br />
0,02 a<br />
0,01 ab<br />
0 b<br />
0 b<br />
Reikðmës, paþymëtos tomis paèiomis raidëmis, pagal Dunkano kriterijø (P = 0,05) ið esmës<br />
nesisk<strong>ir</strong>ia / Means followed by the same letter in a column are not significantly different<br />
according to Duncan’s multiple range test (P = 0.05)<br />
Tyrimai in vitro parodë, kad daugumà aptiktø mikromicetø galima prisk<strong>ir</strong>ti prie<br />
atsitiktiniø rûðiø, nes jø aptikimo daþnis ne didesnis kaip 30 proc. (3 lentelë). Iðsiskyrë<br />
tik Jonavos r., kur ið paþeistø obelø lapø buvo iðsk<strong>ir</strong>ti mikromicetai, priklausantys<br />
Alternaria genèiai, <strong>ir</strong> pagal aptikimo daþná (50 proc.) juos galima prisk<strong>ir</strong>ti prie tipiniø<br />
rûðiø.<br />
3 lentelë. Filostiktozæ lydinèiøjø mikromicetø aptikimo daþnis (%) in vitro<br />
Table 3. Occurrence frequency of leaf spot attendant micropipetes (%) in vitro<br />
Mikromicetai<br />
Micropipetes<br />
Mikromicetø aptikimo daþnis<br />
Occurrence frequency of micropipetes<br />
Maþeikiø r. N. Akmenës r. Jonavos r. Kauno r.<br />
Alternaria spp. 0 20 50 0<br />
Cladosporium spp. 30 30 30 20<br />
Penicillium spp. 10 0 0 0<br />
Trichothecium spp. 0 0 10 0<br />
Mycelia sterilia 0 0 20 0<br />
2005 m. lapsukiø paþeistø lapø daugiausia aptikta netoli AB „Maþeikiø nafta“.<br />
Lapus grauþianèiø kenkëjø padarytø paþeidimø daug rasta visuose uþterðtuose rajonuose<br />
(4 lentelë). 2006 m. gauti panaðûs lapsukiø <strong>ir</strong> lapgrauþiø padarytø paþeidimø<br />
117
apskaitos rezultatai (5 lentelë). 2006 m. rasta fitofaginiø (Panonychus ulmi Koch.,<br />
Aculus schlechtendali Nal.) <strong>ir</strong> entomofaginiø erkiø bei tripsø, bet jø buvo negausu<br />
(6 lentelë). 2005 m. susumavus ligø <strong>ir</strong> kenkëjø paþeistus lapus, paaiðkëjo, kad netoli<br />
pramoninës tarðos centrø sveikø lapø neaptikta. 2006 m. tarðos zonose sveikø lapø<br />
buvo nuo 37 iki 43 proc. (7 lentelë).<br />
4 lentelë. Obelø kenkëjø paplitimas <strong>ir</strong> jø daromø paþeidimø intensyvumas Lietuvos<br />
pramonës rajonuose 2005 m.<br />
Table 4. Distribution and intensity of damage of apple pests at industry districts in<br />
Lithuania in 2005<br />
Rajonas,<br />
apylinkës<br />
District,<br />
surroundings<br />
Maþeikiø<br />
N. Akmenës<br />
Jonavos<br />
Kauno<br />
lapsukiai<br />
leaf rulers<br />
38 a<br />
6 b<br />
7 b<br />
4 b<br />
Pažeista lapø<br />
Damaged leaves, %<br />
lapus graužiantys<br />
kenkëjai<br />
leaf chewing pests<br />
41 b<br />
50 a<br />
41 b<br />
13 c<br />
Pažeidimo intensyvumas (R)<br />
Intensity of pest damage (R)<br />
1,78 a<br />
1,3 b<br />
1,11 b<br />
0,32 c<br />
Reikðmës, paþymëtos tomis paèiomis raidëmis, pagal Dunkano kriterijø (P = 0,05) ið esmës<br />
nesisk<strong>ir</strong>ia / Means followed by the same letter in a column are not significantly different according<br />
to Duncan’s multiple range test (P = 0.05)<br />
5 lentelë. Obelø kenkëjø paplitimas <strong>ir</strong> jø daromø paþeidimø intensyvumas<br />
Lietuvos pramonës rajonuose 2006 m.<br />
Table 5. Distribution and intensity of damage of apple pests at industry districts in<br />
Lithuania in 2006<br />
Rajonas,<br />
apylinkës<br />
District,<br />
surroundings<br />
Maþeikiø<br />
N. Akmenës<br />
Jonavos<br />
Kauno<br />
lapsukiai<br />
leaf rulers<br />
29 a<br />
16 b<br />
8 c<br />
2 d<br />
Paþeista lapø<br />
Damaged leaves, %<br />
lapus graužiantys<br />
kenkëjai<br />
leaf chewing pests<br />
18 a<br />
17 a<br />
16 a<br />
3 b<br />
Pažeidimo intensyvumas (R)<br />
Intensity of pest damage (R)<br />
lapsukiai<br />
leaf rulers<br />
0,36 a<br />
0,28 ab<br />
0,19 b<br />
0,02 c<br />
lapus graužiantys<br />
kenkëjai<br />
leaf chewing pests<br />
0,45 a<br />
0,31 b<br />
0,26 b<br />
0,03 c<br />
Reikðmës, paþymëtos tomis paèiomis raidëmis, pagal Dunkano kriterijø (P = 0,05) ið esmës<br />
nesisk<strong>ir</strong>ia / Means followed by the same letter in a column are not significantly different according<br />
to Duncan’s multiple range test (P = 0.05)<br />
118
6 lentelë. Erkiø <strong>ir</strong> tripsø paplitimas ant obelø lapø sk<strong>ir</strong>tinguose<br />
Lietuvos pramonës rajonuose 2006 m.<br />
Table 6. Distribution of mites and thrips on apple leaves at different industry districts in<br />
Lithuania in 2006<br />
Rajonas,<br />
apylinkës<br />
District,<br />
surroundings<br />
Maþeikiø<br />
N. Akmenës<br />
Jonavos<br />
Kauno<br />
Kenkëjø ant lapo, vnt.<br />
fitofaginiø erkiø<br />
phytophagic mites<br />
0,24 b<br />
0,12 b<br />
0 c<br />
0,6 a<br />
tripsø<br />
by thrips<br />
0 b<br />
0 b<br />
0,16 a<br />
0 b<br />
Reikðmës, paþymëtos tomis paèiomis raidëmis, pagal Dunkano kriterijø (P = 0,05) ið esmës<br />
nesisk<strong>ir</strong>ia / Means followed by the same letter in a column are not significantly different according<br />
to Duncan’s multiple range test (P = 0.05)<br />
7 lentelë. Sveikø <strong>ir</strong> paþeistø lapø santykis Lietuvos pramonës rajonuose<br />
2005–2006 m.<br />
Table 7. Proportion between healthy and harmful organisms damaged leaves at industry<br />
districts in Lithuania in 2005–2006<br />
Rajonas,<br />
apylinkës<br />
District,<br />
surroundings<br />
Maþeikiø<br />
N. Akmenës<br />
Jonavos<br />
Kauno<br />
sveikø lapø<br />
healthy leaves, %<br />
0 b<br />
0 b<br />
0 b<br />
20 a<br />
Reikðmës, paþymëtos tomis paèiomis raidëmis, pagal Dunkano kriterijø (P = 0,05) ið esmës<br />
nesisk<strong>ir</strong>ia / Means followed by the same letter in a column are not significantly different according<br />
to Duncan’s multiple range test (P = 0.05)<br />
Aptarimas. Mûsø tyrimo duomenimis, daugiausia filostiktozës (Phylosticta mali<br />
Prill et Del.) paþeistø lapø buvo Jonavos <strong>ir</strong> N. Akmenës apylinkëse. Kupèinskienës<br />
duomenimis (2003), prie visø mûsø t<strong>ir</strong>tø gamyklø ið esmës padidëja spygliø pav<strong>ir</strong>ðiaus<br />
erozija. Ant paþeistø asimiliaciniø organø labiau vystosi ligos <strong>ir</strong> plinta kenkëjai<br />
(Turunen, Huttunen, 1990; Jenks, Ashworth, 1999). Filostiktozës (Phyllosticta mali<br />
E. et E.) epifitotijos Lietuvoje pasikartoja kas keleri metai (Gelvonauskis, Gelvonauskienë,<br />
2003). Todël galima teigti, kad 2005 m. N. Akmenës <strong>ir</strong> Jonavos apylinkëse<br />
filostiktozë pas<strong>ir</strong>eiðkë kaip epifitotijos metais, nes paþeistø lapø buvo 95–100 proc.<br />
Filostiktozë galëjo sparèiau plisti dël azoto junginiø (NO 2<br />
) gausos Jonavos apylinkëse.<br />
Obelø rauplës (Venturia inaequalis (Cooke) Aderh.) – labiausiai paplitusi obelø<br />
liga Lietuvoje (Raudonis, Valiuðkaitë, 2003), bet ‘Paprastasis antaninis’ yra poligenið-<br />
119<br />
Rasta entomofaginiø erkiø<br />
ant lapø<br />
Entomophagic mites on leaves, %<br />
0 b<br />
0 b<br />
0,36 a<br />
0 b<br />
2005 m. 2006 m.<br />
paþeistø lapø<br />
damaged leaves, %<br />
100 a<br />
100 a<br />
100 a<br />
80 b<br />
sveikø lapø<br />
healhty leaves, %<br />
36 c<br />
39 bc<br />
43 b<br />
74 a<br />
paþeistø lapø<br />
damaged leaves,<br />
%<br />
64 a<br />
61 ab<br />
57 b<br />
26 c
kai atsparus rauplëms (Gelvonauskienë, Stanys, 2002). Fiss <strong>ir</strong> kiti (2000) nustatë,<br />
kad izoliatai: Aureobasidium, Botrytis, Cladosporium, Epicoccum <strong>ir</strong> Fusarium, daugiau<br />
nei 80 proc. slopina V. inaequalis micelio augimà. T<strong>ir</strong>iant mikromicetø ant obelø<br />
lapø sudëtá tuose rajonuose, kur didelë pramonës objektø tarða, raupliø sukëlëjo nebuvo<br />
aptikta, nes daugelyje mëginiø buvo rasta Cladosporium. Sutton <strong>ir</strong> kt. (2000)<br />
nustatë, kad didelis azoto kiekis d<strong>ir</strong>voþemyje raupliø askosporø kieká sumaþina nuo<br />
50 iki 60 proc. Todël galima daryti prielaidà, kad azoto junginiai ant lapø taip pat<br />
sudaro nepalankias sàlygas raupliø askosporoms plisti. Jonavos azoto tràðø gamyklos<br />
apylinkëse obelys nes<strong>ir</strong>go rauplëmis. Tai rodo, kad amoniakas neskatino obelø<br />
raupliø vystymosi, o dulkës – skatino. Brandt <strong>ir</strong> Rhoades (1972) nustatë, kad poskiepiø,<br />
krûmø, sodinukø, medþiø, auganèiø tokioje aplinkoje, kurioje yra daug cemento<br />
dulkiø, struktûra labai keièiasi. Cemento dulkës gali sukelti augalø chlorozæ <strong>ir</strong> augalo<br />
audiniø m<strong>ir</strong>tá. Taèiau maisto elementø trûkumas, perteklius ar nesugebëjimas jø pasiimti<br />
ið d<strong>ir</strong>voþemio taip pat gali sukelti chlorozæ (Pestana <strong>ir</strong> kt., 2003). Mûsø tyrimø<br />
duomenimis, 2005 m. chlorozë ant obelø lapø gausiausiai pas<strong>ir</strong>eiðkë prie AB „Maþeikiø<br />
nafta“, o 2006 m. – prie N. Akmenës cemento gamyklos AB „Akmenës cementas“<br />
<strong>ir</strong> AB „Maþeikiø nafta“. Galima daryti prielaidà, kad prie AB „Akmenës cementas“<br />
lapø chlorozës plitimui didesnës átakos galëjo turëti cemento dulkiø tarða (Kupèinskienë,<br />
2000), o prie AB „Maþeikiø nafta“ – <strong>ir</strong> d<strong>ir</strong>voþemis, <strong>ir</strong> tarða.<br />
Intensyviuose soduose lapsukiø <strong>ir</strong> kitø lapø kenkëjø padaryti paþeidimai retai<br />
v<strong>ir</strong>ðija þalingumo ribà (Raudonis, 2001, 2003), taèiau jei sodai auginami ekstensyviai<br />
<strong>ir</strong> didelë tarða, þala gali bûti didesnë. Mûsø tyrimai parodë, kad tik naftos perd<strong>ir</strong>bimo<br />
pramonës sukeliama tarða ypaè skatina plisti lapsukius. Prie AB „Maþeikiø nafta“<br />
buvo rasta spygliuoèiø, kuriø spygliai buvo labiau paveikti erozijos (Kupèinskienë,<br />
Huttunen, 2005). Galbût paþeisti asimiliaciniai organai <strong>ir</strong> sudarë palankias sàlygas<br />
lapsukiams plisti. Mûsø tyrimu nustatyta, kad visø rûðiø pramonës ámoniø tarða ið<br />
esmës skatina plisti lapus grauþianèius kenkëjus. Fitofaginiø erkiø Lietuvos obelø<br />
soduose negausu (Raudonis, 2001), todël galima daryti prielaidà, kad pramonës ámoniø<br />
tarða fitofaginëms erkëms átakos neturëjo. Svarbu <strong>ir</strong> tai, kad tarða nesutrukdë<br />
ats<strong>ir</strong>asti <strong>ir</strong> natûraliems erkiø prieðams – entomofaginëms erkëms. Susumavus ligø ar<br />
kenkëjø paþeistus <strong>ir</strong> sveikus lapus, paaiðkëjo, kad visuose regionuose, kur didelë<br />
tarða, paþeistø obelø lapø yra þymiai daugiau nei Kauno apylinkëse.<br />
Iðvados. 1. Daugiausia filostiktozës (Phylosticta mali Prill et Del.) paþeistø lapø<br />
buvo Jonavos <strong>ir</strong> N. Akmenës apylinkëse.<br />
2. Lapø chlorozë gausiausiai pas<strong>ir</strong>eiðkë netoli AB „Maþeikiø nafta“.<br />
3. Obelø raupliø (Venturia inaequalis (Cooke) Aderh.) aptikta tik Maþeikiø <strong>ir</strong><br />
N. Akmenës apylinkëse.<br />
4. Lapus grauþianèiø kenkëjø padarytø paþeidimø daug rasta visuose t<strong>ir</strong>tuose<br />
rajonuose, o lapsukiø paþeistø lapø daugiausia aptikta netoli AB „Maþeikiø nafta“.<br />
Pastaba. Ðis darbas yra FIBISTRESS projekto, kurá remia Lietuvos mokslo <strong>ir</strong><br />
studijø fondas, sudedamoji dalis.<br />
Gauta 2006-10-24<br />
Parengta spausdinti 2006-12-11<br />
120
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6. Duchovskis P. Problems of resistance to abiotic factors of horticultural plants in<br />
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und Pflanzenschutz. 2000. 107(1). P. 1–11.<br />
8. Gelvanauskienë D., Stanys V. Rauplëms atspariø obelø sëjinukø atrankos metodø<br />
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9. Gelvonauskis B., Gelvanauskienë D. Inheritance of resistance to powder mildew<br />
and apple blotch in progenies of scab-resistant apple cultivars // Biologija. 2003. 1.<br />
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10. Jenks M. A., Ashworth E. N. Plant epicuticular waxes: function, production, and<br />
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11. Krebs Ch. J. Ekologia. Warszava, 2001. 735 p.<br />
12. Krupa S. V. Effects of atmospheric ammonia (NH 3<br />
) on terrestrial vegetation: a<br />
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13. Kupcinskienë E., Huttunen S. Long-term evaluation of the needle surface wax<br />
condition of Pinus sylvestris around different industries in Lithuania // Env<strong>ir</strong>onmental<br />
Pollution. 2005. 137(3). P. 610–618.<br />
14. Kupèinskienë E. Latentiniai paprastosios puðies (Pinus sylvestris L.) <strong>ir</strong> kitø augalø<br />
pakitimai lokalios tarðos aplinkoje: hab. darbas. Kaunas, 2003. 102 p.<br />
15. Kupèinskienë E. Needle chemistry of Pinus sylvestris growing in the vicinity of a<br />
cement factory // Biologija. 2000. 2 (Suppl.). P. 299–302.<br />
16. Manion P. D., Lachance D. Forest decline concepts: an overview // Forest decline<br />
concepts, St. Paul, Minesota, USA, 1992. P. 89–102.<br />
17. Mylona S. Sulphur dioxide emissions in Europe in 1880-1991 and the<strong>ir</strong> effect on<br />
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Meteorology. 48. P. 662–689.<br />
18. Perkauskas D., Mikelinskiene A. Evaluation of SO 2<br />
and NO 2<br />
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102 S1 P. 249–<strong>25</strong>2.<br />
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in fruit trees a review // Food, Agriculture and Env<strong>ir</strong>onment. 2003. 1. P. 46–51.<br />
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20. Raudonis L. Harmful insect fauna in apple orchards and systems of control<br />
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21. Raudonis L. Integrated pest management in fruit orchards in Lithuania // Sodininkystë<br />
<strong>ir</strong> darþininkystë. Babtat, 2003. 22(3). P. 145–154.<br />
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22(3). P. 3–15.<br />
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leaf litter with urea on ascospores does of Venturia inaequalis and disease buildup //<br />
Plant disease. 2000. 84 (12). P. 1319–1326.<br />
24. Ðopauskienë D. A<strong>ir</strong> pollution and deposition // Ozolinèius R (ed.). Monitoring of<br />
forest ecosystems in Lithuania. Kaunas: Lututë, 1999. P. 181–182.<br />
<strong>25</strong>. Titus J. S., Kang S. Nitrogen metabolism, translocation and recycling in apple<br />
trees // Horticultural Reviews. 1982. 4. P. 204–246.<br />
26. Turunen M., Huttunen S. A review of the response of epicuticular wax of conifer<br />
needles to a<strong>ir</strong> pollution // Env<strong>ir</strong>onmental Quality. 1990. 19. P. 35–45.<br />
27. Uselis N., Kviklys D. Lietuvos sodininkystë ðiandien <strong>ir</strong> jos perspektyvos // Ðiuolaikinës<br />
sodininkystës pasiekimai <strong>ir</strong> plëtros kryptys. Babtai, 1999. P. 7–10.<br />
28. Welburn A. R. A<strong>ir</strong> pollution and Acid Rain: the Biological Impact // Longman<br />
Scientific and Technical, London. 1988.<br />
29. Mèð÷èíê Ò. Ã. Ïî÷âåííàÿ ìèêîëîãèÿ. Ìîñêâà, 1988. 279 c.<br />
SODININKYSTË IR DARÞININKYSTË. SCIENTIFIC ARTICLES. 2006. <strong>25</strong>(4).<br />
EVALUATION OF APPLE DISEASES AND PEST SPREAD<br />
IN DIFFERENT REGIONS OF INDUSTRIAL EMISSION<br />
L. Duchovskienë, J. Sakalauskaitë, D. Kviklys, J. B. Ðikðnianienë, E. Kupèinskienë<br />
Summary<br />
Leaves of apple tree cv. ‘Antonowka’ (Malus domestica L.) growing near the<br />
different industrial centers – oil refinery “Maþeikiø nafta”, cement factory “Akmenës<br />
cementas” and nitrogen fertilizer factory “Achema” – were examined for diseases<br />
and pests damage. Near AB “Akmenës cementas” and AB “Achema” SO 2<br />
<strong>ir</strong> NO 2<br />
concentrations were small and similar to these in unpolluted places of Lithuania, only<br />
near AB “Maþeikiø nafta” SO 2<br />
concentration was higher. The greatest number of<br />
damaged leaves by leaf spot (Phylosticta mali Prill et Del.) was found in Jonava and<br />
Naujoji Akmenë districts in 2005–2006. Apple scab (Venturia inaequalis (Cooke)<br />
Aderh.) was found in Maþeikiai and N. Akmenë districts only. Leaf chlorosis was<br />
more abundant in Maþeikiai and Kaunas surroundings in 2005, but in the next year<br />
the most damaged leaves of this disease was found in Maþeikiai and Naujoji Akmene<br />
districts. The abundance and intensity of diseases was less in 2006, as compared<br />
with 2005. From leaves damaged by leaf spot 4 species of attendant fungus were<br />
distinguished. The damage of leaf chewing pests was found near the all sources of<br />
122
industrial emissions centers, while the most leaf rulers damaged leaves were near<br />
“Maþeikiø nafta” in 2005–2006. Phytophagic and entomophagic mites and thrips<br />
were found in 2006, but the<strong>ir</strong> populations were not abundant. To summarize the data<br />
of two years, we can assume, that apple-tree leaves under elevated industrial emission<br />
are more damaged by pest and diseases as compared to Kaunas surroundings<br />
(control site).<br />
Key words: apple scab, chlorosis, leaf spot, leaf chewing pests, leaf rulers.<br />
123
LIETUVOS SODININKYSTËS IR DARÞININKYSTËS INSTITUTO IR<br />
LIETUVOS ÞEMËS ÛKIO UNIVERSITETO MOKSLO DARBAI.<br />
SODININKYSTË IR DARÞININKYSTË. 2006. <strong>25</strong>(4).<br />
DRËKINIMO ÁTAKA ‘SENGA SENGANA’ BRAÐKËMS<br />
Laima TAPARAUSKIENË<br />
Lietuvos þemës ûkio universitetas, Universiteto g. 10, LT-53361, Akademija,<br />
Kauno r., el. paðtas ltlaima@hotmail.com<br />
2001–2004 m. Kauno rajone buvo atlikti eksperimentiniai drëkinimo reþimo tyrimai.<br />
T<strong>ir</strong>ta drëkinimo átaka ‘Senga Sengana’ veislës braðkiø ûkiniams <strong>ir</strong> biologiniams<br />
rodikliams. Nustatyta, kad drëkinimas turëjo didelës átakos suminio derliaus priedui,<br />
vidutinei uogos masei, dauginimosi rodikliams bei lapo asimiliacinio pav<strong>ir</strong>ðiaus plotui,<br />
todël Lietuvos klimato sàlygomis braðkes drëkinti yra tikslinga. 2001–2004 m. vidutinis<br />
derlius nedrëkinant buvo 7,8 t/ha, o drëkinant – 8 t/ha (70–100 proc. LDI) <strong>ir</strong><br />
10,8 t/ha (80–100 proc. LDI). Vidutinë vienos uogos masë nedrëkinant buvo 7,3 g,<br />
palaikant d<strong>ir</strong>voþemio drëgmæ nuo 70 iki 100 proc. LDI– 7,9 g, o nuo 80 iki 100 proc.<br />
LDI – 8,2 g. Optimalios d<strong>ir</strong>voþemio drëgmës sàlygomis (80–100 proc. LDI) vieno<br />
braðkiø kero uþaugintø skroteliø skaièius buvo 2,5 karto didesnis nei nedrëkinant.<br />
Reikðminiai þodþiai: d<strong>ir</strong>voþemio drëgmë, derlius, uogø dydis.<br />
Ávadas. Braðkës yra vienos sausrai jautriausiø sodo augalø <strong>ir</strong> iðsisk<strong>ir</strong>ia padidintu<br />
drëkinimo poreikiu, nes turi negilià ðaknø sistemà <strong>ir</strong> didelë dalis vandens sunaudojama<br />
suminiam iðgaravimui (Àôàíàñèê <strong>ir</strong> kt., 2000). Braðkiø veislës savybës, sodinamosios<br />
medþiagos kokybë, d<strong>ir</strong>voþemis, augimo vieta, tinkama agrotechnika, áskaitant<br />
drëkinimà, ûkiø specializacija <strong>ir</strong> koncentracija braðkynø derlingumui padidinti<br />
turi labai svarbià reikðmæ (Strabioli, 1988; Àôàíàñèê <strong>ir</strong> kt., 2000).<br />
Teigiamà drëkinimo poveiká braðkiø augimui, jø ûsø vystymuisi <strong>ir</strong> derliaus dydþiui<br />
Naumanno apraðë jau 1961 m. Tai patv<strong>ir</strong>tinta <strong>ir</strong> vëliau uþsienio ðalyse atliktais<br />
moksliniais tyrimais. Braðkiø drëkinimo reþimo tyrimai buvo atliekami <strong>ir</strong> kaimyninëse<br />
ðalyse. Rusijoje nustatyta, kad dël drëgmës trûkumo þydëjimo <strong>ir</strong> uogø mezgimo laikotarpiu<br />
labai sumaþëja uogø dydis <strong>ir</strong> bendras derlius (Ðû÷êîâ è Îëåôèð, 1972).<br />
Lacgalvis (2003) teigia, kad, norint gauti didþiausià <strong>ir</strong> geros kokybës derliø, ðiauriau<br />
esanèioje kaimyninëje Latvijoje laistyti braðkes bûtina. Lenkijoje, esant vidutinëms<br />
(pagal daugiametes normas) oro sàlygoms, drëkinimas gali padidinti braðkiø derliø<br />
30–50 proc. (Rebandel, 1974). 1992–1995 m. atlikæ tyrimus, Rolbiecki <strong>ir</strong> Rzekanowski<br />
(1997) teigë, kad braðkiø auginimas bus naðus tik árengus drëkinimo sistemà.<br />
Ðiaurinëse ðalyse – Norvegijoje, Ðvedijoje <strong>ir</strong> Suomijoje braðkës taip pat drëkinamos.<br />
Norvegijoje, Kondsrud (1978) duomenimis, lietinamø braðkiø derlius buvo didesnis<br />
32 proc., o taikant laðeliná drëkinimà – 23 proc. nei nedrëkinamø. Suomijoje, kaip <strong>ir</strong><br />
124
Lietuvoje, krituliø kiekis v<strong>ir</strong>ðija suminio iðgaravimo dydá, bet vegetacijos laikotarpiai<br />
taip pat bûna sausringi, tuomet braðkes rekomenduojama drëkinti. Kinnanen <strong>ir</strong><br />
Säkö (1979) tyrimais Suomijoje nustatë, kad lietinamø braðkiø uogos bûna daug<br />
stambesnës.<br />
Lietuvoje plaèiausiai buvo t<strong>ir</strong>iama áva<strong>ir</strong>iø veisliø bei agrotechniniø priemoniø átaka<br />
braðkiø augimui, vystymuisi, derliaus dydþiui, atsparumas ligoms bei kenkëjams,<br />
taèiau braðkiø drëkinimas Lietuvoje iki ðiol t<strong>ir</strong>tas nebuvo. Nors Lietuvos spaudoje<br />
galima rasti informacijos apie braðkëms optimalø d<strong>ir</strong>voþemio drëgmës reþimà, taèiau<br />
tai tik rekomendacijos, pagrástos uþsienio ðalyse atliktais tyrimais.<br />
Lietuva yra periodinës drëgmës pertekliaus zonoje, todël p<strong>ir</strong>miausia yra aktualus<br />
þemiø sausinimas, taèiau moksliniais tyrimais nustatyta, kad vasaros laikotarpiais<br />
drëkinimas yra bûtinas, nes vidutiniðkai kas ketveri metai Lietuvoje bûna sausra, be<br />
to, augalams drëgmës trûksta ne tik sausringais <strong>ir</strong> vidutinio drëgnumo metais, bet <strong>ir</strong><br />
labiau drëgnais metais (D<strong>ir</strong>së <strong>ir</strong> kt. 1984; D<strong>ir</strong>së, 2001).<br />
Darbo tikslas – ávertinti drëkinimo tikslingumà Lietuvos klimato sàlygomis <strong>ir</strong><br />
nustatyti drëkinimo átakà braðkiø ûkiniams <strong>ir</strong> biologiniams rodikliams.<br />
Tyrimo objektas <strong>ir</strong> metodai. Tyrimø objektas. 2001–2004 m. lauko eksperimentiniais<br />
tyrimais buvo t<strong>ir</strong>ta drëkinimo átaka ‘Senga Sengana’ veislës braðkiø derlingumui,<br />
vienos uogos masei, dauginimosi savybëms bei lapo asimiliacinio pav<strong>ir</strong>ðiaus<br />
plotui.<br />
Tyrimø schema. Apskaitinio (derliui apskaièiuoti) bandymø laukelio plotas – 20 m 2<br />
(Ìàðêîâ, 1985). Sodinimo schema – eilëmis, 0,8 × 0,3 m (daigø skaièius 1 ha –<br />
41 666 vnt.). Visi bandymø laukeliai iðdëstyti vienas greta kito viena eile, tarp laukeliø<br />
paliekat sk<strong>ir</strong>iamàsias juostas, kad bûtø iðvengta átakos. P<strong>ir</strong>maisiais <strong>ir</strong> treèiaisiais drëkinimo<br />
reþimo tyrimø metais bandymø laukeliuose augo <strong>ir</strong> derëjo antrøjø <strong>ir</strong> treèiøjø<br />
augimo metø braðkës, o ketv<strong>ir</strong>taisiais tyrimø metais (2004 m.) – p<strong>ir</strong>møjø augimo<br />
metø braðkës (sodinta 2003 m. rugpjûèio 6 d.). Visos agrotechninës priemonës pas<strong>ir</strong>inktos<br />
atsiþvelgiant á braðkiø auginimo technologijas (Uselis <strong>ir</strong> Raðinskienë, 2000;<br />
Intensyvios..., 2002; Darrow, 1966). D<strong>ir</strong>vos cheminiø savybiø analizë atlikta Lietuvos<br />
þemd<strong>ir</strong>bystës instituto Agrocheminiø tyrimø centre. D<strong>ir</strong>voþemis vidutinio humusingumo<br />
– 2,34–2,89 proc. (t<strong>ir</strong>ta Hereus aparatu), pH kinta nuo 6,9 iki 7,1, bendras<br />
azoto kiekis – 0,18–0,22 proc. (nustatytas Kjeldalio metodu), P 2<br />
O 5<br />
– 194–280 mg kg -1 ,<br />
K 2<br />
O – 267–272 mg kg -1 . Prieð áveisiant braðkynà, buvo áterpta 60 t ha -1 mëðlo. Kitais<br />
augimo metais braðkës træðtos bechlorëmis kompleksinëmis tràðomis Kem<strong>ir</strong>a Cropcare<br />
10-10-20 (NPK): pavasará <strong>ir</strong> po derliaus nuëmimo po 30 g m -2 . Piktþolës naikintos<br />
ravint bei purenant tarpueilius. Nuo kekerinio puvinio (Botrytis cinerea) augalai<br />
purkðti 0,2% eupareno skiediniu, p<strong>ir</strong>mà kartà þydint 10 proc. þiedø, antrà<br />
kartà – 50 proc. þiedø.<br />
Tyrimø metodika. Drëkinimo reþimo tyrimø lauko bandymams buvo pas<strong>ir</strong>inkta<br />
literatûroje (D<strong>ir</strong>së <strong>ir</strong> kt., 1984) rekomenduota schema: liejimo norma vegetacijos laikotarpiu<br />
kintanti (atsiþvelgiant á ðaknø vystymosi dinamikà) <strong>ir</strong> visiems bandymo variantams<br />
vienoda. Sodinant braðkes, liejimo norma lygi 10 mm, po vieno mënesio –<br />
15 mm, dar po mënesio – 20 mm. Tokio dydþio (20 mm) liejimo norma taikyta visà<br />
tolesná braðkiø auginimo laikotarpá. Pagal d<strong>ir</strong>voþemio augalinio sluoksnio drëgmæ nustatyti<br />
du liejimo variantai. P<strong>ir</strong>mojo varianto laukeliai buvo liejami pagal teorines for-<br />
1<strong>25</strong>
mules (Êîñòåêîâ, 1960) apskaièiuotu reþimu, kad prieð laistant drëgmë aktyviajame<br />
d<strong>ir</strong>voþemio sluoksnyje (0–30 cm) bûtø artima 70 proc. LDI, antrojo – 80 proc. LDI.<br />
Drëkinimo veiksmingumui nustatyti buvo atlikti kontrolinio varianto – be papildomo<br />
drëkinimo, natûraliomis sàlygomis – tyrimai. Atlikdami drëkinimo reþimo tyrimus,<br />
kiti tyrëjai pas<strong>ir</strong>enka variantà, kai liejama d<strong>ir</strong>voþemio drëgmei sumaþëjus iki 60 proc.<br />
LDI. Atliekant ðiuos bandymus, buvo atsiþvelgta á rekomendacijas (Ìàðêîâ, 1985;<br />
Ãîë÷åíêî <strong>ir</strong> kt., 1985) <strong>ir</strong> prieð liejant braðkes pas<strong>ir</strong>inkta optimali 70 proc. LDI drëgmë.<br />
Maksimali leidþiama d<strong>ir</strong>voþemio drëgmës riba prilyginta v<strong>ir</strong>ðutinei optimalios drëgmës<br />
ribai – LDI. D<strong>ir</strong>voþemio drëgmës atsargos buvo nustatytos termostatiniu metodu.<br />
D<strong>ir</strong>voþemio ëminiai imti Izmailovskio tipo gràþtu kas 10 cm iki 60 cm gylio. Visi<br />
lauko bandymai atlikti trimis pakartojimais. Tyrimø laikotarpiu braðkës buvo drëkinamos<br />
lietinant.<br />
Braðkiø ûsø skaièius nustatytas pagal bendrà kieká kere <strong>ir</strong> skroteliø skaièiø. Lapø<br />
pav<strong>ir</strong>ðiaus plotas yra vienas ið augimo <strong>ir</strong> produktyvumo rodikliø. Atliekant tyrimus<br />
naudota lapø ploto matavimo kompiuterine programa Rootedge (Pranckietis <strong>ir</strong> Lanauskas,<br />
2001).<br />
Braðkiø derlius nustatytas tiesioginiu svorio metodu, sverta elektroninëmis svarstyklëmis<br />
1g tikslumu. Uogos skintos kas 2–3 dienas, tà paèià dienà visø bandymo<br />
variantø laukeliuose. Vienos uogos masë nustatyta kiekvieno skynimo metu sveriant<br />
100 atsitiktinai paimtø uogø. Duomenø patikimumas ávertintas statistiniais metodais.<br />
Variantø sk<strong>ir</strong>tumams ávertinti naudotas 5 proc. LSD (R 05<br />
) kriterijus.<br />
Darbo rezultatai <strong>ir</strong> jø aptarimas. T<strong>ir</strong>iamojo laikotarpio meteorologinës sàlygos.<br />
Augalø aprûpinimas drëgme daþniausiai vertinamas netiesioginiu metodu pagal<br />
G. Seleninovo hidroterminá koeficientà HTK (D<strong>ir</strong>së <strong>ir</strong> kt., 1984). Vertintas geguþës–<br />
rugsëjo mën. laikotarpis. 2001 m. buvo ðilti (vidutinë oro temperatûra T – 15,3°C),<br />
bet lietingi: HTK – 1,67, krituliø kiekis (H) – 378 mm (30 proc. tikimybë), oro drëgmës<br />
deficitas maþas – 4,6 mb. 2002 m. buvo ypaè ðilta (17,3° C) <strong>ir</strong> nepakankamai<br />
drëgna: HTK – 0,91, H – 234 mm (90 proc. tikimybë), oro drëgmës deficitas didelis –<br />
8,3 mb, net 3,4 mb didesnis uþ daugiametæ normà. Ðilta (15,8°C) <strong>ir</strong> pakankamai<br />
drëgna buvo 2003 m.: HTK – 1,3, H – 302 mm (64 proc. tikimybë), oro drëgmës<br />
deficitas vidutinis – 5,4 mb. Pagal daugiametæ vidutinæ oro temperatûrà 2004 m.<br />
metais buvo vësu (14,5°C) <strong>ir</strong> ðlapia: HTK – 1,62, H – 313 mm (60 proc. tikimybë),<br />
oro drëgmës deficitas maþas – 4,4 mb. Apþvelgus meteorologiniø sàlygø kaità t<strong>ir</strong>iamuoju<br />
laikotarpiu galima teigti, kad tyrimø laikotarpiu meteorologiniø sàlygø kaita<br />
atitiko bendràsias Lietuvos teritorijai bûdingas klimato sàlygas bei pasisk<strong>ir</strong>stymo tendencijas<br />
pagal vegetacijos laikotarpio drëgnumà (D<strong>ir</strong>së, 2001), tai leido áva<strong>ir</strong>iapusiðkiau<br />
ávertinti drëkinimo átakà braðkiø vystymuisi.<br />
Drëkinimo átaka braðkiø derliui. Ðlapiais 2001 m. uogos skintos nuo b<strong>ir</strong>þelio<br />
mën. 13 d. iki liepos mën. 13 d. 2000 m. braðkiø þiedø diferenciacijos metu drëkinimo<br />
reþimo tyrimai atlikti nebuvo, tad ðio laikotarpio d<strong>ir</strong>voþemio drëgmës reþimo átaka<br />
2001 m. derliui buvo vienoda visuose bandymø laukuose. Taip pat, atsiþvelgiant á tai,<br />
kad 2001 m. lieti nereikëjo (natûralios d<strong>ir</strong>voþemio drëgmës atsargos buvo optimalios<br />
braðkëms augti), visø variantø vidutinis braðkiø derlius buvo vienodas, bandymø laukeliuose<br />
kito nuo 9,9 iki 10,1 t ha -1 (1 lentelë).<br />
126
Tyrimø metai<br />
Year of<br />
investigation<br />
1 lentelë. Vidutinis braðkiø derlius, t ha -1<br />
Table 1. The average yield of strawberry (t·ha -1 )<br />
nedrëkinta<br />
(kontrolë)<br />
Non <strong>ir</strong>rigated<br />
(control)<br />
derlius<br />
yield<br />
2001 9,9–10,1<br />
derlius<br />
yield<br />
*<br />
p<strong>ir</strong>møjø augimo metø / the f<strong>ir</strong>th growth year; 1 – stebëjimø vidurkis, iðskyrus 2004 <strong>ir</strong> 2003 * m. /<br />
the average without 2004 and 2003 * years; LDI / FC – lauko drëgmës imlumas/ field capacity<br />
127<br />
Variantai<br />
Treatments<br />
drëkinta<br />
<strong>ir</strong>rigated<br />
80–100% LDI / FC 70–100% LDI / FC<br />
± %<br />
derlius<br />
yield<br />
± %<br />
2002 9,9 12,2 2,3 123,2 10,6 0,7 107,1<br />
2003 6,3 12,9 6,6 204,8 7,9 1,6 1<strong>25</strong>,4<br />
Liejimo átaka iðryðkëjo tik 2002 <strong>ir</strong> 2003 m. Sausais <strong>ir</strong> ðiltais 2002 m. dël ankstyvos<br />
vegetacijos pradþios p<strong>ir</strong>mosios uogos sunoko jau geguþës mën. paskutinëmis dienomis.<br />
Derëjimas truko iki b<strong>ir</strong>þelio mën. treèiojo deðimtadienio. Vidutinis kontrolinio varianto<br />
braðkiø derlius buvo 9,9 t ha -1 . Antrojo varianto braðkiø derlius (80–100 proc.<br />
LDI) buvo didesnis 23,2 proc. (2,3 t ha -1 ) uþ kontrolinio (nedrëkinta) varianto derliø,<br />
o p<strong>ir</strong>mojo (70–100 proc. LDI) – 7,1 proc. (0,7 t ha -1 ). Ávertinus 2001 m. d<strong>ir</strong>voþemio<br />
drëgmës sàlygas þiediniø pumpurø diferenciacijos laikotarpiu <strong>ir</strong> þinant, kad palankus<br />
d<strong>ir</strong>voþemio drëgmës reþimas antrojoje vegetacijos pusëje turi didelës átakos kitø metø<br />
derliui (Smith <strong>ir</strong> kt., 1999), galima teigti, kad tai <strong>ir</strong> lëmë nedidelá derliaus priedà 2002 m.<br />
(nes 2001 m. braðkiø laistyti nereikëjo). Vidutinio drëgnumo 2003 metais treèiøjø<br />
derëjimo metø braðkyne uogos skintos nuo b<strong>ir</strong>þelio mën. 13 iki liepos 12 d. Ðiais<br />
metais derliaus sk<strong>ir</strong>tumas tarp variantø buvo didþiausias (nuo 1,6 iki 6,6 t ha -1 ).<br />
Antrojo varianto (80–100 proc. LDI) derlius buvo 12,9 t ha -1 didesnis (5 t ha -1 ) uþ<br />
p<strong>ir</strong>mojo varianto (70–100 proc. LDI) derliø – 7,9 t ha -1 <strong>ir</strong> dvigubai didesnis uþ kon-<br />
2004 16,7 23,3 6,6 139,5 - - -<br />
2003 * 1,0 1,5 0,5 150,0 - - -<br />
2004 * 3,1 4,8 1,7 154,8 3,3 0,2 106,5<br />
Vidutinis visø 7,8 10,8 3,0 137,7 8,0 1 0,2 1 113,0 1<br />
metø<br />
The average of all<br />
(R 05 – 3,04)<br />
(R 05 – 1,05)<br />
years<br />
Vidutinis,<br />
išskyrus 1- p<strong>ir</strong>muosius<br />
augimo 10,7 14,6 3,9 136,1 9,52 1 1,2 1 116,2 1<br />
metus<br />
The average<br />
without the f<strong>ir</strong>st<br />
growth year<br />
(R 05 – 5,1)<br />
(R 05 – 1,76)<br />
Vidutinis 1- p<strong>ir</strong>maisiais<br />
augimo 2,1 3,2 1,1 153,7 - - -<br />
metais<br />
(R 05 – 7,6)<br />
The average of the<br />
f<strong>ir</strong>st growth year
trolinio (nedrëkinta) varianto – 6,3 t ha -1 . P<strong>ir</strong>mojo varianto derlius buvo <strong>25</strong>,4 proc.<br />
(1,6 t ha -1 ) didesnis uþ kontrolinio, bet 39 proc. (5 t ha -1 ) maþesnis uþ antrojo varianto<br />
derliø. Toká derliaus priedà lëmë palankus d<strong>ir</strong>voþemio drëgmës reþimas 2002 m.<br />
rugpjûèio–rugsëjo mën., nes visos kitos agrotechninës sàlygos buvo vienodos visuose<br />
laukeliuose.<br />
2003 m. buvo atliekami p<strong>ir</strong>møjø augimo metø braðkiø fiziologiniai tyrimai, taip pat<br />
palygintas derlius <strong>ir</strong> vidutinë vienos uogos masë. Rekomenduojama braðkes auginti<br />
trejus metus, taèiau gausiausiai jos dera antraisiais <strong>ir</strong> treèiaisiais augimo metais. Bandymø<br />
lauke nedrëkinamø braðkiø derlius buvo 1,0 t ha -1 , o drëkinamø (80–100 proc.<br />
LDI) – 1,5 t ha -1 (didesnis 14,6 proc.). P<strong>ir</strong>møjø metø derlius nustatytas <strong>ir</strong> 2004<br />
metais p<strong>ir</strong>møjø augimo metø braðkyne. P<strong>ir</strong>mosios uogos sunoko b<strong>ir</strong>þelio mën. 11 d.,<br />
o paskutinës uogos nuskintos liepos mën. 16 d. Gautas negausus derlius (1 lentelë):<br />
p<strong>ir</strong>møjø augimo metø braðkiø derlius nedrëkinant (kontrolë) buvo 3,1 t ha -1 , p<strong>ir</strong>mojo<br />
varianto – 3,3 t ha -1 , o antrojo – 4,8 t ha -1 , arba atitinkamai 6,5 <strong>ir</strong> 54,8 proc. didesnis<br />
uþ kontrolinio (nedrëkinta) varianto derliø.<br />
2004 metais antrøjø augimo metø derlius gautas tik fiziologiniø tyrimø laukeliuose,<br />
kuriuose drëkinimo reþimas palaikytas nuo 80 iki 100 proc. LDI. Antraisiais braðkiø<br />
augimo metais nedrëkinant gautas 16,7 t ha -1 derlius, o laistant – 23,3 t ha -1 . Braðkiø<br />
derliaus priedas optimaliomis d<strong>ir</strong>voþemio drëgmës sàlygomis buvo 139,5 proc., palyginti<br />
su nedrëkinamu bandymø variantu.<br />
Apibendrinus visø tyrimø metø (2001–2004 m.) rezultatus, vidutinis kontrolinio<br />
(nedrëkinta) varianto derlius buvo 7,8 t ha -1 , p<strong>ir</strong>mojo (70–100 proc. LDI) varianto<br />
– 8 t ha -1 , o antrojo (80–100 proc. LDI) varianto – 10,8 t ha -1 . Palaikant<br />
d<strong>ir</strong>voþemio drëgmæ 80–100 proc. LDI, braðkiø derliaus priedas, palyginti su kontrole,<br />
gautas didþiausias – 3 t ha -1 (137,7 proc., palyginti su nedrëkinamu bandymø<br />
variantu), antraisiais <strong>ir</strong> treèiaisiais braðkiø derëjimo metais derliaus priedas buvo<br />
3,9 t ha -1 (136,1 proc., palyginti su nedrëkinamu bandymø variantu), o p<strong>ir</strong>maisiais –<br />
1,1 t ha -1 (153,7 proc., palyginti su nedrëkinamu bandymø variantu).<br />
Drëkinimo átaka vienos uogos masei. Auginant braðkes, svarbu ne tik gausus<br />
uogø derlius, bet <strong>ir</strong> jø kokybë. Vienas ið kokybës rodikliø – vidutinë uogos masë,<br />
kurià nulemia agrotechnika, aplinkos sàlygos <strong>ir</strong> veislës savybës (Uselis, 1996). Drëkinimo<br />
átaka vienos uogos masei t<strong>ir</strong>ta visais tyrimø metais. 2001 m. braðkiø þydëjimo<br />
<strong>ir</strong> uogø mezgimo bei derëjimo laikotarpiu braðkës nelaistytos (pakako atmosferos<br />
krituliø). Vidutinë vienos uogos masë 2001 m. buvo 10,9–11,0 g. Gauti variantø<br />
vidurkiø sk<strong>ir</strong>tumai neesminiai (2 lentelë).<br />
2002 m. braðkës lietos þydëjimo <strong>ir</strong> uogø nokimo laikotarpiu, tai turëjo átakos<br />
uogø dydþiui visà derëjimo laikotarpá (1 pav.).<br />
Uogos pagal vidutinæ vienos uogos masæ sk<strong>ir</strong>stomos á smulkias (iki 5 g), vidutinio<br />
stambumo (5–10 g) <strong>ir</strong> stambias (10 g <strong>ir</strong> daugiau) (Intensyvios..., 2002). Kontrolinio<br />
varianto vidutinë vienos uogos masë buvo 7,7 g, p<strong>ir</strong>mojo varianto (70–100 proc.<br />
LDI) – 8,4 g, o antrojo (80–100 proc. LDI) – 9,4 g. Antrojo varianto viena uoga<br />
svërë vidutiniðkai 1,0 g daugiau (2 lentelë) nei p<strong>ir</strong>mojo varianto (palyginti su kontroliniu<br />
– 1,7 g). Nustatytas variantø sk<strong>ir</strong>tumo kriterijus R 05<br />
tarp kontrolinio <strong>ir</strong> antrojo<br />
(80–100 proc. LDI) variantø buvo 0,73; lyginant kontroliná variantà su p<strong>ir</strong>muoju<br />
(70–100 proc. LDI) variantu R 05<br />
– 0,6, lyginant drëkinamus variantus – 0,58. Drëkinimas<br />
vienos uogos masës dydþiui átakos turëjo, sk<strong>ir</strong>tumai tarp variantø esminiai.<br />
128
1 pav. Vidutinë vienos uogos masë 2002 m.<br />
Fig. 1. The average weight of single berry in 2002 harvesting period of strawberry<br />
Tyrimø<br />
metai<br />
Year of<br />
investigation<br />
Vidurkis<br />
Average<br />
Nedrëkinta<br />
Non <strong>ir</strong>rigated<br />
2 lentelë. Vidutinë uogos masë, g<br />
Table 2. Average berry weight (g)<br />
Sk<strong>ir</strong>tumas tarp<br />
variantø<br />
Difference between<br />
treatments<br />
Drëkinta<br />
Irrigated<br />
70–100%<br />
129<br />
Patikimumas<br />
Signification<br />
± % F fakt . F 05 R 05<br />
LDI / FC<br />
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8<br />
2001 10,9 11,0 0,1 100,9 0,1 5,12 0,69<br />
2002 7,7 8,4 0,7 109,5 8,22 * 5,59 0,60<br />
2003 4,7 6,2 1,5 131,3 20,55 ** 4,96 0,72<br />
2004* 6,8 7,0 0,1 102,0 0,24 4,6 0,59<br />
Vid. uogos<br />
masë<br />
Average berry<br />
weight<br />
7,3 7,9 0,60 110,9 11,46 ** 4,07 0,34<br />
Nedrëkinta<br />
Non <strong>ir</strong>rigated<br />
Drëkinta<br />
Irrigated<br />
80–100%<br />
LDI / FC<br />
± % F fakt . F 05 R 05<br />
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8<br />
2001 10,9 11,0 0,1 100,9 0,1 5,12 0,69<br />
2002 7,7 9,4 1,7 121,9 29,67 ** 5,59 0,73<br />
2003 4,7 6,6 1,9 140,9 21,98 ** 4,96 0,92<br />
2004 8,2 8,7 0,6 106,7 5,38 * 4,6 0,51<br />
2003* 5,2 6,9 1,7 133,3 10,32 ** 5,12 1,22<br />
2004* 6,8 7,5 0,7 109,0 3,49 4,6 0,71<br />
Vid. uogos<br />
masë<br />
Average berry<br />
weight<br />
7,1 8,2 1,1 118,8 39,1 ** 3,98 0,33
Drëkinta<br />
Irrigated<br />
± % F<br />
70–100% 80–100%<br />
fakt . F 05<br />
R 05<br />
LDI / FC LDI / FC<br />
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8<br />
2002 8,4 9,4 1,0 111,3 14.81 ** 2,36 0,58<br />
2003 6,2 6,6 0,5 107,3 3,52 4,96 0,54<br />
2004* 7,0 7,5 0,5 106,9 2,49 4,60 0,657<br />
Vid. uogos<br />
masë<br />
Average berry<br />
weight<br />
2 lentelës tæsinys<br />
7,19 7,81 0,6 108,5 12,33 ** 4,14 0,34<br />
*<br />
p<strong>ir</strong>møjø augimo metø / the f<strong>ir</strong>st growth year; LDI / FC – lauko drëgmës imlumas / field capacity<br />
2003 m. braðkës lietos þydëjimo pabaigoje (antrasis variantas 80–100 proc.<br />
LDI) – uogø nokimo (p<strong>ir</strong>masis variantas 70–100 proc. LDI) laikotarpiu. Vidutinis<br />
vienos uogos masës sk<strong>ir</strong>tumas tarp kontrolinio (nedrëkinta) <strong>ir</strong> p<strong>ir</strong>mojo varianto<br />
(70–100 proc. LDI) laukeliø buvo 1,5 g, o tarp kontrolinio <strong>ir</strong> antrojo – 1,9 g<br />
(2 lentelë). Nustatytas variantø sk<strong>ir</strong>tumo kriterijus R 05<br />
tarp kontrolinio <strong>ir</strong> p<strong>ir</strong>mojo varianto<br />
– 0,72, o tarp kontrolinio <strong>ir</strong> antrojo – 0,92. Drëkinimas turëjo átakos abiem<br />
variantams. Palyginti su ankstesniais metais (2001 <strong>ir</strong> 2002 m.), uogos buvo smulkesnës,<br />
tam átakos turëjo augalø fiziologinis amþius (tretieji augimo metai). Kontrolinio <strong>ir</strong><br />
drëkinamø variantø buvo stambios tik p<strong>ir</strong>mojo skynimo uogos (> 10 g) (2 pav.).<br />
2 pav. Vidutinë vienos uogos masë 2003 m. – treèiaisiais braðkiø augimo metais<br />
Fig. 2. The average weight of single berry in 2003 harvesting period of strawberry<br />
Antrojo rinkimo metu kontrolinio varianto uogos buvo vidutinio stambumo (5–<br />
10 g), o vëliau vidutinë vienos uogos masë buvo maþesnë nei 5 g (smulkios uogos).<br />
Drëkinant vidutinio stambumo uogos skintos iki b<strong>ir</strong>þelio mën. pabaigos. 2003 m. –<br />
p<strong>ir</strong>møjø augimo metø vidutinë vienos uogos masë drëkinant buvo 6,9 g, o nedrëki-<br />
130
nant – 5,2 g. Drëkinamø braðkiø uogos buvo didesnës vidutiniðkai 1,7 g. Drëkinimo<br />
átaka buvo didelë – nustatytas variantø sk<strong>ir</strong>tumo kriterijus R 05<br />
– 1,22.<br />
2004 m. antrojo varianto braðkiø laukeliai lieti uogoms nokstant (80–100 proc.<br />
LDI), p<strong>ir</strong>mojo varianto laukeliai lieti tik po derliaus nuëmimo. P<strong>ir</strong>møjø augimo metø<br />
kontrolinio varianto vidutinë vienos uogos masë buvo 6,8 g, p<strong>ir</strong>mojo varianto –<br />
7,0 g, o antrojo – 7,5 g. Nors antrojo varianto (80–100 proc. LDI) vidutinë vienos<br />
uogos masë buvo didesnë 0,7 g, taèiau ðis sk<strong>ir</strong>tumas, esant 95 proc. tikimybës lygiui,<br />
neesminis. Variantø sk<strong>ir</strong>tumo kriterijus R 05<br />
– 0,71. 2004 m. – antrøjø augimo<br />
metø vidutinë vienos uogos masë nedrëkinant buvo 8,2 g, o drëkinant (80–100 proc.<br />
LDI) – 8,7 g, arba 0,5 g didesnë, taèiau pagal statistiná Fiðerio patikimumo kriterijø<br />
ðis sk<strong>ir</strong>tumas esminis esant 95 proc. tikimybei, R 05<br />
– 0,61.<br />
Apibendrinus visø tyrimø metø duomenis, vidutinë vienos uogos masë nedrëkinant<br />
buvo 7,3 g, p<strong>ir</strong>mojo varianto (70–100 proc. LDI) – 7,9 g, o antrojo (80–100 proc.<br />
LDI) – 8,2 g. Sk<strong>ir</strong>tumas tarp kontrolinio <strong>ir</strong> p<strong>ir</strong>mojo variantø vidutinës vienos uogos<br />
masës buvo 0,6 g (R 05<br />
– 0,34), o tarp kontrolinio <strong>ir</strong> antrojo variantø – 1,1 g (R 05<br />
–<br />
0,33). Palyginus drëkinamø variantø vidutinës vienos uogos masës sk<strong>ir</strong>tumus nustatyta,<br />
kad sk<strong>ir</strong>tumas esminis buvo tik 2002 m. (sk<strong>ir</strong>tumas – 1 g, R 05<br />
– 0,58).<br />
Drëkinimo átaka braðkiø dauginimosi savybëms. Ûsø augimo intensyvumo kitimas<br />
priklauso nuo braðkiø veislës, sodinimo laiko, kerelio amþiaus bei augimo sàlygø.<br />
P<strong>ir</strong>møjø metø derliø lemia sodinimo terminai <strong>ir</strong> daigø kokybë. Pagal privalomuosius<br />
I rûðies reikalavimus versliniams braðkynams veisti liepos–rugpjûèio mën. sodinamoji<br />
medþiaga turi turëti ne maþiau kaip 3 lapus, ðaknys turi bûti ne trumpesnës<br />
kaip 4 cm; rugsëjo-spalio mën. – 4 lapus <strong>ir</strong> 6 cm ilgio ðaknis (Intensyvios..., 2002).<br />
Drëkinimo átaka braðkiø ûsø <strong>ir</strong> skroteliø vystymuisi buvo t<strong>ir</strong>ta 2003 m. natûraliomis<br />
sàlygomis (kontrolë) <strong>ir</strong> palaikant optimalias d<strong>ir</strong>voþemio drëgmës atsargas<br />
(80–100 proc. LDI). Duomenys pateikti 3 lentelëje, vardiklyje pateiktas vidutinis,<br />
skaitiklyje – maþiausias <strong>ir</strong> didþiausias braðkiø ûsø <strong>ir</strong> skroteliø kiekis.<br />
Drëkinto tyrimø varianto visi t<strong>ir</strong>ti rodikliai buvo aukðtesni, palyginti su nedrëkintu.<br />
Rugpjûèio mën. pradþioje abiejuose variantuose nebuvo skroteliø, kurios atitiktø I<br />
rûðies reikalavimus. Po mënesio vidutiniðkai vienas nedrëkinamo varianto braðkiø<br />
keras uþaugino po 1-à I rûðies skrotelæ, o drëkinamo – po 7 skroteles. II rûðies<br />
vidutinis skroteliø skaièius rugpjûèio pradþioje nedrëkinat buvo 3,2, o drëkinant –<br />
7,2. Rugsëjo mën. pradþioje vidutinis vieno kero skroteliø kiekis nedrëkinant buvo<br />
8,5 <strong>ir</strong> 15 drëkinant. Vieno drëkinamo varianto braðkiø kero uþaugintø skroteliø skaièius<br />
buvo 2,5 karto didesnis nei nedrëkinamo varianto. Sk<strong>ir</strong>tumas pagal Stjudento<br />
kriterijø esminis esant 95 proc. tikimybës lygmeniui.<br />
Drëkinimo átaka braðkiø lapø asimiliaciniam pav<strong>ir</strong>ðiui. Lapø asimiliacinio pav<strong>ir</strong>ðiaus<br />
plotas – vienas ið braðkiø vystymosi rodikliø. Braðkiø lapai pradeda intensyviai<br />
formuotis <strong>ir</strong> augti, kai oro temperatûra aukðtesnë kaip + 5°C. Kai braðkës þydi, lapai<br />
auga lëèiau, o uogø nokimo laikotarpiu jie beveik neauga. Antroji lapø augimo banga<br />
prasideda po derliaus nuëmimo. Pagal Darrow (1966) lapø plotas tiesiogiai susijæs su<br />
ateinanèiø metø uogø skaièiumi. Átakos turi <strong>ir</strong> lapø skaièius, nes kuo daugiau lapø,<br />
tuo daugiau suformuojama þiedynø. Taigi, kuo didesnis lapø plotas bei jø asimiliacinis<br />
pav<strong>ir</strong>ðius, tuo didesnis uogø kiekis. Braðkiø ragelis, spalio mën. turintis iki dviejø<br />
lapø, pajëgus uþauginti vienà þiedynà su 3–5 uogomis, o 15 lapø turintis augalas gali<br />
131
08 06<br />
09 06<br />
08 06<br />
09 06<br />
3 lentelë. Vidutinis sodinamosios medþiagos kiekis ið braðkiø kero 2003 m.<br />
Table 3. The average of runner production from single strawberry plant 2003<br />
Data<br />
Date<br />
kiekis, vnt.<br />
number, units<br />
9,5<br />
7–12<br />
9,8<br />
6–13<br />
13,2<br />
9–17<br />
17,3<br />
12–24<br />
Braðkiø ûsai<br />
Runner<br />
ilgis, cm<br />
length (cm)<br />
I rûðis<br />
the f<strong>ir</strong>st class<br />
Nedrëkinami<br />
Non <strong>ir</strong>rigated<br />
36,1 0<br />
28,2–49,4 0<br />
36,5 1<br />
26,8–40,9 0–2<br />
Drëkinami (80–100 % LDI)<br />
Irrigated 80–100% FC<br />
40,7 0<br />
34,4–43,2 0<br />
42,5 7<br />
30,1–47,7 5–8<br />
Skrotelës, vnt.<br />
Rosettes<br />
II rûšis<br />
the second class<br />
3,2<br />
1–7<br />
8,5<br />
6–10<br />
7,2<br />
5–9<br />
15<br />
11–24<br />
be ðaknø<br />
no roots<br />
3,2<br />
0–5<br />
4,6<br />
1–6<br />
5,5<br />
3–8<br />
6,7<br />
5–11<br />
Vidutinis sk<strong>ir</strong>tumas tarp variantø<br />
Difference between treatments<br />
08 06 + 3,4 + 4,2 0 + 4 + 2,3<br />
09 06 + 7,8 + 7,1 + 6 + 6,5 + 2,1<br />
Vidurkiø sk<strong>ir</strong>tumo patikimumas R 05<br />
Reliability of difference according LSD 05<br />
08 06 4,13 7,82 - 3,45 3,55<br />
09 06 6,48 9,76 0,94 5,09 2,67<br />
– vardiklyje pateiktas vidutinis, skaitiklyje – maþiausias <strong>ir</strong> didþiausias ûsø <strong>ir</strong> skroteliø skaièius /<br />
in the denominator is given the average, in the numerator – the minimum and the maximum<br />
number of runners and rosettes; LDI / FC – lauko drëgmës imlumas / field capacity<br />
subrandinti iki <strong>25</strong> uogø (Darrow, 1966). Þinoma, tai labai priklauso nuo braðkiø veislës<br />
savybiø. Nepaisant to, vyravo nuomonë, kad drëkinimas lemia spartø lapø augimà,<br />
o intensyviai augantys lapai sumaþina derliø. 1999–2000 m. Pranckietienës <strong>ir</strong><br />
Pranckieèio (2003) LÞÛU atlikti tyrimai nepatv<strong>ir</strong>tino ðio teiginio. Uselis (Intensyvios...,<br />
2002) taip pat teigia, kad vasarà uþaugusiø lapø skaièius <strong>ir</strong> bûklë lemia ateinanèiø<br />
metø derliø.<br />
2003 m. atlikti tyrimai parodë, kad drëkinant asimiliacinis lapø pav<strong>ir</strong>ðius ið esmës<br />
padidëjo (F fak<br />
– 24,04; F 05<br />
– 4,96) nei nedrëkinant (3 pav.): R 05<br />
– 217,752, R 01<br />
–<br />
309,728. Treèiøjø augimo metø braðkiø lapø asimiliacinis pav<strong>ir</strong>ðius nuo pat vegetacijos<br />
pradþios buvo didesnis, palyginti su nedrëkinamu variantu (geguþës 16 d. nedrëkinant<br />
vidutinis lapø asimiliacinio pav<strong>ir</strong>ðiaus plotas buvo 670 cm 2 , o drëkinant – 880 cm 2 ).<br />
Tam átakos turëjo 2002 m. sausringa vasaros pabaiga <strong>ir</strong> rugsëjis. Liejimas 2003 m.<br />
132
geguþës paskutiná <strong>ir</strong> b<strong>ir</strong>þelio p<strong>ir</strong>màjá deðimtadiená bei vëlesniu laikotarpiu taip pat turëjo<br />
átakos lapø skaièiui <strong>ir</strong> jø plotui. Geguþës mën. 26 d. lapø asimiliacinio pav<strong>ir</strong>ðiaus<br />
plotas nedrëkinant buvo 1 260 cm 2 , o drëkinant – 1 720 cm 2 (1,37 karto didesnis nei<br />
nedrëkinamø). B<strong>ir</strong>þelio mën. 10 d. lapø asimiliacinio pav<strong>ir</strong>ðiaus plotas nedrëkinant<br />
buvo 2 390 cm 2 , o drëkinant – 2 883 cm 2 (1,21 karto didesnis nei nedrëkinamø).<br />
Uogø derëjimo laikotarpiu (nuo b<strong>ir</strong>þelio mën. 17 d. iki liepos mën. 12 d.) lapai augo<br />
lëèiau. Vëliau intensyviai vystësi <strong>ir</strong> augo nauji vasariniai lapai. Liepos mën. 20 d.<br />
nedrëkinamø braðkiø lapø asimiliacinio pav<strong>ir</strong>ðiaus plotas buvo 3 379 cm 2 , o drëkinamø<br />
– 4 001 cm 2 (1,18 karto didesnis nei nedrëkinamø).<br />
3 pav. Vidutinis braðkiø kero lapø asimiliacinio pav<strong>ir</strong>ðiaus plotas 2003 m.: a –<br />
treèiaisiais augimo metais; b – p<strong>ir</strong>maisiais augimo metais<br />
Fig. 3. The average leaf assimilation area of single strawberry plant in 2003: a – the th<strong>ir</strong>d<br />
growth year, b- the f<strong>ir</strong>st growth year<br />
Balandþio 22 d. sodintø daigø asimiliacinio pav<strong>ir</strong>ðius plotas kito sk<strong>ir</strong>tingai, tai<br />
priklausë nuo drëkinimo. Jau paliejus p<strong>ir</strong>muosius kartus (geguþës mën. treèiàjá <strong>ir</strong><br />
b<strong>ir</strong>þelio mën. p<strong>ir</strong>màjá deðimtadiená), drëkinamø braðkiø lapø asimiliacinio pav<strong>ir</strong>ðiaus<br />
plotas buvo iki 1,4 karto didesnis nei nedrëkinamø. B<strong>ir</strong>þelio mën. 16 d. vidutinis<br />
abiejø variantø vieno kero lapø skaièius buvo 11,5, asimiliacinio lapø pav<strong>ir</strong>ðius plotas<br />
nedrëkinant buvo 5<strong>25</strong>, drëkinant – 670 cm 2 . Kadangi p<strong>ir</strong>maisiais augimo metais braðkës<br />
dera negausiai, derëjimo laikotarpiu lapø augimas sulëtëjo nedaug. Liepos 1 d.<br />
vidutinis vieno kero lapø skaièius nedrëkinant buvo 15, o drëkinant – 17. Lapø asimiliacinio<br />
pav<strong>ir</strong>ðiaus plotas nedrëkinant buvo 757 cm 2 , o drëkinant – 1 190 cm 2 (1,57<br />
karto didesnis nei nedrëkinant). Paliejus liepos <strong>ir</strong> rugpjûèio mën. ðis sk<strong>ir</strong>tumas dar<br />
labiau iðryðkëjo <strong>ir</strong> rugpjûèio mën. 20 d. buvo beveik dvigubai (1,94 karto) didesnis<br />
133
drëkinant (2 805 cm 2 ) nei auganèiø natûraliomis sàlygomis (1 448 cm 2 ). Drëkinamø<br />
braðkiø lapo asimiliacinio pav<strong>ir</strong>ðiaus plotas buvo ið esmës didesnis uþ nedrëkintø:<br />
F fakt<br />
– 10,55, F 05<br />
– 4,67, R 05<br />
– 292,872, o R 01<br />
– 408,361. Vidutinis vieno kero lapø<br />
skaièius drëkinant buvo 41, o nedrëkinant – tik 20. Sk<strong>ir</strong>tumas esminis: F fakt<br />
– 10,95,<br />
F 05<br />
– 5,99, R 05<br />
– 8,133, o R 01<br />
– 12,32. Nedrëkinamø braðkiø lapø asimiliacinio pav<strong>ir</strong>ðiaus<br />
plotas padidëjo tik rugsëjo mën. (2 772 cm 2 ), kai atmosferos krituliai papildë<br />
d<strong>ir</strong>voþemio drëgmës atsargas, taèiau toks vëlyvas lapø augimas nëra teigiamas reiðkinys,<br />
nes sutrumpëjus dienos ilgumui <strong>ir</strong> nukritus oro temperatûrai, prasideda þiediniø<br />
pumpurø diferenciacija. Intensyviai auganti lapija lëtina <strong>ir</strong> atitolina þiedø diferenciacijos<br />
procesà tuo paèiu já sutrumpindama (Intensyvios..., 2002).<br />
Iðvados. Norint gauti gausø geros kokybës konkurencingà braðkiø derliø Lietuvos<br />
klimato sàlygomis, braðkes tikslinga drëkinti <strong>ir</strong> sausais, <strong>ir</strong> vidutinio drëgnumo<br />
metais. Drëkinimas turëjo esminës átakos braðkiø derliaus priedui <strong>ir</strong> fiziologiniams<br />
rodikliams. 2001–2004 m. tyrimø laikotarpiu vidutinis braðkiø derlius nedrëkinant<br />
buvo 7,8 t ha -1 , o drëkinant (80–100 proc. LDI) – 10,8 t ha -1 . Vidutinë vienos uogos<br />
masë nedrëkinant buvo 7,1 g, drëkinant (80–100 proc. LDI) – 8,2 g. Drëkinant<br />
braðkës uþaugino skroteliø 2,5 karto daugiau nei natûraliomis sàlygomis.<br />
Gauta 2006-06-01<br />
Parengta spausdinti 2006-12-11<br />
Literatûra<br />
1. Darrow G. M. The strawberry: History, Breeding and Physiology. San Francisko,<br />
1966. http://www.nal.usda.gov/pgdic/Strawberry/book/bok9teen.htm<br />
2. D<strong>ir</strong>së A., Kusta A., Stanislovaitytë A. Þemës ûkio kultûrø drëkinimo reþimas.<br />
V.: Mokslas, 1984.<br />
3. D<strong>ir</strong>së A. Þemës ûkio augalø vegetacijos laikotarpiø drëgmingumas // Þemës ûkio<br />
mokslai. 2001. Nr. 3. P. 51–56.<br />
4. Intensyvios uoginiø augalø auginimo technologijos (sud. N. Uselis). Babtai, 2002.<br />
5. Kinnanen H. and Säkö J. Irrigation requ<strong>ir</strong>ements for strawberry // Annales Agriculturae<br />
Fenniae. 1979. 18. P. 160–167.<br />
6. Kondsrud K. Vatningsforkk med jordbaer // Forskn. Forsk. Landbr. 1978. 29, 3.<br />
P. 301–312.<br />
7. Lacgalvis E. Evaluation of strawberry growing trends // Agricultural Technique<br />
and Technologies on the light Agenda – 21: Material of the international conference of<br />
science. Akademija, 2003. P. 38–41<br />
8. Naumann W. D. Die W<strong>ir</strong>kung zeitlich begrenzter Wassergaben auf Wuchs und<br />
Ertragsleistung von Erdbeeren // Gartenbauwissenschaft. 1961. 26. P. 441–458.<br />
9. Pranckietis V., Lanauskas M. „Rootedge“ kompiuterinës programos naudojimo<br />
metodiniai patarimai. Akademija, 2001.<br />
10. Pranckietienë I., Pranckietis V. Braðkiø augimo <strong>ir</strong> derëjimo ypatumai taikant ekologinæ<br />
auginimo technologijà // Mokslo darbai. 2003. Nr. 59(12). P. 86–92.<br />
11. Rebandel Z. Truskawki i poziomki. Warszawa, PWRiL.<br />
12. Rolbiecki S., Rzekanowski C. Influence of sprinkler and drip <strong>ir</strong>rigation on the<br />
growth and yield of strawberries grown on sandy soils // Acta Horticulturae. 1997. 439.<br />
P. 669–672.<br />
134
13. Smith B. R., Mahr D. L., McManus P. S. Growing strawberries in Wisconsin.<br />
Madison, 1996.<br />
14. Strabbioli G. A study on strawberry water requ<strong>ir</strong>ements // Acta Horticulturae.<br />
1988. 228. P. 179–186.<br />
15. Uselis N. Braðkiø veisliø ávertinimas // Þemës ûkio mokslai. 1996. Nr. 1. P. 73–78.<br />
16. Uselis N., Raðinskienë A. Braðkës // Ûkininko patarëjas. 2000. Nr. 46.<br />
17. Àôàíàñèê Ã. È., Ãîë÷åíêî Ì. Ã., Ëèõà÷åâè÷ À. Ï., Ìèõàéëîâ Ã. È.<br />
Ñåëüñêîõîçÿéñòâåííûå ãèäðîòåõíè÷åñêèå ìåëèîðàöèé. Ìèíñê: Tåõíîëîãèÿ, 2000.<br />
18. Ãîë÷åíêî Ì. Ã., Äåâÿòîâ À. Ñ., Ëàãóí Ò. Ä. Îðîøåíèå ñàäîâ è ÿãîäíèêîâ.<br />
Mocêâa: Óðàäæàé, 1985.<br />
19. Êîñòåêîâ Í. À. Îñíîâû ìåëèîðàöèé. Ìîñêâà: Ñåëüõîçèçäàò, 1960.<br />
20. Ìàðêîâ Þ. À. Ïðîãðàììà è ìåòîäèêà èññëåäîâàíèé ïî îðîøåíèþ<br />
ïëîäîâûõ è ÿãîäíûõ êóëüòóð: Ìåòîäè÷åñêèå ðåêîìåíäàöèé. Ìè÷óðèíñê, 1985.<br />
21. Ðû÷êîâ Í. È, Îëåôèð Å. Ï. Òåõíèêà îðîøåíèå ñàäîâ è ÿãîäíèêîâ.<br />
Ìîñêâà: Ðîññåëüõîçèçäàò, 1972.<br />
SODININKYSTË IR DARÞININKYSTË. SCIENTIFIC ARTICLES. 2006. <strong>25</strong>(4).<br />
INFLUENCE OF IRRIGATION ON<br />
STRAWBERRIES ‘SENGA SENGANA’<br />
L. Taparauskienë<br />
Summary<br />
The investigations were carried out in the Middle Lithuania (Kaunas region)<br />
during 2001–2004. In the territory of investigations the soil was calcareus deeper<br />
gleyic leached soil, IDg4-k, (sod podzolic JP lv<br />
), mechanical composition – light loam<br />
on clay loam. Experimental investigations were focused on ‘Senga Sengana’ strawberry<br />
cultivar. The aim of the work was to determine the influence of <strong>ir</strong>rigation on<br />
strawberry yield and others indicators.<br />
Irrigation effect on yield and other strawberry indicators have been analyzed<br />
and it was determined, that <strong>ir</strong>rigation has a significant influence on the increase of<br />
total yield, fruit size, runner production and leaf assimilation area. The differences<br />
between <strong>ir</strong>rigated and non-<strong>ir</strong>rigated versions are essential and statistically significant<br />
(p – 0.05).<br />
In 2001–2004 average yield of non-<strong>ir</strong>rigated strawberry was 7.8 t/ha and this<br />
one of <strong>ir</strong>rigated – 8 t/ha (the f<strong>ir</strong>st treatment 70–100% field capacity (FC)) and 10.8<br />
t/ha (the second treatment 80–100% FC). Maintaining soil moisture conditions within<br />
the limits of 80–100% FC the increase of strawberry yield in comparison with<br />
non<strong>ir</strong>rigated was biggest – 3 t/ha (or 137.7% of non <strong>ir</strong>rigated treatment). Under<br />
natural soil moisture conditions average weight of single berry in the treatment without<br />
<strong>ir</strong>rigation was 7.1 g, and with <strong>ir</strong>rigation (80–100% FC) – 8.2 g. The difference<br />
135
etween the average weight of single berry in control and in the f<strong>ir</strong>st treatment was<br />
0.6 g and between control and the second treatment was 1.1 g. In treatment with<br />
<strong>ir</strong>rigation runner production from one strawberry plant was higher in comparison to<br />
that in non <strong>ir</strong>rigated treatment. The amount of runner production in the treatment<br />
with <strong>ir</strong>rigation was 2.5 times bigger comparing to that in the treatment without <strong>ir</strong>rigation.<br />
Irrigation had a significant influence on the number of strawberry leaves and<br />
assimilation area.<br />
Key words: soil humidity, yield, berry size.<br />
136
LIETUVOS SODININKYSTËS IR DARÞININKYSTËS INSTITUTO IR<br />
LIETUVOS ÞEMËS ÛKIO UNIVERSITETO MOKSLO DARBAI.<br />
SODININKYSTË IR DARÞININKYSTË. 2006. <strong>25</strong>(4).<br />
GELEÞIES TRÀÐØ ÁTAKA ‘BOGOTA’ VEISLËS<br />
BRAÐKIØ MITYBAI, IÐSIVYSTYMUI IR DERLIUI<br />
Loreta BUSKIENË, Nobertas USELIS, Juozas LANAUSKAS<br />
Lietuvos sodininkystës <strong>ir</strong> darþininkystës institutas, LT-54333, Babtai, Kauno r.<br />
El. paðtas l.buskiene@lsdi.lt<br />
2003–2005 m. Lietuvos sodininkystës <strong>ir</strong> darþininkystës institute iðt<strong>ir</strong>ta geleþies<br />
chelato (Fe-EDTA) <strong>ir</strong> sulfato (FeSO 4<br />
) tràðø átaka ‘Bogota’ veislës braðkëms, auginamoms<br />
ðarminëse d<strong>ir</strong>vose. Ávertintas geleþies tràðø poveikis braðkiø lapø cheminei<br />
sudëèiai, kereliø iðsivystymui <strong>ir</strong> derliui. Nustatyta, kad aðtuonis kartus per vegetacijà<br />
braðkes nupurðkus 0,5, 1,0 <strong>ir</strong> 1,5% koncentracijos geleþies chelato t<strong>ir</strong>palais, geleþies<br />
kiekis jø lapuose padidëjo 1,6–1,8 karto, o geleþies sulfato t<strong>ir</strong>palais – 2,3–3,2 karto.<br />
Nupurðkus braðkes 1,5% koncentracijos abiejø formø geleþies tràðomis, augalø lapuose<br />
ið esmës padaugëjo azoto (7,6–11,4 proc.), sumaþëjo kalcio (12,1 proc.) <strong>ir</strong><br />
mangano (23,2–31,3 proc.). Geleþies chelatai pagerino kereliø iðorinæ bûklæ. Geleþies<br />
chelato <strong>ir</strong> sulfato tràðø t<strong>ir</strong>palai neturëjo esminës átakos braðkiø kereliø augimui<br />
<strong>ir</strong> derëjimui.<br />
Reikðminiai þodþiai: augumas, braðkës, derlius, geleþies chelatas, geleþies sulfatas,<br />
uogos masë.<br />
Ávadas. Pagrindinis augalø mitybos elementø ðaltinis yra d<strong>ir</strong>voþemis. Nustatyta,<br />
kad jame geleþies yra gana daug. Geleþis gali bûti nepakankamai pasisavinama dël<br />
net<strong>ir</strong>piø ar sunkiai augalams prieinamø jos formø ðarminës reakcijos d<strong>ir</strong>vose (braðkëms<br />
optimalus pH – 6,0–6,5), dël netinkamo áva<strong>ir</strong>iø elementø santykio d<strong>ir</strong>voþemyje,<br />
dël þemos d<strong>ir</strong>voþemio temperatûros <strong>ir</strong> kitø veiksniø (Íîðìàí, 1960).<br />
Braðkës yra vienos jautriausiø augalø geleþies trûkumui (Íîðìàí, 1960; Öåðëèíã,<br />
1978; Êurawicz, 1997). Trûkstant geleþies, jauni braðkiø lapai suserga tarpgysline<br />
chloroze. Nors geleþis <strong>ir</strong> nëra sudedamoji chlorofilo dalis, ji glaudþiai susijusi su jo<br />
susidarymu <strong>ir</strong> veikia kaip katalizatorius. Chlorofilo kiekis audiniuose priklauso nuo<br />
augalø ið d<strong>ir</strong>vos paimamo geleþies kiekio (Íîðìàí, 1960). Geleþies kiekis augaluose<br />
gana pastovus (Öåðëèíã, 1978). Ðarminës reakcijos d<strong>ir</strong>vose þymiai sumaþëja augalø<br />
sugebëjimas ásiurbti geleþá per ðaknis, todël tikslinga braðkes purkðti tràðø t<strong>ir</strong>palais per<br />
lapus. Lenkijos mokslininkø nuomone, nuo braðkiø chlorozës efektyviau naudoti chelatines<br />
tràðas, nes ið chelatø braðkës pasisavina <strong>ir</strong> perneða geleþá tris kartus greièiau<br />
nei ið sulfatø (Êurawicz, 1997). Kad chelatiniø formø geleþies tràðos daug efektyvesnës<br />
nei sulfatai, paþymi <strong>ir</strong> kiti mokslininkai (Kannan, Wittwer, 1965; Neumann, Prinz,<br />
137
1975). Turkijoje atliktø tyrimø duomenimis, geleþies kieká braðkiø lapuose po trijø<br />
purðkimø labiausiai padidino geleþies sulfatas, nors ið chelatø geleþis buvo paimta<br />
daug greièiau (Erdal <strong>ir</strong> kt., 2004).<br />
Tyrimo tikslas – optimizuoti braðkiø mitybà geleþimi neutralios arba ðarminës<br />
reakcijos d<strong>ir</strong>voþemiuose, ávertinti sk<strong>ir</strong>tingø formø <strong>ir</strong> koncentracijø geleþies tràðø poveiká<br />
geleþies kaupimuisi braðkiø lapuose, jø bûklei, augumui <strong>ir</strong> derëjimui.<br />
Tyrimo metodai <strong>ir</strong> sàlygos. Bandymas darytas 2003–2005 m. Lietuvos sodininkystës<br />
<strong>ir</strong> darþininkystës institute su geleþies trûkumui jautria braðkiø veisle ‘Bogota’.<br />
T<strong>ir</strong>tos dvi geleþies tràðos: geleþies chelatas (Fe-EDTA) <strong>ir</strong> geleþies sulfatas<br />
(FeSO 4<br />
). 2003–2004 m. braðkës per lapus purkðtos kas 7 dienos, 8 kartus per vegetacijà<br />
(nuo p<strong>ir</strong>møjø lapeliø iðsiskleidimo iki uogø sunokimo), 0,5; 1,0 <strong>ir</strong> 1,5% vandeniniais<br />
minëtø tràðø t<strong>ir</strong>palais.<br />
Braðkës pasodintos 2003 m. pavasará 0,8 m x 0,3 m atstumais. Apskaitinio<br />
bandymø laukelio ilgis – 2 m, plotis – 1,6 m (dvi augalø eilës), plotas – 3,2 m 2 .<br />
Bandymas darytas keturiais pakartojimais.<br />
D<strong>ir</strong>voþemis – sekliai karbonatingas giliau glëjiðkas rudþemis (RDg4-k1), priemolis.<br />
Pagrindiniai agrocheminiai d<strong>ir</strong>voþemio rodikliai (0–40 cm gylyje): pH – 7,1<br />
(KCL iðtraukoje), humuso – 2,3 proc., P 2<br />
O 5<br />
– 290 mg/kg, K 2<br />
O – 180 mg/kg, Ca –<br />
5 600 mg/kg, Mg – 1 500 mg/kg, Fe – 1 140 mg/kg.<br />
Atliekant tyrimà nustatyta: braðkiø kereliø augumà <strong>ir</strong> iðsivystymà apibûdinantys<br />
rodikliai – lapø, rageliø <strong>ir</strong> þiedynø skaièius (1 m 2 plote); uogø derlius (t/ha); vidutinë<br />
uogos masë (g); braðkiø kereliø bûklë nuskynus uogas (pagal 0–5 balø skalæ: 5 –<br />
labai gera, 0 – kereliai iðnykæ). Nupurðkus geleþies tràðø t<strong>ir</strong>palais, 2003 m. atlikta<br />
braðkiø lapø cheminë analizë <strong>ir</strong> nustatytas azoto, fosforo, kalio, kalcio, magnio, geleþies,<br />
vario, mangano, cinko <strong>ir</strong> boro kiekis sausojoje medþiagoje. Geleþies kiekis nustatytas<br />
visuose bandymo variantuose, kiti elementai – nepurkðtuose laukeliuose <strong>ir</strong><br />
nupurðkus braðkes 1,5% koncentracijos geleþies chelato <strong>ir</strong> sulfato tràðø t<strong>ir</strong>palais.<br />
Tyrimø duomenys statistiðkai ávertinti rendomizuotø blokø dispersinës analizës<br />
metodu. Meteorologinës sàlygos tyrimø metais braðkëms augti buvo gana palankios,<br />
nors vegetacijos metu buvo tarpsniø, kai smarkus lietus suplakdavo d<strong>ir</strong>và <strong>ir</strong> dël to<br />
pablogëdavo jos aeracija. 2004 m. drëgna buvo b<strong>ir</strong>þelio mën. (uogø brendimo <strong>ir</strong><br />
skynimo metu) <strong>ir</strong> ypaè – rugpjûtá, kai krituliø iðkrito 1,6 karto daugiau negu norma.<br />
Braðkës derëjo labai gausiai. 2005 m. b<strong>ir</strong>þelio mën. augalams taip pat pakako ðilumos<br />
<strong>ir</strong> drëgmës, labai sausa buvo tik liepos mën.<br />
Tyrimø rezultatai. Mitybos elementø kiekis braðkiø lapuose <strong>ir</strong> kereliø bûklë.<br />
Nupurðkus braðkes visø t<strong>ir</strong>tø koncentracijø abiejø formø geleþies tràðomis, geleþies<br />
kiekis augalø lapuose ið esmës padidëjo (1 pav.). Daugiau geleþies braðkiø lapuose<br />
susikaupë, purðkiant geleþies sulfatu <strong>ir</strong> ypaè 1,0% koncentracijos t<strong>ir</strong>palu – trigubai<br />
daugiau negu nepurkðtose.<br />
Nupurðkus 0,5–1,5% geleþies sulfato t<strong>ir</strong>palais, geleþies kiekis braðkiø lapuose<br />
padidëjo 2,3–3,2 karto. Panaudojus geleþies chelatà, braðkës sukaupë 1,6–1,8 karto<br />
daugiau geleþies, palyginti su nepurkðtomis. Mûsø tyrimai rodo, kad netikslinga didinti<br />
geleþies chelato arba sulfato t<strong>ir</strong>palo koncentracijà iki 1,5%, nes lapuose sukauptos<br />
geleþies kiekis nebedidëja (pradeda maþëti). Daugiausia geleþies susikaupë 1,0%<br />
koncentracijos geleþies tràðø t<strong>ir</strong>palais nupurkðtø braðkiø lapuose.<br />
138
1 pav. Geleþies kiekis ‘Bogota’ braðkiø lapuose. Babtai, 2003 m.<br />
Fig. 1. Iron content in leaves of strawberry cv. ‘Bogota’. Babtai, 2003<br />
Nupurðkus braðkes didþiausios koncentracijos abiejø formø geleþies tràðomis,<br />
augalø lapuose ið esmës padidëjo azoto, o sumaþëjo kalcio <strong>ir</strong> mangano (1 lentelë).<br />
1 lentelë. Geleþies tràðø átaka ‘Bogota’ braðkiø lapø agrocheminiams rodikliams.<br />
Babtai, 2003 m.<br />
Table 1. Effect of <strong>ir</strong>on fertilizers on mineral content in the leaves of strawberry cv.<br />
‘Bogota’. Babtai, 2003<br />
Variantai<br />
Treatments<br />
Makroelementø kiekis, % sausojoje<br />
medžiagoje<br />
Macronutrient content (% in dry weight)<br />
Mikroelementø kiekis,<br />
mg/kg sausojoje medžiagoje<br />
Micronutrient content (mg/kg in<br />
dry weight)<br />
N P K Ca Mg Cu Mn Zn B<br />
Nepurkšta<br />
Not fertilized<br />
2,10 0,19 0,64 1,32 0,42 4,50 39,3 13,2 31,3<br />
Fe-EDTA<br />
1,5%<br />
2,34 0,19 0,67 1,16 0,38 4,83 27,0 14,2 32,7<br />
FeSO 4 1,5% 2,26 0,19 0,68 1,16 0,38 5,12 30,2 14,0 32,4<br />
R 05 / LSD 05 0,118 0,026 0,056 0,142 0,067 1,668 11,85 4,08 3,80<br />
Naudojant 1,5% koncentracijos geleþies sulfato t<strong>ir</strong>palà, braðkiø lapuose azoto<br />
padaugëjo 7,6 proc., o nupurðkus geleþies chelatu – 11,4 proc. Kalcio kiekis purkðtø<br />
augalø lapuose sumaþëjo 12,1 proc., kad <strong>ir</strong> kokia geleþies tràðø forma buvo purkðta.<br />
Pastebëta tendencija, kad magnio pasisavinimas, naudojant geleþies tràðas, taip pat<br />
pablogëjo. Geleþies tràðos, nelygu jø forma, mangano patekimà á augalà sumaþino<br />
23,2–31,3 proc. Pastebima tendencija, kad geleþies tràðos didino kalio, vario, cinko<br />
<strong>ir</strong> boro kieká braðkiø lapuose.<br />
139
2004 m. ‘Bogota’ braðkiø kereliai buvo geriausios bûklës (4,7–4,8 balo), panaudojus<br />
visø t<strong>ir</strong>tø koncentracijø geleþies chelato t<strong>ir</strong>palus (2 pav.). Braðkiø kereliai buvo<br />
prasèiausios bûklës, panaudojus geleþies sulfato 1,0% <strong>ir</strong> ypaè 1,5% koncentracijos<br />
t<strong>ir</strong>palus. Ðiuose bandymo variantuose lapai buvo apdeginti.<br />
2 pav. Geleþies tràðø átaka ‘Bogota’ braðkiø kereliø bûklei. Babtai, 2004–2005 m.<br />
Fig 2. Effect of <strong>ir</strong>on fertilizers on plant state of strawberry cv. ‘Bogota’. Babtai, 2004-2005<br />
Kereliø bûklës analizë rodo, kad 1,0 <strong>ir</strong> 1,5% koncentracijos geleþies sulfato<br />
t<strong>ir</strong>palai braðkëms yra kenksmingi. 2005 m., nenaudojant geleþies tràðø, neigiamas<br />
didesniø koncentracijø geleþies sulfato poveikis braðkiø kereliø bûklei nepas<strong>ir</strong>eiðkë.<br />
Blogiausia kereliø bûklë nustatyta nepurkðtame variante, o geriausia – prieð metus<br />
panaudojus didþiausios koncentracijos geleþies chelato <strong>ir</strong> sulfato t<strong>ir</strong>palus.<br />
Braðkiø kereliø augumà <strong>ir</strong> iðsivystymà apibûdina lapø, rageliø <strong>ir</strong> þiedynø skaièius<br />
ploto vienete (2 lentelë). 2004 m. iðryðkëjo tendencija, kad purðkiant braðkes<br />
0,5 <strong>ir</strong> 1,5% geleþies sulfato t<strong>ir</strong>palais, jos suformavo apie 29 proc. daugiau lapø<br />
negu nepurkðtos.<br />
Pastebëta tendencija, kad 2003–2004 m. ‘Bogota’ braðkës, purðkiamos 0,5<br />
<strong>ir</strong> 1,5% koncentracijø geleþies sulfato tràðomis, suformavo vidutiniðkai apie 13–<br />
14 proc., o purðkiamos 0,5% geleþies chelato t<strong>ir</strong>palu – apie 6 proc. daugiau lapø<br />
negu nenaudojant tràðø (nors esminiø sk<strong>ir</strong>tumø nebuvo). Per dvejus tyrimø metus<br />
augalø purðkimas 1,0% koncentracijos geleþies sulfato t<strong>ir</strong>palu braðkiø rageliø<br />
skaièiø padidino 7,7 proc. Geleþies tràðos esminio poveikio braðkiø þiedynø skaièiui<br />
neturëjo.<br />
Uogø derlius <strong>ir</strong> vidutinë uogos masë. 2004 m. ‘Bogota’ braðkës derëjo gausiai.<br />
Nupurðkus augalus geleþies chelatais, derlius nepadidëjo (3 lentelë).<br />
140
2 lentelë. Geleþies tràðø átaka ‘Bogota’ braðkiø kereliø augumui <strong>ir</strong> iðsivystymui.<br />
Babtai, 2003–2004 m.<br />
Table 2. Effect of <strong>ir</strong>on fertilizers on the plant growth and development of strawberry cv.<br />
‘Bogota’. Babtai, 2003-2004<br />
Variantai<br />
Treatments<br />
Nepurkšta<br />
Not fertilized<br />
Lapai, vnt./m 2 ,<br />
2003–2004 m.<br />
Leaves, units/m 2 2003–<br />
2004<br />
Rageliai, vnt./m 2 ,<br />
2003–2004 m.<br />
Crowns, units/m 2 2003–<br />
2004<br />
Žiedynai, vnt./m 2 ,<br />
2004 m.<br />
Inflorescences, units/m 2<br />
2004<br />
192,6 36,4 71,0<br />
Fe-EDTA<br />
0,5%<br />
204,6 33,0 70,0<br />
Fe-EDTA<br />
1,0%<br />
183,0 37,0 60,4<br />
Fe-EDTA<br />
1,5%<br />
191,6 35,2 66,4<br />
FeSO 4 0,5% 217,0 34,4 84,0<br />
FeSO 4 1,0% 185,8 39,2 57,0<br />
FeSO 4 1,5% 220,0 33,4 68,0<br />
R 05 / LSD 05 51,38 10,62 31,52<br />
3 lentelë. Geleþies tràðø átaka ‘Bogota’ braðkiø uogø derliui. Babtai, 2004–2005 m.<br />
Table 3. Effect of <strong>ir</strong>on fertilizers on the yield of strawberry cv. ‘Bogota’. Babtai, 2004-2005<br />
Variantai<br />
Treatments<br />
Derlius<br />
Yield, t/ha<br />
2004 m. 2005 m. vidutinis / average<br />
Nepurkšta / Not<br />
fertilized<br />
28,5 7,7 18,1<br />
Fe-EDTA 0,5% 27,8 9,5 18,6<br />
Fe-EDTA 1,0% 28,0 7,8 17,9<br />
Fe-EDTA 1,5% 27,9 7,7 17,8<br />
FeSO 4 0,5% 26,0 7,9 17,0<br />
FeSO 4 1,0% 20,9 8,7 14,8<br />
FeSO 4 1,5% 18,5 8,9 13,7<br />
R 05 / LSD 05 5,66 3,03 3,17<br />
141
Braðkes nupurðkus 1,0 <strong>ir</strong> 1,5% koncentracijos geleþies sulfato t<strong>ir</strong>palais, dël<br />
lapø apdeginimo derlius sumaþëjo ið esmës. Ðiuose bandymo variantuose ið esmës<br />
(<strong>25</strong>–30 proc.) sumaþëjo <strong>ir</strong> vidutinë uogos masë (4 lentelë).<br />
4 lentelë. Geleþies tràðø átaka vidutinei ‘Bogota’ braðkiø uogos masei 2004–2005 m.<br />
Table 4. Effect of <strong>ir</strong>on fertilizers on berry weight. Babtai, 2004–2005<br />
Variantai<br />
Treatments<br />
Nepurkšta / Not<br />
fertilized<br />
Vidutinë uogos masë<br />
Average berry weight, g<br />
2004 m. 2005 m. vidurkis / average<br />
13,8 15,4 14,6<br />
Fe-EDTA 0,5% 13,4 14,9 14,1<br />
Fe-EDTA 1,0% 12,8 11,8 12,3<br />
Fe-EDTA 1,5% 12,3 16,9 14,6<br />
FeSO 4 0,5% 11,7 15,0 13,4<br />
FeSO 4 1,0% 10,4 13,9 12,2<br />
FeSO 4 1,5% 10,5 15,3 12,9<br />
R 05 / LSD 05 2,39 3,74 2,64<br />
2005 m. didþiausias ‘Bogota’ braðkiø derlius gautas variante, kuriame panaudotas<br />
0,5% koncentracijos geleþies chelato t<strong>ir</strong>palas. Derliaus didëjimo tendencija nustatyta,<br />
panaudojus 1,0 <strong>ir</strong> 1,5% koncentracijos geleþies sulfato t<strong>ir</strong>palus. Vidutinis dvejø<br />
metø braðkiø derlius, panaudojus 1,0 <strong>ir</strong> 1,5% koncentracijos geleþies sulfato t<strong>ir</strong>palus,<br />
buvo apie 20 proc. maþesnis negu netræðtame variante. Braðkiø purðkimas per lapus<br />
geleþies tràðomis neturëjo esminës átakos vidutinei uogos masei.<br />
Aptarimas. Augalø chlorozë, ats<strong>ir</strong>adusi dël geleþies trûkumo, paprastai nëra tiesioginë<br />
ðio elemento trûkumo pasekmë, kaip kitø mikroelementø atveju. Daþnai tai yra<br />
antrinis efektas, ats<strong>ir</strong>andantis dël geleþies kompleksinës sàveikos su kitais elementais <strong>ir</strong><br />
áva<strong>ir</strong>iais d<strong>ir</strong>voþemio bei aplinkos veiksniais. Turkijos mokslininkø atliktuose tyrimuose<br />
‘Camarosa’ braðkës, kurios pagal iðorinius poþymius prisk<strong>ir</strong>iamos jautrioms geleþies<br />
trûkumui, maþai reagavo á panaudotas geleþies tràðas (Erdal <strong>ir</strong> kt., 2004). Tai galima<br />
paaiðkinti tuo, kad net <strong>ir</strong> esant gausiam geleþies kiekiui augalø lapuose, ji gali bûti fiziologiðkai<br />
neaktyvi <strong>ir</strong> nedalyvauti metabolizmo procesuose (Märschner, 1995; Erdal <strong>ir</strong><br />
kt., 1998). Pavyzdþiui, ðarminiame d<strong>ir</strong>voþemyje atliktais tyrimais nustatyta, kad geleþies<br />
koncentracija chloruotuose augalo lapuose gali bûtu panaði ar net didesnë negu<br />
þaliuose. Tai ið dalies siejama su geleþies lokalizacija augalo audiniuose. Geleþies katijonai<br />
gali bûti fiziologiðkai neaktyvûs net<strong>ir</strong>piose nuosëdose lapø apoplazmoje (Mengel <strong>ir</strong><br />
kt., 1988). Atlikdami ðá tyrimà, tikëjomës, kad geleþies tràðø t<strong>ir</strong>palo purðkimas per lapus<br />
þenkliai sumaþins ar paðalins iðorinius ðio mikroelemento trûkumo poþymius. Purðkiant<br />
braðkes geleþies tràðomis, geleþies kiekis jø lapuose padidëjo 1,6–3,2 karto, taèiau aiðkiø<br />
iðoriniø chlorozës sumaþëjimo poþymiø nenustatyta.<br />
142
Beyers <strong>ir</strong> Terblanche (1971) nuomone, geriausias bûdas áveikti geleþies trûkumo<br />
sukeltà lapø chlorozæ yra d<strong>ir</strong>vos laistymas geleþies chelato t<strong>ir</strong>palais. Taèiau ðarminës<br />
d<strong>ir</strong>vos træðimas geleþies tràðomis ar jos laistymas ðiø tràðø t<strong>ir</strong>palais augalø<br />
chlorozës paprastai neiðgydo (Íîðìàí, 1960). Rekomenduojama ðarminëse d<strong>ir</strong>vose<br />
auganèius augalus purkðti per lapus. Kõksal <strong>ir</strong> kiti mokslininkai (1999) nustatë, kad<br />
kriauðiø purðkimas per lapus geleþies amino rûgðèiø druskø t<strong>ir</strong>palais sumaþino geleþies<br />
trûkumo poþymius <strong>ir</strong> padidino jos kieká lapuose iki 120 proc. Turkijos tyrëjø<br />
nuomone, augalø træðimas geleþies tràðomis per lapus ðarminëje d<strong>ir</strong>voje yra efektyvus<br />
bûdas padidinti geleþies kieká braðkiø lapuose, nes atliktø bandymø duomenys<br />
rodo, kad didinant purðkimø skaièiø, geleþies koncentracija laipsniðkai didëjo. Norint<br />
palaikyti optimalià geleþies koncentracijà braðkiø lapuose, reikia purkðti jas per lapus<br />
geleþies tràðomis sk<strong>ir</strong>tingais augimo tarpsniais (Erdal <strong>ir</strong> kt., 2004).<br />
Natûraliomis sàlygomis d<strong>ir</strong>voþemyje <strong>ir</strong> augale yra tam tikras mitybos elementø balansas.<br />
Iðt<strong>ir</strong>ta, kad egzistuoja konkurencija tarp atsk<strong>ir</strong>ø elementø <strong>ir</strong> vieno perteklius gali<br />
apsunkinti kitø elementø patekimà á augalà (Íîðìàí, 1960; Öåðëèíã, 1978; Erdal <strong>ir</strong> kt.,<br />
2004). Pavyzdþiui, Karaman (1997) atliktais tyrimais nustatyta, kad geleþies tràðos padidino<br />
geleþies koncentracijà pupelëse, bet sumaþino jose fosforo <strong>ir</strong> mikroelementø – cinko,<br />
vario <strong>ir</strong> mangano – kiekius. Geleþies trûkumas gali pas<strong>ir</strong>eikðti dël didelës cinko, mangano,<br />
vario, nikelio, kobalto, chromo, fosforo <strong>ir</strong> karbonatø jonø koncentracijos, taip pat<br />
dël kalio trûkumo maitinamajame t<strong>ir</strong>pale (Íîðìàí, 1960; Erdal <strong>ir</strong> kt., 2004).<br />
Mûsø gauti rezultatai patv<strong>ir</strong>tino Baltarusijos bei kitø ðaliø mokslininkø teiginá,<br />
kad mikroelementai pagerina pagrindiniø mitybos elementø – azoto <strong>ir</strong> kalio – patekimà<br />
á augalà (Òîìà <strong>ir</strong> kt., 1980; Áðóéëî, 2005). Pagerëjus mitybai geleþimi, braðkës<br />
pasisavino iki 11,4 proc. daugiau azoto <strong>ir</strong> iki 6,2 proc. daugiau kalio.<br />
Geleþies tràðø átaka augalø derliui nevienareikðmë. Almaliotis <strong>ir</strong> kt. (2002) nustatë<br />
patikimà tiesioginæ koreliacijà tarp geleþies koncentracijos <strong>ir</strong> derliaus. Taèiau Turkijos<br />
mokslininkø tyrimø duomenimis, kai kuriø veisliø braðkës neigiamai reagavo á<br />
træðimà geleþies tràðomis, <strong>ir</strong> jø derlius sumaþëjo (Türemis <strong>ir</strong> kt., 1997). Belgijos <strong>ir</strong><br />
Norvegijos mokslininkai iðtyrë, kad trûkstant geleþies, braðkës maþiau uþmezgë uogø,<br />
sumaþëjo derlius <strong>ir</strong> uogos masë (Lieten, 2000; Nestby, 2003). Mûsø atliktuose<br />
tyrimuose purðkimas per lapus geleþies tràðomis neturëjo esminës átakos braðkiø derlingumui<br />
<strong>ir</strong> vidutinei uogos masei.<br />
Iðvados. 1. Jautrias geleþies trûkumui ‘Bogota’ veislës braðkes aðtuonis kartus per<br />
vegetacijà nupurðkus 0,5–1,5% koncentracijos geleþies chelato t<strong>ir</strong>palais, geleþies kiekis jø<br />
lapuose padidëja 1,6–1,8 karto, o nupurðkus geleþies sulfato t<strong>ir</strong>palais – 2,3–3,2 karto.<br />
2. Nupurðkus braðkes 1,5% koncentracijos abiejø formø geleþies tràðomis,<br />
augalø lapuose ið esmës padaugëja azoto (7,6–11,4 proc.), o sumaþëja kalcio<br />
(12,1 proc.) <strong>ir</strong> mangano (23,2–31,3 proc.).<br />
3. Nors geleþies kiekis braðkiø lapuose padidëja, purðkimas geleþies chelato <strong>ir</strong><br />
geleþies sulfato tràðø t<strong>ir</strong>palais neturi esminës átakos kereliø augumui <strong>ir</strong> iðsivystymui.<br />
4. Geleþies chelatai pagerina ‘Bogota’ braðkiø kereliø iðorinæ bûklæ, taèiau nepadidina<br />
derliaus <strong>ir</strong> vidutinës uogos masës. 1,0 <strong>ir</strong> 1,5% koncentracijos geleþies sulfato<br />
t<strong>ir</strong>palai kartais apdegina braðkiø lapus <strong>ir</strong> pablogina kereliø bûklæ bei sumaþina derliø.<br />
Gauta 2006-11-13<br />
Parengta spausdinti 2006-12-11<br />
143
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1. Almaliotis D., Velemis D., Bladenopoulou S., Karapetsas N. Leaf nutrient levels of<br />
strawberries (cv. Tudla) in relation to crop yield // ISHS. Acta Horticulture 567. IV International<br />
Strawberry Sympozium. Tempare, Finland, 2002. Vol. 2.<br />
2. Beyers E., Terblanche J. H. Identification and control of trace element deficiencies.<br />
V. Iron deficiency. Decid // Fruit Grower. 1971. 21. P. 265–282.<br />
3. Erdal I., Gürbüz M., Tarakcioðlu C. Effect of foliar acid application on the total and<br />
available Fe concentrations and chlorophyll concentration in tomato plant (Lycopersicum<br />
esculentum L.) grown with nutrient solution. Pamukkale. University Engineering<br />
Faculty. J. of Engineering Sciences. 1998. 4/1–2. P. 481–485.<br />
4. Erdal I., Kepenek K., Kizilgõz I. Effect of foliar <strong>ir</strong>on applications at different growth<br />
stages on <strong>ir</strong>on and some nutrient concentrations in strawberry cultivars // Turk. J. of<br />
Agriculture and Forestry. 2004. 28. P. 421–427.<br />
5. Kannan S., Wittwer S. H. Effects of chelation and urea on <strong>ir</strong>on absorption by intact<br />
leaves and enzymically isolated leaf cells // Plant Physiol. Suppl. 1965. 40. P. 12.<br />
6. Karaman M. R., Brohi A. R., Inal A., Taban S. Effect of <strong>ir</strong>on and zinc applications on<br />
growth and on concentration of mineral nutrients of bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) grown<br />
in artificial siltation soils // Tr. J. of Agriculture and Forestry. 1997. 23. P. 341–348.<br />
7. Kõksal I., Dumanoðlu H., Günes N. T., Aktas M. The effects of different amino acid<br />
chalate foliar fertilizers on yield, fruit quality, shoot growth and Fe, Zn, Cu, Mn concentration<br />
of leaves in williams pear cultivar (Pyrunus communis L.). Tr. J. of Agriculture and<br />
Forestry. 1999. 23. P. 651–658.<br />
8. Lieten F. Iron nutrition of strawberries grown in peat bags // Small Fruits Review.<br />
2000. 1(2). P. 103–112.<br />
9. Märschner H. Mineral nutrition of higher plants. 2nd Addition Academic Press<br />
Inc. 1995.<br />
10. Mengel K., Geurtzen G. Relationship between <strong>ir</strong>on chlorosis and alkalinity in zea<br />
mays // Physiol. Plantarum. 1988. 72. P. 460–465.<br />
11. Nestby R., Lieten F., Pivot D., Raynal Lacroix C., Tagliavini M., Evenhuis B.<br />
Influence of mineral nutrient on strawberry fruit quality and the<strong>ir</strong> accumulation in plant<br />
organs. A Review // Proceedings of the Euro Berry Symposium COST 836 Final workshop.<br />
Ancona, Italy, 2003. P. 201–206.<br />
12. Neumann P. M., Prinz R. Foliar <strong>ir</strong>on spray potentiates growth of seedlings on<br />
<strong>ir</strong>on-free media // Plant Physiol. 1975. 55. P. 988–990.<br />
13. Türemis N., Ozguven A. L., Paydas S., Idem G. Effects of sequestrene Fe-138 as<br />
foliar and soil application on yield and earliness of some strawberry cultivars in the<br />
subtropics // ISHS. Acta Horticulture 441, V Temperate Zone Fruit in the Tropics and<br />
Subtropics Adana, Turkey, 1997.<br />
14. Ýurawicz E. Truskawka i poziomka. Warszawa: Pañstwowe wydawnictwo rolnicze<br />
i leúne, 1997. P. 109.<br />
15. Áðóéëî À. Ñ., Ñàìóñü Â. À., Êàìçîëîâà Î. È., Ñîáîëåâ Ñ. Þ. Âëèÿíèå<br />
ìèêðîýëåìåíòîâ (Ìn, Zn, B), èõ êîìáèíàöèé è ñïîñîáîâ âíåñåíèÿ íà<br />
ïðîäóêòèâíîñòü ÿáëîíè â óñëîâèÿõ çàïàäíîé ÷àñòè ðåñïóáëèêè Áåëàðóñü //<br />
Ïëîäîâîäñòâî. Ñàìîõâàëîâè÷è, 2005. Ò. 17(1). Ñ. 159–165.<br />
16. Ìèíåðàëüíîå ïèòàíèå ïëîäîâûõ è ÿãîäíûõ êóëüòóð. Ïîä ðåä. Íîðìàíà<br />
Ô. ×. Ìîñêâà: Ãîñ. èçä–âî ñåëüõîç. ëèòåðàòóðû, 1960. Ñ. 351–375.<br />
17. Òîìà Ñ. È., Ðàáèíîâè÷ È. Ç., Âåëèêñàð Ñ. Ã. Ìèêðîýëåìåíòû è óðîæàé.<br />
Êèøèí¸â: Øòèèíöà, 1980. Ñ. 159–171.<br />
144
18. Öåðëèíã Â. Â. Àãðîõèìè÷åñêèå îñíîâû äèàãíîñòèêè ìèíåðàëüíîãî<br />
ïèòàíèÿ ñåëüñêîõîçÿéñòâåííûõ êóëüòóð. Ìîñêâà: Íàóêà, 1978. 216 ñ.<br />
SODININKYSTË IR DARÞININKYSTË. SCIENTIFIC ARTICLES. 2006. <strong>25</strong>(4).<br />
EFFECT OF FOLIAR APPLIED IRON FERTILIZERS ON<br />
NUTRITION, DEVELOPMENT AND YIELD OF<br />
STRAWBERRY CV. ‘BOGOTA’<br />
L. Buskienë, N. Uselis, J. Lanauskas<br />
Summary<br />
Effect of <strong>ir</strong>on chelate and <strong>ir</strong>on sulphate on strawberries of cv. ‘Bogota’ was<br />
investigated at the Lithuanian Institute of Horticulture in 2003-2005. Strawberries<br />
grown on alkaline soil were sprayed 8 times during growth season either with <strong>ir</strong>on<br />
chelate (Fe-EDTA) or <strong>ir</strong>on sulphate (Fe 2<br />
SO 4<br />
) solutions at the concentration 0.5,<br />
1.0 and 1.5 proc. Chemical leaf composition, plant development and yield were<br />
evaluated. Iron chelate increased leaf <strong>ir</strong>on content by 1.6–1.8 times, <strong>ir</strong>on sulphate –<br />
by 2.3–3.2 times in comparison with the control treatment where <strong>ir</strong>on fertilizers<br />
were not applied. After application of both fertilizers at 1.5 proc. concentration<br />
solution nitrogen content in strawberry leaves was increased by 7.6–11.4 proc.,<br />
whereas content of leaf calcium and manganese decreased respectively by 12.1<br />
and 23.2–31.3 proc. Iron chelate improved plant state but neither <strong>ir</strong>on chelate nor<br />
sulphate had positive effect on strawberry plant growth and yield.<br />
Key words: growth, strawberries, <strong>ir</strong>on chelate, <strong>ir</strong>on sulphate, berry weight,<br />
yield.<br />
145
LIETUVOS SODININKYSTËS IR DARÞININKYSTËS INSTITUTO IR<br />
LIETUVOS ÞEMËS ÛKIO UNIVERSITETO MOKSLO DARBAI.<br />
SODININKYSTË IR DARÞININKYSTË. 2006. <strong>25</strong>(4).<br />
KOMPLEKSINIS UV-B SPINDULIUOTËS IR<br />
TEMPERATÛROS POVEIKIS BRAÐKIØ<br />
FIZIOLOGINIAMS RODIKLIAMS<br />
Akvilë URBONAVIÈIÛTË 1,2 , Giedrë SAMUOLIENË 1,2 ,<br />
Jurga SAKALAUSKAITË 1 , Pavelas DUCHOVSKIS 1,2 ,<br />
Auðra BRAZAITYTË 1 , Jûratë Bronë ÐIKÐNIANIENË 1 ,<br />
Gintarë ÐABAJEVIENË 1 , Kæstutis BARANAUSKIS 1 ,<br />
Sandra SAKALAUSKIENË 1 , Nobertas USELIS 1 ,<br />
Bronislovas GELVONAUSKIS 1<br />
1<br />
Lietuvos sodininkystës <strong>ir</strong> darþininkystës institutas, LT-54333 Babtai, Kauno r.<br />
El. paðtas P. Duchovskis@lsdi.lt<br />
2<br />
Lietuvos þemës ûkio universitetas, LT-53067, Noreikiðkës, Kauno r.<br />
2005–2006 metais Lietuvos sodininkystës <strong>ir</strong> darþininkystës institute fitotrono<br />
komplekse atliktø tyrimø tikslas – ávertinti kompleksiná UV-B spinduliuotës <strong>ir</strong> temperatûros<br />
poveiká braðkiø fiziologiniams rodikliams. T<strong>ir</strong>ta, kaip 9 dienø trukmës ðvitinimas<br />
0, 2 <strong>ir</strong> 4 kJ UV-B spinduliuotës dozëmis veikia braðkiø augimà, pigmentø <strong>ir</strong><br />
cukrø biosintezæ esant 21/14°C <strong>ir</strong> <strong>25</strong>/16°C aplinkos temperatûrai. Chlorofilø <strong>ir</strong> karotinoidø<br />
koncentracija nustatyta spektrofotometriniu, cukrø – chromatografiniu metodu.<br />
Trumpalaikis ðvitinimas UV-B spinduliuote didelio poveikio braðkiø – ilgos vegetacijos<br />
augalo – biometriniams rodikliams nedaro. 2 kJ spinduliuotë skatina fotosintezës<br />
pigmentø <strong>ir</strong> cukrø sintezæ tiek esant optimaliai, tiek aukðtesnei temperatûrai.<br />
T<strong>ir</strong>ta aukðtesnë temperatûra savaime sukelia stresiná poveiká, taèiau padidintos temperatûros<br />
sàlygomis braðkiø cukrø metabolizmo sistema maþiau jautriai reaguoja á<br />
sk<strong>ir</strong>tingas UV-B spinduliuotës dozes.<br />
Raktaþodþiai: braðkës, cukrûs, fotosintezës pigmentai, lapø plotas, temperatûra,<br />
UV-B spinduliuotë, þalia masë.<br />
Ávadas. Dël stratosferos ozono sluoksnio plonëjimo didëja UV-B spinduliuotës<br />
srautas, pasiekiantis þemës pav<strong>ir</strong>ðiø <strong>ir</strong> turintis áva<strong>ir</strong>ø esminá fotobiologiná poveiká augalams<br />
(Yang <strong>ir</strong> kt., 2004). Augalai gali toleruoti ar prisitaikyti prie maþo UV-B spinduliuotës<br />
kiekio, taèiau intensyvi radiacija jiems kenkia. Didesnis nei áprasta UV-B<br />
spinduliuotës srautas sukelia DNR, fermentø, membranø, fitohormonø, fotosintezës<br />
sistemø paþeidimus làstelëse (Strid <strong>ir</strong> kt., 1994; Tevini, 1994; Rozema <strong>ir</strong> kt., 1997;<br />
Jansen <strong>ir</strong> kt., 1998; Mackerness, 2000; Hollosy, 2002; Baier <strong>ir</strong> kt., 2005). Pakitimai<br />
<strong>ir</strong> paþeidimai molekuliniame lygmenyje neiðvengiamai veikia daugelá morfologiniø,<br />
146
fiziologiniø <strong>ir</strong> metaboliniø atsakø augaluose: sumaþëjæs lapø plotas <strong>ir</strong> þalios bei sausos<br />
masës kaupimas, padidëjusi UV-B absorbuojanèiø fermentø sintezë, fotosistemos II<br />
efektyvumo sumaþëjimas, padidëjæs cukrø kiekis audiniuose (Heijari <strong>ir</strong> kt., 2006, Mackerness,<br />
1997). Vis dëlto UV-B spinduliuotë savitai veikia rûðá <strong>ir</strong> priklauso nuo genetiniø<br />
augalo savybiø, bendros bûklës bei kitø aplinkos sàlygø poveikio. (Allen <strong>ir</strong> kt., 1999,<br />
Mackerness, 2000). Tai daro átakà svarbiems ekosistemos lygmens veiksniams, pavyzdþiui,<br />
konkurencijai tarp rûðiø, atsparumui ligoms, kenkëjams (Allen <strong>ir</strong> kt., 1999).<br />
Natûralioje aplinkoje abiotiniai stresoriai veikia ne atsk<strong>ir</strong>ai, o kaip kompleksas sàveikaujanèiø<br />
streso veiksniø. Veikiant keletui iðoriniø stresà sukelianèiø veiksniø, susiaurëja<br />
augalø tolerancijos intervalai, nes augalai, iðeikvojæ savo vidinius iðteklius prisitaikyti<br />
prie vieno iðorinio veiksnio, turi maþesnes galimybes prisitaikyti prie kitø nepalankiø<br />
faktoriø poveikio (Rhodes, Nadolska-Orczyk, 2001; Pastori, Foyer, 2002; Mozafar,<br />
Oertli, 1990). UV-B spinduliuotës srauto padidëjimas aplinkoje paprastai sutampa su<br />
pakilusia aplinkos temperatûra. Net keliais laipsniais didesnë nei áprasta temperatûra<br />
veikia daugelio fermentø funkcijà <strong>ir</strong> sukelia ðilumos streso baltymø ekspresijà (Jenkins<br />
<strong>ir</strong> kt., 1997). Taèiau, kaip augalai reaguoja á kompleksiná UV-B spinduliuotës <strong>ir</strong> padidëjusios<br />
aplinkos temperatûros kompleksiná poveiká, nëra iðt<strong>ir</strong>ta.<br />
Darbo tikslas – ávertinti kompleksiná UV-B spinduliuotës <strong>ir</strong> temperatûros poveiká<br />
braðkiø fiziologiniams <strong>ir</strong> biometriniams rodikliams.<br />
Tyrimø objektas <strong>ir</strong> metodai. Tyrimai atlikti Lietuvos sodininkystës <strong>ir</strong> darþininkystës<br />
institute fitotrono komplekse 2005–2006 metais. Desertiniø braðkiø (Fragaria<br />
x ananassa Duch. var. ‘Senga Sengana’) daigai buvo auginami po 3 augalus 5<br />
litrø vegetaciniuose induose (trimis pakartojimais), neutralaus rûgðtumo substrate<br />
(6–6,5 pH). Braðkës balandþio–b<strong>ir</strong>þelio mënesiais augintos ðiltnamyje, o likus savaitei<br />
iki veikimo UV-B spinduliais <strong>ir</strong> temperatûra, perkeltos á fitokameras.<br />
Kontrolinëse fitokamerose buvo palaikoma 21°C temperatûra dienà <strong>ir</strong> 14°C temperatûra<br />
naktá. Vadovaujantis klimato kaitos prognostiniais modeliais (IPCC, 2001),<br />
atðilusiam klimatui imituoti fitokamerose buvo palaikoma keturiais laipsniais aukðtesnë<br />
temperatûra dienà (<strong>25</strong>°C) <strong>ir</strong> dviem laipsniais aukðtesnë temperatûra naktá (16°C).<br />
Fotoperiodo trukmë 14 val. UV-B spinduliuotæ skleidë UV-B lempos (TL 40W/12 RS<br />
UV-B Medical, Philips, JAV). Augalai buvo veikiami tokiomis UV-B dozëmis – 0 kJ,<br />
2 kJ <strong>ir</strong> 4 kJ per parà. Ekspozicijos fitokamerose trukmë – 9 dienos. Remiantis ankstesniais<br />
tyrimais, tai trumpiausia veikimo trukmë, kurios efektas augalø fiziologiniams<br />
rodikliams yra esminis.<br />
Tyrimo pabaigoje buvo nustatytas penkiø kiekvieno paveikto derinio augalø lapø<br />
plotas <strong>ir</strong> þalia augalø masë, taip pat fotosintezës pigmentø <strong>ir</strong> cukrø kiekis.<br />
Fotosintezës pigmentø kiekis þalioje masëje buvo nustatytas paruoðus 100% acetono<br />
ekstraktus <strong>ir</strong> atlikus analizæ – iðanalizavus juos spektrofotometriniu Wetshtein metodu<br />
(Ãàâðèëåíêî <strong>ir</strong> kt., 2003). Spektrofotometras – „Genesys 6“ (ThermoSpectronic, JAV).<br />
Cukrø bandiniams paruoðti apie 1 g þaliavos sutrinta keramikinëje grûstuvëlëje <strong>ir</strong><br />
uþpilta 4 ml 60–70°C bidistiliuoto vandens. Po paros ekstraktas nufiltruotas naudojant<br />
celiulioziná filtrà, o prieð analizæ – per 0,2 µm porø skersmens membraniná filtrà.<br />
Chromatografinë analizë atlikta naudojant Shimadzu 10A HPLC sistemà su refrakcijos<br />
indekso detektoriumi (Shimadzu, Japonija) <strong>ir</strong> Adsorbosil NH2- kolonà (150 mm x<br />
4,6 mm). Judrioji fazë – 75% acetonitrilas. Tëkmës greitis – 1 ml/min.<br />
147
Rezultatai apdoroti <strong>ir</strong> statistiniai skaièiavimai atlikti naudojant „MS Excel“ programiná<br />
paketà.<br />
Rezultatai. Kompleksiðkai paveikus UV-B spinduliuote <strong>ir</strong> sk<strong>ir</strong>tinga temperatûra,<br />
cukrø kiekybiniai sk<strong>ir</strong>tumai buvo esminiai (1 pav.). Esant optimaliai temperatûrai,<br />
bendras cukrø kiekis lapuose didesnis, negu esant aukðtai temperatûrai. Paveikus 21/<br />
14°C temperatûra, gliukozës sukaupta apie 1,5 karto daugiau, o maltozës – 2–5 kartus<br />
daugiau negu paveikus <strong>25</strong>/16°C temperatûra. Abiem atvejais daugiausia monocukrø,<br />
kaip <strong>ir</strong> maltozës, sukaupta paveikus 2 kJ spinduliuote (esant optimaliai aplinkos<br />
temperatûrai cukrø lapuose sukaupta beveik dvigubai daugiau negu esant aukðtesnei<br />
temperatûrai). Taèiau optimalios temperatûros sàlygomis cukrø biosintezë buvo<br />
labiausiai slopinama ðvitinant 4 kJ UV-B, o padidintos temperatûros sàlygomis –<br />
kontroliniuose augaluose. Veikiant 4 kJ spinduliuote <strong>ir</strong> <strong>25</strong>/16°C temperatûra buvo<br />
sintetinama <strong>ir</strong> nedaug sacharozës. Labiausiai UV-B spinduliuotë <strong>ir</strong> temperatûra veikia<br />
fruktozës metabolizmà.<br />
1 pav. Angliavandeniø pasisk<strong>ir</strong>stymas braðkiø lapuose augalus paveikus UV-B<br />
spinduliuote esant sk<strong>ir</strong>tingoms aplinkos temperatûros sàlygoms<br />
Fig. 1. Carbohydrate distribution in leaves of strawberry after UV-B <strong>ir</strong>radiation exposure<br />
under different temperature conditions<br />
2 pav. Fotosintezës pigmentø kiekis braðkiø lapuose kompleksiðkai paveikus UV-B<br />
spinduliuote <strong>ir</strong> temperatûra<br />
Fig. 2. Photosynthetic pigment content in strawberry leaves after UV-B and temperature<br />
exposure<br />
148
Fotosintezës pigmentø kaupimàsi braðkiø lapuose temperatûra veikia maþiau. Ið<br />
esmës daugiau chlorofilø a, b <strong>ir</strong> karotinoidø sukaupta ðvitinant 2 kJ tiek esant 21/<br />
14°C, tiek <strong>25</strong>/16°C dienos/nakties aplinkos temperatûrai (2 pav.).<br />
3 pav. Þalia braðkiø lapø <strong>ir</strong> ðaknø masë paveikus UV-B spinduliuote <strong>ir</strong> temperatûra<br />
Fig. 3. Fresh weight of strawberry leaves and roots after UV-B and temperature exposure<br />
Esminiø pokyèiø vertinant devyniø dienø trukmës UV-B <strong>ir</strong> temperatûros poveiká<br />
þalios masës kaupimui lapuose <strong>ir</strong> ðaknyse bei lapø ploto augimui nenustatyta<br />
(3 <strong>ir</strong> 4 pav.)<br />
4 pav. Braðkiø lapø plotas kompleksiðkai paveikus UV-B spinduliuote <strong>ir</strong> temperatûra<br />
Fig. 4. Area of strawberry leaves after UV-B and temperature complex exposure<br />
Aptarimas. Augalai yra iðvystæ unikalius mechanizmus reaguoti á nuolatos kintanèias<br />
aplinkos sàlygas: jauèia supanèià aplinkà <strong>ir</strong> pritaiko savo fiziologinius bei<br />
metabolitinius procesus homeostazei palaikyti. Reakcija á stresà sukelianèius veiksnius<br />
yra nulemta augalo genomo <strong>ir</strong> pakitusiø aplinkos sàlygø sàveikos (Pastori, Foyer,<br />
2002). Augalø morfologiniai <strong>ir</strong> fotomorfogenetiniai poþymiai yra jautresni UV-B<br />
radiacijai negu fotosintezës intensyvumas ar bendra sausos masës produkcija. Taèiau<br />
sumaþëjæs biomasës kaupimas ar fotosintezës pigmentø kiekis gali bûti patikimi<br />
augalo jautrumo UV-B radiacijai rodikliai (Smith <strong>ir</strong> kt, 2000; Liu <strong>ir</strong> kt, 2005). Mûsø<br />
atliktuose bandymuose 9 dienas sk<strong>ir</strong>tingos UV-B spinduliuotës aplinkoje augusiø braðkiø<br />
149
iometriniai rodikliai skyrësi tik paklaidos ribose <strong>ir</strong> nepriklausë nuo aplinkos temperatûros.<br />
Braðkiø vegetacijos laikotarpis ilgas, todël trumpalaikis poveikis augalø augimui<br />
didelës átakos neturi. Bendras chlorofilø kiekis taip pat gali bûti panaudojamas<br />
augalo tolerancijai UV-B spinduliuotei ávertinti: augalai, kuriuose yra daugiau chlorofilo<br />
<strong>ir</strong> jo kiekis iðlieka nesumaþëjæs veikimo metu, yra tolerantiðkesni UV-B spinduliuotei<br />
(Smith <strong>ir</strong> kt., 2000). Vertinant mûsø gautus duomenis, fotosintezës pigmentø<br />
(<strong>ir</strong> chlorofilø, <strong>ir</strong> karotinoidø) sintezë, neatsiþvelgiant á temperatûrà, labiau skatinama<br />
veikiant 2 kJ spinduliuotës doze. Didesnëmis UV-B dozëmis paþeidus fotosistemà II<br />
<strong>ir</strong> Kalvino ciklo fermentø veiklà, pas<strong>ir</strong>eiðkia fotosintezës inhibicija (Mackerness, 1997;<br />
Smith <strong>ir</strong> kt., 2000). Vis dëlto augalai gali prisitaikyti prie ðios pakitusios aplinkos<br />
indukuodami UV-B absorbuojanèiø pigmentø biosintezæ <strong>ir</strong> taip apsaugoti savo fotosintezës<br />
sistemà (Allen <strong>ir</strong> kt., 1999).<br />
Fotosintezës inhibicijos efektas siejamas su padidëjusiu t<strong>ir</strong>piø cukrø kaupimusi<br />
audiniuose (Mackerness, 1997). Keletas reakcijos á stresà mechanizmuose dalyvaujanèiø<br />
genø yra indukuojami gliukozës (Gupta, Kaur, 2005), cukrûs taip pat yra susijæ<br />
su reaktyviø deguonies formø metabolizmu (Couee <strong>ir</strong> kt., 2006), jiems prisk<strong>ir</strong>iamas<br />
svarbus angliavandeniø metabolizmo reguliavimo kintanèiomis aplinkos sàlygomis<br />
vaidmuo veikiant fermentui heksokinazei (Gibson, 2000; Shenn <strong>ir</strong> kt., 1999).<br />
Padidëjusi bendra cukrø koncentracija ðvitinant braðkes 2 kJ UV-B doze abiem temperatûros<br />
reþimais, kaip <strong>ir</strong> intensyvesnë chlorofilø sintezë, indukuoja optimalias augalo<br />
augimo <strong>ir</strong> fotosintezës sistemos veiklos sàlygas. Paveikus didesne spinduliuotës<br />
doze, cukrø, o ypaè fruktozës, kiekis reikðmingai sumaþëja. Atliekant mûsø trumpalaikio<br />
veikimo UV-B <strong>ir</strong> temperatûra tyrimà, esminio fotosintezës sistemos inhibicijos<br />
efekto nepastebëta. Literatûros duomenimis, iki 30 proc. padidëjusi UV-B spinduliuotë<br />
dar nedaro esminio poveikio fotosintezës produktyvumui <strong>ir</strong> pigmentø sintezei<br />
(Allen <strong>ir</strong> kt., 1999).<br />
Aukðtesnë temperatûra savaime pasiþymi stresiniu poveikiu <strong>ir</strong> sukelia cukrø bei<br />
fotosintezës sistemos atsakà. Taèiau, esant aukðtesnei (<strong>25</strong>/16°C) temperatûrai, ðios<br />
augalø reguliavimo sistemos ne taip jautriai reaguoja á sk<strong>ir</strong>tingas UV-B spinduliuotës<br />
dozes, kaip kontrolinës temperatûros variantas (21/14°C). Temperatûra katalizuojanèiai<br />
veikia angliavandeniø apykaitos fermentø aktyvumà (Lafta, Lorenzen, 1995),<br />
todël, esant aukðtesnei nei optimali temperatûrai, tiek monocukrø, tiek dicukrø sukaupta<br />
ið esmës maþiau.<br />
Iðvados. 1. Trumpalaikis UV-B spinduliuotës poveikis esminës átakos braðkiø<br />
augimo biometriniams rodikliams nedaro.<br />
2. 2 kJ UV-B spinduliuotë labiausiai skatino fotosintezës pigmentø <strong>ir</strong> cukrø sintezæ<br />
tiek esant optimaliai, tiek aukðtai temperatûrai.<br />
3. Aukðtesnë aplinkos temperatûra savaime sukelia stresiná poveiká braðkëms,<br />
taèiau, esant aukðtesnei temperatûrai, fotosintezës pigmentø <strong>ir</strong> angliavandeniø sintezë<br />
maþiau jautriai reaguoja á UV-B spinduliuotës poveiká.<br />
Padëka. Autoriai dëkingi Lietuvos valstybiniam mokslo <strong>ir</strong> studijø fondui uþ finansinæ<br />
paramà.<br />
Gauta 2006-11-10<br />
Parengta spausdinti 2006-12-11<br />
150
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4. Gibson S. I. Plant Sugar-Response pathways. Part of a Complex regulatory web //<br />
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Botany. 2005. Vol. 54. P. 121–130.<br />
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What are the key regulators // Plant Growth Regulation. 2000. Vol. 32. P. 27–39.<br />
14. Mackerness S. A.-H., Surplus S. L., Jordan B. R., Thomas B. Ultraviolet-B effects<br />
on transcript levels of photosynthetic genes are not mediated through carbohydrate<br />
metabolism // Plant, Cell and Env<strong>ir</strong>onment. 1997. Vol. 20. P. 1431–1437.<br />
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temperature shock // Plant and Soil. 1990. Vol. 128. P. 153–160.<br />
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// Plant Physiology. 2002. Vol. 129. P. 460–468.<br />
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sciences. 2001. Nature publishing group.<br />
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factor in plant life: stress and regulation // Tree. 1997. Vol.12. P. 22–28.<br />
19. Sheen J., Zhou L., Jang J.-C. Sugars as signaling molecules // Current Opinion in<br />
Plant Biology. 1999. Vol. 2. P. 410–418.<br />
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21. Strid A., Chow W. S., Anderson J. M. UV-B damage and protection at the molecular<br />
level in plants // Photosynthesis Research. 1994. Vol. 39. P. 475–489.<br />
22. Tevini M. Physiological changes plants related to UVB-radiation: an overview //<br />
Stratospheric Ozone Depletion and UV-B Radiation in the Biosphere. Springer-Verlag,<br />
Berlin, Heidelberg, 1994. P. 37–55.<br />
23. Yang H., Zhao Z., Qiang W., An L., Xu S., Wang X. Effects of enhanced UV-B<br />
radiation on the hormonal content of vegetative and reproductive tissues of two tomato<br />
cultivars and the<strong>ir</strong> relationships with reproductive characteristics // Plant Growth Regulation.<br />
2004. Vol. 42. P. <strong>25</strong>1–<strong>25</strong>8.<br />
24. Ãàâðèëåíêî Â. Ô., Æûãàëîâà Ò. Â., Áîëüøîé ïðàêòèêóì ïî ôîòîñèíòåçó.<br />
Ìîñêâà: Aêaäåìèÿ, 2003. <strong>25</strong>6 c.<br />
SODININKYSTË IR DARÞININKYSTË. SCIENTIFIC ARTICLES. 2006. <strong>25</strong>(4).<br />
THE COMPLEX EXPOSURE OF TEMPERATURE AND<br />
UV-B IRRADIATION ON PHYSIOLOGICAL INDICES IN<br />
STRAWBERRY<br />
A. Urbonavièiûtë, G. Samuolienë, J. Sakalauskaitë, P. Duchovskis, A. Brazaitytë,<br />
J. B. Ðikðnianienë, G. Ðabajevienë, K. Baranauskis, S. Sakalauskienë<br />
Summary<br />
Experiments were performed at the Lithuanian Institute of Horticulture, phytotron<br />
complex in 2005–2006. The object of this study was to evaluate the complex<br />
exposure of temperature and UV-B <strong>ir</strong>radiation on physiological indices in strawberry.<br />
The effect of 0, 2 and 4 kJ <strong>ir</strong>radiation doses on growth parameters, photosynthetic<br />
pigment and carbohydrates contents was investigated when env<strong>ir</strong>onmental temperature<br />
was 21/14°C and <strong>25</strong>/16°C. Chlorophyll and carotenoid content was evaluated<br />
using spectrophotometric method, while carbohydrates – using high performance<br />
liquid chromatography. Short-term UV-B exposure has no significant effect<br />
on strawberry biometric parameters. Though the increase in photosynthetic pigment<br />
and carbohydrate contents, when plants were exposed to 2 kJ <strong>ir</strong>radiation indicate<br />
that these conditions are optimal for growth at optimal and high temperature. Higher<br />
temperature itself is a stress factor, although at higher temperatures, strawberry<br />
carbohydrate system is less sensitive to different UV-B <strong>ir</strong>radiation doses.<br />
Key words: strawberry, carbohydrates, photosynthetic pigments, leaf area, UV-B<br />
<strong>ir</strong>radiation, fresh weight.<br />
152
SCIENTIFIC WORKS OF THE LITHUANIAN INSTITUTE OF<br />
HORTICULTURE AND LITHUANIAN UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURE.<br />
SODININKYSTË IR DARÞININKYSTË. 2006. <strong>25</strong>(4).<br />
THE EFFECT OF ABAMECTIN ON STRAWBERRY<br />
MITE TARSONEMUS PALLIDUS<br />
(ACARI: TARSONEMIDAE) IN STRAWBERRIES<br />
Laimutis RAUDONIS<br />
Lithuanian Institute of Horticulture, Laboratory of Plant Protection.<br />
LT-54333 Babtai, Kaunas distr., Lithuania.<br />
E-mail l.raudonis@lsdi.lt<br />
The effect on the seasonal abundance of strawberry mite (Tarsonemus pallidus<br />
Banks.) and toxicity of Abamectin 18 g l -1 was studied in strawberries under field<br />
conditions in 2005–2006. Abamectin 18 g l -1 , 21.6 g AI ha -1 was from moderately to<br />
very toxic 3 and 7 days after treatment and slightly toxic 21 days after treatment.<br />
The mortality of strawberry mite ranged from 58.9 to 77.8 proc. 3 and 7 days and<br />
41.9–48.4 proc. 21 days after treatment, respectively. Abamectin 18 g l -1 , 18.0 g<br />
AI ha -1 was only moderately toxic (mortality – 50.5–56.9 proc.) 3 and 7 and slightly<br />
toxic (mortality – 40.9 and 41.6 proc.) 21 days after treatment. The field rate (9.0 g<br />
AI ha -1 ) of Abamectin 18 g l -1 was slightly toxic (mortality – 43.7–45.6 proc.) 3 and<br />
7 and from non to slightly toxic (mortality – 16.3–30.6%) 21 days after treatment.<br />
The toxicity of Lambdacihalotrin 50 g l -1 , <strong>25</strong>.0 g AI ha -1 was similar to Abamectin<br />
18 g l -1 , 9.0 g AI ha -1 , meanwhile the toxicity of Sp<strong>ir</strong>odiclofen 240 g l -1 , 96.0 g AI ha -1<br />
was similar to the toxicity of Abamectin 18 g l -1 , 21.6 g AI ha -1 to strawberry mite.<br />
Key words: Abamectin, rates, strawberry, Tarsonemus pallidus, toxicity.<br />
Introduction. Outbreaks of phytophagous mites have been induced mostly<br />
due to applications of broad-spectrum pesticides that kill predators, which would<br />
control these mites. The widely used synthetic pyrethroids are very effective against<br />
pest insects, but it has not any effect on mites and it causes increasing phytophagous<br />
mite populations that induce severe damage of plants (Edland, 1994; Raudonis<br />
2004). On the other hand, frequent acaricide applications against the increased phytophagous<br />
mite population result in greater resistance (Elzen, Hardee, 2003; Van<br />
Leeuwen et al., 2005). Integrated pest management (IPM), which is based on selective<br />
toxicity to the phytophagous mites and harmless to predatory mite, became the<br />
most relevant strategy of plant protection (Edland, 1994; Leake, 2000; Linquist,<br />
2000; Klassen, 2000).<br />
Strawberry mite is one of the key pests of horticultural plants, causing serious<br />
ind<strong>ir</strong>ect damage to the crop in Lithuania (Raudonis, 2002, 2005). There have not<br />
153
een reported enough data on toxicity of acaricides against phytophagous mites in<br />
strawberries. Variety resistance to two spotted spider mite and diseases was tested<br />
in strawberries in Lithuania (Raðinskienë, 1995, 1997; Uselis, Raðinskienë, 1995,<br />
2001). Some pesticides were tested against spider mites in other crops (Nauen et al.,<br />
2001; Choi et al., 2003; Hardman et al., 2003; Bostanian et al., 2004; Raudonis et al.,<br />
2004; Martínez-Villar et al., 2005).<br />
Experiments performed in 2005–2006 were designed to clarify how Abamectin<br />
affects strawberry mite in strawberries.<br />
Materials and methods. The field trials were carried out in the open field of<br />
strawberries of Lithuanian Institute of Horticulture in 2005–2006. The strawberries (variety<br />
‘Senga Sengana’) were planted in 2004. 62 500 seedlings per hectare were planted.<br />
The soil was fertilized with N – 40 kg ha -1 before flowering. Euparen M 500WG 3.0 kg<br />
ha -1 at 61 growth stage was treated for disease control during flowering.<br />
The trial was carried out according trial plan as presented in Table 1.<br />
Treatment<br />
Variantas<br />
Untreated / nepurkšta<br />
Abamectin 18 g l -1<br />
Abamectin 18 g l -1<br />
Abamectin 18 g l -1<br />
Lambdacihalotrin 50 g l -1<br />
Table 1. Trial plan<br />
1 lentelë. Bandymo planas<br />
Trade name<br />
Preparato registracijos pavadinimas<br />
A Rate (g AI ha -1 )<br />
Norma, g v.m. ha -1<br />
Sp<strong>ir</strong>odiclofen 240 g l -1 Envidor SC 240 g l -1 96.0<br />
Vertimec EC 18 g l -1<br />
Vertimec EC 18 g l -1<br />
Vertimec EC 18 g l -1<br />
Karate EC 50 g l -1<br />
-<br />
21.6<br />
18.0<br />
9.0<br />
<strong>25</strong>.0<br />
A<br />
AI – active ingredient / veiklioji medþiaga<br />
Table 2. Weather c<strong>ir</strong>cumstances at application in 2005–2006<br />
2 lentelë. Oro sàlygos purðkimo metu 2005–2006 m.<br />
Date of application / Purškimo data 2005-06-29 2006-07-20<br />
Temperature on the date of application<br />
Temperatûra, °C<br />
154<br />
15.0 19.0<br />
Wind speed on the date of application<br />
Vëjo greitis, m s -1 2.0 2.0<br />
Relative a<strong>ir</strong> humidity on the date of application<br />
Santykinë oro drëgmë, %<br />
74 60<br />
Rain after treatment, hours<br />
Laikotarpis po purškimo iki lietaus, val.<br />
17 70
Plot size at least 12m 2 , the trial was repeated 4 times at random plot distribution.<br />
Sprayer Hardi 4110-12 was used for spraying, water volume – 1 000 l ha -1 . Weather<br />
conditions at 91 growth stage according BBCH scale (Meier, 1997) during application<br />
presented in Table 2.<br />
Assessments in 2005 and 2006 were made as follows: before application (VI.27<br />
and VII.20), 3–4 (VII.02 and VII.24), 7 (VII.06 and VII.27) and 21 days (VII.20<br />
and VIII.10) after application. Assessments were made on 20 leaflets for assessment<br />
the number of strawberry mites per leaf in each plot. Meteorological data (a<strong>ir</strong><br />
temperature and amount of precipitation) were recorded using scab warning equipment<br />
Metos D (Table 3).<br />
Mortality of mites was calculated: x = 100 (1–Ab/Ba) (x – mortality, %, A –<br />
number of mites, before spraying in untreated plot, B – number of mites, before<br />
spraying in treated plot, a – number of mites, after spraying in untreated plot, b –<br />
number of mites, after spraying in treated plot).<br />
We applied quantitative toxicity categories those employed by the International<br />
Organization for Biological Control for assessment of pesticide toxicity to predatory<br />
and phytophagous mites in field trials: non-toxic (< <strong>25</strong>% mortality), slightly toxic<br />
(<strong>25</strong>–50%), moderately toxic (51–75%), very toxic (> 75%) (Hassan et al., 1985).<br />
The number of strawberry mites was compared among treatments in this study<br />
with a single factor analysis of variance (ANOVA). Differences were identified with<br />
Duncan’s multiple range test.<br />
Month<br />
Mënuo<br />
Table 3. Meteorological conditions in 2005–2006<br />
3 lentelë. Meteorologinës sàlygos 2005–2006 m.<br />
A<strong>ir</strong> temperature<br />
Precipitation<br />
Oro temperatûra, °C<br />
2005 m. 2006 m.<br />
average of<br />
1924–2000<br />
1924–2000 m.<br />
vidurkis<br />
Results. There were found on average 9.<strong>25</strong>, 10.5 and 5.75 strawberry mites<br />
per leaflet in unsprayed plots 3, 7 and 21 days after treatment in 2005 (Table 4).<br />
Abamectin 18 g l -1 , 21.6 g AI ha -1 reduced to 2.<strong>25</strong>, 2.75 and 3.<strong>25</strong> the number of mites<br />
per leaf 3, 7 and 21 days after treatment, respectively. Abamectin 18 g l -1 , 21.6 g AI<br />
ha -1 was very toxic (mortality - 77.8 and 76.1%) to strawberry mite 3 and 7 days and<br />
slightly toxic (mortality – 48.4%) 21 days after treatment, respectively (Table 5).<br />
Abamectin 18 g l -1 , 18.0 g AI ha -1 was moderately toxic (mortality – 56.9 and 52.0%)<br />
3 and 7 days and slightly toxic (mortality – 41.6%) 21 days after treatment. The<br />
lowest rate 9.0 g AI ha -1 of Abamectin 18 g l -1 was slightly toxic 3 and 7 days and<br />
non-toxic 21 after treatment. The mortality ranged from 16.3 to 45.6%. The toxicity<br />
of Abamectin was compared with the toxicity of Lambdacihalotrin and Sp<strong>ir</strong>odiclofen<br />
to strawberry mite. There were found any statistical differences of number of<br />
155<br />
Krituliai, mm<br />
2005 m. 2006 m.<br />
average of<br />
1924–2000<br />
1924–2000 m.<br />
vidurkis<br />
June / B<strong>ir</strong>želis 14.8 16.3 16.6 66,6 13.8 50.4<br />
July / Liepa 19.4 19.3 17.6 3,8 30.2 71.8<br />
August / Rugpjûtis 14.7 17.5 16.3 109.4 173.4 75.8
strawberry mites after treatments with Abamectin 18 g l -1 , 21.6 g AI ha -1 and Sp<strong>ir</strong>odiclofen<br />
240 g l -1 , 96.0 g AI ha -1 . Abamectin 18 g l -1 , 18.0 g AI ha -1 and Abamectin 18<br />
g l -1 , 9.0 g AI ha -1 gave statistically lower toxicity to strawberry mite in comparison<br />
with Abamectin 18 g l -1 , 21.6 g AI ha -1 and Sp<strong>ir</strong>odiclofen 240 g l -1 , 96.0 g AI ha -1 in<br />
2005 (Table 4). The toxicity of Lambdacihalotrin 50 g l -1 , <strong>25</strong>.0 g AI ha -1 was similar<br />
to the lowest rate 9.0 g AI ha -1 of Abamectin 18 g l -1 in 2005 (Table 5).<br />
Table 4. Effects of Abamectin against strawberry mite (Tarsonemus pallidus) in<br />
strawberry. Babtai, 2005<br />
4 lentelë. Abamectino poveikis þemuoginëms erkëms (Tarsonemus pallidus) braðkëse.<br />
Babtai, 2005 m.<br />
Number of mites per leaflet<br />
Erkiø ant lapelio, vnt.<br />
3 days 7 days 21 days<br />
Treatment<br />
before<br />
Variantas<br />
after after after<br />
treatment<br />
treatment treatment treatment<br />
prieš<br />
purškim¹<br />
3 d. po 7 d. po 21 d. po<br />
purškimo purškimo purškimo<br />
Untreated / Nepurkšta 5.<strong>25</strong> ab 9.<strong>25</strong> d 10.5 e 5.75 b<br />
Abamectin 18 g l -1 , 21.6 g AI ha -1 / v.m. g ha -1 5.75 ab 2.<strong>25</strong> a 2.75 a 3.<strong>25</strong> a<br />
Abamectin 18 g l -1 , 18.0 g AI ha -1 / v.m. ha -1 6.<strong>25</strong> ab 4.75 b 6.0 b 4.0 ab<br />
Abamectin 18 g l -1 , 9.0 g AI ha -1 / v.m. g ha -1 6.0 ab 5.75 b 6.75 bc 5.50 b<br />
Lambdacihalotrin 50 g l -1 , <strong>25</strong>.0 g AI ha -1 / v.m. g ha -1 7.0 b 7.<strong>25</strong> cd 8.75 cde 11.2 c<br />
Sp<strong>ir</strong>odiclofen 240 g l -1 , 96.0 g AI ha -1 / v.m. g ha -1 5.50 ab 2.00 a 2.50 a 2.0 a<br />
Table 5. Toxicity of Abamectin to strawberry mite (Tarsonemus pallidus)<br />
in strawberry. Babtai, 2005<br />
5 lentelë. Abamectino toksiðkumas þemuoginëms erkëms (Tarsonemus pallidus) braðkëse.<br />
Babtai, 2005 m.<br />
Treatment<br />
Variantas<br />
3 days after<br />
treatment<br />
3 d. po<br />
purškimo<br />
Toxicty<br />
Toksiškumas, %<br />
7 days after<br />
treatment<br />
7 d. po<br />
purškimo<br />
21 days<br />
after<br />
treatment<br />
21 d. po<br />
purškimo<br />
Abamectin 18 g l -1 , 21.6 g AI ha -1 / v.m. g ha -1 77.8 76.1 48.4<br />
Abamectin 18 g l -1 , 18.0 g AI ha -1 / v.m. g ha -1 56.9 52.0 41.6<br />
Abamectin 18 g l -1 , 9.0 g AI ha -1 / v.m. g ha -1 45.6 43.7 16.3<br />
Lambdacihalotrin 50 g l -1 , <strong>25</strong>.0 g AI ha -1 / v.m. g ha -1 41.2 37.5 0.00<br />
Sp<strong>ir</strong>odiclofen 240 g l -1 , 96.0 g AI ha -1 / v.m. g ha -1 79.4 77.3 66.8<br />
In 2006 Abamectin 18 g l -1 , 21.6 g AI ha -1 and Abamectin 18 g l -1 , 18.0 g AI ha -1<br />
were moderately toxic to strawberry mite (mortality ranged from 50.5 till 63.5%) 3<br />
and 7 days and slightly toxic (mortality – 40.9 - 41.9%) 21 days after treatment<br />
(Table 7). The lowest rate 9.0 g AI ha -1 of Abamectin 18 g l -1 was only slightly toxic<br />
156
to strawberry mite 3, 7 and 21 days after treatment. Lambdacihalotrin 50 g l -1 , <strong>25</strong>.0<br />
g AI ha -1 was non-toxic, meanwhile the toxicity of Sp<strong>ir</strong>odiclofen 240 g l -1 , 96.0 g AI<br />
ha -1 was moderately toxic and gave statistically highest effect 21 days after treatment,<br />
comparing with the highest rate 21.6 g AI ha -1 of Abamectin 18 g l -1 .<br />
Table 6. Effects of Abamectin against strawberry mite (Tarsonemus pallidus)<br />
in strawberry. Babtai, 2006<br />
6 lentelë. Abamectino toksiðkumas þemuoginëms erkëms (Tarsonemus pallidus) braðkëse.<br />
Babtai, 2006 m.<br />
Number of mites per leaflet<br />
Erkiø ant lapelio, vnt.<br />
3 days 7 days 21 days<br />
Treatment<br />
before<br />
Variantas<br />
after after after<br />
treatment<br />
treatment treatment treatment<br />
prieš<br />
purškim¹<br />
3 d. po 7 d. po 21 d. po<br />
purškimo purškimo purškimo<br />
Untreated / Nepurkšta 4.52 ab 4.65 c 4.80 c 2.32 d<br />
Abamectin 18 g l -1 , 21.6 g AI ha -1 / v.m. g ha -1 5.20 ab 1.95 ab 2.27 b 1.55 b<br />
Abamectin 18 g l -1 , 18.0 g AI ha -1 / v.m. g ha -1 4.95 ab 2.50 b 2.60 b 1.50 b<br />
Abamectin 18 g l -1 , 9.0 g AI ha -1 / v.m. g ha -1 4.55 ab 2.60 b 2.65 b 1.62 b<br />
Lambdacihalotrin 50 g l -1 , <strong>25</strong>.0 g AI ha -1 / v.m. g ha -1 5.40 b 5.85 d 5.97 d 2.80 d<br />
Sp<strong>ir</strong>odiclofen 240 g l -1 , 96.0 g AI ha -1 / v.m. g ha -1 4.75 ab 1.35 a 1.30 a 0.75 a<br />
Note: means within columns followed by the same letter are not different significantly (P = 0.05)<br />
according to Duncan’s multiple range test<br />
Pastaba: tarp reikðmiø, lentelës skiltyse paþymëtø tomis paèiomis raidëmis, pagal Dunkano kriterijø<br />
(P = 0,05) esminiø sk<strong>ir</strong>tumø nëra<br />
Table 7. Toxicity of Abamectin to strawberry mite (Tarsonemus pallidus)<br />
in strawberry. Babtai, 2006<br />
7 lentelë. Abamectino toksiðkumas þemuoginëms erkëms (Tarsonemus pallidus) braðkëse.<br />
Babtai, 2006 m.<br />
Treatment<br />
Variantas<br />
3 days after<br />
treatment<br />
3 d. po<br />
purškimo<br />
Toxicity<br />
Toksiškumas, %<br />
7 days after<br />
treatment<br />
7 d. po<br />
purškimo<br />
21 days<br />
after<br />
treatment<br />
21 d. po<br />
purškimo<br />
Abamectin 18 g l -1 , 21.6 g AI ha -1 / v.m. g ha -1 63.5 58.9 41.9<br />
Abamectin 18 g l -1 , 18.0 g AI ha -1 / v.m. g ha -1 50.9 50.5 40.9<br />
Abamectin 18 g l -1 , 9.0 g AI ha -1 / v.m. g ha -1 44.4 45.2 30.6<br />
Lambdacihalotrin 50 g l -1 , <strong>25</strong>.0 g AI ha -1 / v.m. g ha -1 0 0 0<br />
Sp<strong>ir</strong>odiclofen 240 g l -1 , 96.0 g AI ha -1 / v.m. g ha -1 72.4 74.2 69.2<br />
157
Discussion. Meteorological conditions for strawberry mite development were<br />
favorable in 2005 and averagely favorable in 2006. High a<strong>ir</strong> temperature and dry<br />
weather resulted higher infestation of strawberries by mites in 2005.<br />
The effect of the lower rate of Abamectin on strawberry mites was weaker.<br />
Abamectin 18 g l -1 , 21.6 g AI ha -1 was from moderately to very toxic 3 and 7 and<br />
slightly toxic 21 days after treatment, meanwhile Abamectin 18 g l -1 , 18.0 g AI ha -1<br />
was only moderately toxic 3 and 7 and slightly toxic 21 days after treatment. The<br />
field rate (9.0 g AI ha -1 ) of Abamectin 18 g l -1 was slightly toxic 3, 7 and from nontoxic<br />
to slightly toxic 21 days after treatment. The toxic effects of pesticides to<br />
mites depends on the chemistry of pesticides, the<strong>ir</strong> rates, microclimatic conditions<br />
and the development stages of the mites (Edland, 1994; Auger et al, 2003; Hardman<br />
et al., 2003; Bostanian et al., 2004; Martînez-Villar et al., 2005). Similar toxicity<br />
patterns of different rates of Sp<strong>ir</strong>odiclofen to strawberry and two spotted spider<br />
mites were recorded in strawberries (Raudonis, 2005, 2006). This study shows that<br />
the toxicity of Sp<strong>ir</strong>odiclofen 240 g l -1 , 96.0 g AI ha -1 was similar to the toxicity of<br />
Abamectin 18 g l -1 , 21.6 g AI ha -1 to strawberry mite, except that Sp<strong>ir</strong>odiclofen had<br />
longer term of action.<br />
The toxicity of Lambdacihalotrin 50 g l -1 , <strong>25</strong>.0 g AI ha -1 was similar to Abamectin<br />
18 g l -1 , 9.0 g AI ha -1 . Lambdacihalotrin 50 g l -1 , <strong>25</strong>.0 g AI ha -1 was slightly toxic<br />
to strawberry mites after 3 and 7 days, meanwhile it was non-toxic 21 days after<br />
treatment in 2005. Lambdacihalotrin 50 g l -1 , <strong>25</strong>.0 g AI ha -1 did not affected strawberry<br />
mite in 2006, on the contrary, it was observed that the number of mites was<br />
statistically higher after Lambdacihalotrin treatment in comparison with unsprayed<br />
plots. The toxic effect of Lambdacihalotrin on the predatory mites Amblyseius andersoni<br />
Chant, which is a natural predator of strawberry mite, was recorded (Raudonis,<br />
2006). Similar results have been recorded in apple-trees (Raudonis et. al.,<br />
2004). The control of Phytophagous mites using Phytoseiid mites, has been demonstrated<br />
in different crops (Roy et al., 1999; Prischmann et al., 2001; Osakabe,<br />
2002; Pratt et al., 2002; Badii et al., 2004; Harmon, Andow, 2004).<br />
Conclusions. Abamectin 18 g l -1 , 21.6 g AI ha -1 was from moderately to very<br />
toxic 3 and 7 days and slightly toxic 21 days after treatment. Abamectin 18 g l -1 , 18.0<br />
g AI ha -1 was only moderately toxic 3 and 7 days and slightly toxic 21 days after<br />
treatment. The field rate (9.0 g AI ha -1 ) of Abamectin 18 g l -1 was slightly toxic 3 and<br />
7 days and from non-toxic to slightly toxic 21 days after treatment. The toxicity of<br />
Lambdacihalotrin 50 g l -1 , <strong>25</strong>.0 g AI ha -1 was similar to Abamectin 18 g l -1 , 9.0 g AI<br />
ha -1 , meanwhile the toxicity of Sp<strong>ir</strong>odiclofen 240 g l -1 , 96.0 g AI ha -1 was similar to<br />
the toxicity of Abamectin 18 g l -1 , 21.6 g AI ha -1 to strawberry mite.<br />
Gauta 2006-11-15<br />
Parengta spausdinti 2006-12-11<br />
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10. Klassen W. Area–wide approaches to insect pest interventions: history and<br />
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13. Martînez–Villar E., Sáenz–De–Cabezón F. J., Moreno–Grijalba F., Marco V., Pérez–<br />
Moreno I. Effects of azad<strong>ir</strong>achtin on the two-spotted spider mite, Tetranychus urticae<br />
(Acari: Tetranychidae) // Experimental and Applied Acarology. 2005. 35(3). P. 215–222.<br />
14. Meier U. Growth stages of mono- and dicotyledonous plants. BBCH Monograph.<br />
Berlin: Blackwell Wissenschafts–Verlag, 1997. 622 p.<br />
15. Nauen R., Stumpf N., Elbert A., Zebitz C. P. W., Kraus W. Acaricide toxicity and<br />
resistance in larvae of different strains of Tetranychus urticae and Panonychus ulmi<br />
(Acari: Tetranychidae) // Pest Management Science. 2001. 57(3). P. <strong>25</strong>3–261.<br />
16. Osakabe Mh. Which predatory mite can control both a dominant mite pest, Tetranychus<br />
urticae, and a latent mite pest, Eotetranychus asiaticus, on strawberry // Experimental<br />
and Applied Acarology. 2002. 26(3–4). P. 219–230.<br />
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20. Raðinskienë A. Braðkiø paðaknio ligos <strong>ir</strong> apsaugos priemonës nuo jø // Sodininkystë<br />
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21. Raudonis L. Comparative toxicity of sp<strong>ir</strong>odiclofen and lambdacihalotrin to Tetranychus<br />
urticae, Tarsonemus pallidus and predatory mite Amblyseius andersoni in a strawberry<br />
site under field conditions // Agronomy Research. 2006. 4. P. 317–322.<br />
22. Raudonis L. Effects of sp<strong>ir</strong>odiclofen on the strawberry mite, Tarsonemus pallidus<br />
(Acari: Tarsonemidae) in strawberries // Sodininkystë <strong>ir</strong> darþininkystë. Babtai, 2005. 24(2).<br />
P. 64–72.<br />
23. Raudonis L., Survilienë E., Valiuðkaitë A. Toxicity of pesticides to predatory mites<br />
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19(4). P. 291–295.<br />
24. Raudonis L. Þalingø vabzdþiø <strong>ir</strong> erkiø stebësena <strong>ir</strong> tyrimas braðkyne // Sodininkystë<br />
<strong>ir</strong> darþininkystë. Babtai, 2002. 21(4). P. 102–110.<br />
<strong>25</strong>. Roy M., Broduer J., Cloutier C. Seasonal abundance of spider mites and the<strong>ir</strong><br />
predators on red raspberry in Quebec, Canada // Env<strong>ir</strong>onmental Entomology. 1999. 28(4).<br />
P. 735–747.<br />
26. Uselis N., Raðinskienë A. Braðkiø biologiniø <strong>ir</strong> ûkiniø savybiø ávertinimas // Sodininkystë<br />
<strong>ir</strong> darþininkystë. Babtai, 2001. 20(2). P. 18–31.<br />
26. Uselis N., Raðinskienë A. Braðkiø veisliø gamybinis ávertinimas // Sodininkystë <strong>ir</strong><br />
darþininkystë. Babtai, 1995. 14. P. 44–53.<br />
28. Van Leeuwen T., Van Pottelberge S., T<strong>ir</strong>ry L. Comparative acaricide susceptibility<br />
and detoxifying enzyme activities in field-collected resistant and susceptible strains of<br />
Tetranychus urticae // Pest Management Science. 2005. 61(5). P. 499–507.<br />
SODININKYSTË IR DARÞININKYSTË. MOKSLO DARBAI. 2006. <strong>25</strong>(4).<br />
ABAMECTINO POVEIKIS ÞEMUOGINËMS ERKËMS<br />
TARSONEMUS PALLIDUS (ACARI: TARSONEMIDAE)<br />
BRAÐKËSE<br />
L. Raudonis<br />
Santrauka<br />
2005–2006 m. t<strong>ir</strong>tas abamectino 18 g l -1 poveikis þemuoginiø erkiø (Tarsonemus<br />
pallidus Banks.) gausumui lauko sàlygomis braðkëse. Abamectino 18 g l -1<br />
21,6 g v.m. ha -1 norma buvo vidutiniðkai toksiðka <strong>ir</strong> labai toksiðka þemuoginëms<br />
erkëms, praëjus 3 <strong>ir</strong> 7 d., <strong>ir</strong> maþai toksiðka, praëjus 21 d. po purðkimo. Toksiðkumas<br />
þemuoginëms erkëms buvo atitinkamai nuo 58,9 iki 77,8 proc., praëjus 3 <strong>ir</strong> 7 d., <strong>ir</strong><br />
41,9–48,4 proc., praëjus 21 d. po purðkimo. Abamectino 18 g l -1 18,0 g v.m. ha -1<br />
norma buvo tiktai vidutiniðkai toksiðka (50,5–56,9 proc.), praëjus 3 <strong>ir</strong> 7 d., <strong>ir</strong> maþai<br />
160
toksiðka (40,9–41,6 proc.), praëjus 21 d. po purðkimo. Maþiausia (9,0 g v.m. ha -1 )<br />
abamectino 18 g l -1 norma buvo maþai toksiðka (43,7–45,6 proc.), praëjus 3 <strong>ir</strong> 7 d.,<br />
<strong>ir</strong> netoksiðka ar maþai toksiðka (16,3–30,6 proc.), praëjus 21 d. po purðkimo. Akaricido<br />
lambdacihalotrino 50 g l -1 <strong>25</strong>,0 g v.m. ha -1 normos toksiðkumas þemuoginëms<br />
erkëms buvo panaðus á abamectino 18 g l -1 9,0 g v.m. ha -1 normos toksiðkumà.<br />
Taèiau sp<strong>ir</strong>odiclofeno 240 g l -1 96,0 g AI ha -1 normos tokiðkumas þemuoginëms<br />
erkëms buvo artimas abamectino 18 g l -1 21,6 g v.m. ha -1 normos toksiðkumui.<br />
Reikðminiai þodþiai: abamectinas, braðkës, normos, Tarsonemus pallidus, toksiðkumas.<br />
161
SCIENTIFIC WORKS OF THE LITHUANIAN INSTITUTE OF<br />
HORTICULTURE AND LITHUANIAN UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURE.<br />
SODININKYSTË IR DARÞININKYSTË. 2006. <strong>25</strong>(4).<br />
TOXICITY OF ABAMECTIN TO FRUIT TREE<br />
RED SPIDER MITE, PANONYCHUS ULMI<br />
(ACARI: TETRANYCHIDAE) IN APPLE TREE SITE<br />
Laimutis RAUDONIS<br />
Lithuanian Institute of Horticulture, Laboratory of Plant Protection,<br />
LT-54333 Babtai, Kaunas distr., Lithuania.<br />
E-mail l.raudonis@lsdi.lt<br />
The effect and toxicity of Abamectin 18 g l -1 to the fruit tree red spider mite (Panonychus<br />
ulmi Koch) was studied in apple tree under field conditions in 2005–2006. Abamectin<br />
18 g l -1 at the rates 27 g AI ha -1 and 18 g AI ha -1 was very toxic (mortality ranged<br />
from 92.9 to 99.0%) to the mites 2–5 and 7 days after treatment and from moderately<br />
to very toxic (mortality – 54.4–89.7%) 31 days after treatment. Abamectin 18 g l -1 ,<br />
13.5 g AI ha -1 was rated as very toxic (mortality – 89.0–91.4%) 2–5 and 7 days after<br />
treatment and only moderately toxic (mortality – 51.1–62.4%) 31 days after treatment.<br />
Sp<strong>ir</strong>odiclofen 240 g l -1 , 96.0 g AI ha -1 was rated as very toxic 2–5, 7 days and 31 days<br />
after treatment and showed long term of action, meanwhile Lambdacihalotrin 50 g l -1 ,<br />
<strong>25</strong>.0 g AI ha -1 was very toxic to the mites 2–5 and 7 days after treatment, but from<br />
non-toxic to moderately toxic 31 days after treatment.<br />
Key words: Abamectin, apple tree, rates, Panonychus ulmi, toxicity.<br />
Introduction. Fruit tree red spider mite is the key pest of apple tree in many<br />
countries (Edland, 1994; Raudonis, 2001; Hardman et al., 2003). Though tree red<br />
spider mites are sensitive to the low temperature during hibernation, warm and dry<br />
climate stimulates mite development in high numbers (Raudonis, 2001). The toxicity<br />
of pesticides on mites and insects has been widely studied in many countries, using<br />
a range of different pesticides at different rates on various developmental stages<br />
(Zon, Geest, 1980; Tuovinen, 1992; Sterk et al., 1999; Nauen et al., 2001; Kim, Yoo,<br />
2002; Choi et al., 2003; Hardman et al., 2003; Cuthbertson, Murchie, 2003, Marcic,<br />
2003; Bostanian et al., 2004; Raudonis et al., 2004; Martînez-Villar et al., 2005).<br />
There is data that most organophosphates are very detrimental to predatory mites,<br />
except strains, which have developed resistance to organophosphates (Cranham,<br />
1979). The widely used synthetic pyrethroids are very effective against pest insects,<br />
but it has not any effect on mites and it causes increasing phytophagous mite populations<br />
that induce severe damage of plants (Edland, 1994; Raudonis 2004). On the<br />
other hand, frequent acaricide applications against the increased phytophagous mite<br />
162
population result in greater resistance (Devine et al., 2001; Elzen, Hardee, 2003; Van<br />
Leeuwen et al., 2005). Therefore, the European guidelines for integrated fruit production<br />
requ<strong>ir</strong>e restrictions in pesticide use (Dickler, Schaefermeyer, 1991). The<br />
reduction of the use of pesticides stimulates to look for the development of new plan<br />
protection products. The Integrated pest management (IPM), which is based on<br />
selective toxicity to the phytophagous mites and harmless to predatory mite, became<br />
the most relevant strategy of plant protection (Edland, 1994; Leake, 2000; Linquist,<br />
2000; Klassen, 2000).<br />
The aim of the work was to clarify how Abamectin, which is based on selective<br />
toxicity, affects fruit tree red spider mite in apple trees.<br />
Materials and methods. The field trials were carried out in the apple tree orchard<br />
of the Lithuanian Institute of Horticulture in 2005–2006. The apple trees (variety<br />
‘Lobo’) were planted in 1995. 1 <strong>25</strong>0 seedlings per hectare were planted. The soil was<br />
fertilized with N – 70 kg ha -1 before flowering. Efector 700 WG 1.0 kg ha -1 at 09, 57<br />
and 73 growth stages was treated for control of apple scab.<br />
The trial was carried out according to trial plan as presented in Table 1.<br />
Treatment<br />
Variantas<br />
Table 1. Trial plan<br />
1 lentelë. Bandymo planas<br />
Trade name<br />
Preparato registracijos<br />
pavadinimas<br />
A Rate (g AI ha -1 )<br />
Norma, g v.m. ha -1<br />
-<br />
Untreated / kontrolë (nepurkšta)<br />
Abamectin 18 g l -1<br />
Abamectin 18 g l -1<br />
Abamectin 18 g l -1<br />
Lambdacihalotrin 50 g l -1<br />
Sp<strong>ir</strong>odiclofen 240 g l -1 Vertimec EC 18 g l -1<br />
Vertimec EC 18 g l -1<br />
Vertimec EC 18 g l -1<br />
Karate EC 50 g l -1<br />
Envidor SC 240 g l -1 27<br />
18<br />
13.5<br />
<strong>25</strong><br />
96<br />
A<br />
AI – active ingredient / veiklioji medþiaga.<br />
Plot size at least 5 trees, 4 replications at random plot distribution. Motor sprayer<br />
STIHL SR400 was used for spraying, water volume – 500 l ha -1 . Weather conditions<br />
at 73 growth stage according BBCH scale (Meier, 1997) during application<br />
presented in Table 2.<br />
Assessments in 2005 and 2006 were made as follows: before application (VII.13<br />
and VII.12), 2–5 (VII.18 and VII.14), 7 (VII.23 and VII.21) and 31 day (VIII.15<br />
and VIII.14) after application. Assessments were made on <strong>25</strong> leaves for assessment<br />
the number of fruit tree red spider mites per leaf in each plot.<br />
Meteorological data (a<strong>ir</strong> temperature and amount of precipitation) were recorded<br />
using scab warning equipment Metos D (Table 3).<br />
163
Table 2. Weather conditions at application in 2005-2006<br />
2 lentelë. Oro sàlygos purðkimo metu 2005–2006 m.<br />
Date of application<br />
Purškimo data<br />
2005-07-13 2006-07-12<br />
Temperature on the date of application<br />
23.0 19.0<br />
Temperatûra, °C<br />
Wind speed on the date of application<br />
2.0 1.5<br />
Vëjo greitis, m/s<br />
Relative a<strong>ir</strong> humidity on the date of application 65 70<br />
Santykinë oro drëgmë, %<br />
Rainless period, hours<br />
Laikotarpis po purškimo iki lietaus, val.<br />
66 136<br />
Table 3. Meteorological conditions in 2005–2006<br />
3 lentelë. Meteorologinës sàlygos 2005–2006 m.<br />
A<strong>ir</strong> temperature<br />
Oro temperatûra, °C<br />
Precipitation<br />
Krituliai, mm<br />
Month<br />
average of<br />
average of<br />
Mënuo<br />
2005 m. 2006 m. 1924-2000 2005 m. 2006 m. 1924-2000<br />
1924–2000 m.<br />
1924–2000 m.<br />
vidurkis<br />
vidurkis<br />
June / B<strong>ir</strong>želis 14.8 16.3 16.6 66.6 13.8 50.4<br />
July / Liepa 19.4 19.3 17.6 3.8 30.2 71.8<br />
August / Rugpjûtis 14.7 17.5 16.3 109.4 173.4 75.8<br />
Mortality of mites was calculated: x = 100 (1 – Ab/Ba) (x – mortality, %, A –<br />
number of mites, before spraying in untreated plot, B – number of mites, before<br />
spraying in treated plot, a – number of mites, after spraying in untreated plot, b –<br />
number of mites, after spraying in treated plot).<br />
We applied quantitative toxicity categories those employed by the International<br />
Organization for Biological Control for assessment of pesticide toxicity to predatory<br />
and phytophagous mites in field trials: non-toxic (< <strong>25</strong>% mortality), slightly toxic<br />
(<strong>25</strong>–50%), moderately toxic (51–75%), very toxic (> 75%) (Hassan et al., 1985).<br />
The number of fruit tree red spider mites was compared among treatments in<br />
this study with a single factor analysis of variance (ANOVA). Specific differences<br />
were identified with Duncan’s multiple range test.<br />
Results. Tables 4 to 7 describe the effect and toxicity of Abamectin 18 g l -1 to<br />
fruit tree red spider mite in apple trees. Abamectin 18 g l -1 , 27 g AI ha -1 reduced to<br />
0.12, 0.22 and 0.3 the mean number of mites per leaf 5, 7 and 31 days after treatment,<br />
respectively. Meanwhile the number of mites reached on the average 12.0,<br />
11.7 and 2.5 per leaf in unsprayed plots 5, 7 and 31 days after treatment in 2005<br />
(Table 4). Mite mortality in 5 and 7 and 31 days after treatment with Abamectin 18<br />
g l -1 , 27 g AI ha -1 was 99.1, 98.4 and 89.7%, respectively, what indicates it to be very<br />
toxic to fruit tree red spider mite (Table 5). Similar results showed lower rate (18 g<br />
AI ha - 1) of Abamectin 18 g l -1 . There were not found any statistical differences of<br />
164
the number of fruit tree red spider mites after Abamectin 18 g l -1 , 27 g AI ha -1 and<br />
Abamectin 18 g l -1 , 18 g AI ha -1 treatments. Abamectin 18 g l -1 , 13.5 g AI ha -1 was<br />
very toxic (mortality – 98.7 and 97.1%) 5 and 7 days and moderately toxic (mortality<br />
– 62.4%) after 31 days after treatment.<br />
Table 4. Effects of Abamectin against fruit tree red spider mite (Panonychus ulmi)<br />
in apple tree site in 2005<br />
4 lentelë. Abamectino poveikis raudonosioms sodinëms erkëms (Panonychus ulmi)<br />
obelyse 2005 m.<br />
Mean number of mites per leaf<br />
Erkës ant lapo, vnt.<br />
5 days 7 days 31 days<br />
Treatment<br />
before<br />
Variantas<br />
after after after<br />
treatment<br />
treatment treatment treatment<br />
prieš<br />
purškim¹<br />
5 d. po 7 d. po 31 d. po<br />
purškimo purškimo purškimo<br />
Untreated / Nepurkšta 6.20 abc 12.0 b 11.7 b 2.50 c<br />
Abamectin 18 g l -1 , 27 g AI ha -1 / v.m. g ha -1 7.30 c 0.12 a 0.22 a 0.30 a<br />
Abamectin 18 g l -1 , 18 g AI ha -1 / v.m. g ha -1 5.0 abc 0.12 a 0.27 a 0.47 a<br />
Abamectin 18 g l -1 , 13.5 g AI ha -1 / v.m. g ha -1 4.32 a 0.15 a 0.32 a 0.65 b<br />
Lambdacihalotrin 50 g l -1 , <strong>25</strong> g AI g ha -1 / v.m. ha -1 3.95 a 0.65 a 0.97 a 1.75 c<br />
Sp<strong>ir</strong>odiclofen 240 g l -1 , 96 g AI ha -1 / v.m. g ha -1 4.02 a 0.15 a 0.15 a 0.12 a<br />
Sp<strong>ir</strong>odiclofen 240 g l -1 , 96 g AI ha -1 / v.m. g ha -1<br />
Note: means within columns followed by the same letter are not different significantly (P=0.05)<br />
according to Duncan’s multiple range test<br />
Pastaba: tarp reikðmiø, skiltyse paþymëtø tomis paèiomis raidëmis, pagal Dunkano kriterijø<br />
(P = 0,05) esminiø sk<strong>ir</strong>tumø nëra.<br />
Table 5. Toxicity of Abamectin to fruit tree red spider mite (Panonychus ulmi)<br />
in apple tree site in 2005<br />
5 lentelë. Abamectino toksiðkumas raudonosioms sodinëms erkëms (Panonychus ulmi)<br />
obelyse 2005 m.<br />
Mortality<br />
Toksiškumas, %<br />
Treatment<br />
5 days after 7 days after 31 days after<br />
Variantas<br />
treatment treatment treatment<br />
5 d. po 7 d. po 31 d. po<br />
purškimo purškimo purškimo<br />
Abamectin 18 g l -1 , 27 g AI ha -1 / v.m. g ha -1 99.1 98.4 89.7<br />
Abamectin 18 g l -1 , 18 g AI ha -1 / v.m. g ha -1 98.7 97.1 76.2<br />
Abamectin 18 g l -1 , 13.5 g AI ha -1 / v.m. g ha -1 98.2 96.1 62.4<br />
Lambdacihalotrin 50 g l -1 , <strong>25</strong> g AI ha -1 / v.m. g ha -1 91.4 86.9 0.0<br />
Sp<strong>ir</strong>odiclofen 240 g l -1 , 96 g AI ha -1 / v.m. g ha -1 98.1 98.0 92.2<br />
There were found any statistical differences of the number of fruit tree red<br />
spider mites after treatments with Abamectin 18 g l -1 , 27 g AI ha -1 , Abamectin 18 g l -1 ,<br />
18 g AI ha -1 and Sp<strong>ir</strong>odiclofen 240 g l -1 , 96.0 g AI ha -1 . Lambdacihalotrin 50 g l -1 , <strong>25</strong>.0 g<br />
165
AI ha -1 was rated as very toxic to the mites 5 and 7 days after treatment, but nontoxic<br />
31 days after treatment.<br />
Table 6. Effects of Abamectin against fruit tree red spider mite (Panonychus ulmi)<br />
in apple tree site in 2006<br />
6 lentelë. Abamectino poveikis raudonosioms sodinëms erkëms (Panonychus ulmi)<br />
obelyse 2006 m.<br />
Mean number of mites per leaf<br />
Erkës ant lapo, vnt.<br />
2 days 7 days 31 days<br />
Treatments<br />
before<br />
Variantas<br />
after after after<br />
treatment<br />
treatment treatment treatment<br />
prieš<br />
purškim¹<br />
2 d. po 7 d. po 31 d. po<br />
purškimo purškimo purškimo<br />
Untreated / Nepurkšta 5.60 c 5.78 b 5.63 b 5.78 c<br />
Abamectin 18 g l -1 , 27 g AI ha -1 / v.m. g ha -1 4.90 abc 0.21 a 0.22 a 2.10 b<br />
Abamectin 18 g l -1 , 18 g AI ha -1 / v.m. g ha -1 4.95 abc 0.30 a 0.35 a 2.33 b<br />
Abamectin 18 g l -1 , 13.5 g AI ha -1 / v.m. g ha -1 5.35 bc 0.54 a 0.59 a 2.70 b<br />
Lambdacihalotrin 50 g l -1 , <strong>25</strong> g AI ha -1 / v.m. g ha -1 5.50 bc 0.46 a 0.54 a 2.90 b<br />
Sp<strong>ir</strong>odiclofen 240 g l -1 , 96 g AI ha -1 / v.m. g ha -1 3.70 a 0.23 a 0.20 a 0.50 a<br />
Table 7. Toxicity of Abamectin to fruit tree red spider mite (Panonychus ulmi)<br />
in apple tree site in 2006<br />
7 lentelë. Abamectino toksiðkumas raudonosioms sodinëms erkëms (Panonychus ulmi)<br />
obelyse 2006 m.<br />
Mortality<br />
Toksiškumas, %<br />
Treatment<br />
2 days after 7 days after 31 days after<br />
Variantas<br />
treatment treatment treatment<br />
2 d. po 7 d. po 31 d. po<br />
purškimo purškimo purškimo<br />
Abamectin 18 g l -1 , 27 g AI ha -1 / v.m. g ha -1 95.8 95.5 58.5<br />
Abamectin 18 g l -1 , 18 g AI ha -1 / v.m. g ha -1 94.1 92.9 54.4<br />
Abamectin 18 g l -1 , 13.5 g AI ha -1 / v.m. g ha -1 90.2 89.0 51.1<br />
Lambdacihalotrin 50 g l -1 , <strong>25</strong> g AI ha -1 / v.m. g ha -1 91.9 90.2 48.9<br />
Sp<strong>ir</strong>odiclofen 240 g l -1 , 96 g AI ha -1 / v.m. g ha -1 94.0 94.6 86.9<br />
There were found any statistical differences of the number of strawberry mites<br />
after treatments with different rates of Abamectin 18 g l -1 (Table 6). In contrast to<br />
2005, Abamectin 18 g l -1 , 27 g AI ha -1 and Abamectin 18 g l -1 , 27 g AI ha -1 had lower<br />
affect to the mites 31 days after treatment in 2006. The results show that Abamectin<br />
18 g l -1 , 27 g AI ha -1 was very toxic (mortality – 95.5 and 95.8%) to fruit tree red<br />
spider mite 2 and 7 days after treatment, but only moderately toxic (mortality –<br />
58.5%) 31 days after treatment in 2006 (Table 7). The same toxicity showed Abamectin<br />
18 g l -1 , 18 g AI ha -1 and Abamectin 18 g l -1 , 13.5 g AI ha -1 . Lambdacihalotrin<br />
50 g l -1 , <strong>25</strong>.0 g AI ha -1 was very toxic to the mites 2 and 7 days after treatment, but<br />
166
it showed lower toxicity (mortality – 48.9%) 31 days after treatment in 2006. Sp<strong>ir</strong>odiclofen<br />
240 g l -1 , 96.0 g AI ha -1 was rated as very toxic to fruit tree red spider mite<br />
2, 7 and 31 days after treatment.<br />
Discussion. Meteorological conditions for fruit tree red spider mite were favorable<br />
in 2005 and medium favorable in 2006. High a<strong>ir</strong> temperature and dry weather<br />
resulted higher infestation of apple trees by mites in 2005. Leaf samples collected<br />
from untreated plots showed an abundance of fruit tree red spider mites and its<br />
distribution during the season. All rates of Abamectin 18 g l -1 were rated as very<br />
toxic to fruit tree red spider mite 2–5 and 7 days after treatment. Similar results were<br />
demonstrated in Canada (Hardman et al., 2003). Meanwhile Abamectin 18 g l -1 showed<br />
lower toxicity in 2006. It have been reported, that the toxic effects of pesticides<br />
to mites depend on the chemistry of pesticides, the<strong>ir</strong> rates, microclimatic conditions<br />
and the development stages of the mites (Edland, 1994; Auger et al, 2003; Bostanian<br />
et al., 2004; Martînez-Villar et al., 2005). The toxicity of Abamectin was compared<br />
with the toxicity of Lambdacihalotrin and Sp<strong>ir</strong>odiclofen to fruit tree red spider mite.<br />
Sp<strong>ir</strong>odiclofen 240 g l -1 , 96.0 g AI ha -1 was rated as very toxic 2–5, 7 and 31 days<br />
after treatment and showed long term of action. Similar toxicity patterns of different<br />
rates of Sp<strong>ir</strong>odiclofen to strawberry and two spotted spider mites were recorded in<br />
strawberries (Raudonis et al., 2005; Raudonis, 2006). Lambdacihalotrin 50 g l -1 ,<br />
<strong>25</strong>.0 g AI ha -1 was very toxic 2–5 and 7 days, but from non-toxic to moderately<br />
toxic 31 days after treatment. The lower term of action of Lambdacihalotrin was<br />
reported in other crops and mites (Raudonis 2005 et al., Raudonis, 2006).<br />
Conclusions. 1. Abamectin 18 g l -1 , 27 g AI ha -1 and Abamectin 18 g l -1 , 18 g AI<br />
ha -1 were rated as very toxic (mortality ranged from 92.9 to 99.0%) to fruit tree red<br />
spider mite (Panonychus ulmi Koch) 2-5 and 7 days and from moderately to very<br />
toxic (mortality – 54.4–89.7%) 31 days after treatment.<br />
2. Abamectin 18 g l -1 , 13.5 g AI ha -1 was very toxic (mortality – 89.0–91.4%) 2–<br />
5 and 7 and only moderately toxic (mortality – 51.1–62.4%) 31 days after treatment.<br />
3. Sp<strong>ir</strong>odiclofen 240 g l -1 , 96.0 g AI ha -1 was rated as very toxic 2–5, 7 and 31<br />
days after treatment and showed long term of action, meanwhile Lambdacihalotrin<br />
50 g l -1 , <strong>25</strong>.0 g AI ha -1 was very toxic 2–5 and 7 days after treatment, but from nontoxic<br />
to moderately toxic 31 days after treatment.<br />
Gauta 2006-11-15<br />
Parengta spausdinti 2006-12-11<br />
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26. Van Leeuwen T., Van Pottelberge S., T<strong>ir</strong>ry L. Comparative acaricide susceptibility<br />
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SODININKYSTË IR DARÞININKYSTË. MOKSLO DARBAI. 2006. <strong>25</strong>(4).<br />
ABAMECTINO TOKSIÐKUMAS RAUDONOSIOMS<br />
SODINËMS ERKËMS PANONYCHUS ULMI<br />
(ACARI: TETRANYCHIDAE) OBELYSE<br />
L. Raudonis<br />
Santrauka<br />
2005–2006 m. t<strong>ir</strong>tas abamectino 18 g l -1 poveikis <strong>ir</strong> toksiðkumas raudonosioms sodinëms<br />
erkëms (Panonychus ulmi Koch) obelyse. Abamectino 18 g l -1 27 g v.m. ha -1 <strong>ir</strong><br />
18 g v.m. ha -1 normos buvo labai toksiðkos (toksiðkumas – nuo 92,9 iki 99,0 proc.)<br />
þemuoginëms erkëms, praëjus 2–5 <strong>ir</strong> 7 d., bei vidutiniðkai <strong>ir</strong> labai toksiðkos (toksiðkumas<br />
– nuo 54,4 iki 89,7 proc.), praëjus 31 d. po purðkimo. Abamectino 18 g l -1<br />
13,5 g v.m. ha -1 norma buvo labai toksiðka (toksiðkumas – 89,0–91,4 proc.) erkëms,<br />
praëjus 2–5 <strong>ir</strong> 7 d., <strong>ir</strong> tik vidutiniðkai toksiðka (toksiðkumas – 51,1–62,4 proc.), praëjus<br />
31 d. po purðkimo. Sp<strong>ir</strong>odiclofeno 240 g l -1 96,0 g v.m. ha -1 norma buvo labai toksiðka,<br />
praëjus 2–5, 7 <strong>ir</strong> 31 d. po purðkimo, <strong>ir</strong> ilgai apsaugojo obelis nuo erkiø. Lambdacihalotrino<br />
50 g l -1 <strong>25</strong>,0 g v.m. ha -1 norma buvo labai toksiðka erkëms, praëjus 2–5 <strong>ir</strong><br />
7 d., taèiau netoksiðka ar tik vidutiniðkai toksiðka, praëjus 31 d. po purðkimo.<br />
Reikðminiai þodþiai: abamectinas, normos, obelys, Panonychus ulmi, toksiðkumas.<br />
169
SCIENTIFIC WORKS OF THE LITHUANIAN INSTITUTE OF<br />
HORTICULTURE AND LITHUANIAN UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURE.<br />
SODININKYSTË IR DARÞININKYSTË. 2006. <strong>25</strong>(4).<br />
STONE FRUIT ROOTSTOK RESEARCH IN LITHUANIA<br />
Juozas LANAUSKAS, Darius KVIKLYS<br />
Lithuanian Institute of Horticulture, Kauno 30, LT-54333 Babtai, Kaunas<br />
distr., Lithuania.<br />
E-mail j.lanauskas@lsdi.lt<br />
Sour cherries and plums are the most important stone fruit crops in Lithuania.<br />
This paper presents information about rootstock researches for mentioned crops.<br />
The experiments were carried out in the central part of Lithuania, where prevail<br />
Epicalcari-Endohypogleic clay loam soils medium rich or rich with phosphorus and<br />
potassium, containing 1.5-3% of humus, pH – 7.0-7.2.<br />
Seedlings derived from accidental Prunus mahaleb, P. avium, P. cerasus and<br />
P. cerasifera seeds were used for tree propagation for many years. Rootstock investigations<br />
were started from the search of seedling forms with better adaptability to<br />
local soils and climate, positive effect on productivity and fruit quality. As a result of<br />
f<strong>ir</strong>st trials seedlings of sweet cherry cv. ‘Zolotaja Losickaja’ and selection form No.<br />
2 and two forms of P. mahaleb (No. 817 and No. 805) were recommended as<br />
rootstocks for sour cherries. Cherry trees on mentioned seedlings were of uniform<br />
growth in the orchard, bore higher yields of good quality fruits.<br />
In later experiments clonal rootstocks PN (P. cerasus), P3, P7 (both P. padus x<br />
(P. cerasus x P. avium)) and Þ1 (P. cerasus) were tested for both sour and sweet<br />
cherries. None of tested rootstocks showed better than P. mahaleb seedlings with<br />
sour cherries, whereas sweet cherry yield per tree and yield efficiency on this rootstock<br />
was the lowest. The highest yield efficiency of sweet cherry trees was on<br />
rootstock P3, but it suckered profusely. PN was established as the most promising<br />
rootstock for sweet cherries. Trees on this rootstock were of medium yield efficiency,<br />
fruits were of good size, rootstock practically did not sucker.<br />
Seedlings of P. tomentosa and clonal rootstocks St. Julien A, St. Julien GF655-<br />
2 and Marianna GF8-1 were tested as possible rootstocks for plums. None of the<br />
tested rootstocks was better than the standard one (P. cerasifera seedlings). Scionrootstock<br />
incompatibility was frequent with P. tomentosa seedlings.<br />
In recent field experiments 24 clonal rootstocks are under investigations with<br />
sweet cherry cv. ‘Lapins’. The most promising of them seem to be Gisela 4, Gi–<br />
497/8 and Gi–154/7.<br />
The further investigations should be d<strong>ir</strong>ected towards search of more dwarf<br />
and yield efficient rootstocks for sweet cherries and plums.<br />
170
Key words: cherries, clonal rootstocks, plums, seedlings.<br />
Introduction. Importance of rootstock for fruit tree has been changing with<br />
development of fruit growing. Good rootstock compatibility with scion cultivars<br />
and adaptation to local soil and climate conditions was satisfactory for a long time.<br />
Common rootstocks for cherries were seedlings of Prunus avium, P. mahaleb or P.<br />
cerasus, for plums – these of P. cerasifera or P. domestica. Trees on accidental<br />
seedling rootstocks usually grow vigorously, often are of unequal size, late come<br />
into bearing. When fruit growing become commercially important and competition<br />
among growers increased requ<strong>ir</strong>ements for rootstocks had risen. Numerous attempts<br />
appeared to improve existing rootstocks by selection of valuable seedling forms or<br />
creating clonal ones. Perfect rootstock should provide adequate tree growth control,<br />
increase precocity and yield efficiency, should be cold and disease resistant, well<br />
adapted to certain soil conditions, easy propagated, not suckering. Good compatibility<br />
with wide range of scion cultivars and long life of grafted trees is of great<br />
importance as well (Wertheim, 1998).<br />
Many promising rootstocks recently were released as a result of different breeding<br />
programs. Gisela, MaxMa, P-HL, Pi-Ku, Gm, We<strong>ir</strong>oot series rootstocks for<br />
sweet cherries should be mentioned (Callesen, 1998). Seedlings of selected P. avium<br />
and especially P. mahaleb forms are still important for sour cherries (Mika, 2000;<br />
Ercisli et al., 2006). Both seedling and clonal rootstocks are important for plums.<br />
Seedlings of selected of myrobalan (P. cerasifera) and P. domestica forms are usually<br />
used. Clonal rootstocks available in Europe include St. Julien and Marianna series,<br />
‘Ackerman’, ‘Brompton’, ‘Pixy’, Myrobalan B, etc. (Okie, 1987). Promising<br />
and relatively new clonal rootstocks are ‘Ferlenain’, ‘Ferciana’, ‘Fereley’ (Wertheim,<br />
1998).<br />
In different countries different rootstocks are used. The main stone fruit crops<br />
in Lithuania are sour cherries and plums. Seedlings of P. mahaleb, P. avium, or P.<br />
cerasus for cherries and these of P. cerasifera for plums were important rootstocks<br />
for a long time, but changing situation in modern fruit growing promoted search of<br />
better ones. Lithuania had close contact with Russia where some perspective clonal<br />
rootstocks for cherries were bread. P. padus and P. cerasus were used in this breeding<br />
program (Kolesnikova et al., 1985). Rootstocks P3, P7 and PN were tested in<br />
the Ukraine (Øàðêî et al., 2000). P3 and P7 are characterized as vigorous, PN – as<br />
dwarf one (Áàðàáàø, 1995). Very poor information is available about mentioned<br />
rootstocks.<br />
In this paper the main stone fruit rootstock investigations carried out in Lithuania<br />
are overviewed. Rootstocks bread in former Soviet Union and in some countries<br />
of Western Europe were included into our research program.<br />
Materials and methods. Experiments were carried out at the Lithuanian Institute<br />
of Horticulture (LIH) in the central part of Lithuania in the latitude of 55° North<br />
and longitude 23° East. Average annual temperature of the terrene is 6.4°C, total<br />
amount of the precipitation – 630 mm (in April–September – 380 mm). Prevailing<br />
soils – Epicalcari-Endohypogleic clay loams medium rich or rich with phosphorus<br />
and potassium, containing 1.5–3% of humus, pH – 7.0–7.2.<br />
171
Rootstock field trials were established in three-four replications with 4 trees in<br />
each experimental plot. Tree planting distances were 5 x 2.5–3 m. Orchard floor<br />
management combined herbicide strips in the rows and frequent mown sward between<br />
the rows. In the f<strong>ir</strong>st experiments tree canopies were trained close to the<br />
natural, in recent ones – as spindles.<br />
Tree growth vigour in the f<strong>ir</strong>st year of growth was assessed by total shoot<br />
length or tree height, latter – by trunk diameter. Yield was recorded for the whole<br />
experimental plot and recalculated to the yield per tree or per hectare. Annual yield<br />
efficiency was calculated as a ratio of tree yield with trunk cross-section area (TCSA).<br />
Final yield efficiency is a sum of annual efficiencies. Average fruit weight was determined<br />
on a representative sample of 100 fruits per each experimental plot. Rootstock<br />
suckering was evaluated in scores (0–5 scale, where 0 – no suckers; 5 –<br />
abundant suckering) or number of suckers per tree was calculated. Tree mortality<br />
was expressed as a percent of dead trees at the end of experiment.<br />
For data statistical evaluation LSD 05<br />
or Duncan test was used.<br />
Results. Cherry rootstocks. Seedlings derived from accidental P. mahaleb, P.<br />
avium or P. cerasus seeds were used as rootstocks for sour and sweet cherries.<br />
After the experiments carried out by A. ðumskis in 1984–1998 seedlings of sweet<br />
cherry cv. ‘Zolotaja Losickaja’, selection form No. 2 and two forms of P. mahaleb<br />
(No. 817 and No. 805) were recommended as rootstocks for sour cherries (Ðumskis,<br />
2001). Cherry trees on seedlings of mentioned forms ensured more uniform tree<br />
growth and higher yields of good quality fruits. Tree survival on these rootstocks<br />
was better. They withstand well cold winter of 1986–1987 and other unfavorable<br />
conditions during the years of the experiment.<br />
Parallel search of clonal rootstocks was started in the nursery. There were<br />
selected some winter hardy, disease resistant and easy propagating by green cuttings<br />
clonal rootstocks: PN (P. cerasus), P3, P7 (both P. padus x (P. cerasus x P. avium)<br />
all bread at the Nonchernoziom Institute of Horticulture in Russia (Åâñòðàòîâ, 1986)<br />
and Þ1 (P. cerasus) selected at the LIH (Ðumskis, 1997). The<strong>ir</strong> testing in the orchard<br />
was started in 1999. Mentioned rootstocks were tested with both sour and sweet<br />
cherries. P. mahaleb seedlings served as a control.<br />
The most vigorous sour cherry trees in the young age were on rootstock P7<br />
(Table 1). With the rest of rootstocks tree growth was similar. Yield per tree, yield<br />
efficiency and average fruit weight was not significantly affected by the rootstock<br />
(Lanauskas, 2005 a). The most suckering rootstocks were P3 and P7. The highest<br />
tree mortality was on rootstocks P7 and PN. None of tested rootstocks showed<br />
better than standard one – P. mahaleb seedlings.<br />
The least growth of sweet cherries was on rootstocks Þ1 and P7 (Table 2).<br />
Tree mortality on these rootstocks was the highest (Lanauskas, 2005 b). The most<br />
vigorous trees were on rootstock PN, but the<strong>ir</strong> trunk diameter was close to the one<br />
of trees on P3 and P. mahaleb seedlings. The highest yield and yield efficiency was<br />
of trees on rootstock P3, but this rootstock suckered profusely. The lowest yield<br />
and yield efficiency was recorded for trees on P. mahaleb seedlings.<br />
172
Table 1. Rootstock effect on the performance in the orchard of six-year-old sour<br />
cherry trees of cv. ‘Vytënø þvaigþdë’ (Lanauskas, 2005 a)<br />
1 lentelë. Poskiepiø átaka ‘Vytënø þvaigþdës’ veislës vyðnioms p<strong>ir</strong>maisiais–ðeðtaisiais<br />
augimo sode metais (Lanauskas, 2005 a)<br />
Rootstock<br />
Poskiepis<br />
Trunk diameter<br />
Kamieno skersmuo,<br />
cm<br />
Suckering<br />
(0-5 scores)<br />
Atþalø kiekis<br />
(0–5 balai)<br />
Cumulative yield<br />
(kg tree -1 )<br />
Suminis derlius,<br />
kg vaism. -1<br />
Yield efficiency<br />
(kg cm -2 of<br />
TCSA*)<br />
Produktyvumas,<br />
kg cm -2 KSP*<br />
P. mahaleb 8.2 a** 0.3 a 12.4 a 0.32 a<br />
PN 8.1 a 0.4 a 12.7 a 0.34 a<br />
P3 8.2 a 3.3 b 11.6 a 0.32 a<br />
P7 8.7 b 2.8 b 10.2 a 0.23 a<br />
Ž1 8.2 a 0.8 a 11.1 a 0.28 a<br />
* Trunk cross section area / Kamieno skerspjûvio plotas<br />
** In this and further tables means within the columns marked with the same letter do not differ<br />
statistically at the probability level p = 0.05 / Ðioje <strong>ir</strong> kitose lentelëse tarp skiltyse ta paèia raide<br />
paþymëtø skaièiø esminiø sk<strong>ir</strong>tumø nëra (tikimybës lygis p = 0,05).<br />
Table 2. Rootstock effect on the performance in the orchard of six-year-old sweet<br />
cherry trees of cv. ‘Vytënø roþinë’ (Lanauskas, 2005 b)<br />
2 lentelë. Poskiepiø átaka ‘Vytënø roþinës’ veislës treðnëms p<strong>ir</strong>maisiais–ðeðtaisiais<br />
augimo sode metais (Lanauskas, 2005 b)<br />
Trunk diameter Suckering Cumulative yield Yield efficiency<br />
Rootstock<br />
Kamieno skersmuo, (0-5 scores) (kg tree -1 ) (kg cm -2 of TCSA)<br />
Poskiepis<br />
Atþalø kiekis Suminis derlius, Produktyvumas,<br />
cm<br />
(0–5 balai)<br />
kg vaism. -1<br />
kg cm -2 KSP<br />
P. mahaleb 11.4 ab 0.1 a 3.5 a 0.040 a<br />
PN 12.0 b 0.3 a 5.7 ab 0.064 a<br />
P3 11.6 ab 3.1 c 12.0 c 0.134 b<br />
P7 10.6 a 1.9 b 5.0 a 0.064 a<br />
Ž1 10.3 a 0.3 a 9.0 bc 0.130 b<br />
Since 1999 the following rootstocks are under investigation with sweet cherry<br />
cv. ‘Lapins’: Edabriz, PHL-A, Damil, Gisela 4, Gi-497/8, Gisela 5, Gi-209/1, Gi-148/8,<br />
Gi-195/20, Gi-154/7, Gi-523/02, We<strong>ir</strong>oot 53, We<strong>ir</strong>oot 158, Colt, MaxMa 14, MaxMa<br />
97, MaxMa 60, Hexaploid Colt, Gi-318/17, Gi-195/1, Gi-107/1, Gi-148/13, Gi-148/1,<br />
We<strong>ir</strong>oot 10. According to our investigations the most promising of them are Gisela<br />
4, Gi-497/8 and Gi-154/7.<br />
Interstocks for sweet cherries. In order to decrease tree growth the following<br />
interstocks were investigated: ‘Vladim<strong>ir</strong>skaye’, ‘Poliovka’, ‘Þagarvyðnë’ (all P. cerasus),<br />
‘Severianka’ (P. avium), Colt (P. avium x P. pseudocerasus) and P. fruticosa<br />
(Ðumskis, 1998). The most of interstocks decreased tree TCSA and canopy projection<br />
area. The highest decrease of TCSA was with P. fruticosa interstock. Trees<br />
with interstocks requ<strong>ir</strong>ed less pruning. Interstocks decreased fruit yield per tree.<br />
173
Plum rootstocks. P. cerasifera seedlings still are the main rootstocks for plum<br />
cultivars grown in Lithuania. Searching for more yield efficient and dwarf rootstocks<br />
seedlings of P. tomentosa were evaluated with 11 plum cultivars (Kviklys,<br />
1999). Control trees were on P. cerasifera seedlings. Seedlings of P. tomentosa<br />
decreased tree height, canopy diameter and TCSA of all tested cultivars. Average<br />
yield on P. tomentosa seedlings was about twice less than on P. cerasifera ones<br />
(Table 3). Yield efficiency was similar on both rootstocks. Scion-rootstock incompatibility<br />
and silver leaf infections were more frequent with P. tomentosa seedlings.<br />
It was established that P. tomentosa seedlings could be used only with cvs. ‘Rausvë’<br />
and ‘Niagara’ if planted more densely (1666 trees per hectare).<br />
Table 3. Rootstock effect on the performance in the orchard of nine-year-old plum<br />
trees (average data of 11 cultivars) (Kviklys, 1999)<br />
3 lentelë. Poskiepiø átaka slyvoms p<strong>ir</strong>maisiais–devintaisiais augimo sode metais<br />
(11 veisliø vidutiniai duomenys) (Kviklys, 1999)<br />
Rootstock TCSA Cumulative yield (kg tree -1 ) Yield efficiency (kg cm -2 of TCSA)<br />
Poskiepis KSP, cm -2 Suminis derlius, kg vaism. -1<br />
Produktyvumas, kg cm -2 KSP<br />
P. cerasifera 132 b 68.5 b 0.5 a<br />
P. tomentosa 54 a 32.4 a 0.6 a<br />
Since 1999 clonal rootstocks St. Julien A, St. Julien GF655-2 and Marianna<br />
GF8-1 are under investigation with plum cvs. ‘Stanley’ and ‘Kauno vengrinë’. After<br />
7 years the least tree growth was on rootstock GF655-2 (Table 4). Trees on rootstock<br />
GF8-1 were of the same growth vigour as on standard rootstock – P. cerasifera<br />
seedlings. The highest cumulative yield and yield efficiency was on P. cerasifera<br />
seedlings. The most suckering rootstock was GF655-2.<br />
Table 4. Rootstock effect on the performance in the orchard of seven-year-old plum<br />
trees (average data of cvs. ‘Stanley’ and ‘Kauno vengrinë’) (Lanauskas, 2006)<br />
4 lentelë. Poskiepiø átaka slyvoms p<strong>ir</strong>maisiais–septintaisiais augimo sode metais (‘Stanley’<br />
<strong>ir</strong> ‘Kauno vengrinës’ veisliø vidutiniai duomenys) (Lanauskas, 2006)<br />
Suckering Cumulative yield Yield efficiency<br />
Rootstock Trunk diameter<br />
(0-5 scores) (kg tree -1 ) (kg cm -2 of TCSA)<br />
Kamieno<br />
Poskiepis<br />
skersmuo, cm<br />
Atþalø kiekis Suminis derlius, Produktyvumas,<br />
(0-5 balai)<br />
kg vaism. -1<br />
kg cm -2 KSP<br />
P.cerasifera 9.8 c 1.2 b 14.4 b 0.32 b<br />
St. Julien A 9.2 b 0.5 a 9.2 a 0.23 a<br />
GF655-2 8.8 a 2.4 c 10.2 a 0.28 ab<br />
GF8-1 9.9 c 0.4 a 12.4 ab 0.27 ab<br />
Discussion. Investigations carried out at the Lithuanian Institute of Horticulture<br />
showed that P. mahaleb seedlings were enough good rootstocks for sour cherries<br />
if grown on neutral and not too wet soils. Sour cherry trees on P. mahaleb seedlings<br />
were yield efficient and not too vigorous. P. mahaleb seedlings or clonal rootstocks<br />
are important for sour cherry propagation in Poland (Mika, 2000), Hungary (Hrotkó,<br />
174
Magyar, 2004), Turkey (Ercisli et al., 2006) and some other countries too (Perry,<br />
1987).<br />
More complicated situation is with sweet cherry rootstocks. P. mahaleb, P.<br />
avium or P. cerasus seedlings tested in Lithuania did not provide adequate tree growth<br />
control, yield efficiency on those rootstocks was not satisfactory. Our attempts to<br />
decrease tree size with interstocks gave certain results. Tree growth was reduced<br />
by most used interstocks but positive effect on the yield was not achieved. The most<br />
dwarfing was interstock of P. fruiticosa. This is in coincidence with the results<br />
obtained in the other countries (Rozpara et al., 1998; Hrotkó et al., 1998). As interstock<br />
positive effect was slight and tree production with interstocks is more expensive<br />
researches in this d<strong>ir</strong>ection were stopped.<br />
Search for dwarfing sweet cherry rootstocks was started by testing Russian<br />
clones PN, P3, P7 and local Þ1. There were not found dwarfing among them. Existing<br />
information about dwarfing effect of PN (Áàðàáàø, 1995) was not conf<strong>ir</strong>med<br />
by our experiments. Trees on this rootstock in the young age were of the same<br />
growth vigour like on P. mahaleb seedlings. Sometimes tree growth reduces when it<br />
comes into full bearing (Ystaas, Fr∅ynes, 1991). Further results of this rootstock<br />
effect will be available in some years. Tree yield efficiency on PN was slightly higher<br />
than on P. mahaleb. By our observations made in 2006 (data not presented in this<br />
paper) this tendency became more evident. PN probably is the most interesting rootstock<br />
for sweet cherries in this experiment. The most yield efficient rootstock was<br />
P3, but it suckered profusely complicating orchard floor management. It is reported<br />
that suckering is strongly related to the rootstocks belonging to the species P. cerasus<br />
(Toribio et al., 1998). Franken-Bembenek and Gruppe (1985) reported that the<br />
most severe suckering is observed in progenies with P. cerasus and P. fruticosa. In<br />
our experiment PN and Þ1 rootstocks from P. cerasus almost did not sucker. The<br />
most suckering rootstocks were P3 and P7 originated using P. padus.<br />
Sweet cherry rootstocks from Western Europe and USA being under tests at<br />
the LIH now provide better growth control. More exhaustive investigations of the<br />
best of them are necessary with the most important cultivars in future. Until now<br />
Gisela 4, Gi-497/8 and Gi-154/7 performed well, whereas the most popular in many<br />
countries Gisela 5 showed worse. Gisela 4 and Gisela 5 as promising sweet cherry<br />
rootstocks were mentioned in neighbouring Latvia (Ruisa, Rubauskis, 2004). Cmelik<br />
et al. (2004) recognized Gisela 4 as dwarfing, precocious and productive rootstock<br />
as well.<br />
In our experiments the most dwarfing rootstocks for plums were seedlings of<br />
P. tomentosa but they were discarded for frequent incompatibility with scion cultivars<br />
and negative effect on yield. P. tomentosa got similar evaluation in the experiments<br />
carried out by Oosten (1997).<br />
The rest of tested plum rootstocks had a slight influence on tree growth. From<br />
the f<strong>ir</strong>st year plum trees on rootstock St. Julien A grew somewhat less vigorously<br />
and at the end of the experiment the<strong>ir</strong> trunk diameter was by 6% less in comparison<br />
with the one on P. cerasifera seedlings. The young plum trees on rootstock GF655/<br />
2 grew more vigorously but in the bearing age growth slightly decreased and finally<br />
the<strong>ir</strong> trunk diameter was by 10% thinner in comparison with the one on P. cerasife-<br />
175
a. Fruit trees on rootstock GF8/1 were of the same growth vigour as control ones.<br />
Our observations in most cases are in consistence with the results obtained in other<br />
countries (Hrotkó et al., 1998; Sosna, 2002).<br />
The highest yield and yield efficiency of plum trees in our experiments was on<br />
P. cerasifera seedlings. In most foreign experiments clonal rootstocks improve plum<br />
tree productivity (Grzyb et al., 1998a; Hrotkó et al., 2002), but there are cases when<br />
trees on P. cerasifera seedlings were the most prolific (Grzyb et al., 1998b). Growth<br />
and yield of different scion-rootstock combinations depends on soil and climate<br />
conditions and the results may vary (Sitarek et al., 2004).<br />
The most suckering rootstock was GF655/2. Similar information on it is presented<br />
by the other researches (Kosina et al., 2000; Sosna, 2002). St. Julien A and<br />
GF8/1 practically did not sucker. Trees on P. cerasifera seedlings produced few<br />
suckers, mostly from rootstock stem part, when trees planted to shallow.<br />
According to the data of our experiment none of the tested plum rootstocks<br />
was better than standard P. cerasifera. In recent years scientists from neighbouring<br />
Poland revealed advantages of ‘Wangenheim Prune’ seedling rootstocks. Scion cultivars<br />
on this rootstock often are of superior characteristics in comparison with P.<br />
cerasifera seedlings or clonal rootstocks (Grzyb et al., 1998a; Rozpara, Grzyb, 1998;<br />
Sitarek et al., 2004). In the nearest future ‘Wangenheim Prune’ seedlings should be<br />
introduced into rootstock tests in Lithuania.<br />
Gauta 2006-11-15<br />
Parengta spausdinti 2006-12-11<br />
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33. Øàðêî Ë. Â., Áàðàáàø Ò. Í., Êèíàø Ã. À. Ïðîäóêòèâíîñòü ìàòî÷íûõ<br />
íàñàæäåíèé êëîíîâûõ ïîäâîåâ ïëîäîâûõ ïîðîä íà þãå ñòåïè Óêðàèíû //<br />
Ïëîäîâîäñòâî íà ðóáåæå ÕÕI âåêà. Ìàòåðèàëû ìåæäóíàðîäíîé íàó÷íîé<br />
êîíôåðåíöèè, Áåëàðóñü, ïîñ. Ñàìîõâàëîâè÷è, 9–13 îêòÿáðÿ 2000 ãîäà.<br />
Ìèíñê, 2000. Ñ. 112–113.<br />
177
SODININKYSTË IR DARÞININKYSTË. MOKSLO DARBAI. 2006. <strong>25</strong>(4).<br />
KAULAVAISIØ POSKIEPIØ TYRIMAI LIETUVOJE<br />
J. Lanauskas, D. Kviklys<br />
Santrauka<br />
Vyðnios <strong>ir</strong> slyvos yra daþniausiai Lietuvoje auginami kaulavaisiai. Ðiame straipsnyje<br />
supaþindinama su svarbiausiais vyðniø, treðniø <strong>ir</strong> slyvø poskiepiø tyrimø rezultatais.<br />
Tyrimai buvo atlikti centrinëje Lietuvos dalyje, kur vyrauja sekliai karbonatingi<br />
giliau glëjiðki rudþemiai, granuliometrinë sudëtis – vidutinio sunkumo arba<br />
sunkûs priemoliai. Juose vidutiniðkai gausu arba gausu fosforo <strong>ir</strong> kalio, humuso –<br />
1,5–3 proc., pH KCl<br />
– 7,0–7,2.<br />
Daugelá metø vyðnios <strong>ir</strong> treðnës buvo skiepijamos á atsitiktinius treðnës (Prunus<br />
avium), kvapiosios (P. mahaleb) arba paprastosios (P. cerasus) vyðnios sëjinukus, o<br />
slyvos – á skëstaðakës slyvos (P. cerasifera) sëjinukus. P<strong>ir</strong>maisiais tyrimais buvo<br />
stengiamasi atrinkti vaismedþiø, kuriø sëjinukai gerai prisitaikæ prie mûsø agroklimato<br />
sàlygø, teigiamai veikia áskiepiø derëjimà <strong>ir</strong> vaisiø kokybæ, formas. Vyðnioms skiepyti<br />
tinkamais buvo pripaþinti treðniø veislës ‘Zolotaja Losickaja’ <strong>ir</strong> selekcinio Nr. 2<br />
bei dviejø kvapiosios vyðnios formø – Nr. 817 <strong>ir</strong> Nr. 805 – sëjinukai. Vaismedþiai su<br />
ðiais poskiepiais sode augo vienodi, gausiai derëjo, vaisiai buvo geros kokybës.<br />
Vëlesniais tyrimais ávertintas kloniniø poskiepiø PN (P. cerasus), P3, P7 (abu<br />
P.padus x (P. cerasus x P. avium)) <strong>ir</strong> Þ1 (P. cerasus) tinkamumas vyðnioms <strong>ir</strong> treðnëms.<br />
Në vienas ið minëtø poskiepiø vyðnioms nebuvo geresnis uþ standartinius –<br />
kvapiosios vyðnios sëjinukus, o treðnës, skiepytos á kvapiosios vyðnios sëjinukus,<br />
derëjo prasèiausiai. Produktyviausios treðnës buvo su P3 poskiepiu, taèiau jis augino<br />
daug ðaknø atþalø. Perspektyviausias ið t<strong>ir</strong>tø poskiepiø treðnëms gali bûti PN. Vaismedþiai<br />
su ðiuo poskiepiu yra ðiek tiek produktyvesni negu skiepyti á kvapiosios vyðnios<br />
sëjinukus, poskiepis neformuoja atþalø, vaisiai yra tinkamo dydþio.<br />
Slyvoms buvo t<strong>ir</strong>iami ðie poskiepiai: veltininës vyðnios (P. tomentosa) sëjinukai<br />
<strong>ir</strong> kloniniai – St. Julien A, St. Julien GF655-2 bei Marianna GF8-1. Në vienas ið t<strong>ir</strong>tø<br />
poskiepiø nepas<strong>ir</strong>odë esàs geresnis uþ standartinius – skëstaðakës slyvos sëjinukus.<br />
Nustatyti daþni fiziologinio neatitikimo atvejai tarp veltininës vyðnios sëjinukø <strong>ir</strong> á juos<br />
áskiepytø slyvø veisliø.<br />
Ðiuo metu t<strong>ir</strong>iami 24 kloniniai treðniø poskiepiai su ‘Lapins’ veisle. Iki ðiol ið jø<br />
perspektyviausi atrodo Gisela 4, Gi–497/8 <strong>ir</strong> Gi–154/7.<br />
Ateityje turëtø bûti t<strong>ir</strong>iami nauji slyvø <strong>ir</strong> treðniø þemaûgiai poskiepiai su perspektyviausiomis<br />
ðiø augalø veislëmis.<br />
Reikðminiai þodþiai: kloniniai poskiepiai, sëjinukai, slyvos, treðnës, vyðnios.<br />
178
SCIENTIFIC WORKS OF THE LITHUANIAN INSTITUTE OF<br />
HORTICULTURE AND LITHUANIAN UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURE.<br />
SODININKYSTË IR DARÞININKYSTË. 2006. <strong>25</strong>(4).<br />
PERFORMANCE OF FIVE PLUM ROOTSTOCKS TO<br />
THE PLUM CULTIVARS ‘OPAL’ AND<br />
‘REINE CLAUDE GF 1119’ GROWING IN NORWAY<br />
Mekjell MELAND, Oddmund FR∅YNES<br />
Bioforsk Ullensvang, N-5781 Lofthus, Norway.<br />
E-mail mekjell.meland@bioforsk.no<br />
The performances of the plum rootstocks Plumina® Ferlenain, Ishtara® Ferciana,<br />
Jaspi® Fereley and the pentaploid open pollinated seedling of Mariana P 8-13<br />
was compared with St. Julien. A as a standard, the cultivars ‘Opal’ and ‘Reine<br />
Claude GF 1119’ were assessed in a field trial in western Norway at 60° North. This<br />
trial was one part of an international plum rootstock trial located in seven European<br />
countries and organized from INRA Bordeaux. Trees were planted in the spring of<br />
1994; spaced 2.0 x 4.0 m and formed with a central leader as free spindles. Soil<br />
management was grass in the alleyways and herbicide strips 1 m wide along the tree<br />
rows. Tree vigour, yield, fruit size and yield efficiency were evaluated for seven<br />
subsequent years. Tree size was significantly affected by the rootstocks. P 8–13<br />
produced the largest trees for both cultivars as measured by trunk cross-sectional<br />
area. The smallest trees were produced on Plumina® Ferlenain for the cultivar ‘Opal’<br />
and on Jaspi® Fereley for ‘Reine Claude’. The cultivar ‘Opal’ was the most productive<br />
and gave three times larger crop than ‘Reine Claude’ on the average for the six<br />
cropping years. The ‘Reine Claude’ trees came two years later into production than<br />
‘Opal’. There were small differences between the different rootstocks in productivity.<br />
However, the rootstock Plumina® Ferlenain produced significant lower crop<br />
than the other rootstocks for ‘Opal’. Trees on Jaspi® Fereley were the most yield<br />
efficient for ‘Opal’ and Plumina® Ferlenain for ‘Reine Claude’. The fruit sizes were<br />
in general medium to small for both cultivars and became little affected by the different<br />
rootstocks. The average fruit size was about 29 g for ‘Opal’ and 22 g for ‘Reine<br />
Claude’. Fruit quality characterized by the content of soluble solids was high for<br />
‘Reine Claude’ with average 20 proc. and 15 proc. for ‘Opal’ and did not differ<br />
much between trees on the various rootstocks.<br />
Key words: Prunus domestica L., rootstock, cultivar, high density, tree size,<br />
yield, fruit quality, yield efficiency.<br />
Introduction: With European plum (P. domestica. L.) most of the currently<br />
available rootstocks belong to one of the three Prunus species; P. domestica, P.<br />
179
insititia (St. Julien) and P. cerasifera (Myrobalan). These species are all rather vigorous.<br />
During the last decades the rootstock St. Julien A has been recommended as a<br />
reliable semi-dwarf rootstock with favourable influences on fruit size and fruit quality<br />
(Ystaas and Frøynes, 1993) for European plums in Norway. However, trees on<br />
St. Julien A are considered to be too vigorous to meet the demand for high density<br />
plantings together with early and high crops and a more dwarfing and precocious<br />
rootstock is wanted.<br />
In the 1980s and 1990s increasing research activities have been conducted on<br />
plums (Grzyb et al., 1998; Hartman, 1994). Several new plum rootstocks were<br />
introduced (Grzyb et al., 1984; Renaud & Salesses, 1991; Webster, 1980) and some<br />
of these claim to be dwarfing.<br />
A rootstock-breeding programme at INRA Bordeaux in France has produced<br />
many hybrid rootstocks for stone fruits and several of the vegetatively propagated<br />
clones from this programme have shown potential as rootstocks for prunes and<br />
plums (Renaud et al., 1991).<br />
Ishtara® Ferciana is an interspecific hybrid, P. salicina ‘Belsiana’ x (P. cerasifera<br />
x P. persica) released in 1986 under the trade name Ishtara®. It is moderately<br />
vigorous with good effect on fruit size and with no suckers (Wertheim, 1998).<br />
Jaspi® Fereley is a hybrid from a cross between P. salicina ‘Methley’ x P. spinosa<br />
and was released in 1989. The vigour of Fereley is rather similar to Ferciana, good<br />
root anchorage and suitable for wet soil. Plumina® Ferlenain is a cross of P. bessey<br />
and diploid Prunus species, probably ‘Myrobalan’.<br />
P 8–13 is a pentaploid open pollinated seedling of the rootstock Mariana and<br />
was selected in France. It is a semi vigorous rootstock similar to St. Julien A (Wertheim,<br />
1998).<br />
At the international ISHS congress in F<strong>ir</strong>enze, Italy in 1990 it was organized<br />
two joint trials with several European countries as participants organized from INRA<br />
Bordeaux, France. There was one trial with table fruit cultivars included a common<br />
cultivar, Greengage GF 1119 and one other cultivar and one trial with prune cultivars<br />
(Renaud, 1998).<br />
The main objective of this trial was to seek ways to improve the early and large<br />
yields with high quality fruits of two plum cultivars by testing five rootstocks of<br />
different vigour levels.<br />
Materials and methods. Trees of the European plum cultivars ‘Opal’ and<br />
‘Reine Claude GF 1119’ (Prunus domestica L.) growing on five different rootstocks<br />
were assessed in a field trial at Bioforsk Ullensvang (60° North). The trees<br />
were planted in the spring of 1994 and evaluated for seven subsequent years. The<br />
five rootstocks included 4 rootstocks from INRA Bordeaux (Ishtara® Ferciana,<br />
Jaspi® Fereley, Plumina® Ferlenain and the pentaploid P. Marianna (8–13)) compared<br />
to St. Julien A as the standard. The trees were spaced 2.0 x 4.0 m and<br />
formed with a central leader as free spindles. The leader was cut back at planting<br />
and annually until the final tree height was about 2.5 m and the branches were tied<br />
down to the horizontal. The experimental design was a randomised complete block<br />
with six replications. Each plot had two trees of similar cultivar/rootstock combination.<br />
180
Soil management consisted of frequently mowed grass in the alleyways and<br />
herbicide strips 1-m wide along the tree rows. The experiment was carried out on a<br />
loamy sand soil high in organic matter and with good fertility. The trees were <strong>ir</strong>rigated<br />
with trickle <strong>ir</strong>rigation when water deficits, based on evapotransp<strong>ir</strong>ation measurements,<br />
were recorded. The trees each received the same amounts of fertilizer, based<br />
on soil and leaf analysis.<br />
Fruit thinning was done by hand whenever necessary with the aim of spacing<br />
the fruitlets to about 5 cm apart. Trunk c<strong>ir</strong>cumference, <strong>25</strong> cm above the graft union,<br />
was recorded each fall. Total yield was measured yearly. Individual fruit weights<br />
were determined on random samples of 50 fruits per plot. Samples of 10 fruits were<br />
taken to the laboratory for determination of soluble solids by an Atago digital refractometer<br />
at 20°C.<br />
The statistical analyses were carried out using the software Minitab.<br />
Results. Growth and Flowering. In the f<strong>ir</strong>st growing season the trees had<br />
minor shoot growth due to some root drying during the transport. However, in the<br />
second growing season (1995) the trees grew normally. The amounts of flower<br />
clusters were registered by giving scores to each cultivar/rootstock combination in<br />
the th<strong>ir</strong>d leaf and the following three years (Tables 1 and 2).<br />
Table 1. Effect of five rootstocks on the amount of flower clusters during the f<strong>ir</strong>st four<br />
cropping years of ‘Opal’. Scores 1–9, where 1 – zero flower clusters and 9 – many<br />
1 lentelë. Slyvø veislës ‘Opal’ þiedynø skaièiaus priklausomumas nuo penkiø poskiepiø<br />
per p<strong>ir</strong>muosius ketverius derëjimo metus (1–9 balai, kur 1 – nëra þiedynø,<br />
9 – daug þiedynø)<br />
Rootstock<br />
Poskiepis<br />
Flower index, scores<br />
Þiedø rodiklis balais<br />
1996 1997 1998 1999<br />
Ferlenain 2.8 3.5 7.0 4.5<br />
Ferciana 3.9 1.9 6.1 3.3<br />
Fereley 5.5 1.8 6.8 1.9<br />
P 8–13 4.6 1.8 7.1 3.0<br />
St. Julien A 2.3 1.4 5.7 2.8<br />
LSD / P = 0.05% NS NS NS NS<br />
181
Table 2. Effect of five rootstocks on the amount of flower clusters during<br />
the f<strong>ir</strong>st four cropping years of ‘Reine Claude’. Scores 1–9, where 1 – zero<br />
flower clusters and 9 – many<br />
2 lentelë. Slyvø veislës ‘Reine Claude’ þiedynø skaièiaus priklausomumas nuo penkiø<br />
poskiepiø per p<strong>ir</strong>muosius ketverius derëjimo metus (1–9 balai, kur 1 – nëra þiedynø,<br />
9 – daug þiedynø)<br />
Flower index, scores<br />
Rootstock<br />
Þiedø rodiklis balais<br />
Poskiepis 1996 1997 1998 1999<br />
Ferlenain 1.0 1.0 7.8 7.5<br />
Ferciana 1.8 1.0 3.7 6.8<br />
Fereley 2.8 1.0 4.2 6.2<br />
P 8–13 2.0 1.0 3.8 6.9<br />
St. Julien A 2.9 1.0 3.3 6.6<br />
LSD. P = 0.05% NS NS 1.4 0.8<br />
For ‘Opal’ no significant differences were found between the different rootstocks.<br />
The amount of flower clusters per tree varied between years, which are<br />
common for the ‘Opal’ cultivar. However, for the rootstock Ferlenain higher amounts<br />
were registered in the fifth and sixth leaf. No clear differences were found between<br />
the dates for flowering between the different rootstocks.<br />
Table 3. Effect of rootstocks on trunk cross sectional area, cumulative yield, cumulative<br />
yield efficiency, average fruit weight, soluble solids and tree survival for the cultivar<br />
‘Opal’ at the end of the eight growing season<br />
3 lentelë. Poskiepiø átaka slyvø veislës ‘Opal’ kamieno skerspjûvio plotui, suminiam<br />
derliui, suminiam produktyvumui, vidutinei vaisiaus masei, t<strong>ir</strong>pioms sausosioms<br />
medþiagoms <strong>ir</strong> vaismedþio iðlikimui aðtuntojo augimo sezono pabaigoje<br />
Rootstock<br />
Poskiepis<br />
Trunk<br />
crosssectional<br />
area<br />
Kamieno<br />
skerspjûvio<br />
plotas, cm 2<br />
Cumulative<br />
yield (kg<br />
per tree)<br />
Suminis<br />
derlius,<br />
kg medis -1<br />
Cumulative<br />
yield<br />
efficiency<br />
Suminis<br />
produktyvumas,<br />
kg cm -2<br />
Mean<br />
fruit<br />
weight<br />
Vidutinë<br />
vaisiaus<br />
masë, g<br />
Soluble<br />
solids<br />
T<strong>ir</strong>pios<br />
sausosios<br />
medžiagos,<br />
%<br />
Tree<br />
survival<br />
Vaismedžio<br />
išlikimas, %<br />
Ferlenain 39.8 16.2 0.521 28.7 17.5 50<br />
Ferciana 58.4 30.9 0.762 29.1 15.3 91<br />
Fereley 64.3 36.6 0.829 29.5 15.5 100<br />
P 8–13 71.9 34.0 0.695 29.9 15.1 87<br />
St. Julien A 57.5 29.9 0.657 29.4 15.4 100<br />
LSD. P = 0.05% 12.6 5.8 NS NS 2.1 -<br />
182
Tree vigour. Tree vigour as measured by trunk cross-sectional area at the end<br />
of the eight growing season was significantly affected by rootstocks. P 8–13 produced<br />
the largest trees for both cultivars and was <strong>25</strong>% larger than St. Julien A on<br />
‘Opal’ and 7% larger on ‘Reine Claude’. The smallest trees were produced on Ferlenain<br />
for the cultivar ‘Opal’ and on Fereley for ‘Reine Claude’ (Tables 3 and 4).<br />
These rootstocks gave significant smaller trees on both cultivars compared with the<br />
standard St. Julien A.<br />
Table 4. Effect of rootstocks on trunk cross sectional area, cumulative yield, cumulative<br />
yield efficiency, average fruit weight, soluble solids and tree survival for the cultivar<br />
‘Reine Claude GF 1119’ at the end of the eight growing season<br />
4 lentelë. Poskiepiø átaka slyvø veislës ‘Reine Claude GF 1119’ kamieno skerspjûvio<br />
plotui, suminiam derliui, suminiam produktyvumui, vidutinei vaisiaus masei, t<strong>ir</strong>pioms<br />
sausosioms medþiagoms <strong>ir</strong> vaismedþio iðlikimui aðtuntojo augimo sezono pabaigoje<br />
Rootstock<br />
Poskiepis<br />
Trunk<br />
crosssectional<br />
area<br />
Kamieno<br />
skerspjûvio<br />
plotas,<br />
cm 2<br />
Cumulative<br />
yield (kg<br />
per tree)<br />
Suminis<br />
derlius,<br />
kg medis -1<br />
Cumulative<br />
yield<br />
efficiency<br />
Suminis<br />
produktyvumas<br />
, kg cm -2<br />
Mean<br />
fruit<br />
weight<br />
Vidutinë<br />
vaisiaus<br />
masë, g<br />
Soluble<br />
solids<br />
T<strong>ir</strong>pios<br />
sausosios<br />
medžiagos,<br />
%<br />
Tree<br />
survival<br />
Vaismedžio<br />
išlikimas, %<br />
Ferlenain 63.7 14.2 0.276 23.1 22.3 80<br />
Ferciana 84.6 10.1 0.155 22.8 20.1 100<br />
Fereley 60.5 10.1 0.211 20.3 19.3 100<br />
P 8-13 85.8 9.8 0.156 21.5 18.7 83<br />
St. Julien A 80.3 9.1 0.143 20.8 20.5 100<br />
LSD. P = 0.05% 14.5 2.0 0.037 NS 2.9 -<br />
Yield. The f<strong>ir</strong>st minor crop was harvested in the th<strong>ir</strong>d leaf for the cultivar ‘Opal’,<br />
which was the most productive cultivar. It gave three times larger crop than ‘Reine<br />
Claude’ on the average for the six cropping years. The ‘Reine Claude’ trees came<br />
two years later into production than ‘Opal’. The harvest time for ‘Opal’ was the<br />
second half of August depending on the years and ‘Reine Claude’ one month later.<br />
For ‘Opal’ the rootstock St. Julien A came slower into production than the other<br />
rootstocks. There were rather small differences between the different rootstocks in<br />
productivity: However, the rootstock Ferlenain produced significant larger crop than<br />
the other rootstocks for ‘Reine Claude’ and lower for ‘Opal’.<br />
Yield efficiency. Yield efficiency was calculated for each rootstock on the basis<br />
of yield and trunk cross sectional area. Trees on Fereley were the most yield efficient<br />
for ‘Opal’ and Ferlenain for ‘Reine Claude’. The Ferlenain rootstock was the<br />
least efficient for ‘Opal’ and St. Julien A for ‘Reine Claude’. In general the efficiency<br />
reflected the yields obtained.<br />
Fruit quality. Important quality components like fruit weight and soluble solids<br />
were not much influenced by the different rootstocks. The rootstocks did not have<br />
183
any significant effect on fruit sizes and were in general medium to small for both<br />
cultivars. Smallest fruit size was recorded on the ‘Reine Claude’ (Tables 3 and 4).<br />
For all cultivars the fruit weight decreased with increasing crop (data not shown).<br />
Similar pattern was found for the content of soluble solids (Table 4). Fruit quality<br />
characterized by the content of soluble solids was high for ‘Reine Claude’ with<br />
average 20% and 15% for ‘Opal’ However, plums from trees on Ferlenain had significant<br />
higher content of soluble solids for both cultivars.<br />
Tree survival. The winter of 1995/96 was special in the way that it came frost<br />
from the end of November until the end of March without any snow cover. Under<br />
these climatic conditions the root systems became partly damaged on some of the<br />
rootstock and cultivar combinations. The rootstocks Ferlenain was the least frost<br />
tolerance with 50% and 20% of the trees lost on the two cultivars ‘Opal’ and ‘Reine<br />
Claude’, respectively. The rootstocks Fereley and St. Julien A were the most winter<br />
tolerant with all trees surviving the test period of 8 years.<br />
Discussion: The objectives of the breeding programme at INRA Bordeaux<br />
was reducing the vigour of the rootstocks, early bearing, heavy and regular production<br />
and type of branching and fructification leading to faster pruning and<br />
lower production costs (Renaud and Salesses, 1994). The f<strong>ir</strong>st minor yield was<br />
not achieved until the th<strong>ir</strong>d leaf for ‘Opal and fifth leaf for ‘Reine Claude’. The<br />
trees suffered some the f<strong>ir</strong>st growing season likely due to root drying under transport.<br />
However, from the second leaf and the rest of the test period, normal annual<br />
growth was achieved.<br />
Plum trees are generally slow to come into bearing. However, the ‘Opal’ trees<br />
started to crop earlier than ‘Reine Claude’ independent of rootstock choice. The<br />
dwarfing rootstock showing most promise in this trial was Ferlenain for ‘Reine<br />
Claude’. Mature trees on this rootstock were significant smaller than the other rootstocks<br />
except Fereley. Total cumulative yield and yield efficiency from these trees<br />
on Ferlenain was significant better than on the other rootstocks. Similar effect by<br />
this rootstock on the cultivars ‘Victoria’ and ‘Czar’ is reported by Webster and<br />
Wertheim (1993). Trials in France have shown similar results as well with prune and<br />
gage trees on Ferlenain dwarfing the trees and to yield good size fruits with no<br />
incompatibility problems for ‘Green Gage’ (Bernard and Renaud, 1990). At bloom<br />
time in the th<strong>ir</strong>d – sixth leaf the amount of flowering were judged. Across all cultivar<br />
and rootstock combinations the Ferlenain rootstock got the highest scores and this<br />
effect was clearly demonstrated for the cultivar ‘Reine Claude’.<br />
However, half of the Ferlenain trees did not survive in the ‘Opal’ trial and they<br />
yielded less than the other rootstocks.<br />
The rootstocks Ferciana, P 8–13 and the standard St. Julien A did not dwarf the<br />
two cultivars significantly and the cumulative yields during the experiment per tree<br />
were in the same area. No significant differences in the average fruit size where<br />
found for the different cultivar/rootstock combinations. Fruit size is linked to the<br />
cultivar and the crop load on the trees. These trees had moderate large yields and<br />
likely got no fruit size reductions.<br />
The content of soluble solids are important components of plum quality. This<br />
component was not strongly influenced by the rootstocks and only minor differen-<br />
184
ces were found. The ‘Reine Claude’ is considered to be a premium quality plum and<br />
had the highest content of soluble solids of these two plum cultivars independent of<br />
rootstock choice.<br />
Conclusions. The rootstocks tested produced tree vigour from semi-dwarf to<br />
semi-vigorous. Ferlenain was the most reliable semi-dwarf rootstock to the cultivar<br />
‘Reine Claude’ with high yield efficiency and with favourable influence on fruit<br />
quality. Ferciana, P 8–13 and St. Julien A were all semi vigorous with similar crops<br />
and fruit quality for both cultivars. The ‘Opal’ cultivar yielded three times more than<br />
the ‘Reine Claude’ cultivar.<br />
Gauta 2006-11-09<br />
Parengta spausdinti 2006-12-11<br />
References<br />
1. Bernard. R., Renaud. R. Le pont sur les porte greffes du prunier. L’Arboriculture<br />
Fruitere. 1990. 432. P. 28–36.<br />
2. Grzyb Z. S., Jackiewicz A., Czynczyk A. Results of 18-year evaluation of rootstocks<br />
for Italian Prune cultivar. Fruit Sci. Rep. 1984. 11(3). P. 99–104.<br />
3. Grzyb Z.S., Zmarlicki K., Sitarek, M. (eds) Proceedings of the VI th international<br />
symposium on plum and prune genetics, breeding and pomology. Acta Hort. 1998. 478,<br />
350 pp.<br />
4. Hartman W. (ed.) Fifth international symposium on plum and prune genetic, breeding<br />
and pomology. Acta Hort. 1994. 359, 296 pp.<br />
5. Renaud R. Report on ”International trials on plum rootstocks”.- Acta Hort. 1998.<br />
478. P. 99–100.<br />
6. Renaud R., Salesses G. Interspecific hybridization and rootstocks breeding for<br />
European plums. Acta Hort. 1994. 359. P. 97–100.<br />
7. Renaud R., Salesses G., Roy M., Bonnet A. Development and selection of new<br />
rootstocks of Prunus domestica. Acta Hort. 1991. 283. P. <strong>25</strong>3–<strong>25</strong>9.<br />
8. Webster A. D. Pixy, a new dwarfing rootstock for plums, Prunus domestica L. J.<br />
Hort. Sci. 1980. 55(4). P. 4<strong>25</strong>–431.<br />
9. Webster A. D., Wertheim S. J. Comparisons of species and hybrid rootstocks for<br />
European plum cultivars. J. Hort. Sci. 1993. 68(6). P. 861–869.<br />
10. Wertheim S. J. Rootstock Guide. Apple, pear, cherry, European plum. Publication<br />
nr. <strong>25</strong>. Fruit Research Station Wilhelminadorp. The Netherlands. 1998. 144 pp.<br />
11. Ystaas J., Fr∅ynes O. Performance of five rootstock over 17 years to five commercial<br />
important plum cultivars in Norway. Norwegian J. Ag. Sci. 1993. 7. P. 267–274.<br />
185
SODININKYSTË IR DARÞININKYSTË. MOKSLO DARBAI. 2006. <strong>25</strong>(4).<br />
SLYVØ VEISLIØ ‘OPAL’ IR ‘REINE CLAUDE GF 1119’,<br />
AUGINAMØ NORVEGIJOJE, PENKIØ POSKIEPIØ<br />
CHARAKTERISTIKA<br />
M. Meland, O. Fr∅ynes<br />
Santrauka<br />
Slyvø poskiepiø Plumina® Ferlenain, Ishtara® Ferciana, Jaspi® Fereley <strong>ir</strong> pentaploidinio<br />
atv<strong>ir</strong>ai apdulkinamo Mariana P 8-13 sodinuko charakteristikos palygintos<br />
su St. Julien A kaip standartu. Veislës ‘Opal’ <strong>ir</strong> ‘Reine Claude GF 1119’ ávertintos<br />
lauko bandymais Vakarø Norvegijoje (60° á ðiauræ). Ðis bandymas buvo tarptautiniø<br />
poskiepiø tyrimø, atliktø septyniose Europos ðalyse <strong>ir</strong> suorganizuoto INRA Bordeaux,<br />
dalis. Vaismedþiai buvo pasodinti 1994 metø pavasará 2,0 x 4,0 m atstumais <strong>ir</strong><br />
suformuoti kaip laisvai auganèios verpstës su centrine pagrindine ðaka. D<strong>ir</strong>va alëjose<br />
apþeldinta þole, o vaismedþiø eilëse 1 m ploèio juostos buvo purðkiamos herbicidais.<br />
Septynerius metus vertintas vaismedþiø augumas, vaisiø dydis <strong>ir</strong> produktyvumas.<br />
Poskiepiai darë reikðmingà átakà vaismedþiø dydþiui. Lyginant kamienø skerspjûvio<br />
plotus, nustatyta, kad aukðèiausi abiejø veisliø vaismedþiai iðaugo ið sodinukø Mariana<br />
P 8–13. Maþiausi veislës ‘Opal’ vaismedþiai iðaugo su poskiepiu Plumina® Ferlenain,<br />
o veislës ‘Reine Claude’ – su poskiepiu Jaspi® Fereley. Veislë ‘Opal’ buvo<br />
produktyviausia <strong>ir</strong> per ðeðerius metus davë vidutiniðkai trigubai didesná derliø negu<br />
‘Reine Claude’. ‘Reine Claude’ vaismedþiai pradëjo vesti vaisius dvejais metais vëliau<br />
negu ‘Opal’. Produktyvumo atþvilgiu sk<strong>ir</strong>tingi poskiepiai skyrësi maþai, iðskyrus veislës‘Opal’poskiepá<br />
Plumina® Ferlenain, kurio derlius buvo daug maþesnis negu kitø<br />
poskiepiø. Didþiausias veislës ‘Opal’ slyvø derlius gautas vaismedþiams augant su<br />
poskiepiu Jaspi® Fereley, o veislës ‘Reine Claude’ – su poskiepiu Plumina® Ferlenain.<br />
Abiejø veisliø vaisiai ið esmës buvo vidutinio dydþio arba maþi – nuo sk<strong>ir</strong>tingø<br />
poskiepiø dydis beveik nepriklausë. Veislës ‘Opal’ vaisiai vidutiniðkai svërë 29 g, o<br />
‘Reine Claude’ – 22 g. Veislës ‘Reine Claude’ t<strong>ir</strong>piø sausøjø medþiagø kiekis, apibûdinantis<br />
vaisiø kokybæ, siekë vidutiniðkai 20 proc., o ‘Opal’ – 15 proc. <strong>ir</strong> sk<strong>ir</strong>tingi<br />
poskiepiai jam didelës átakos nedarë.<br />
Reikðminiai þodþiai: Prunus domestica L., poskiepis, veislë, tankumas, vaismedþio<br />
dydis, derlius, vaisiø kokybë, produktyvumas.<br />
186
SCIENTIFIC WORKS OF THE LITHUANIAN INSTITUTE OF<br />
HORTICULTURE AND LITHUANIAN UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURE.<br />
SODININKYSTË IR DARÞININKYSTË. 2006. <strong>25</strong>(4).<br />
VARIABILITY OF UV-ABSORBING COMPOUNDS IN<br />
PLANT LEAVES UNDER UV-B EXPOSURE<br />
Kæstutis BARANAUSKIS, Jurga SAKALAUSKAITË,<br />
Auðra BRAZAITYTË, Akvilë URBONAVIÈIÛTË,<br />
Giedrë SAMUOLIENË, Gintarë ÐABAJEVIENË,<br />
Sandra SAKALAUSKIENË, Jûratë Bronë ÐIKÐNIANIENË,<br />
Pavelas DUCHOVSKIS<br />
Lithuanian Institute of Horticulture, LT–54333 Babtai, Kauno 30,<br />
Kaunas distr., Lithuania.<br />
E-mail k.baranauskis@lsdi.lt<br />
Variability of UV-absorbing compounds in leaves of Daucus sativus Röhl., Fragaria<br />
ananassa Duch. Malus domestica and Raphanus sativus L. under different UV-<br />
B exposure was examined. Effect of an additional stress including increased temperature<br />
(<strong>25</strong>°C-day/16°C-night) and CO 2<br />
level (700 ppm) on UV-screening compound in<br />
Malus domestica and Raphanus sativus L. leaves was identified as well. In general,<br />
this study revealed that plant response to UV-B exposure intensity is very speciesspecific<br />
only under non-stressful conditions; i. e. favorable temperature and ambient<br />
CO 2<br />
level, though a linear relationship between concentration of UV-absorbing compounds<br />
and UV-B daily doses has not been determined. Content of UV-screening<br />
compounds appeared to be more determined by stressors including an increased<br />
temperature and CO 2<br />
level rather than an intensity of exposure to UV-B radiation.<br />
Key words: Daucus sativus Röhl., Fragaria ananassa Duch. Malus domestica,<br />
Raphanus sativus L., UV-absorbing compounds, UV-B radiation.<br />
Introduction. Plants use sunlight for photosynthesis and, as a consequence,<br />
are exposed to the ultraviolet (UV) radiation that is present in d<strong>ir</strong>ect sunlight. All<br />
types of UV radiation, especially the higher energy wavelengths are known to disorder<br />
various plant processes. Such disturbances include DNA damage (Harm, 1980),<br />
inhibition of photosynthetic primary productivity (Tevini and Teramura, 1989), inhibition<br />
of nitrogenase activity (Sinha et al., 1996), and a diversity of other responses<br />
that have been reviewed elsewhere (Tevini, 1993; Vincent and Roy, 1993). However,<br />
it is wrong to consider UV radiation as only damaging factor. It has certain beneficial<br />
roles in the biosphere. As an example, various growth and photomorphogenetic effects<br />
in plants, mediated through blue/UV-A receptors, involve UV-A radiation (Salisbury<br />
and Ross, 1992). Even UV-A reflected from petal anthocyanins is essential<br />
for flower recognition by pollinating insects (Flint and Caldwell, 1983).<br />
187
Phenylpropanoids including flavones, flavonols, cinnamoyl esters and anthocyanins<br />
provide a UV-A and UV-B screen. The flavonoids are today the most widely<br />
occurred phenolic derivatives in the biosphere (Harborne, 1964). Flavonoids provide<br />
an effective UV screen that reduces UV radiation transmittance through epidermis,<br />
but allow through visible radiation for photosynthesis (Tevini et al., 1991), prevents<br />
DNA damage and UV-B-induced damage of the photosynthetic apparatus (Regner et<br />
al., 1989). A number of authors proposed, that flavonoids are UV-B-inducible (Mohle<br />
and Wellman, 1982; Barnes et al., 1988; Tevini et al., 1991) and in some cases a<br />
linear relationship between flavonoid concentration and UV-B flux has been observed<br />
(Wellman, 1975). The flavonoids response for UV screening may vary from<br />
species to species and could be developmental stage and tissue-dependent (Cockell<br />
and Knowland, 1999).<br />
As well as flavonoids, other aromatic-containing pigments in higher plants such<br />
as alkaloids absorb in the UV range and may provide additional UV protection in<br />
some species (Cockell and Knowland, 1999).<br />
However, the UV-B-dependent variability of total amount of UV-screening compounds<br />
in higher plants is not yet established. Therefore, this study aims to survey a<br />
relationship between UV-B radiation and total amount of UV absorbing compounds<br />
in few plant species including Raphanus sativus L., Malus domestica, Daucus sativus<br />
Röhl., Fragaria ananassa Duch.<br />
Materials and methods. Research was carried out in the phytotron complex<br />
at the Lithuanian Institute of Horticulture in 2006. Raphanus sativus L., Malus domestica,<br />
Daucus sativus Röhl. and Fragaria ananassa Duch. were grown in 5 L<br />
pots of peat substrate (pH 5.85–6) during the experiment. A photoperiod of 16 h<br />
was maintained. All plants were exposed to 0 (reference), 2 and 4 kJ daily UV-B<br />
doses for 5 days under two climatic modes:<br />
(a) non-stressful conditions, where temperature of 21/14°C (day/night) and<br />
ambient CO 2<br />
level was maintained throughout the experiment (all plant species were<br />
examined);<br />
(b) stressful conditions, where temperature of <strong>25</strong>/16°C (day/night) and CO 2<br />
level at 700 ppm was maintained throughout the experiment (only Raphanus sativus<br />
L. and Malus domestica were examined).<br />
Samples from fully developed plant leaves were at random taken immediately<br />
after the end of UV-B exposure.<br />
UV-absorbing compounds were analyzed in acidified methanol extracts according<br />
modified method of M<strong>ir</strong>ecki and Teramura (1984), recording and integrating<br />
absorption spectra in the range of 280–400 nm. Relative amount of UV-absorbing<br />
pigments was calculated according the formula as follows:<br />
RA UVpigm<br />
=<br />
∫<br />
Abs<br />
m<br />
where ∫ A – area of absorption spectra, defined as an integral of the absorption<br />
spectra in the range of 280–400 nm i = 1 → 121 ;m – weight of the sample<br />
(g).<br />
188
Statistical calculations were performed by ANOVA for MS Excel vers. 3.43<br />
(Duncan’s Multiple Range t-test procedure (P ≤ 0.05 and P ≤ 0.01)).<br />
Results. Plant response to UV-B radiation doses under non-stressful conditions<br />
(21/14°C, ambient CO 2<br />
) was very plant species-specific. Significantly lower<br />
amount of UV-absorbing compounds was determined in reference Raphanus sativus<br />
plants, than in those exposed to 2 kJ UV-B doses, but no significant differences<br />
were observed under 4 kJ UV-B doses (Fig. 1 A).<br />
Exposure of Daucus carota plants to 4 kJ UV-B doses resulted in greatest amounts<br />
of UV-screening compound, while 2 kJ doses – in lowest amounts. Hence, the<br />
amount of UV pigments in reference plants remained greater than in plants exposed<br />
to 2 kJ UV-B doses (Fig. 1 B).<br />
Fig. 1. Amount of UV pigments in (A) Raphanus sativus L., (B) Daucus sativus<br />
Röhl., (C) Fragaria ananassa Duch. and (D) Malus domestica leaves under different<br />
UV-B exposure. Means indicated by the different letters are significantly<br />
different (n = 3; P ≥ 0.05)<br />
1 pav. Santykiniai UV sugerianèiø pigmentø kiekiai (A) Raphanus sativus L., (B)<br />
Daucus sativus Röhl., (C) Fragaria ananassa Duch. and (D) Malus domestica<br />
lapuose paveikus sk<strong>ir</strong>tingomis UV-B dozëmis. Sk<strong>ir</strong>tingos raidës rodo<br />
esminá sk<strong>ir</strong>tumà tarp vidurkiø (n = 3; P ≥ 0,05)<br />
In general, UV-B radiation reduced the amount of UV-absorbing pigments in<br />
Fragaria ananassa Duch. leaves, as the amount of those pigments was significantly<br />
greater in the leaves of reference plants than in those treated by 2 or 4 kJ UV-B<br />
doses. The most reduced amount of UV-screening compound was observed under 2<br />
kJ UV-B doses (Fig. 1 C).<br />
189
Amount of UV-screening compounds in the leaves of Malus domestica decreased<br />
as UV-B doses increased. 4 kJ daily UV-B doses resulted in lowest amount of<br />
those pigments, while the greatest amounts of UV pigments were determined in<br />
leaves of reference Malus domestica plants (Fig. 1 D).<br />
Table 1. Relative amounts of UV-absorbing compounds under various stress conditions.<br />
Means indicated by the different letters are significantly different within the<br />
column of each UV treatment (n = 3; P ≥ 0.01)<br />
1 lentelë. Santykiniai UV sugerinèiø pigmentø kiekiai augalø lapuose sk<strong>ir</strong>tingomis<br />
streso sàlygomis. Sk<strong>ir</strong>tingos raidës rodo esminá sk<strong>ir</strong>tumà tarp vidurkiø reikðmiø<br />
stulpeliuose kiekvienam UV poveikiui atsk<strong>ir</strong>ai (n = 3; P ≥ 0,01)<br />
UV treatment<br />
UV poveikis<br />
Increased t° and CO 2<br />
Padidinta t° <strong>ir</strong> CO 2 kiekis<br />
Object<br />
Objektas<br />
Raphanus sativus Röhl.<br />
Malus domestica<br />
Control<br />
– 48.6 a 569.3 a<br />
Kontrolë + 104.8 b 723.3 b<br />
2 kJ<br />
– 68.7 a 530.8 a<br />
+ 121.85 b 775.4 b<br />
4 kJ<br />
– 59.2 a 478.7 a<br />
+ 97.7 b 710.8 b<br />
An additional stress including increased temperature (<strong>25</strong>/16°C) and CO 2<br />
level<br />
(700 ppm) together with UV-B radiation resulted in significantly increased amount<br />
of UV-screening compounds in all inspected plant species in comparison to plants<br />
exposure solely to UV-B radiation or reference plants (Table 1). Though no significant<br />
variation of UV pigments were determined in Raphanus sativus L. and Malus<br />
domestica under different UV-B treatment whenever additional stress (temperature,<br />
CO 2<br />
) was applied (Figs. 2 A, B).<br />
Fig. 2. Amount of UV pigments in (A) Raphanus sativus L. and (B) Malus domestica<br />
leaves under different UV-B exposure, increased temperature and increased CO 2<br />
level.<br />
Means indicated by the different letters are significantly different (n = 3; P ≥ 0.05)<br />
2 pav. Santykiniai UV sugerianèiø pigmentø kiekiai (A) ridikëliø <strong>ir</strong> (B) obelø lapuose<br />
veikiant sk<strong>ir</strong>tingomis UV-B dozëmis, esant aukðtai temperatûrai <strong>ir</strong> padidintam CO 2<br />
kiekiui. Sk<strong>ir</strong>tingos raidës rodo esminá sk<strong>ir</strong>tumà tarp vidurkiø (n = 3; P ≥ 0,05)<br />
190
Discussion. Plants in equatorial and high-altitude regions of the earth, where<br />
UV-B flux is generally higher, demonstrate the capacity of increased UV-B tolerance<br />
by inducible flavonoid production. The species found at low latitudes also include<br />
temperate latitude species that have been introduced into these regions such as Pisum<br />
sativum further demonstrating the capacity for photobiological adaptation (Cockell<br />
and Knowland, 1999). As the UV-B doses in low-latitude are greater by an order of<br />
magnitude than those existing in high-latitude areas, these ranges provide certain<br />
evidence of the plant acclimation capacity due to change of UV screening compounds<br />
composition. However, a linear relationship between concentration of UV<br />
absorbing compounds and UV-B daily doses has not been observed in this study.<br />
Moreover, content of UV screening compounds appeared to be more determined by<br />
stressors such as an increased temperature and CO 2<br />
level rather than an intensity of<br />
exposure to UV-B radiation. Therefore, it is most likely that certain plant systems<br />
identify increased temperature and CO 2<br />
level as the fact of a latitude lowering. According<br />
to Urbonavièiûtë et al. (2006) content of certain flavonoids is determined<br />
even by a spatial plant leaf orientation. Such data proposes an idea of interaction<br />
between photomorphological and photosynthetic system in order to foresee and prevent<br />
probable UV-B damage.<br />
Conclusions. In general, plant’s response to UV-B exposure intensity is very<br />
species-specific under UV-B stress. However, content of UV screening compounds<br />
appeared to be more determined by the stressors such as an increased temperature<br />
and CO 2<br />
level rather than an intensity of exposure to UV-B radiation.<br />
Acknowledgement. Authors are grateful to Lithuanian State Science and Studies<br />
Foundation for research support.<br />
Gauta 2006-11-10<br />
Parengta spausdinti 2006-12-11<br />
References<br />
1. Barnes P. W., Jordan P. W., Gold W. G., Flint S. D., Caldwell M. M. Competition,<br />
morphology and canopy structure in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) and wild oat (Avena<br />
fatua L.) exposed to enhanced ultraviolet-B radiation // Functional Ecology. 1988. Vol. 2.<br />
P. 319–330.<br />
2. Cockell C. S., Knowland J. Ultraviolet radiation screening compounds // Biology<br />
Reviews. 1999. Vol. 74. P. 311–345.<br />
3. Flint S. D., Caldwell M. M. Influence of floral properties on the ultraviolet radiation<br />
env<strong>ir</strong>onment of pollen // American Journal of Botany. 1983. Vol. 70. P. 1416–1419.<br />
4. Harborne J. B. Biochemistry of phenolic compounds. Academic Press,<br />
London, 1964.<br />
5. Harm W. Biological effect of ultraviolet radiation. IUPAB biophysics series I.<br />
Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 1980.<br />
6. M<strong>ir</strong>ecki R. M., Teramura A. H. Effects of ultraviolet-B <strong>ir</strong>radiance on soybean. V.<br />
The dependence of plant sensitivity on the photosynthetic photon flux density during<br />
and after leaf expansion // Plant Physiology. Vol. 74. 1984. P. 475–480.<br />
7. Mohle B., Wellman E. Introduction of phenylpropanoid compounds by UV-B<br />
<strong>ir</strong>radiation in roots of seedlings and cell cultures from Dill (Anethum gaveolens L.) // Plant<br />
Cell Reports. 1982. Vol. 1. P. 183–185.<br />
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8. Regner G., Volker M., Eckerts H. J., Fromme R., Hohmveit S., Graber P. On the<br />
mechanism of photosystem II deterioration by UV-B radiation // Photochemistry and<br />
Photobiology. Vol. 49. P. 97–105.<br />
9. Salisbury F. B., Ross C. W. Plant physiology. Wadsworth, Belmont, 1992.<br />
10. Sinha R. P., Singh N., Kumar A., Kumar H. D., Häder M., Häder D. P. Effects of UV<br />
<strong>ir</strong>radiation on certain physiological and biochemical processes in cyanobacteria // Journal<br />
of Photochemistry and Photobiology. 1996. Vol. 32. P. 107–113.<br />
11. Tevini M. UV-B radiation and ozone depletion. Effects on humans, animals, plants,<br />
micro-organisms and materials. Lewis Publishers, Boca Raton, Florida, 1993.<br />
12. Tevini M., Braun J., Fieser G. The protective function of the epidermal layer of rye<br />
seedlings against ultraviolet-B radiation // Photochemistry and Photobiology. 1991.<br />
Vol. 53. P. 329–333.<br />
13. Tevini M., Teramura A. H. UV-B effects on terrestrial plants // Photochemistry<br />
and Photobiology. 1989. Vol. 50. P. 479–487.<br />
14. Urbonavièiûtë A., Jakðtas V., Kornyðova O., Janulis V., Maruðka A. Capillary<br />
electrophoretic analysis of flavonoids in single-styled hawthorn (Crataegus monogyna<br />
Jacq.) ethanolic extracts // Journal of Chromatography A. 2006. Vol. 1112. P. 339–344.<br />
15. Vincent W. F., Roy S. Solar ultraviolet-B radiation and aquatic primary production:<br />
damage, protection and recovery // Env<strong>ir</strong>onmental Reviews. 1993. Vol. 1. P. 1–12.<br />
16. Wellman E. UV dose-dependent induction of enzymes related to flavonoid biosynthesis<br />
in cell suspension cultures of parsley // FEBS Letters. 1975. Vol. 51. P. 105–107.<br />
SODININKYSTË IR DARÞININKYSTË. MOKSLO DARBAI. 2006. <strong>25</strong>(4).<br />
UV SUGERIANÈIØ PIGMENTØ POKYÈIAI AUGALØ<br />
LAPUOSE VEIKIANT UV-B SPINDULIUOTEI<br />
K. Baranauskis, J. Sakalauskaitë, A. Brazaitytë, A. Urbonavièiûtë, G. Samuolienë,<br />
G. Ðabajevienë, J. B. Ðikðnianienë, P. Duchovskis<br />
Santrauka<br />
Tyrimo metu buvo stebimi UV sugerianèiø pigmentø pokyèiai Daucus sativus<br />
Röhl., Fragaria ananassa Duch. Malus domestica <strong>ir</strong> Raphanus sativus L. augalø<br />
lapuose, veikiant 2 <strong>ir</strong> 4 kJ UV-B dienos dozëmis. Taip pat nustatyta UV sugerianèiø<br />
pigmentø kaita Malus domestica <strong>ir</strong> Raphanus sativus L. augalø lapuose, veikiant<br />
UV-B, aukðtai temperatûrai (+ <strong>25</strong>°C dienà <strong>ir</strong> + 16°C naktá) <strong>ir</strong> padidintai CO 2<br />
koncentracijai<br />
(700 ppm). Nustatyta, kad augalo atsakas á UV-B spinduliuotæ itin priklauso<br />
nuo augalo rûðies tik tada, kai nëra papildomo streso poveikio, t. y. kai yra palanki<br />
augalams augti temperatûra (+ 21°C dienà <strong>ir</strong> + 14°C naktá) bei natûrali CO 2<br />
koncentracija.<br />
Taèiau tokiomis sàlygomis nepavyko nustatyti tiesioginio priklausomumo tarp<br />
UV sugerianèiø pigmentø kiekio <strong>ir</strong> UV-B spinduliuotës poveikio intensyvumo. Ávertinus<br />
tyrimø rezultatus, galima teigti, jog UV sugerianèiø pigmentø kiekis augalø lapuose<br />
labiau priklauso nuo tokiø veiksniø kaip aukðta temperatûra ar padidëjusi CO 2<br />
koncentracija nei tiesioginis UV-B spinduliuotës poveikis.<br />
Reikðminiai þodþiai: Daucus sativus Röhl., Fragaria ananassa Duch. Malus<br />
domestica, Raphanus sativus L., UV sugeriantys pigmentai, UV-B spinduliuotë.<br />
192
LIETUVOS SODININKYSTËS IR DARÞININKYSTËS INSTITUTO IR<br />
LIETUVOS ÞEMËS ÛKIO UNIVERSITETO MOKSLO DARBAI.<br />
SODININKYSTË IR DARÞININKYSTË. 2006. <strong>25</strong>(4).<br />
MORKØ IR BUROKËLIØ LIETUVIÐKØ VEISLIØ BEI<br />
HIBRIDØ YPATUMAI EKOLOGINËJE IR<br />
INTENSYVIOJE DARÞININKYSTËJE<br />
Rasa KARKLELIENË<br />
Lietuvos sodininkystës <strong>ir</strong> darþininkystës institutas, LT-54333, Babtai, Kauno r.<br />
El. paðtas R.Karkleliene@lsdi.lt<br />
2005–2006 m. Lietuvos sodininkystës <strong>ir</strong> darþininkystës institute t<strong>ir</strong>ta <strong>ir</strong> ávertinta<br />
valgomosios morkos (Daucus sativus Röhl.) <strong>ir</strong> raudonojo burokëlio (Beta<br />
vulgaris L. subsp. vulgaris convar. vulgaris var. vulgaris) lietuviðkos veislës bei<br />
hibridai. T<strong>ir</strong>tos ðios morkø veislës: ‘Garduolës’, ‘Ðatrija’, ‘Vytënø nanto’, ‘Vaiguva’,<br />
bei hibridai – ‘Svalia’ <strong>ir</strong> ‘Skalsa’. Burokëliø tyrimams pas<strong>ir</strong>inktos labiausiai<br />
Lietuvoje paplitusios apvaliø formø ðakniavaisius iðauginanèios veislës – ‘Kamuoliai<br />
2’<strong>ir</strong> ‘Joniai’ bei pailgø formø ðakniavaisius – ‘Ilgiai’. T<strong>ir</strong>ta morkø <strong>ir</strong> burokëliø<br />
suminis <strong>ir</strong> prekinis derlius <strong>ir</strong> morfologiniai poþymiai (ðakniavaisio ilgis, skersmuo <strong>ir</strong><br />
masë). Morkos <strong>ir</strong> burokëliai auginti intensyvaus auginimo (træðta sintetinëmis tràðomis,<br />
augalø apsaugai naudotos cheminës augalø apsaugos priemonës) <strong>ir</strong> ekologinëmis<br />
auginimo sàlygomis (træðta natûraliomis tràðomis, augalø apsaugai naudoti<br />
biologiniai preparatai). Tyrimais nustatyta, kad ekologiðkai auginant morkas <strong>ir</strong> burokëlius,<br />
reikëtø parinkti derlingesnes, maþiau á aplinkos sàlygas reaguojanèias veisles.<br />
Intensyvaus auginimo sàlygomis labiau tiktø auginti morkø hibridus, o ekologiðkai –<br />
veisles. Ekologiðkai auginant burokëlius, reikëtø parinkti burokëlius apvalios formos<br />
ðakniavaisiais, o pailgos formos burokëlius labiau tiktø auginti pagal intensyvià<br />
auginimo technologijà.<br />
Reikðminiai þodþiai: burokëliai, hibridai, derlius, morfologiniai poþymiai, morkos,<br />
veislës.<br />
Ávadas. Lietuvoje morkos <strong>ir</strong> burokëliai yra vienos pagrindiniø darþoviø. Lietuvos<br />
klimato sàlygomis sukurtos burokëliø <strong>ir</strong> morkø veislës bei hibridai yra derlingi<br />
(Armolaitienë, 1998; Gauèienë, 1997; Gauèienë, Viðkelis, 2001; Petronienë, 2000;<br />
Petronienë, 2001). Lietuvoje <strong>ir</strong> pasaulyje atliktais tyrimais nustatyta, kad morkø <strong>ir</strong><br />
burokëliø ðakniavaisiø kokybë labai priklauso nuo augalo genotipo (Gauèienë, 2001;<br />
Petronienë, 2000, 2001; Rosenfeld <strong>ir</strong> kt., 1997, Wiebe, 1987). Morkø <strong>ir</strong> burokëliø<br />
derliui ypatingos reikðmës turi d<strong>ir</strong>vos fizinë sudëtis, todël jø derlius sk<strong>ir</strong>tingomis d<strong>ir</strong>vos<br />
<strong>ir</strong> klimato sàlygomis labai kinta (Äüÿ÷åíêî, 1979; Ïðèìàê, Ëèòâèíåíêî, 1981;<br />
Ìåòîäû ñåëåêöèè ñåìåíîâîäñòâà îâîùíûõ êîðíåïëîäíûõ êóëüòóð, 2003).<br />
193
Darbo tikslas – iðt<strong>ir</strong>ti <strong>ir</strong> palyginti pagal sk<strong>ir</strong>tingas technologijas auginamø morkø<br />
<strong>ir</strong> burokëliø lietuviðkø veisliø bei hibridø derliø <strong>ir</strong> ávertinti ðakniavaisiø morfologinius<br />
poþymius.<br />
Tyrimo sàlygos <strong>ir</strong> metodai. 2005–2006 m. Lietuvos sodininkystës <strong>ir</strong> darþininkystës<br />
institute t<strong>ir</strong>ta lietuviðkos morkø <strong>ir</strong> burokëliø veislës <strong>ir</strong> hibridai. Kontroliniu<br />
variantu pas<strong>ir</strong>inktas morkø hibridas ‘Svalia’ <strong>ir</strong> burokëliø veislë ‘Kamuoliai 2’.<br />
Tyrimai atlikti bandymø lauko sëjomainoje velëniniame glëjiðkame pajaurëjusiame<br />
d<strong>ir</strong>voþemyje, kurio granuliometrinë sudëtis – lengvas priemolis ant priemolio,<br />
reakcija artima neutraliai (ekologinë auginimo technologija) <strong>ir</strong> vidutinio<br />
sunkumo priemolis ant priemolio, reakcija artima neutraliai (intensyvi auginimo<br />
technologija). Morkos <strong>ir</strong> burokëliai kasmet sëti geguþës antràjà dekadà rankine<br />
sëjamàja 70 cm tarpueiliais dviem eilutëmis. Morkos sëtos profiliuotame, o burokëliai<br />
– lygiame pav<strong>ir</strong>ðiuje. Morkø <strong>ir</strong> burokëliø derlius tyrimo metais nuimtas spalio<br />
mën. p<strong>ir</strong>màjá–antràjá deðimtadiená. Suminis <strong>ir</strong> prekinis derlius bei morkø <strong>ir</strong> burokëliø<br />
ðakniavaisiø masë buvo vertinta dvejus metus (kiekvienø metø rodikliai<br />
pateikti atsk<strong>ir</strong>ai). Tos paèios morkø <strong>ir</strong> burokëliø veislës buvo augintos pagal sk<strong>ir</strong>tingas<br />
auginimo technologijas:<br />
1) Ekologiðkai auginant darþoves, naudotos natûralios tràðos: „Biokal 01“ <strong>ir</strong> kalio<br />
magnezija (træðta vienà kartà) bei biojodis (træðta tris kartus). Burokëliai purkðti<br />
nuo amarø biologiniu preparatu nimezaliu du kartus.<br />
2) Auginant darþoves pagal intensyvià technologijà, naudotos sintetinës tràðos:<br />
„Skalsa“, amonio salietra, „Kem<strong>ir</strong>a Fertikare“ <strong>ir</strong> t<strong>ir</strong>piø tràðø miðinys laistant per lapus.<br />
Piktþolës morkø <strong>ir</strong> burokëliø pasëliuose naikintos stompu. Burokëliø <strong>ir</strong> morkø apsaugai<br />
nuo kenkëjø naudotas decis <strong>ir</strong> aktara (tik burokëliams).<br />
Apskaitinio laukelio plotas – 5,6 m 2 . Bandymas atliktas trimis pakartojimais.<br />
Morkø <strong>ir</strong> burokëliø ðakniavaisiø morfologiniai poþymiai (ðakniavaisio ilgis, skersmuo)<br />
<strong>ir</strong> derliaus duomenys apdoroti dispersinës analizës metodu (Tarakanovas, Raudonis,<br />
2003).<br />
Meteorologinës sàlygos tyrimo metais buvo nevienodos. 2005 m. pavasará vyravo<br />
sausesnis <strong>ir</strong> ðaltesnis oras. Morkos <strong>ir</strong> burokëliai dygo nevienodai, taèiau vegetacijos<br />
viduryje <strong>ir</strong> iki derliaus nuëmimo augo gana gerai. Gausesni krituliai iðkrito rugpjûèio<br />
mënesá – 109,4 mm, taèiau oras buvo vësesnis, <strong>ir</strong> tai turëjo átakos morkø <strong>ir</strong><br />
burokëliø ðakniavaisiø kokybei bei derliui.<br />
2006 m. geguþës mën. pradþioje iðkritæ krituliai <strong>ir</strong> ðiltas oras turëjo átakos darþoviø<br />
dygimui, jos sudygo gana tolygiai. Vëliau morkoms <strong>ir</strong> burokëliams augti trûko<br />
drëgmës, ypaè b<strong>ir</strong>þelio mënesá, kai krituliø iðkrito vos 13,8 mm. Darþovës sparèiau<br />
pradëjo augti rugpjûèio mën. Meteorologinës sàlygos tais metais didesnës átakos turëjo<br />
sunkesnëje d<strong>ir</strong>voje augintoms darþovëms (darþovës augintos áprastinëmis sàlygomis).<br />
Rezultatai. Visos t<strong>ir</strong>tos morkø bei burokëliø veislës <strong>ir</strong> hibridai yra derlingi <strong>ir</strong><br />
geros iðorinës kokybës. Derliaus sk<strong>ir</strong>tumas <strong>ir</strong> iðorinë ðakniavaisiø kokybë priklauso<br />
nuo veislës ar hibrido genetinës prigimties, d<strong>ir</strong>vos, darþoviø auginimo bûdø bei meteorologiniø<br />
sàlygø. 2005 m., auginant morkas ekologiðkai <strong>ir</strong> intensyviai, buvo nustatyta,<br />
kad maþiausiai á auginimo sàlygas (sk<strong>ir</strong>tingø tràðø <strong>ir</strong> augalø apsaugos priemoniø<br />
naudojimà) reagavo ‘Garduolës’ <strong>ir</strong> ‘Ðatrija’ veisliø morkos (1 lentelë). Ðiais tyrimo<br />
194
metais ðiø veisliø morkø suminis derlius buvo 62,1–66,8 t/ha. Didesnæ átakà auginimo<br />
sàlygos <strong>ir</strong> d<strong>ir</strong>va turëjo morkø hibridams. Auginant ‘Svalia’ F 1<br />
<strong>ir</strong> ‘Skalsa’ F 1<br />
morkas<br />
intensyvaus auginimo sàlygomis, suminis derlius buvo didesnis atitinkamai 19–<br />
6,3 t negu ekologiðkai augintø morkø. ‘Ðatrija’ veislës morkø suminis derlius buvo<br />
stabilus tiek jas auginant ekologiðkai, tiek intensyviai.<br />
Ávertinus burokëliø suminá <strong>ir</strong> prekiná derliø matyti, kad veislës ‘Ilgiai’ pailgos<br />
formos burokëliø derlius buvo daug didesnis auginant juos pagal intensyvias auginimo<br />
technologijas (1 lentelë). 2005 metais ekologiðkø burokëliø suminis derlius siekë<br />
tik 26,5 t/ha.<br />
Veislës <strong>ir</strong><br />
hibridai<br />
Variety and<br />
hybrid<br />
1 lentelë. Morkø <strong>ir</strong> burokëliø derliaus ávertinimas. Babtai, 2005 m.<br />
Table 1. Estimation of carrot and red beet yield. Babtai, 2005<br />
Ekologinis auginimas<br />
Ecological growing<br />
suminis derlius prekinis derlius<br />
total yield, t/ha marketable yield, t/ha<br />
Morkos / Carrot<br />
suminis derlius<br />
total yield, t/ha<br />
Intensyvus auginimas<br />
Convenient growing<br />
prekinis derlius<br />
marketable yield, t/ha<br />
‘Svalia’ F 1 41,8 33,6 60,8 48,3<br />
‘Skalsa’ F 1 50,5 33,8 56,8 45,1<br />
‘Garduolës’ 62,1 48,9 63,6 39,0<br />
‘Šatrija’ 66,8 55,5 66,4 42,3<br />
‘Vytënø nanto’ 66,6 52,5 56,0 37,0<br />
‘Vaiguva’ 65,0 56,0 53,1 40,2<br />
R 05 / LSD 05 10,15 8,98 7,62 4,20<br />
Burokëliai / Red beet<br />
‘Kamuoliai 2’ 40,4 35,4 48,4 37,7<br />
‘Joniai’ 47,3 34,2 48,7 40,7<br />
‘Ilgiai’ 26,5 23,1 52,4 40,1<br />
R 05 / LSD 05 8,14 9,15 8,46 5,42<br />
2006 m. atlikti tyrimai parodë, kad morkø derliui átakos turëjo meteorologinës<br />
sàlygos. Ðie metai buvo sausingi, ypaè drëgmës trûko b<strong>ir</strong>þelio–liepos mënesiais,<br />
todël sumaþëjo darþoviø derlingumas. Remdamiesi atliktais tyrimais galime daryti<br />
prielaidà, kad sausringesniais metais lengvesnëje d<strong>ir</strong>voje (ekologinis auginimas) augintos<br />
darþovës geriau naudoja maisto medþiagas nei auginamos sunkesnëje, tai<br />
rodo 2 lentelëje pateikti duomenys. Didþiausiu derliumi iðsiskyrë ekologiðkai augintas<br />
morkø hibridas ‘Svalia’. Ðio hibrido suminis derlius buvo ið esmës didesnis<br />
negu beveik visø augintø morkø. Iðtyrus lietuviðkø veisliø burokëlius, nustatyta,<br />
kad apvalios formos burokëliai á auginimo sàlygas reaguoja maþiau negu pailgos<br />
formos.<br />
195
Veislës <strong>ir</strong><br />
hibridai<br />
Variety and hybrid<br />
2 lentelë. Morkø <strong>ir</strong> burokëliø derliaus ávertinimas. Babtai, 2006 m.<br />
Table 2. Estimation of carrot and red beet yield. Babtai, 2006<br />
Ekologinis auginimas<br />
Ecological growing<br />
suminis derlius prekinis derlius<br />
total yield, t/ha marketable yield, t/ha<br />
Morkos / Carrot<br />
Intensyvus auginimas<br />
Convenient growing<br />
suminis derlius<br />
total yield, t/ha<br />
prekinis derlius<br />
marketable yield, t/ha<br />
‘Svalia’ F 1 60,4 52,1 45,0 34,4<br />
‘Skalsa’ F 1 41,9 36,2 35,1 27,1<br />
‘Garduolës’ 53,9 46,8 43,2 33,1<br />
‘Šatrija’ 43,4 36,3 32,4 22,0<br />
‘Vytënø nanto’ 58,0 50,1 41,8 31,8<br />
‘Vaiguva’ 46,2 38,0 38,3 28,5<br />
R 05 / LSD 05 6,42 9,75 9,52 7,58<br />
Burokëliai / Red beet<br />
‘Kamuoliai 2’ 50,4 41,8 43,3 31,5<br />
‘Joniai’ 48,4 38,6 47,0 36,4<br />
‘Ilgiai’ 35,3 29,8 51,0 43,4<br />
R 05 / LSD 05 6,02 6,62 6,18 2,89<br />
3 lentelë. Morkø morfologiniø poþymiø rodikliai. Babtai, 2005–2006 m.<br />
Table 3. Evaluation of carrot morphological parameters. Babtai, 2005-2006<br />
Veislës <strong>ir</strong><br />
hibridai<br />
Variety and<br />
hybrid<br />
Šakniavaisio<br />
Root<br />
skersmuo<br />
ilgis<br />
length, cm<br />
diameter, cm<br />
1 2 3 4<br />
Ekologinis auginimas<br />
Ecological growing<br />
masë<br />
weight, g<br />
‘Svalia’ F 1 18,2 3,6 121,3<br />
‘Skalsa’ F 1 15,5 4,2 171,3<br />
‘Garduolës’ 18,6 3,5 160,3<br />
‘Šatrija’ 19,7 3,6 170,7<br />
‘Vytënø nanto’ 18,8 3,5 160,3<br />
‘Vaiguva’ 16,2 4,5 176,7<br />
R 05 / LSD 05 1,82 0,34 18,87<br />
1 2 3 4<br />
196
1 2 3 4<br />
Intensyvus auginimas<br />
Lietuvoje labiausiai paplitæ Nantes tipo morkø veislës <strong>ir</strong> hibridai, kuriø ðakniavaisiai<br />
yra cilindriniai, vienodos formos, apie 18–20 cm ilgio <strong>ir</strong> 3,6–4,0 cm skersmens.<br />
Ávertinus lietuviðkos selekcijos morkas matyti, kad jø ðakniavaisio ilgis áva<strong>ir</strong>uoja nuo<br />
15,5 iki 20,8 cm (3 lentelë). Ilgiausius ðakniavaisius iðaugino ‘Ðatrija’ veislës morkos<br />
(19,7–20,8 cm). Didþiausia buvo ‘Vaiguva’ veislës morkø ðakniavaisio masë: ekologiðkai<br />
augintø – 176,7 g, augintø intensyviu auginimo bûdu – 179,4 g. Smulkiausi<br />
ðakniavaisiai buvo ‘Svalia’ F 1<br />
morkø.<br />
Ekologiðkai auginti ‘Ilgiai’ veislës burokëliai iðaugino trumpesná ðakniavaisá negu<br />
auginant juos intensyviai (4 lentelë). Auginant burokëliø veisles <strong>ir</strong> ekologinëmis, <strong>ir</strong> áprastinëmis<br />
auginimo sàlygomis, esminiø ðakniavaisio masës sk<strong>ir</strong>tumø tarp veisliø nebuvo.<br />
4 lentelë. Burokëliø morfologiniø poþymiø rodikliai. Babtai, 2005–2006 m.<br />
Table 1. Evaluation of red beet morphological parameters. Babtai, 2005-2006<br />
Veislës <strong>ir</strong><br />
hibridai<br />
Variety and<br />
hybrid<br />
Convenient growing<br />
‘Svalia’ F 1 19,2 3,6 122,9<br />
‘Skalsa’ F 1 16,0 4,1 170,7<br />
‘Garduolës’ 19,4 3,6 168,8<br />
‘Šatrija’ 20,8 3,6 169,8<br />
‘Vytënø nanto’ 19,3 3,8 163,6<br />
‘Vaiguva’ 16,5 4,6 179,4<br />
R 05 / LSD 05 2,43 0,36 24,40<br />
Šakniavaisio<br />
Root<br />
ilgis<br />
skersmuo<br />
length, cm<br />
diameter, cm<br />
Ekologinis auginimas / Ecological growing<br />
3 lentelës tæsinys<br />
masë<br />
weight, g<br />
‘Kamuoliai 2’ 8,0 7,7 312,5<br />
‘Joniai’ 7,2 7,0 302,6<br />
‘Ilgiai’ 12,4 5,7 301,3<br />
R 05 / LSD 05 - 1,35 58,18<br />
Intensyvus auginimas / Convenient growing<br />
‘Kamuoliai 2’ 6,8 7,2 302,3<br />
‘Joniai’ 6,6 7,0 300,0<br />
‘Ilgiai’ 13,2 4,8 310,2<br />
R 05 / LSD 05 - 0,76 54,54<br />
197
Aptarimas. Morkø <strong>ir</strong> burokëliø iðorinë kokybë priklauso ne tik nuo atsk<strong>ir</strong>o genotipo,<br />
bet <strong>ir</strong> nuo d<strong>ir</strong>voþemio (Áóðåíèí <strong>ir</strong> kt., 1989; Áîîñ <strong>ir</strong> kt.,1990; Óãàðîâà,<br />
2003). Lietuvoje buvo atlikti intensyviomis auginimo sàlygomis tinkamiausiø auginti<br />
morkø <strong>ir</strong> burokëliø derliaus <strong>ir</strong> ðakniavaisiø morfologiniø poþymiø tyrimai, kurie parodë,<br />
kad sk<strong>ir</strong>tingo genotipo augalai á aplinkos sàlygas reaguoja nevienodai (Gauèienë,<br />
Viðkelis, 2001; Áóðåíèí <strong>ir</strong> kt., 1989; Áóðûé, 2005). Mûsø atlikti tyrimai ekologinëmis<br />
auginimo sàlygomis taip pat parodë, kad aplinkos sàlygos turi didelæ reikðmæ<br />
darþoviø auginimui. Ekologiðkai auginant darþoves, labai svarbus jø træðimas. Jei trûksta<br />
kalio tràðø, morkø derlius maþëja (Salo <strong>ir</strong> kt., 2001). Kacko (2001) nustatë, kad<br />
auginant morkas ekologiðkai, biocheminei sudëèiai <strong>ir</strong> derliui didelæ átakà turi prieðsëliai.<br />
Lenkijoje <strong>ir</strong> Rusijoje atlikti tyrimai rodo, kad morkø <strong>ir</strong> burokëliø derliui átaka daro<br />
d<strong>ir</strong>va <strong>ir</strong> meteorologinës sàlygos (Michalik <strong>ir</strong> kt., 1997; Ïðèìàê, Ëèòâèíåíêî, 1981).<br />
Tai patv<strong>ir</strong>tina <strong>ir</strong> mûsø tyrimai.<br />
Iðvados. 1. Didþiausias <strong>ir</strong> stabiliausias yra ekologiðkai augintø ‘Vytënø nanto’ <strong>ir</strong><br />
‘Garduolës’ veisliø morkø derlius (vid. atitinkamai 62,3 <strong>ir</strong> 58,0 t/ha).<br />
2. Burokëliø veislë ‘Ilgiai’ tinkamesnë auginti pagal intensyvias auginimo technologijas.<br />
3. Ilgiausi ðakniavaisiai (vid. 20,3 cm) yra ‘Ðatrija’ veislës morkø, o trumpiausi<br />
(vid. 15,8 cm) – ‘Skalsa’ F 1<br />
morkø.<br />
4. Ekologiðkai auginti tinkamesni apvalios formos burokëliai, jø derlius yra stabilesnis.<br />
Gauta 2006-11-15<br />
Parengta spausdinti 2006-12-11<br />
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and quality of carrots. Acta horticulturae. 1987. No. 198. P. 191–198.<br />
14. Áîîñ Ã. Â., Áàäèíà Ã. Á., Áóðåíèí Â. È. Ãåòåðîçèñ îâîùíûõ êóëüòóð.<br />
Ëåíèíãðàä, 1990. 218 c<br />
15. Áóðåíèí Â. È., Þäàåâà Â.Å. Îöåíêà êîë–õ îáðàçöîâ ñòîëîâîé ñâåêëû â<br />
óñëîâèÿõ Ìîñêîâñêîé îáëàñòè // Íàó÷íî–òåõ. Áþë. 1989. Âûï. 192.<br />
16. Áóðûé Ñ. Â. Îöåíêà êîëëåêöèîííûõ ñîðòîîáðàçöîâ ìîðêîâè ïî<br />
ìîðôîëîãè÷åñêèì õîçÿéñòâåíî–öåííûì ïðèçíàêàì. Ýôôåêòèâíîå îâîùåâîäñòâî<br />
â ñîâðåìåííûõ óñëîâèÿõ. Ìèíñê, 2005. Ñ. 33–35.<br />
17. Äüÿ÷åíêî Â. Ñ. Ïèùåâàÿ öåííîñòü ñâåêëû // Îâîùè è ïèùåâàÿ öåííîñòü.<br />
Ìîñêâà, 1979. Ñ. 50–54.<br />
18. Ìåòîäû ñåëåêöèè è ñåìåíîâîäñòâà îâîùíûõ êîðíåïëîäíûõ ðàñòåíèé /<br />
Ïîä. ðåä. Ïèâîâàðîâà Â.Ô. è Áóíèíà Ì.Ñ. Ìîñêâà, 2003. 284 ñ.<br />
19. Óãàðîâà Ñ. Â. Ãåíåòè÷åñêàÿ îáóñëîâëåííîñòü ïðèçíàêîâ ìîðêîâè ïðè<br />
ñåëåêöèè íà ãåòåðîçèñ â óñëîâèÿõ Çàïàäíîé Ñèáèðè. Áàðíàóë, 2003. 156 ñ.<br />
20. Ïðèìàê À. Ï., Ëèòâèíåíêî Ì. Â. Âëèÿíèå óñëîâèé ïðîèçðàñòàíèÿ íà<br />
êà÷åñòâåííûé ñîñòàâ íåêîòîðûõ îâîùåé // Êà÷åñòâî îâîùíûõ è áàõ÷èåâûõ<br />
êóëüòóð. Ìîñêâà, 1981. Ñ. 132–138.<br />
SODININKYSTË IR DARÞININKYSTË. SCIENTIFIC ARTICLES. 2006. <strong>25</strong>(4).<br />
FEATURES OF LITHUANIAN CARROT AND RED BEET<br />
VARIETIES AND HYBRIDS IN ECOLOGICAL AND<br />
INTENSIVE VEGETABLE GROWING<br />
R. Karklelienë<br />
Summary<br />
Lithuanian varieties and hybrids of edible carrot (Daucus sativus Röhl.) and red<br />
beet (Beta vulgaris L. subsp. vulgaris convar. vulgaris var. vulgaris) were investigated<br />
and evaluated at the Lithuanian Institute of Horticulture in 2005-2006. There<br />
were investigated these carrot varieties: ‘Garduolës’, ‘Ðatrija’, ‘Vytënø nanto’, ‘Vaiguva’<br />
and hybrids – ‘Svalia’ and ‘Skalsa’. The most prevalent in Lithuania varieties<br />
‘Kamuoliai 2’ and ‘Joniai’, which produce round root crops, and ‘Ilgiai’, which<br />
produce oblong root crops, were chosen for red beet investigations. There was<br />
investigated carrot and red beet total and marketable yield and morphological features<br />
(root length, diameter and weight). Carrot and red beet were grown under the<br />
intensive growing conditions (they were fertilized with synthetic fertilizers, chemical<br />
plant protection means were applied for plant protection) and under ecological<br />
199
growing conditions (they were fertilized with natural fertilizers, biological preparations<br />
were applied for plant protection). Investigations showed that when growing<br />
carrot and red beet ecologically it would be necessary to choose more productive<br />
varieties, which less react to env<strong>ir</strong>onmental conditions. Under the conditions of intensive<br />
growing, carrot hybrids would be more suitable for growing, and ecologically<br />
– varieties. When growing red beet ecologically it would be necessary to choose<br />
the beets of round form roots, and oblong beets would be more suitable to grow<br />
according to the intensive growing technology.<br />
Key words:yield, hybrids, carrots, cultivars, morphological characteristics, red<br />
beet.<br />
200
LIETUVOS SODININKYSTËS IR DARÞININKYSTËS INSTITUTO IR<br />
LIETUVOS ÞEMËS ÛKIO UNIVERSITETO MOKSLO DARBAI.<br />
SODININKYSTË IR DARÞININKYSTË. 2006. <strong>25</strong>(4).<br />
OPTIMALAUS SËJOS IR NUËMIMO LAIKO ÁTAKA<br />
MORKØ ‘SVALIA’ F 1<br />
DERLIUI IR KOKYBEI<br />
Vytautas ZALATORIUS, Auksë ZALATORIÛTË, Pranas VIÐKELIS<br />
Lietuvos sodininkystës <strong>ir</strong> darþininkystës institutas, LT-54333 Babtai, Kauno r.<br />
El. paðtas v.zalatorius@lsdi.lt<br />
2000–2002 metais Lietuvos sodininkystës <strong>ir</strong> darþininkystës instituto bandymø<br />
laukuose t<strong>ir</strong>tas morkø ‘Svalia’ F 1<br />
optimalus sëjos <strong>ir</strong> derliaus nuëmimo laikas. Morkos<br />
sëtos vagotame pav<strong>ir</strong>ðiuje keturiais sëjos laikais. Kiekvieno sëjos laiko varianto derlius<br />
nuimtas septyniais sk<strong>ir</strong>tingais terminais. Nustatyta, kad standartiniam morkø derliui<br />
sëjos laikas turi esminës átakos. Balandþio mënesio paskutinio deðimtadienio sëjos<br />
morkø derlius yra vidutiniðkai 39 t ha -1 , o vëlyvesnës – b<strong>ir</strong>þelio p<strong>ir</strong>mo deðimtadienio<br />
sëjos – tolygiai maþëja iki 26 t ha -1 . Nuëmimo laikas standartiniam derliui átakos neturi.<br />
Geriausia biocheminë sudëtis nustatyta ðakniavaisiø, sëtø balandþio 20–30 dienomis<br />
<strong>ir</strong> nuimtø spalio 9 dienà. Vëlinant sëjos laikà nuo balandþio treèio iki b<strong>ir</strong>þelio<br />
p<strong>ir</strong>mo deðimtadienio, morkø savikaina didëja 1,7 karto, o pelnas sumaþëja 4,7 karto.<br />
Reikðminiai þodþiai: derlius, kokybë, nuëmimo laikas, sëjos laikas.<br />
Ávadas. Lietuvoje ûkininkø, bendroviø <strong>ir</strong> darþininkø mëgëjø uþaugintas morkø<br />
derlius kasmet labai sk<strong>ir</strong>iasi. Tam turi átakos daug veiksniø, kuriø pagrindinis – agroklimato<br />
sàlygos (Gauèienë, Viðkelis, 1996). Taèiau yra labai daug áva<strong>ir</strong>iø nuomoniø<br />
dël sëjos <strong>ir</strong> nuëmimo laiko átakos morkø derliui <strong>ir</strong> kokybei. Ávertinus turimà informacijà,<br />
pat<strong>ir</strong>tá, preliminariniø bandymø duomenis, galima daryti prielaidà, kad agroklimatas,<br />
sëjos bei nuëmimo laikas, augimo sàlygos bei kiti technologiniai elementai yra<br />
labai glaudþiai susijæ.<br />
Siekiant sukurti morkø auginimo profiliuotame pav<strong>ir</strong>ðiuje mechanizuotas technologijas,<br />
uþtikrinanèias maþesnes energijos <strong>ir</strong> rankø darbo sànaudas bei leidþianèias<br />
gauti gausø geros kokybës <strong>ir</strong> konkurencingà derliø, vienas svarbesniø technologijos<br />
elementø yra optimalaus sëjos <strong>ir</strong> nuëmimo laikas (Zalatorius, 1998–1999; Gauèienë;<br />
2000; Fritz, 1949).<br />
Patys svarbiausi morkø kokybës rodikliai yra forma, vienodumas, spalva, sandara<br />
<strong>ir</strong> vidinë kokybë (maisto medþiagos, karotino kiekis <strong>ir</strong> t. t.) (Suojala, 2000).<br />
Darbo tikslas – nustatyti tinkamiausià ‘Svalia’ F 1<br />
morkø sëjos <strong>ir</strong> derliaus nuëmimo<br />
laikà.<br />
Tyrimo objektas, sàlygos <strong>ir</strong> metodai. Lietuvos sodininkystës <strong>ir</strong> darþininkystës<br />
instituto bandymø laukuose atlikti tyrimai pagal schemà:<br />
201
Bandymo faktoriai: a – sëjos laikas, b – nuëmimo laikas.<br />
Variantai:<br />
a – sëjos laikas: 1 – balandþio 20–30 d.; 2 – geguþës 5–15 d.;<br />
3 – geguþës 20–30 d.; 4 – b<strong>ir</strong>þelio 5 – 15 d.;<br />
b – nuëmimo laikas: 1 – rugsëjo 18 d.; 2 – rugsëjo <strong>25</strong> d.; 3 – spalio 2 d.;<br />
4 – spalio 9 d.; 5 – spalio 16 d.; 6 – spalio 23 d.; 7 – spalio 30 d.<br />
Tyrimo variantai pakartoti keturis kartus. Apskaitinio laukelio plotas – 8,4 m 2 .<br />
Bandymas atliktas pagal Lietuvos sodininkystës <strong>ir</strong> darþininkystës institute sukurtà<br />
morkø auginimo profiliuotame pav<strong>ir</strong>ðiuje mechanizuotà technologijà (Zalatorius<br />
<strong>ir</strong> kt., 1998; Zinkevièiûtë <strong>ir</strong> kt., 1997; Sakalauskas, Zalatorius, 1998; Zalatorius<br />
<strong>ir</strong> kt., 1998).<br />
D<strong>ir</strong>voþemis. Bandymas darytas velëniniame glëjiðkame pajaurëjusiame (VG 1j<br />
)<br />
pagal granuliometrinæ sudëtá priesmëlio ant lengvo priemolio d<strong>ir</strong>voþemyje (pagal naujàjà<br />
Lietuvos d<strong>ir</strong>voþemiø klasifikacijà – karbonatingieji sekliai glëjiðki iðplauþemiai –<br />
IDg8 – k / Calc(ar)i – Epihypogleyc Luvisols – LVg – p – w – cc).<br />
D<strong>ir</strong>voþemio armuo – 22–<strong>25</strong> cm storio. Prieðsëlis – kopûstai. D<strong>ir</strong>vos d<strong>ir</strong>bimo<br />
darbai atlikti pagal Lietuvos sodininkystës <strong>ir</strong> darþininkystës institute priimtus agrotechnikos<br />
reikalavimus (Gauèienë, 2001).<br />
Vidutinis mitybos elementø kiekis d<strong>ir</strong>voþemyje: judriøjø P 2<br />
O 5<br />
– 223 mg kg -1 ,<br />
kalio K 2<br />
O – 156 mg kg -1 , mineralinio azoto 0–60 cm gylio sluoksnyje – 40,5 kg ha -1 .<br />
Træðta N 60<br />
P 60<br />
K 120<br />
(Staugaitis, 1998).<br />
Piktþolës naikintos po sëjos herbicidu stompu 3,5 l ha -1 (Zinkevièiûtë <strong>ir</strong> kt.,<br />
1997). Preparatai nuo ligø <strong>ir</strong> kenkëjø naudoti esant reikalui (Sady <strong>ir</strong> kt., 2000).<br />
Duomenys statistiðkai ávertinti dispersinës analizës metodu (Tarakanovas, 1999).<br />
Meteorologinës sàlygos. 2000 m. <strong>ir</strong> ypaè 2002 m. krituliø kiekis buvo gerokai<br />
maþesnis uþ daugiametá vidurká. Tai neigiamai paveikë pagrindinio træðimo maisto<br />
medþiagø pasisavinimà. 2001 m. nuo b<strong>ir</strong>þelio iki rugpjûèio vyravo labai lietingi orai,<br />
netgi liûtys (iðkrito 2–3 kartus daugiau krituliø negu vidutinë daugiametë norma)<br />
(Gauèienë, Viðkelis, 1996) (1 pav.).<br />
1 pav. Krituliø kiekis (mm) morkø vegetacijos metu 2000–2002 m.<br />
Fig. 1. Amount of precipitation (mm) during carrot vegetation in 2000–2002<br />
202
Vidutinë 2001 <strong>ir</strong> 2002 m. temperatûra buvo aukðtesnë uþ daugiametæ atitinkamai<br />
1,4 <strong>ir</strong> 2,6°C (2 pav.).<br />
2 pav. Temperatûros °C svyravimai morkø vegetacijos metu 2000–2002m.<br />
Fig. 2. Fluctuations of temperature (°C) during carrot vegetation in 2000–2002<br />
Tyrimø metodika pagrásta statistiniais matematiniais tyrimo metodais <strong>ir</strong> matavimais.<br />
Remtasi matavimø metodika, kuri patv<strong>ir</strong>tinta Lietuvos sodininkystës <strong>ir</strong> darþininkystës<br />
institute. Skaièiavimai atlikti STAT ENG, ANOVA for EXEL kompiuterinëmis<br />
programomis. Morkø biocheminës analizës atliktos Lietuvos sodininkystës <strong>ir</strong><br />
darþininkystës instituto Biochemijos <strong>ir</strong> technologijos laboratorijoje.<br />
Tyrimø rezultatai. Morkø fenologiniai stebëjimai. Morkø pasëliui sudygti <strong>ir</strong><br />
augti daugiausia átakos turi d<strong>ir</strong>vos temperatûra <strong>ir</strong> drëgmë (Gauèienë, 2001). Todël<br />
neatsitiktinai anksèiau pasëtos morkos dygsta ilgiau, o vëliau, ðylant d<strong>ir</strong>vai, dygimo<br />
laikas trumpëja.<br />
Normaliai drëgnais 2001 m. balandþio mënesá pasëtos morkos (1 variantas)<br />
sudygo praëjus 20 dienø nuo sëjos, kituose variantuose dygimo laikas tolygiai trumpëjo<br />
iki 12 dienø. Taèiau p<strong>ir</strong>mojo varianto morkos dviejø lapeliø tarpsná pasiekë apie<br />
b<strong>ir</strong>þelio 6 dienà, o paskutiniame variante jos buvo dar tik pradëtos sëti. Analogiðkas<br />
mënesio sk<strong>ir</strong>tumas buvo <strong>ir</strong> kitø vegetacijos tarpsniø iki pat techninës brandos pradþios.<br />
Sausringais 2000 <strong>ir</strong> 2002 metais dygimo periodas 1,5–1,7 karto pailgëjo <strong>ir</strong> 1<br />
varianto laukeliuose buvo net 35 dienos, o vëlyvesnës sëjos – sutrumpëjo iki dviejø<br />
kartø. Prasidëjus b<strong>ir</strong>þelio <strong>ir</strong> liepos mën. sausroms, 1 <strong>ir</strong> 2 variantø laukeliuose morkos<br />
jau buvo su dviem lapeliais, o 3 <strong>ir</strong> 4 variantø – tik pradëjo dygti <strong>ir</strong> nemaþai jø sunyko.<br />
Sausringais metais morkø vegetacija pailgëjo dviem savaitëmis. Tada ypatingà reikðmæ<br />
turëjo drëgmës kiekis rugpjûèio <strong>ir</strong> rugsëjo mënesiais.<br />
Morkø biometriniai rodikliai. Morkø ðakniavaisiø biometriniai matavimai buvo<br />
atlikti derliaus nuëmimo metu, tai yra spalio 9 dienà. Toks ëminiø ëmimo laikas pas<strong>ir</strong>inktas<br />
todël, kad vëliausio sëjos termino morkos jau buvo pasiekusios techninæ brandà<br />
203
(120 dienø). Matuotas ðakniavaisiø ilgis, skersmuo, nustatyta masë. Ðakniavaisio<br />
skersmuo matuotas 2 cm atstumu nuo morkos v<strong>ir</strong>ðutinës dalies (skrotelës). Matuota<br />
0,1 mm paklaidos antros tikslumo klasës techniniu slankmaèiu. Vidutinis morkø ðakniavaisio<br />
skersmuo tolygiai maþëjo vëlinant sëjos terminus – nuo 4,3 cm (sëta balandþio<br />
mën. paskutiná deðimtadiená) iki 3,07 cm (sëta b<strong>ir</strong>þelio mënesio p<strong>ir</strong>mà deðimtadiená).<br />
Ilgis matuotas technine liniuote GOST 427–75, kurios tikslumo paklaida – 0,1 mm.<br />
Morkø ðakniavaisiai tolygiai, bet neþymiai trumpëjo vëlesniais terminais sëtame pasëlyje<br />
(nuo 19,5 cm balandþio mën. iki 18,4 cm b<strong>ir</strong>þelio mën.). Ðakniavaisio masë<br />
tiesiogiai priklauso nuo skersmens <strong>ir</strong> ilgio. Morkø masei nustatyti naudotos elektroninës<br />
svarstyklës. Svërimo paklaida – 0,02 g. Morkø, sëtø balandþio mënesá, vidutinë<br />
ðakniavaisio masë buvo 188,1 g, o vëliau sëtø tolygiai maþëjo – iki 135,0 g (1 lentelë).<br />
1 lentelë. Sëjos laiko átaka morkø ‘Svalia’ F 1<br />
biometriniams rodikliams.<br />
Babtai, 2000–2002 m.<br />
Table 1. Influence of sowing time on biometrical indices of carrot ‘Svalia’ F 1<br />
.<br />
Babtai, 2000–2002<br />
Sëjos laikas<br />
Sowing time<br />
1. Balandžio 20–30 d.<br />
April 20–30<br />
2. Geguþës 5–15 d.<br />
May 5–15<br />
3. Geguþës 20–30 d.<br />
May 20–30<br />
4. B<strong>ir</strong>želio 5–10 d.<br />
June 5–10<br />
Ðakniavaisio vidutinë<br />
masë<br />
Average root-crop weight,<br />
g<br />
Šakniavaisio vidutinis<br />
ilgis<br />
Average root-crop length,<br />
cm<br />
Šakniavaisio vidutinis<br />
skersmuo<br />
Average root-crop<br />
diameter, cm<br />
188,1 19,5 4,3<br />
178,3 19,2 4,1<br />
145,5 18,7 3,8<br />
135,0 18,7 3,7<br />
R 05 / LSD 05 2,36 1,45 0,95<br />
Morkø ðakniavaisiai tyrimø metais atitiko privalomuosius kokybës reikalavimus<br />
(Aðmontas <strong>ir</strong> kt., 2001).<br />
Nitratø kiekio <strong>ir</strong> biocheminës morkø sudëties nustatymas. Derliaus nuëmimo<br />
metu (spalio 9 d) visuose variantuose imti produkcijos mëginiai. Nustatytas karotino,<br />
cukraus, sausøjø, sausøjø t<strong>ir</strong>piø medþiagø <strong>ir</strong> nitratø kiekis ðakniavaisiuose.<br />
Karotino kiekis (mg proc.) kito nuosekliai: balandþio pabaigoje sëtose morkose<br />
buvo vidutiniðkai 13,71 mg proc., o 2–4 sëjos variantuose sumaþëjo iki 11–13 mg<br />
proc., arba vidutiniðkai 17 proc. maþiau (2 lentelë).<br />
Morkos yra vertinamos kaip provitamino A ðaltinis. Jo kieká lemia karotinas<br />
(Simon, 1987). Koks yra karotino kiekio priklausomumas nuo sëjos laiko, matyti<br />
2 lentelëje. Daugiausia karotino ðakniavaisiai sukaupë, pasëjus morkas balandþio treèià<br />
deðimtadiená (1 variantas). Sukaupto karotino kiekis tolygiai maþëjo vëlinant sëjos<br />
laikà. Pasëtø balandþio mënesá morkø ðakniavaisiai karotino sukaupë 13,71 mg proc.,<br />
o pasëtø b<strong>ir</strong>þelio mënesá – tik 11,33 mg proc.<br />
204
2 lentelë. Sëjos laiko átaka morkø ‘Svalia’ F 1<br />
biocheminei sudëèiai.<br />
Babtai, 2000–2002 m.<br />
Table 2. Influence of sowing time on biochemical composition of carrot ‘Svalia’ F 1<br />
.<br />
Babtai, 2000–2002<br />
Sëjos laikas<br />
Sowing time<br />
1. Balandžio 20–30 d.<br />
April 20–30<br />
2. Geguþës 5–15 d.<br />
May 5–15<br />
3. Geguþës 20–30 d.<br />
May 20–30<br />
4. B<strong>ir</strong>želio 5–10 d.<br />
June 5–10<br />
Cukrus<br />
Sugars, %<br />
T<strong>ir</strong>pios sausosios<br />
medžiagos<br />
Dry soluble solids, %<br />
Karotinas<br />
Carotene,<br />
mg %<br />
Sausosios<br />
medžiagos<br />
Dry matter, %<br />
7,19 9,83 13,71 12,26<br />
6,89 9,59 12,91 11,83<br />
6,72 9,57 11,17 11,85<br />
6,57 9,45 11,83 11,33<br />
R 05 / LSD 05 0,91 0,37 1,18 0,654<br />
3 lentelë. Derliaus nuëmimo laiko átaka morkø biocheminei sudëèiai.<br />
Babtai, 2000–2002 m.<br />
Table 3. Influence of harvesting time on biochemical composition of carrot.<br />
Babtai, 2000–2002<br />
Derliaus nuëmimo<br />
laikas<br />
Harvesting time<br />
1. Rugsëjo 18 d.<br />
September 18<br />
2. Rugsëjo <strong>25</strong> d.<br />
September <strong>25</strong><br />
3. Spalio 2 d.<br />
October 2<br />
4. Spalio 9 d.<br />
October 9<br />
5. Spalio 16 d.<br />
October 16<br />
6. Spalio 23 d.<br />
October 23<br />
7. Spalio 30 d.<br />
October 30<br />
Cukrus<br />
Sugars,<br />
%<br />
T<strong>ir</strong>pios sausosios<br />
medžiagos<br />
Dry soluble solids, %<br />
Karotinas<br />
Carotene,<br />
mg%<br />
Nitratai<br />
Nitrates,<br />
mg kg -1<br />
Sausosios<br />
medžiagos<br />
Dry matter, %<br />
5,93 9,52 10,01 236,70 11,93<br />
8,00 9,60 12,73 315,40 11,98<br />
6,35 9,63 13,24 240,30 12,00<br />
7,91 9,76 14,37 246,80 12,13<br />
6,21 10,12 12,90 285,10 12,10<br />
7,03 9,33 11,23 398,30 11,23<br />
6,41 9,30 11,75 226,50 11,73<br />
R 05 / LSD 05 0,68 0,28 0,88 0,58 0,48<br />
205
Sausøjø medþiagø kiekis priklausë nuo sëjos laiko: balandþio mën. (12,26 proc.) –<br />
b<strong>ir</strong>þelio mën. (11,33 proc.) jø ðakniavaisiuose tolygiai sumaþëjo vidutiniðkai 7,2 proc.<br />
(2 lentelë). Atsk<strong>ir</strong>uose nuëmimo terminø variantuose sausøjø medþiagø kiekis buvo<br />
panaðus <strong>ir</strong> tik neþymiai svyravo (apie 5 proc.).<br />
T<strong>ir</strong>piø sausøjø medþiagø kiekiui nei sëjos laikas, nei derliaus nuëmimo laikas<br />
átakos neturi. Rudená ðakniavaisiuose jø buvo vidutiniðkai 9,7 proc.<br />
Cukraus kiekis áva<strong>ir</strong>iuose sëjos laiko variantuose yra panaðus <strong>ir</strong> kinta nuo 7,19 iki<br />
6,57 proc. – kuo vëliau sëta, tuo cukraus kiekis maþesnis (2 lentelë). Nuëmimo terminai<br />
cukraus kiekiui átakos turëjo (8,0–5,93 proc.), taèiau dësningumo nepastebëta (3 lentelë).<br />
Nitratø kiekis morkose neturi aiðkaus priklausomumo nuo nuëmimo laiko, taèiau<br />
atsk<strong>ir</strong>uose variantuose jis áva<strong>ir</strong>uoja nuo 398,30 mg kg -1 iki 236,7 mg kg -1 .<br />
Derlius <strong>ir</strong> jo kokybë. Atlikta standartinio derliaus apskaita. Sausringais 2000 <strong>ir</strong><br />
2002 m. labai didelës átakos prekiniam derliui turëjo sëjos laikas – juo anksèiau pasëta,<br />
tuo didesnis derlius. 2000 m. nustatyti labai dideli sk<strong>ir</strong>tumai – nuo 39,9 t ha -1<br />
balandþio mën. sëtø iki 10,4 t ha -1 , arba 3,8 karto daugiau nei b<strong>ir</strong>þelio mën. sëtø<br />
morkø. 2002 m. balandþio mën. sëtø morkø derlius buvo 52,2 t ha -1 , b<strong>ir</strong>þelio mën. –<br />
19,0 t ha -1 , arba 2,7 karto maþesnis.<br />
Analizuojant vidutiná standartiná derliø, nustatytas jo priklausomumas nuo sëjos<br />
laiko. Juo anksèiau pasëtos morkos, tuo didesnis jø derlius.<br />
T<strong>ir</strong>iant derliaus nuëmimo laiko átakà standartinio derliaus iðeigos, esminio sk<strong>ir</strong>tumo<br />
tarp variantø nepastebëta. Sëjos laikas darë kur kas didesnæ átakà standartiniam<br />
derliui nei derliaus nuëmimo laikas. Analizuota ne tik sëjos laiko átaka standartiniam<br />
derliui, bet <strong>ir</strong> kokià bendro derliaus dalá jis sudaro. Tyrimams naudotas septintojo<br />
varianto morkø ðakniavaisiø derlius. Tuo metu morkø ðakniavaisiai pasiekë fiziologinæ<br />
brandà. 4 lentelëje pateikta, kad sëjant morkas balandþio 20–30 d., standartiniai<br />
morkø ðakniavaisiai sudarë apie 70 procentø bendro derliaus, o tai yra daugiau nei<br />
pasëjus vëlesniais sëjos terminais.<br />
4 lentelë. Sk<strong>ir</strong>tingais terminais pasëtø morkø ðakniavaisiø derlius.<br />
Babtai, 2000–2002 m.<br />
Table 4. Root-crop yield of carrot sown at different terms. Babtai, 2000–2002<br />
Sëjos laikas<br />
Sowing time<br />
1. Balandžio 20–30 d.<br />
April 20–30<br />
2. Geguþës 5–15 d.<br />
May 5–15<br />
3. Geguþës 20–30 d.<br />
May 20–30<br />
4. B<strong>ir</strong>želio 5–15 d.<br />
June 5–15<br />
Vidutinis bendras<br />
derlius<br />
Average total yield,<br />
t ha -1<br />
206<br />
Vidutinis standartinis<br />
derlius<br />
Average standard yield,<br />
t ha -1<br />
Vidutinis<br />
standartinis derlius<br />
Average standard yield,<br />
%<br />
55,8 39,0 69,9<br />
53,1 34,2 64,4<br />
43,4 26,80 61,8<br />
35,7 23,0 64,4<br />
R 05 / LSD 05 1,494 1,767
Vëlinant sëjà, standartinis derlius maþëja. Ði koreliacija pavaizduota 3 paveiksle.<br />
3 pav. Standartinio derliaus priklausomumas nuo sëjos laiko<br />
Fig. 3. Sowing time influence on standard yield<br />
Derliaus savikaina. Ir bendro, <strong>ir</strong> standartinio derliaus savikaina yra maþiausia<br />
morkas sëjant balandþio 20–30 dienomis. Sëjant morkas vëliau, savikaina didëja. Toks<br />
priklausomumas ats<strong>ir</strong>anda dël maþëjanèio derliaus <strong>ir</strong> papildomo d<strong>ir</strong>vos d<strong>ir</strong>bimo. Skaièiuojama<br />
tik standartinio derliaus savikaina, nes nestandartinis derlius neparduodamas.<br />
Derliø nuimant sk<strong>ir</strong>tingu laiku, standartinis derlius kinta neþymiai <strong>ir</strong> neturi didelës<br />
átakos savikainai (4 pav.).<br />
4 pav. Auginimo sànaudø priklausomumas nuo sëjos laiko<br />
Fig. 4. Sowing time influence on growing expenditure<br />
Atlikus lauko bandymus <strong>ir</strong> apskaièiavus savikainà (Zalatorius <strong>ir</strong> kt. 1998), galima<br />
ávertinti preliminarø pelnà. 5 lentelëje pateiktas pelnas neávertinus saugojimo <strong>ir</strong><br />
realizavimo iðlaidø. Jos sudarytø nuo 10 iki 20 procentø. Pelnas apskaièiuotas pagal<br />
minimalià tø metø realizavimo kainà, kuri yra nuo 0,30 Lt kg -1 .<br />
Didþiausias pelnas gaunamas, kai morkos sëjamos balandþio 20–30 dienomis.<br />
Derliaus nuëmimas sk<strong>ir</strong>tingu laiku pelnui didesnës átakos neturëjo.<br />
207
5 lentelë. Teorinis pelnas neatskaièius realizavimo <strong>ir</strong> saugojimo iðlaidø.<br />
Babtai, 2000–2002 m.<br />
Table 5. Theoretical profit including expenditure of realization and storage.<br />
Babtai, 2000–2002<br />
Sëjos laikas<br />
Sowing time<br />
1. Balandžio 20–30 d.<br />
April 20–30<br />
2. Geguþës 5–15 d.<br />
May 5–15<br />
3. Geguþës 20–30 d.<br />
May 20–30<br />
4. B<strong>ir</strong>želio 5–10 d.<br />
June 5–10<br />
Standartinis<br />
derlius<br />
Standard yield, t<br />
ha -1<br />
Savikaina<br />
Cost price, Lt kg -1<br />
Realizavimo<br />
kaina<br />
Realization price,<br />
Lt kg -1<br />
Pelnas, tûkst. Lt<br />
Profit, thousand Lt<br />
39,0 0,139 0,30 6,28<br />
34,2 0,158 0,30 4,86<br />
26,80 0,206 0,30 2,52<br />
23,0 0,242 0,30 1,33<br />
Palyginus balandþio treèio deðimtadienio <strong>ir</strong> b<strong>ir</strong>þelio p<strong>ir</strong>mo deðimtadienio sëjà, nustatyta,<br />
kad pasëjus anksèiau, gaunamas net 31 proc. derliaus priedas, o tai yra 4 950<br />
litø priedas auginant vienà hektarà morkø. Taigi morkø sëjos laikas ypaè svarbus.<br />
Aptarimas. Lietuvoje nebuvo t<strong>ir</strong>ta morkø sëjos laiko <strong>ir</strong> nuëmimo terminø átaka<br />
derliui, standartinio derliaus iðeigai, ðakniavaisiø iðorinei (prekinei) <strong>ir</strong> vidinei kokybei.<br />
Taèiau bûtina atkreipti dëmesá, kad atsk<strong>ir</strong>ose ðalyse – kaimyninëse <strong>ir</strong> tolimesnëse –<br />
yra labai sk<strong>ir</strong>tingos agroklimato sàlygos, o tai turi átakos sëjos <strong>ir</strong> nuëmimo laikui. Taip<br />
pat <strong>ir</strong> paèioje Lietuvoje yra sk<strong>ir</strong>tingi regionai su savitu, tik tam regionui bûdingu<br />
klimatu bei d<strong>ir</strong>voþemiu. Vienas svarbesniø veiksniø, turintis átakos pas<strong>ir</strong>inktos morkø<br />
veislës ar hibrido sëjos ar nuëmimo terminams, yra augimo vegetacijos trukmë (augimo<br />
iki techninës brandos). Bandymo metu sëta Lietuvos sodininkystës <strong>ir</strong> darþininkystës<br />
institute sukurto hibrido ‘Svalia’ F 1<br />
sëkla. Hibridas yra vidutinio ankstyvumo,<br />
taèiau ðakniavaisiai tinka ilgai saugoti, labai geros jø vidinës kokybës savybës. Remiantis<br />
ðiuo tyrimu, galima nustatyti pagrindines auginimo technologijos ga<strong>ir</strong>es <strong>ir</strong><br />
pas<strong>ir</strong>inkti tinkamiausius jos elementus kiekviename atsk<strong>ir</strong>ame regione ar visoje ðalyje.<br />
Iðvados. 1. Standartinio morkø derliaus iðeigai didelës átakos turi sëjos laikas.<br />
Balandþio mën. sëjos derlius – vidutiniðkai 39 t ha -1 , vëlyvesnës sëjos – tolygiai maþëja<br />
iki 26 t ha -1 .<br />
2. Nuëmimo laikas standartinio derliaus iðeigai átakos neturi.<br />
3. Geriausia biocheminë sudëtis tø morkø ðakniavaisiø, kurie buvo sëti balandþio<br />
20–30 dienomis, o derlius nuimtas spalio 9 dienà.<br />
4. Vëlinant sëjos laikà nuo balandþio treèio deðimtadienio iki b<strong>ir</strong>þelio p<strong>ir</strong>mo deðimtadienio,<br />
morkø savikaina didëja 1,7 karto, o preliminarus pelnas sumaþëja 4,7<br />
karto.<br />
Gauta 2006-10-<strong>25</strong><br />
Parengta spausdinti 2006-12-11<br />
208
Literatûra<br />
1. Aðmontas V., Masiulienë R., Kviklys D., Barkauskienë Z. Privalomieji kokybiniai<br />
reikalavimai ðvieþiems vaisiams <strong>ir</strong> darþovëms. Babtai, 2001. P. 59–62.<br />
2. Fritz D., Weichmann J. Influence of the harvesting date of carrots on quality and<br />
quality preservation // Acta Horticulturae. 1979. Vol. 93. P. 91–100.<br />
3. Gauèienë O. Morkos. Babtai, 2001. P. 18–22.<br />
4. Gauèienë O., Viðkelis P. Morkø veisliø produktyvumo <strong>ir</strong> kokybës formavimasis<br />
veikiant sk<strong>ir</strong>tingiems abiotiniams faktoriams // Sodininkystë <strong>ir</strong> darþininkystë. Babtai, 2000.<br />
T. 19. P. 21.<br />
5. Sady W., Robak J., Wiech K. Uprawa marchwi. Krakaw, 2000. P. 43–66.<br />
6. Sakalauskas A., Zalatorius V. Morkø auginimo technologijø tyrimas // Þemës ûkio<br />
inþinerija.1996. T. 28(2). P. 111–120.<br />
7. Simon P. W., Wolf X. Y. Carotene in typical and dark orange carrots // Journal of<br />
Agricultural Food Chemistry. 1987. P. 35, 1017–1022.<br />
8. Staugaitis G. Lauko <strong>ir</strong> ðiltnaminiø darþoviø træðimas azoto tràðomis: habilitacinis<br />
darbas. Babtai, 1998. P. 78–81.<br />
9. Suojala T. Effect of harvest time on the storage performance of carrot // J. Hort. Sci.<br />
Biotechnol. 1999. Vol 74(4). P. 484–492.<br />
10. Suojala T. Pre-and Postharvest Development Of Carrot Yield and Qality.<br />
Helsinky, 2000.<br />
11. Tarakanovas P. Statistiniø duomenø apdorojimo paketas. Akademija, 1999. P. 57.<br />
12. Zalatorius V., Baleliûnas P., Zinkevièiûtë D. Morkø auginimo technologijø lygioje<br />
<strong>ir</strong> vagotoje d<strong>ir</strong>voje palyginimas // Sodininkystë <strong>ir</strong> darþininkystë. Babtai, 1998. T. 17(4).<br />
P. 89–94.<br />
13. Zalatorius V., Baleliûnas P., Zinkevièiûtë D. Morkø auginimo vagotame pav<strong>ir</strong>ðiuje<br />
agroekonominis efektyvumas // Þemës ûkio mokslai. 1998. Nr. 2. P. 45–49.<br />
14. Zinkevièiûtë D., Baleliûnas P. Zalatorius V. Agrotechniniø <strong>ir</strong> cheminiø priemoniø<br />
átaka morkø piktþolëtumui <strong>ir</strong> derliui // Integruota augalø apsauga: pasiekimai <strong>ir</strong> problemos.<br />
Dotnuva – Akademija, 1997. P. <strong>25</strong>6–<strong>25</strong>8.<br />
SODININKYSTË IR DARÞININKYSTË. SCIENTIFIC ARTICLES. 2006. <strong>25</strong>(4).<br />
INFLUENCE OF THE OPTIMAL SOWING AND<br />
HARVESTING TIME ON THE YIELD AND QUALITY OF<br />
CARROT ‘SVALIA’ F 1<br />
V. Zalatorius, A. Zalatoriûtë, P. Viðkelis<br />
Summary<br />
The optimal sowing and harvesting time of carrot ‘Svalia’ F 1<br />
was investigated in<br />
the experimental fields of the Lithuanian Institute of Horticulture in 2000–2002. Carrots<br />
were sown in furrowed surface during four periods of sowing. The yield of<br />
every sowing period variant was gathered at seven different terms. It was established<br />
that the sowing time significantly influences the standard carrot yield. Carrot<br />
209
yield of the last decade of April on the average is 39 t ha -1 , and the yield of more late<br />
sowing – the f<strong>ir</strong>st decade of April – evenly decreases up to 26 t ha -1 . The time of<br />
harvesting doesn’t influence the standard yield. It was established that the rootcrops<br />
sown on April 20-30 and gathered on October 9 had the best biochemical<br />
composition. When the sowing time was delayed from the th<strong>ir</strong>d decade of April up<br />
to the f<strong>ir</strong>st decade of July, carrot cost price increased 1.7 times and profit decreased<br />
4.7 times.<br />
Key words: yield, quality, harvesting time, sowing time.<br />
210
LIETUVOS SODININKYSTËS IR DARÞININKYSTËS INSTITUTO IR<br />
LIETUVOS ÞEMËS ÛKIO UNIVERSITETO MOKSLO DARBAI.<br />
SODININKYSTË IR DARÞININKYSTË. 2006. <strong>25</strong>(4).<br />
ÁVAIRIØ AZOTO TRÀÐØ IR CEOLITO ÁTAKA<br />
VALGOMOSIOS MORKOS PRODUKTYVUMUI IR<br />
MORFOMETRINIAMS RODIKLIAMS<br />
Ona BUNDINIENË, Èeslovas BOBINAS, Pavelas DUCHOVSKIS<br />
Lietuvos sodininkystës <strong>ir</strong> darþininkystës institutas, LT-54333 Babtai, Kauno r.<br />
El. paðtas O.Bundiniene@lsdi.lt<br />
2004–2005 m. Lietuvos sodininkystës <strong>ir</strong> darþininkystës institute atliktø tyrimø<br />
tikslas – ávertinti kalcio amonio salietros (KAN 27), azoto tràðos su ceolitu (KAN 27<br />
su ceolitu) bei ceolito (prekinis þenklas ZeoVit EcoAgro) <strong>ir</strong> amonio salietros átakà<br />
valgomøjø morkø ‘Samson’ produktyvumui <strong>ir</strong> morfometriniams rodikliams (ðakniavaisio<br />
masë, skersmuo, ilgis) bei jø tarpusavio ryðius <strong>ir</strong> átakà vieni kitiems. Bandymai<br />
atlikti priesmëlio ant lengvo priemolio karbonatingajame sekliai glëjiðkame iðplautþemyje.<br />
Didþiausias valgomøjø morkø prekinis derlius (56,4 t ha -1 ) <strong>ir</strong> jo iðeiga (72,7 proc.)<br />
gauti træðiant azoto tràða su ceolitu (N 90<br />
+N 30<br />
). Træðiant ceolitu (<strong>25</strong> t ha -1 ) <strong>ir</strong> amonio<br />
salietra (N 90<br />
+N 30<br />
), gautas 55,0 t ha -1 prekiniø morkø derlius, jo iðeiga buvo 71,4 proc.,<br />
o auginant be azoto tràðø, gautas 44,9 t ha -1 prekinis derlius, jo iðeiga – 65,9 proc.<br />
Didþiausia (142,8 g) ðakniavaisio masë <strong>ir</strong> jo ilgis (175,4 mm) buvo træðiant morkas<br />
amonio salietra <strong>ir</strong> ceolitu, o didþiausias skersmuo (35,2 mm) – træðiant azoto tràða su<br />
ceolitu. Morkø derliaus didëjimui tiesioginës teigiamos átakos turëjo ðakniavaisio masës<br />
(suminio derliaus r = 0,42, prekinio – r = 0,64) <strong>ir</strong> jo ilgio (atitinkamai r = 0,67 <strong>ir</strong><br />
r = 0,63) didëjimas. Ðakniavaisio skersmuo neturëjo átakos suminio morkø derliaus<br />
didëjimui (r = 0,22), bet vidutiniðkai stipriai veikë prekiná derliø (r = 0,54). Didëjant<br />
ðakniavaisio masei, didëja jo ilgis (r = 0,63) <strong>ir</strong> skersmuo (r = 0,81).<br />
Reikðminiai þodþiai: azoto tràða su ceolitu, ceolitas, kalcio amonio salietra,<br />
prekinis derlius, ðakniavaisio ilgis, ðakniavaisio masë, ðakniavaisio skersmuo, valgomoji<br />
morka.<br />
Ávadas. Optimaliam derliui yra keliami reikalavimai: 1) didelis suminis derlius, 2)<br />
didelë standartinio derliaus iðeiga, 3) maþi laikymo nuostoliai <strong>ir</strong> 4) laikymo metu iðlaikyta<br />
vidinë <strong>ir</strong> iðorinë produkcijos kokybë (Sakalauskas <strong>ir</strong> kt., 2005). Morkø derlingumas,<br />
jø prekinë vertë bei kokybë priklauso nuo naudojamø tràðø <strong>ir</strong> jø formø bei normø<br />
(Gauèienë, 2001; Liet. d<strong>ir</strong>voþemiø ..., 1998, Staugaitis, 1998). Vienai tonai morkø<br />
ðakniavaisiø su atitinkamu kiekiu lapø iðauginti sunaudojama 3,2 kg azoto, 1,2 kg<br />
fosforo (P 2<br />
O 5<br />
), 5,0 kg kalio (K 2<br />
O), 1,9 kg kalcio (CaO) <strong>ir</strong> 0,9 kg magnio (MgO)<br />
(Äåðþãèí, Êóëþêèí, 1988). Auganèiai lapijai reikia daug azoto, o ðakniavaisiams<br />
211
formuotis – kalio <strong>ir</strong> fosforo. Gavusi kalio <strong>ir</strong> kalcio, produkcija geriau iðsilaiko. Be to,<br />
kalcis stabdo d<strong>ir</strong>voþemio rûgðtëjimo procesus (Liet. d<strong>ir</strong>voþemiø ..., 1998). Kalcio<br />
poreiká ið dalies galima patenkinti <strong>ir</strong> d<strong>ir</strong>voþemiø rûgðtëjimà sustabdyti træðiant fiziologiðkai<br />
nerûgðèiomis tràðomis. Viena jø yra kalcio amonio salietra (KAN 27), kurios<br />
sudëtyje yra 27 proc. N (amoniakinis N-NH 4<br />
+<br />
– 13,5 proc. <strong>ir</strong> nitratinis – N-NO 3<br />
-<br />
–<br />
13,5 proc.), 6 proc. kalcio (CaO) <strong>ir</strong> 4 proc. magnio (MgO). Papildomi maisto elementai<br />
– kalcis <strong>ir</strong> magnis – yra ið gamtinio dolomito, kurie sumaþina amonio nitrato<br />
fiziologiná rûgðtumà <strong>ir</strong> tokiu bûdu subalansuoja d<strong>ir</strong>voþemio rûgðtumà bei gerina jo<br />
biologiná aktyvumà. Augalai patræðiami ne tik azotu, bet <strong>ir</strong> kalciu bei magniu, kuriø<br />
trûksta lengvuose <strong>ir</strong> rûgðèiuose d<strong>ir</strong>voþemiuose.<br />
2003 m. pradëta gaminti azoto tràða su ceolitu, kurioje yra 26–27 proc. azoto,<br />
o dalis dolomito (nuo 3 iki 6 proc.) pakeista ceolitu. Tràðos sudëtyje taip pat yra<br />
4,5–5,4 proc. kalcio oksido (CaO) <strong>ir</strong> 3,1–3,5 proc. magnio oksido (MgO). Ceolitas,<br />
esantis kalcio amonio salietros granulëje, pagerina tràðos fizikines savybes (b<strong>ir</strong>umà,<br />
susigulëjimà <strong>ir</strong> laikymàsi) <strong>ir</strong> pailgina maisto medþiagø veikimo laikà.<br />
Ceolitai yra kristaliniai, ðarminiai ar þemës ðarminiai hidratuoti aliumosilikatai,<br />
pasiþymintys didele katijonø mainø geba <strong>ir</strong> gebëjimu absorbuoti amonio jonus bei<br />
judriuosius maisto elementus (Watanabe, 1962; Ilsidar, 1999; Mumpton, 1999) <strong>ir</strong><br />
veikiantys kaip lëtinimo agentas (Ming, Dixon, 1986). Ceolituose beveik nebûna azoto<br />
<strong>ir</strong> fosforo. Jie yra neutralios reakcijos (Ïîñòíèêîâ, 1991). Ceolitai gali bûti naudojami<br />
kaip ekologinës tràðos <strong>ir</strong> d<strong>ir</strong>voþemio rûgðtëjimà maþinanti priemonë. Lietuvoje<br />
parduodamuose ceolituose yra 5,03 proc. kalio <strong>ir</strong> natrio (K 2<br />
O + Na 2<br />
O), 1,07 proc.<br />
magnio (MgO), 2,10 proc. CaO bei mikroelementø (Mn, Zn <strong>ir</strong> kiti).<br />
Tyrimø tikslas – ávertinti kalcio amonio salietros (KAN 27), azoto tràðos su<br />
ceolitu (KAN 27 su ceolitu) bei ceolito (prekinis þenklas ZeoVit EcoAgro) <strong>ir</strong> amonio<br />
salietros átakà valgomøjø morkø derlingumui, prekinio derliaus iðeigai bei ðakniavaisiø<br />
morfometriniams rodikliams <strong>ir</strong> ðiø rodikliø reikðmæ derliaus formavimui.<br />
Tyrimø sàlygos, objektas <strong>ir</strong> metodai. Bandymai atlikti Lietuvos sodininkystës<br />
<strong>ir</strong> darþininkystës institute 2004–2005 m. D<strong>ir</strong>voþemis – priesmëlis ant lengvo priemolio<br />
karbonatingasis sekliai glëjiðkas iðplautþemis (IDg 8-k, /Calc(ar)i – Epihypogleyc<br />
Luvisols – LVg-p-w-cc). D<strong>ir</strong>voþemio armuo 22–<strong>25</strong> cm storio, neutralios reakcijos<br />
(pH KCl<br />
7,0), jame yra 1,58 proc. humuso, pakankamai gausu judriøjø fosforo <strong>ir</strong> kalio<br />
(atitinkamai 354 <strong>ir</strong> 146 mg kg -1 d<strong>ir</strong>voþemio) bei kalcio (4 500 mg kg -1 ), taèiau maþai<br />
azotingas (0–60 cm sluoksnyje – 56,6 kg ha -1 N-NH 4<br />
+ N-NO 3<br />
).<br />
D<strong>ir</strong>voþemio ëminiuose nustatyta: pH KCl<br />
(potenciometriniu (ISO 10390:2005) metodu),<br />
humusas, % (sauso deginimo (ISO 10694:1995) metodu), judrieji P 2<br />
O 5<br />
<strong>ir</strong><br />
K 2<br />
O, mg kg -1 (Egnerio-Rimo-Domingo (A-L, Gost 26208-84) metodu), mineralinis<br />
azotas, mg kg -1 (jonometriniu metodu), kalcis <strong>ir</strong> magnis, mg kg -1 (atominës absorbcijos<br />
spektrometriniu (SVP D-06) metodu). Analizës atliktos LÞI Agrocheminiø tyrimø<br />
centre.<br />
Augalø prieðsëlis – juodasis pûdymas. D<strong>ir</strong>vos d<strong>ir</strong>bimo <strong>ir</strong> darþoviø prieþiûros<br />
darbai atlikti pagal LSDI priimtas intensyvaus darþoviø auginimo technologijas.<br />
Morkos augintos vagotame pav<strong>ir</strong>ðiuje 70 cm tarpueiliais. Á hektarà tikslaus iðsëjimo<br />
sëjamàja iðberta 0,8 mln. vnt. daigiø valgomøjø morkø sëklø. Morkos sëtos<br />
2004 05 12 <strong>ir</strong> 2005 05 09.<br />
212
Pagrindinio (fono) træðimo prieð sëjà fosforo <strong>ir</strong> kalio tràðomis normos buvo<br />
nustatytos remiantis d<strong>ir</strong>voþemio agrocheminiø tyrimø duomenimis, azoto iðberta<br />
90 kg ha -1 . Træðta kalio magnezija (30% K 2<br />
O), granuliuotu superfosfatu (19,8% P 2<br />
O 5<br />
).<br />
Azotu træðta prieð sëjà (90 kg ha -1 ) <strong>ir</strong> papildomai (N 30<br />
) augalams esant 4–6 lapeliø<br />
tarpsnio, naudojant schemoje nurodytas tràðas.<br />
Bandymo schema:<br />
1. Be azoto – Fonas – F (P 60<br />
K 120<br />
).<br />
2. F + KAN 27 N 90<br />
+ N 30<br />
. Træðta kalcio amonio salietra.<br />
3. F + KAN 27 su ceolitu N 90<br />
+ N 30<br />
. Træðta azoto tràða su ceolitu.<br />
4. F + 2,5 kg m -2 ceolito + AS N 90<br />
+ N 30<br />
. Træðta ceolitu (<strong>25</strong> t ha -1 ceolito Zeovit<br />
Eco Agro) <strong>ir</strong> amonio salietra.<br />
Bandymai kasmet daryti 4 pakartojimais. Laukeliai iðdëstyti rendomizuotai. Apskaitinio<br />
laukelio plotas – 6,2 m 2 .<br />
Valgomøjø morkø derlius nuimtas darþovëms pasiekus techninæ brandà. Imant<br />
derliø kiekviename laukelyje buvo iðmatuota <strong>ir</strong> pasverta po 10 morkø ðakniavaisiø.<br />
Duomenø patikimumas ávertintas vienfaktorinës dispersinës analizës metodu,<br />
naudojant programà ANOVA, ryðys tarp atsk<strong>ir</strong>ø rodikliø – koreliacinës regresinës<br />
analizës, tarpusavio ryðiø pobûdis <strong>ir</strong> stiprumas – statistinës takø koeficientø analizës<br />
metodais, naudojant programà STAT_ENG (Tarakanovas, Raudonis, 2003).<br />
Meteorologinës sàlygos atsk<strong>ir</strong>ais bandymo vykdymo metais skyrësi: 2004 m.<br />
visais vegetacijos mënesiais, iðskyrus rugpjûtá, oro temperatûra buvo þemesnë, o<br />
2005 m. – ðiek tiek aukðtesnë nei daugiametë vidutinë (1a pav.). Ypaè karðtas buvo<br />
2005 m. liepos mënuo: oro temperatûra buvo 1,4°C aukðtesnë uþ vidutinæ daugiametæ<br />
liepos mënesio temperatûrà.<br />
1 pav. Oro temperatûra (°C) (a) <strong>ir</strong> krituliai (mm) (b).<br />
Kauno meteorologijos stoties duomenys<br />
Fig. 1. A<strong>ir</strong> temperature (°C) (a) and precipitation (mm) (b).<br />
The data of Kaunas Meteorological Station<br />
2004 m. krituliø per vegetacijos laikotarpá iðkrito vidutiniðkai daugiau, 2005 m. –<br />
maþiau uþ vidutinius daugiameèius rodiklius (1 b pav.). Abiejø bandymo vykdymo<br />
metø geguþës mënesiai buvo gan drëgni, taèiau 2005 m. geguþës mënesio pabaigoje<br />
praëjæ gausûs trumpalaikiai lietûs sutrukdë pasëliui normaliai sudygti. Dël susidariusios<br />
plutos morkø pasëlis ðiek tiek praretëjo, bet kadangi b<strong>ir</strong>þelio mënesá buvo pakankamai<br />
drëgmës <strong>ir</strong> ðilumos, augo gerai. Drëgmës trûkumas liepos mënesá (iðkrito tik<br />
213
5,9 proc. daugiametës krituliø normos) pristabdë morkø ðakniavaisiø augimà <strong>ir</strong>, be<br />
abejo, turëjo átakos derlingumui: jis buvo 30,7 proc. maþesnis nei 2004 m., o standartinio<br />
derliaus iðeiga sumaþëjo 5 proc. Didelis drëgmës perteklius buvo abiejø bandymo<br />
vykdymo metø rugpjûèio mënesiais.<br />
Tyrimø rezultatai. Azotas turëjo lemiamos átakos morkø ðakniavaisiø derliui.<br />
Visos tyrimuose naudotos azoto tràðos teigiamai veikë <strong>ir</strong> ið esmës didino suminá (1) <strong>ir</strong><br />
prekiná (2) morkø ðakniavaisiø derliø.<br />
Y = 68,12 + 0,07, r = 0,83 ± 0,15, t = 3,54, F t<br />
= 30,84** (1)<br />
Y = 44,88 + 0,08, r = 0,89 ± 0,12, t = 5,00, F t<br />
= 56,<strong>25</strong>** (2)<br />
Sutartiniai þenklai / Used symbols:<br />
r– koreliacijos koeficientas / coefficient of correlation,<br />
t – Stjudento t-testo kriterijus (sk<strong>ir</strong>tumo patikimumo kriterijus) / statistic derived<br />
in Student's t-test,<br />
F t<br />
– Fiðerio kriterijus / variant ratio (F test<br />
),<br />
R 05<br />
– maþiausias esminis sk<strong>ir</strong>tumas / LSD – the least significant difference,<br />
* – patikimumas, esant 95% tikimybës lygiui / data significant at P = 0.05<br />
probability level,<br />
** – esant 99% tikimybës lygiui/ at P = 0.01 probability level.<br />
Tyrimø duomenys parodë, kad valgomøjø morkø suminis derlius nuo azoto<br />
tràðø (N 90<br />
+ N 30<br />
) padidëjo vidutiniðkai 8,4 t/ha, arba 12,3 proc., palyginti su azotu<br />
netræðtu pasëliu. Vidutiniais 2004–2005 m. duomenimis, nuo kalcio amonio salietros<br />
azoto (KAN 27) valgomøjø morkø suminis derlius padidëjo 6,8 t ha -1 , arba 10,0 proc.<br />
(2 pav.). Træðiant azoto tràða su ceolitu (N 90+30<br />
), suminis derlius padidëjo 9,5 t ha -1 ,<br />
arba 14,0 proc., palyginti su be azoto augintomis morkomis, <strong>ir</strong> 2,7 t ha -1 , arba 3,6 proc.,<br />
palyginti su kalcio amonio salietra træðtø morkø derliumi. Træðiant amonio salietra <strong>ir</strong><br />
prieð morkø sëjà áterpiant <strong>25</strong> t ha -1 ceolito, suminis derlius padidëjo 9,0 t ha -1 , arba<br />
13,2 proc., palyginti su azotu netræðtomis morkomis. Esminio suminio morkø derliaus<br />
sk<strong>ir</strong>tumo, palyginti su azoto tràða su ceolitu træðtomis morkomis, negauta.<br />
Prekinis valgomøjø morkø derlius nuo azoto tràðø (N 90<br />
+ N 30<br />
) padidëjo vidutiniðkai<br />
9,5 t ha -1 , arba 21,2 proc., palyginti su be azoto tràðø augintø morkø derliumi, o<br />
prekinio derliaus iðeiga buvo 5,2 proc. Træðiant morkas kalcio amonio salietra (N 90<br />
+N 30<br />
),<br />
prekinis derlius padidëjo 6,9 t ha -1 , arba 15,5 proc., palyginti su be azoto tràðø augintomis<br />
morkomis, o derliaus iðeiga buvo 3,3 proc. Prekinio derliaus savikaina sumaþëjo<br />
nuo 0,169 Lt kg -1 iki 0,154 Lt kg -1 , arba 15 Lt t -1 . Tas pats azoto kiekis, iðbertas<br />
azoto tràðos su ceolitu forma, prekiná morkø derliø, palyginti su kalcio amonio salietra<br />
træðtø morkø derliumi, padidino 4,6 t ha -1 , arba 8,9 proc., prekinio derliaus iðeigà –<br />
3,5 proc., o savikaina sumaþëjo iki 0,142 Lt kg -1 , arba dar 12 Lt t -1 (palyginti su be<br />
azoto augintomis morkomis, prekinio derliaus savikaina sumaþëjo 27 Lt t -1 ).<br />
Áterpus prieð sëjà ceolità (<strong>25</strong> t ha -1 ) <strong>ir</strong> træðiant amonio salietra (N 90 + 30<br />
), prekinis<br />
morkø ðakniavaisiø derlius, palyginti su azoto tràða su ceolitu træðtø morkø derliumi,<br />
sumaþëjo 1,4 t ha -1 , arba 2,5 proc., iðeiga – 1,3 proc., taèiau buvo 3,2 t ha -1 ,<br />
arba 6,2 proc. didesnis negu træðiant morkas kalcio amonio salietra. Prekinio derliaus<br />
savikaina, palyginti su be azoto tràðø augintomis morkomis, iðaugo 38,5 proc. (iki<br />
214
0,234 Lt kg -1 , arba 65 Lt t -1 ). Rusø tyrëjø duomenys (ßêîâëåâà, 2004; Ïîñòíèêîâ<br />
<strong>ir</strong> kt., 1991a) parodë, kad ceolitas gali veikti 5–7 metus, dël to manoma, kad áterpus<br />
ceolità, kuris stabilizuoja d<strong>ir</strong>voþemio rûgðtumà, savikaina sumaþës.<br />
2 pav. Kalcio amonio salietros, azoto tràðos su ceolitu <strong>ir</strong> ceolito bei amonio salietros<br />
átaka valgomøjø morkø derliui <strong>ir</strong> prekinio derliaus iðeigai<br />
Babtai, vidutiniai 2004–2005 m. duomenys<br />
Fig. 2. Influence of calcium ammonium nitre, nitrogen fertilizers with zeolite and<br />
zeolite and ammonium nitre on yield of carrots and output of marketable yield<br />
Babtai, average of 2004–2005<br />
Azoto tràðos teigiamai veikë valgomosios morkos ðakniavaisio morfometrinius<br />
rodiklius (1 lentelë). Maþiausiai átakos jos turëjo ðakniavaisio skersmeniui (r = 0,36),<br />
didþiausios – ðakniavaisio ilgiui (r = 0,59). Taip pat buvo nustatyta, kad didëjant<br />
ðakniavaisio masei, didëja <strong>ir</strong> jo ilgis (3) bei skersmuo (4).<br />
1 lentelë. Azoto átaka valgomosios morkos ðakniavaisio morfometriniams rodikliams.<br />
Babtai, 2005 m.<br />
Table 1. Influence of nitrogen on morphometrical indices of carrot root-crop. Babtai, 2005<br />
Rodikliai / Indicators (y) Lygtis / Equation r ± S r t F t<br />
Ðakniavaisio masë<br />
Weight of root-crop, g<br />
Šakniavaisio skersmuo<br />
Diameter of root-crop, mm<br />
Šakniavaisio ilgis<br />
Length of root-crop, cm<br />
azotas / nitrogen (N) kg ha -1 – x<br />
114,52 + 0,17 0,45 ± 0,24 0,77 3,53<br />
32,2 + 0,013 0,36 ± 0,<strong>25</strong> 0,48 2,05<br />
163,92 + 0,09 0,59 ± 0,22 1,39 7,46*<br />
Y = 139,76 + 0,<strong>25</strong>, r = 0,63 ± 0,21, t = 1,62, F t<br />
= 9,27** (3)<br />
Y = 22,94 + 0,08, r = 0,81 ± 0,16, t = 5,00, F t<br />
= 26,1** (4)<br />
215
Morkø dydis nustatomas pagal maksimalø ðakniavaisio skersmená arba svorá be<br />
lapø. Subrendusiø morkø ðakniavaisiai, atitinkantys I klasæ, turi bûti ne maþesni kaip<br />
20 mm, atitinkantys ekstra klasæ – ne didesni kaip 45 mm (rûðiuojant pagal skersmená)<br />
<strong>ir</strong> sverti daugiau nei 50 g (I klasë), bet ne daugiau kaip 200 g (ekstra klasë)<br />
(rûðiuojant pagal svorá), tipingi veislei, neáskilæ <strong>ir</strong> neátrûkæ (Privalomieji kokybës reikalavimai,<br />
2003). Tyrimø metais iðaugintos morkos atitiko ekstra klasës reikalavimus.<br />
Ðakniavaisis svërë vidutiniðkai 129,7 g, o jo skersmuo buvo 33,7 mm.<br />
Nuo azoto tràðø morkos ðakniavaisis pailgëjo vidutiniðkai 10,4 mm, arba 6,4 proc.<br />
Ilgiausi ðakniavaisiai buvo prieð sëjà áterpiant ceolità <strong>ir</strong> træðiant amonio salietra<br />
(3 pav.). Palyginti su be azoto tràðø augintomis morkomis, ðakniavaisis pailgëjo 11,5 mm,<br />
arba 7,0 proc. Træðiant morkas kalcio amonio salietra <strong>ir</strong> azoto tràða su ceolitu, ðakniavaisiai<br />
buvo panaðaus ilgio (174,6 <strong>ir</strong> 173,1 mm) <strong>ir</strong> atitinkamai 0,8 <strong>ir</strong> 2,3 mm trumpesni<br />
nei træðiant amonio salietra <strong>ir</strong> prieð sëjà áterpiant ceolità.<br />
3 pav. Kalcio amonio salietros, azoto tràðos su ceolitu <strong>ir</strong> ceolito bei amonio salietros<br />
átaka valgomosios morkos ðakniavaisio morfometriniams rodikliams<br />
Babtai, vidutiniai 2004–2005 m. duomenys<br />
Fig. 3. Influence of calcium ammonium nitre, nitrogen fertilize with zeolite and zeolite<br />
and ammonium nitre on morphometric indices of carrot root-crop<br />
Babtai, average of 2004–2005<br />
Valgomosios morkos ðakniavaisio masë buvo didþiausia taip pat træðiant minëtomis<br />
tràðomis, t. y. 28,3 g, arba 24,7 proc. didesnë nei be azoto tràðø iðauginto ðakniavaisio,<br />
21,7 g, arba 17,9 proc. didesnë nei kalcio amonio salietra træðto <strong>ir</strong> tik 2,3 g,<br />
arba 1,6 proc. nei azoto tràða su ceolitu træðto ðakniavaisio.<br />
Maþiausiai (vidutiniðkai 0,6 mm, arba 1,8 proc.) nuo azoto tràðø didëjo <strong>ir</strong> áva<strong>ir</strong>avo<br />
morkø ðakniavaisio skersmuo. Didþiausio skersmens (35,2 mm) buvo azoto tràða<br />
su ceolitu træðtø morkø ðakniavaisiai.<br />
Morkø ðakniavaisiø morfometriniai rodikliai turëjo átakos derliui. Atlikus statistinæ<br />
analizæ paaiðkëjo, kad morkø suminá derliø vidutiniðkai stipriai (r = 0,67) veikë<br />
ðakniavaisio ilgio, silpnai (r = 0,42) – ðakniavaisio masës didëjimas, o ðakniavaisio<br />
216
skersmens kitimai átakos neturëjo (2 lentelë). Prekiniam morkø ðakniavaisiø derliø<br />
minëti rodikliai turëjo daug didesnës átakos.<br />
2 lentelë. Morfometriniø valgomosios morkos ðakniavaisio rodikliø átaka<br />
derlingumui. Babtai, 2005 m.<br />
Table 2. The influence morphometrical indices of carrot root-crop on the yield.<br />
Babtai, 2005<br />
Rodikliai / Indicators (y) Lygtis / Equation r ± S r t F t<br />
Valgomosios morkos ðakniavaisio masë<br />
Weight of carrot root-crop, g – x<br />
Suminis derlius<br />
Total yield, t ha -1 62,51 + 0,09 0,42 ± 0,24 0,66 2,92<br />
Prekinis derlius<br />
Marketable yield, t ha -1 32,70 + 0,15 0,64 ± 0,21 1,64 9,36**<br />
Valgomosios morkos šakniavaisio skersmuo<br />
Diameter of carrot root-crop, mm – x<br />
Suminis derlius<br />
Total yield, t ha -1 58,53 + 0,47 0,22 ± 0,26 0,18 0,69<br />
Prekinis derlius<br />
Marketable yield, t ha -1 9,65 + 1,27 0,54 ± 0,22 1,14 5,75*<br />
Valgomosios morkos šakniavaisio ilgis<br />
Length of carrot root-crop, mm – x<br />
Suminis derlius<br />
Total yield, t ha -1 10,05 + 0,37 0,67 ± 0,20 1,88 11,44**<br />
Prekinis derlius<br />
Marketable yield, t ha -1 13,15 + 0,38 0,63 ± 0,21 1,62 9,21**<br />
Morkos ðakniavaisio masës (r = 0,64), skersmens (r = 0,54) <strong>ir</strong> ilgio (r = 0,63)<br />
didëjimas vidutiniðkai stipriai veikë prekinio morkø derliaus didëjimà.<br />
Takø analizës rezultatai parodë, kad suminá morkø ðakniavaisiø derliø daugiau<br />
nei ketv<strong>ir</strong>tadaliu (36 proc.) didino morkos ðakniavaisio ilgio, maþiau nei penktadaliu<br />
(20 proc.) – masës didëjimas (4a pav.). Pastebëta, kad ðakniavaisio ilgio didëjimui<br />
tiesioginá dominuojantá efektà turëjo ilgis (0,68), o masës didëjimas turëjo netgi neigiamà,<br />
nors <strong>ir</strong> labai silpnà efektà (-0,01). Skersmens pokyèiai jokio pastebimo efekto<br />
nedarë <strong>ir</strong> jø átaka suminio derliaus didëjimui siekë tik 11 proc. Prekinio derliaus<br />
didëjimui didesnës átakos nei suminiam derliui turëjo ðakniavaisio masës (<strong>25</strong> proc.) <strong>ir</strong><br />
skersmens (22 proc.) didëjimas (4b pav.). Pastebëta, kad nebuvo tiesioginio domi-<br />
217
nuojanèio masës efekto masei (0,06), bet netiesiogiai ðakniavaisio masæ veikë ilgis<br />
(0,30) <strong>ir</strong> skersmuo (0,26). Ðakniavaisio ilgiui <strong>ir</strong> skersmeniui tiesioginá teigiamà dominuojantá<br />
efektà turëjo ilgis <strong>ir</strong> skersmuo (atitinkamai 0,4803 <strong>ir</strong> 0,3280).<br />
Nemaþai átakos suminiam <strong>ir</strong> prekiniam derliui turëjo <strong>ir</strong> kiti veiksniai (d<strong>ir</strong>voþemio<br />
derlingumas, meteorologinës sàlygos <strong>ir</strong> kt.).<br />
4 pav. Suminio <strong>ir</strong> prekinio valgomøjø morkø derliaus priklausomumo<br />
nuo ðakniavaisio masës, skersmens <strong>ir</strong> ilgio átakos pasisk<strong>ir</strong>stymas<br />
Fig. 4. The influence of root-crop weight, diameter and length on total and<br />
marketable carrot yield<br />
Diskusija. D<strong>ir</strong>va morkoms træðiama tik mineralinëmis tràðomis. Atsiþvelgiant á<br />
maisto medþiagø kieká d<strong>ir</strong>voþemyje, morkoms duodama 60–90 kg ha -1 N, 90–120 kg ha -1 P<br />
<strong>ir</strong> 160–200 kg ha -1 K (Gauèienë, 2001). Kitø autoriø Lietuvoje (Staugaitis <strong>ir</strong> kt.,<br />
1993, Staugaitis, 1998) <strong>ir</strong> Baltarusijoje (Perednevas, 1987;) atliktø tyrimø duomenimis,<br />
morkoms azoto tràðos maþai efektyvios, o kai kuriais metais træðti azotu netgi<br />
nereikia. Nuo azoto pertekliaus morkø derlius maþëja (Autko, 2004). Italijoje atliktø<br />
tyrimø duomenimis (morkø veislës ‘Bolero’ <strong>ir</strong> ‘Tini’), træðiant morkas 200 kg/ha -1 N,<br />
33 kg ha -1 P <strong>ir</strong> 123 kg ha -1 K <strong>ir</strong> azotà atiduodant per 2 kartus, padidëjo derlius <strong>ir</strong><br />
pagerëjo kokybë (Beni C. <strong>ir</strong> kt., 2001). Vokietijoje (Gutezeit, 1999) atliktø tyrimø<br />
duomenimis, vidutinio mineralizacijos lygio smëlio d<strong>ir</strong>voþemiuose ankstyvàsias morkas<br />
træðti azotu nebûtina, vëlyvesniø veisliø morkoms reikia 75 kg ha -1 azoto. JAV atliktø<br />
tyrimø duomenimis, tinkamiausias morkø træðimo normos – 60, 30, 1<strong>25</strong> kg ha -1 NPK<br />
(Rubatzky <strong>ir</strong> kt., 1999). Per gausiai træðiant azotu, ðakniavaisiuose susikaupia daug<br />
vandens <strong>ir</strong> nitratø, dël to jie labiau serga, juos labiau paþeidþia kenkëjai, prasèiau<br />
laikosi (Raynal-Lacroix, 1994). Ðiaurës Ukrainoje maþai humusingame iðplautajame<br />
juodþemyje, kuriame gausu judriøjø P 2<br />
O 5<br />
<strong>ir</strong> K 2<br />
O, morkas tikslinga træðti lokaliai nedidelëmis<br />
tràðø normomis (Áîéêî, Âàêóëåíêî, 1999). Træðiant lokaliai, galima perpus<br />
sumaþinti tràðø normas, palyginti su træðimu ant d<strong>ir</strong>vos pav<strong>ir</strong>ðiaus (Ãóìàíþê <strong>ir</strong><br />
kt., 2005).<br />
2004–2005 m. LSDI atliktø tyrimø duomenimis, valgomøjø morkø suminis derlius<br />
nuo azoto tràðø, nepriklausomai nuo jø formos, padidëjo vidutiniðkai 8,4 t ha -1 ,<br />
arba 12,3 proc., prekinis – 9,5 t ha -1 , arba 21,2 proc., palyginti su vien tik fosforo <strong>ir</strong><br />
kalio (fonas P 90<br />
K 120<br />
) træðtø morkø derliumi. Prekinio morkø ðakniavaisiø derliaus iðeiga,<br />
palyginti su be azoto augintomis morkomis, padidëjo vidutiniðkai 5,5 proc. (nuo<br />
65,9 proc., auginant be azoto tràðø, iki vidutiniðkai 71,1 proc., træðiant áva<strong>ir</strong>iomis<br />
218
azoto tràðø formomis). Morkø ðakniavaisiø masë nuo azoto tràðø padidëjo 6,6–28,3 g,<br />
ilgis – 10,7–11,5 mm, o skersmens padidëjimas buvo neþymus. Masës átaka suminiam<br />
<strong>ir</strong> prekiniam morkø derliui buvo atitinkamai 20 <strong>ir</strong> <strong>25</strong> proc., ilgiui – atitinkamai<br />
33 <strong>ir</strong> <strong>25</strong> proc., skersmeniui – 11 <strong>ir</strong> 22 proc.<br />
Zdravkovic <strong>ir</strong> kitø (Zdravkovic <strong>ir</strong> kt., 1997) tyrimø duomenimis, mëðlu træðtos<br />
morkos iðaugino 48,4 t ha -1 , kalcio amonio nitratu – 41,5 t ha -1 <strong>ir</strong> NPK 15 15 15<br />
miðiniu – 41,5 t ha -1 derliø. 2004–2005 m. LSDI gautais vidutiniais duomenimis,<br />
træðiant morkas kalcio amonio salietra, prekinis morkø ðakniavaisiø derlius sumaþëjo<br />
3,2 t ha -1 , arba 6,2 proc., o jo iðeiga – 2,2 proc., palyginti su amonio salietra <strong>ir</strong> ceolitu<br />
træðtais ðakniavaisiais, <strong>ir</strong> atitinkamai 4,6 t ha -1 , arba 8,9 proc. <strong>ir</strong> 3,5 proc., palyginti su<br />
azoto tràða su ceolitu træðtais ðakniavaisiais.<br />
Ceolito panaudojimas substrate pailgina substrato naudojimo laikà <strong>ir</strong> uþtikrina<br />
didesná <strong>ir</strong> stabilø biomasës derliø bei maþesná nitratø kieká jame (Geodakian, Erofeeva,<br />
1996). Daugelio tyrëjø duomenimis (ßêîâëåâà, 2004; Ïîñòíèêîâ <strong>ir</strong> kt., 1991a;<br />
Challinor <strong>ir</strong> kt.,1995; Ilsildar, 1999; Li Z. <strong>ir</strong> kt., 2002; Polat <strong>ir</strong> kt., 2004) duomenimis,<br />
ceolito sorbcinës savybës uþtikrina 15–30 proc. ekonomiðkesná azoto naudojimà,<br />
pailgina maisto medþiagø veikimo trukmæ <strong>ir</strong> sumaþina daþno træðimo bûtinumà. JAV<br />
atliktø tyrimø duomenimis, á akrà (0,405 ha) áterpiant 4–8 t ceolito, kvieèiø derlius<br />
padidëjo 14 proc., baklaþanø – 19–55 proc., morkø – 63 proc., obuoliø – 13–38 proc.<br />
(Mumpton, 1999). Sib<strong>ir</strong>o durpiø mokslinio tyrimo instituto tyrimø duomenys rodo,<br />
kad træðiant pakrikai, granulëje esantis ceolitas nedavë papildomo derliaus, o træðiant<br />
lokaliai, derlius padidëjo 9–13 proc., palyginti su derliumi, gautu træðiant vien durpiø<br />
<strong>ir</strong> mineraliniø tràðø granuliuotu miðiniu (Àëåêñååâà <strong>ir</strong> kt., 1999). 1997–1998 m.<br />
Tailande su cukranendrëmis atliktø tyrimø duomenys (Junrungreang <strong>ir</strong> kt., 2002)<br />
parodë, kad ceolitas, mineralinës tràðos kartu su ceolitu <strong>ir</strong> vien tik mineralinës tràðos<br />
turëjo átakos maisto medþiagø kiekio didëjimui d<strong>ir</strong>voþemyje, taèiau derliø didino tik<br />
træðimas mineralinëmis tràðomis bei mineralinëmis tràðomis <strong>ir</strong> ceolitu. Grupë Graikijos<br />
tyrëjø (Samartzidis <strong>ir</strong> kt., 2005) teigia, kad ceolitas neturi teigiamos átakos roþiø<br />
produktyvumui. Mûsø tyrimuose ceolito áterpimas neturëjo esminës átakos, palyginti<br />
su træðimu azoto tràða su ceolitu.<br />
Iðvados. 1. Didþiausias valgomøjø morkø prekinis derlius (56,4 t ha -1 ) gautas<br />
træðiant azoto tràða su ceolitu (N 90<br />
+ N 30<br />
). Prekinio derliaus iðeiga, træðiant minëta<br />
tràða, buvo 72,7 proc. Træðiant ceolitu (<strong>25</strong> t ha -1 ) <strong>ir</strong> amonio salietra (N 90<br />
+ N 30<br />
),<br />
gautas 55,0 t ha -1 prekiniø morkø derlius, jo iðeiga – 71,4 proc. Auginant be azoto<br />
tràðø, gauta 44,9 t ha -1 prekinio derliaus, o jo iðeiga buvo 65,9 proc.<br />
2. Valgomosios morkos ðakniavaisio masë (142,8 g) <strong>ir</strong> ilgis (175,4 mm)<br />
buvo didþiausi, træðiant morkas amonio salietra <strong>ir</strong> ceolitu, o didþiausias skersmuo<br />
(35,2 mm) – azoto tràða su ceolitu.<br />
3. Morkø derliaus didëjimui tiesioginës teigiamos átakos turëjo ðakniavaisio masës<br />
(suminio derliaus r = 0,42, prekinio – r = 0,64) <strong>ir</strong> jo ilgio (atitinkamai r = 0,67 <strong>ir</strong><br />
r = 0,63) didëjimas. Ðakniavaisio skersmuo neturëjo átakos suminio morkø derliaus<br />
didëjimui (r = 0,22), bet vidutiniðkai stipriai veikë prekiná derliø (r = 0,54).<br />
Padëka. Autoriai dëkoja Lietuvos valstybiniam mokslø <strong>ir</strong> studijø fondui <strong>ir</strong> UAB<br />
„Elega“ uþ finansinæ paramà atliekant tyrimus.<br />
Gauta 2006-10-09<br />
Parengta spausdinti 2006-12-11<br />
219
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17. Samartzidis C., Awada T., Maloupa E., Radaglou K. And Constantinidou H.-I.A. Rose<br />
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22. Watanabe Y. Effect of natural zeolite as soil amendment in special reference to<br />
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23. Àëåêñååâà Ò. Ï., Ïåðôèëüåâà Â. Ä., Êðèíèöûí Ã. Ã. Êîìïëåêñíîå îðãàííî-ìèíåðàëüíoe<br />
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Õèìèÿ ðàñòèòåëüíîãî ñûðüÿ. 1999. ¹ 4. Ñ. 53–59.<br />
24. Àóòêî À. À. Â ìèðå îâîùåé. Ìèíñê, 2004. Ñ. 207–231.<br />
<strong>25</strong>. Áîéêî Ã., Âàêóëåíêî Ð. Äîçû è ñïîñîáû âíåñåíèÿ ìèíåðàëüíûõ óäîáðåíèé<br />
íà óðîæàéíîñòü ìîðêîâè // Sodininkystë <strong>ir</strong> darþininkystë. 1999. 18(3). P. 101–106.<br />
26. Ãóìàíþê À. Â., Ãàìàþí È. Ì., Êîðîâàé Â. È, Àíäðèåø À. Í.,<br />
Áîæàêîâñêàÿ Ë. Å. Âëèÿíèå âèäîâ, äîç óäîáðåíèé è ñïîñîáîâ èõ âíåñåíèÿ íà<br />
ïðîäóêòèâíîñòü îâîùíûõ êóëüòóð // Ìàò. êîíô. ïîñâ. 80-ëåòèþ ‚ÐÓÏ Èíñòèòóò<br />
îâîùåâîäñòâà ÍÀÈ Áåëîðóñè‘. Ýôôåêòèâíîå îâîùåâîäñòâî â ñîâðåìåííûõ<br />
óñëîâèÿõ. Ìèíñê, 2005. 2<strong>25</strong>–227.<br />
27. Äåðþãèí È. Ï., Êóëþêèí À. Í. Àãðîõèìè÷åñêèå îñíîâû ñèñòåìû<br />
óäîáðåíèÿ îâîùíûõ è ïëîäîâûõ êóëüòóð. 1988. 269 c.<br />
28. Ïåðåäíåâ Â. Ï. Óäîáðåíèå îâîùíûõ êóëüòóð. Ìèíñê, 1987. C. 144.<br />
29. Ïîñòíèêîâ À. Â., Ðÿáûõ Ð. Ñ., Áàéêîâà Ñ.È. è äð. Îñîáåííîñòè<br />
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Èñïîëüçîâàíèe ïðèðîäíûõ öåîëèòîâ â íàðîäíîì õîçÿéñòâå. ÑÎ ÐÀÍ.<br />
Íîâîñèáèðñê, 1991a. Ñ. 162–168.<br />
30. Ïîñòíèêîâ À. Â., Çåêóíîâ Ô. Â., Åëèñååâà Í. À. Îâîùíûå êóëüòóðû ïðè<br />
âûðàùèâàíèè íà öåîëèòå // Õèìèçàöèÿ ñåëüñêîãî õîçÿéñòâà. 1991b. ¹ 11. Ñ. 22–<strong>25</strong>.<br />
31. ßêîâëåâà Í. Í. Ýôôåêòèâíîñòü ðåñóðñîñáåðåãàþùèõ òåõíîëîãèé<br />
âûðàùèâàíèÿ îâîùíûõ êóëüòóð íà öåîëèòñîäåðæàùèõ òåïëè÷íûõ ñóáñòðàòàõ //<br />
Ãàâðèø, 2004. ¹ 3. Ñ. 6–8.<br />
SODININKYSTË IR DARÞININKYSTË. SCIENTIFIC ARTICLES. 2006. <strong>25</strong>(4).<br />
INFLUENCE EFFICACY OF DIFFERENT NITROGEN<br />
FERTILIZERS AND ZEOLITE ON PRODUCTIVITY AND<br />
MORPHOMETRICS INDICES OF CARROT<br />
O. Bundiniene, C. Bobinas, P. Duchovskis<br />
Summary<br />
The possibilities of different nitrogen fertilizers have been investigated at the<br />
Lithuanian Institute of Horticulture in 2004–2005. The experiments were carried out<br />
on the sandy or sandy-loam Calc(ar)i – Epihypogleyc Luvisols (LVg-p-w-cc). The<br />
aims of investigation were to assess the efficacy influence of calcium ammonium<br />
nitre (CAN 27), nitrogen fertilizer with zeolite (CAN 27 with zeolite) and zeolite<br />
(commercial sign ZeoVit EcoAgro) and ammonium nitre (AN) on productivity and<br />
morphometrical indices (weight of root-crop, diameter of root-crop and length of<br />
root-crop) of edible carrot. The highest marketable yield (56.4 t ha -1 ) and output of<br />
marketable yield (72.7%) were obtained, when nitrogen fertilizer with zeolite (CAN<br />
27 with zeolite, N 90<br />
+ N 30<br />
) were used. Using ceolite (<strong>25</strong> t ha -1 ) and ammonium nitre<br />
(N 90<br />
+ N 30<br />
) there was obtained 55.0 t ha -1 of marketable yield, respectively, and<br />
output of marketable yield made 71.4% of total yield. The highest weight of carrot<br />
221
oot-crop (142.8 g) and its length (175.4 mm) were obtained, when zeolite and<br />
ammonium nitre were used. The biggest diameter of root-crop (35.2 mm) was obtained,<br />
when nitrogen fertilizer with zeolite was used. The increase of weight and<br />
length of carrot root-crop d<strong>ir</strong>ectly and positively influenced the increase of the total<br />
(r = 0.42, weak and 0.67, averagely strong, respectively) and marketable (r = 0.64<br />
and 0.63, both averagely strong) yield. The diameter of carrot root-crop did not<br />
impact (r = 0.22) the increase of total, but averagely strongly influenced the increase<br />
of marketable yield (r = 0.54). The increase of root-crop weight increased the<br />
length (r = 0.63) and diameter (r = 0.81) of carrot.<br />
Key words: calcium ammonium nitre, diameter of root-crop, length of rootcrop,<br />
marketable yield, nitrogen fertilizer with zeolite, zeolite, weight of root-crop,<br />
carrot.<br />
222
LIETUVOS SODININKYSTËS IR DARÞININKYSTËS INSTITUTO IR<br />
LIETUVOS ÞEMËS ÛKIO UNIVERSITETO MOKSLO DARBAI.<br />
SODININKYSTË IR DARÞININKYSTË. 2006. <strong>25</strong>(4).<br />
UV-B SPINDULIUOTËS POVEIKIS MORKØ<br />
BIOMETRINIAMS RODIKLIAMS<br />
Sandra SAKALAUSKIENË, Auðra BRAZAITYTË,<br />
Jurga SAKALAUSKAITË, Jûratë Bronë ÐIKÐNIANIENË,<br />
Giedrë SAMUOLIENË, Pavelas DUCHOVSKIS<br />
Lietuvos sodininkystës <strong>ir</strong> darþininkystës institutas, LT-54333 Babtai, Kauno r.<br />
El. paðtas S.Sakalauskiene@lsdi.lt<br />
2005 metais Lietuvos sodininkystës <strong>ir</strong> darþininkystës institute fitotrono komplekse<br />
buvo atlikti tyrimai siekiant nustatyti UV-B spinduliuotës poveiká morkø biometriniams<br />
rodikliams. Po sudygimo praëjus trims savaitëms, morkos septynias dienas<br />
buvo ðvitinamos atitinkama UV-B spinduliuotës doze. T<strong>ir</strong>tas tokiø UV-B spinduliuotës<br />
doziø poveikis morkø biometriniams rodikliams: 0 (kontrolë), 1, 3, 5, 7 <strong>ir</strong> 9 kJ<br />
m -2 d -1 . Bandymo metu buvo 16 val. fotoperiodas, temperatûra dienà +21°C, naktá –<br />
+17°C. Pasibaigus UV-B poveikiui, kas dvi savaites buvo atliekami augalø biometriniai<br />
matavimai. 1 kJ m 2 d -1 UV-B spinduliuotës dozë stimuliavo morkø fiziologinius<br />
procesus. Ðia doze paveiktø morkø ðakniavaisiuose buvo sukaupta daugiausiai sausøjø<br />
medþiagø. Morkose, paveiktose 5 <strong>ir</strong> 7 kJ m -2 d -1 UV-B spinduliuotës dozëmis,<br />
pas<strong>ir</strong>eiðkë kompensaciniai reiðkiniai, suaktyvëjo adaptaciniai procesai.<br />
Reikðminiai þodþiai: biometriniai rodikliai, Daucus sativus Röhl., UV-B spinduliuotë.<br />
Ávadas. Pastaraisiais deðimtmeèiais vis aktualesnës tampa aplinkos problemos,<br />
susijusios su ozono kiekio pokyèiais stratosferoje <strong>ir</strong> troposferoje. Stratosferos ozono<br />
sluoksnio plonëjimas turi átakos ultravioletinës spinduliuotës srauto, pasiekianèio þemës<br />
pav<strong>ir</strong>ðiø <strong>ir</strong> daranèio daug reikðmingø fotobiologiniø efektø augalams, didëjimui<br />
(Carletti <strong>ir</strong> kt., 2003; Wei <strong>ir</strong> kt., 2003; Yang <strong>ir</strong> kt., 2004).<br />
Ultravioletinë spinduliuotë pagal bangø ilgá sk<strong>ir</strong>stoma á: UV-A (315–400 nm),<br />
UV-B (280–315 nm) <strong>ir</strong> UV-C (100–280 nm) spektro ruoþus. Kuo trumpesnës ðiø<br />
spinduliø bangos, tuo stipresnis poveikis gyviems organizmams. Pavojingiausius UV-C<br />
spindulius stratosferos ozono sluoksnis sugeria beveik visus, o UV-A spinduliø beveik<br />
nesulaiko. Kai kuriø mokslininkø tyrimai parodë, kad pastarieji taip pat daro<br />
neigiamà poveiká augalø fiziologiniams procesams (Helsper <strong>ir</strong> kt., 2003; Krizek, 2004;<br />
Ranèelienë <strong>ir</strong> kt., 2005). UV-B spinduliuotës poveikis augalams yra gan áva<strong>ir</strong>iapusiðkas.<br />
Didesnë negu áprasta spinduliuotë sukelia sk<strong>ir</strong>tingus augalo làsteliø paþeidimus<br />
(Rozema <strong>ir</strong> kt., 1997; Jansen <strong>ir</strong> kt., 1998; Hollosy, 2002). Pakitimai <strong>ir</strong> paþeidimai<br />
223
molekuliniame lygmenyje neabejotinai keièia augimo <strong>ir</strong> vystimosi procesus. (Wei <strong>ir</strong><br />
kt., 2003; Julkunen-Tiitto <strong>ir</strong> kt., 2005). Dël UV-B spinduliuotës poveikio sumaþëja<br />
daugelio augalø rûðiø augimas <strong>ir</strong> biomasë (Correia <strong>ir</strong> kt., 1999; Mazza <strong>ir</strong> kt., 1999).<br />
Taèiau daugelis tyrëjø (Liu <strong>ir</strong> kt., 1995; Stephen <strong>ir</strong> kt., 1999; Schmitz-Hoerner, 2003;<br />
Valkama <strong>ir</strong> kt., 2003) teigia, kad UV-B spinduliuotë nesumaþina biomasës, fotosintetiniø<br />
pigmentø kiekio arba ðis sumaþëjimas yra nedidelis. Tai galima paaiðkinti tuo,<br />
kad sk<strong>ir</strong>tingø genotipø augalai per evoliucijà suformavo sk<strong>ir</strong>tingas morfologines, fiziologines<br />
<strong>ir</strong> biochemines saugos sistemas (Hollosy, 2002), todël nevienodai toleruoja<br />
UV-B spinduliø poveiká.<br />
Augalø atsparumo UV-B spinduliuotei, kaip prisitaikymo prie besikeièianèiø klimato<br />
<strong>ir</strong> kitø aplinkos sàlygø, tyrimai tampa aktualiu moksliniu uþdaviniu <strong>ir</strong> turi neabejotinà<br />
praktinæ reikðmæ. Literatûroje nurodoma sk<strong>ir</strong>tinga áva<strong>ir</strong>iø augalø reakcija á didëjanèià<br />
UV-B spinduliuotæ (Mazza <strong>ir</strong> kt., 1999, Valkama <strong>ir</strong> kt., 2003), todël bûtinas<br />
atsk<strong>ir</strong>ø augalø rûðiø atsparumo tyrimas.<br />
Tyrimo tikslas – kontroliuojamomis sàlygomis ávertinti sk<strong>ir</strong>tingø UV-B doziø<br />
poveiká valgomosios morkos biometriniø rodikliø kitimui.<br />
Tyrimo objektas <strong>ir</strong> metodai. UV-B spinduliuotës poveikio valgomosioms morkoms<br />
(Daucus sativus Röhl.) ‘Garduolës 2’ bandymai buvo daromi Lietuvos sodininkystës<br />
<strong>ir</strong> darþininkystës instituto fitokamerose.<br />
Morkos augintos artimo neutraliam rûgðtumo (6,0–6,<strong>25</strong> pH) durpiø substrate, 5<br />
litrø vegetaciniuose induose, trimis pakartojimais, ðeðiais variantais. Iki sudygimo <strong>ir</strong><br />
tris savaites po sudygimo jos augintos ðiltnamyje, po to perneðtos dviem dienoms á<br />
fitokameras, kad prisitaikytø prie pasikeitusiø sàlygø, <strong>ir</strong> tada 7 dienas buvo ðvitinamos<br />
atitinkama UV-B spinduliuotës doze. T<strong>ir</strong>tos tokios UV-B spinduliuotës dozës: 0<br />
(kontrolë), 1, 3, 5, 7 <strong>ir</strong> 9 kJ m -2 d -1 .<br />
Bandymo metu buvo palaikomas 16 val. fotoperiodas, temperatûra dienà +21°C,<br />
o naktá +17°C. Kamerose buvo árengtos UV-B lempos (Philips TL 40W/12 RS UV-B<br />
Medical). Augalai kasdien tam tikrà laikà buvo veikiami UV-B spinduliuote, kad gautø<br />
atitinkamà p<strong>ir</strong>miau nurodytà UV-B spinduliuotës paros dozæ. Po ðio poveikio augalai<br />
dar 4 savaites auginti fitotrono kamerose.<br />
Ið karto, pasibaigus UV-B poveikiui, atlikti augalø biometriniai matavimai, kurie<br />
kartoti kas dvi savaites. Atliekant biometrinæ analizæ, iðmatuotas kiekvieno varianto<br />
atsitiktinai pas<strong>ir</strong>inktø penkiø augalø antþeminës dalies aukðtis <strong>ir</strong> lapø skaièius. Po to<br />
lapø ploto matuokliu CI-202, CID iðmatuotas tø paèiø augalø asimiliacinis plotas.<br />
Sausøjø medþiagø kiekis lapuose <strong>ir</strong> ðakniavaisiuose nustatytas gravimetriðkai, iðdþiovinus<br />
105°C temperatûroje iki nekintamos masës.<br />
Atliekant statistinæ analizæ, vidurkiai <strong>ir</strong> standartiniai nuokrypiai apskaièiuoti naudojant<br />
MS EXCEL statistinæ programà. Duomenø patikimumas ávertintas statistine<br />
programa ANOVA (ANOVA for Excel v 3.43), UV-B spinduliuotës poveikio morkø<br />
biometriniams rodikliams sk<strong>ir</strong>tumø nuo kontrolës reikðmingumas nustatytas Fisher‘s<br />
LSD testu (p ≤ 0,05).<br />
Rezultatai. Sk<strong>ir</strong>tinga UV-B spinduliuotës dozë lapø skaièiui esminës átakos neturëjo.<br />
Po 7 dienø poveikio UV-B spinduliuote daugiausia lapø iðaugino 1 m -2 d -1 kJ<br />
doze ðvitintos morkos. Praëjus dviem savaitëms po poveikio, daugiausia lapø turëjo<br />
kontroliniai augalai. Po keturiø savaièiø 0 (kontrolë), 1 <strong>ir</strong> 3 kJ m -2 d -1 spinduliuotës<br />
224
dozëmis ðvitintø morkø lapø skaièius sumaþëjo, o 5 <strong>ir</strong> 7 kJ m -2 d -1 dozëmis paveiktø<br />
augalø lapø skaièius turëjo tendencijà didëti (1 pav.).<br />
Didþiausià lapø plotà formavo 1 kJ m -2 d -1 UV-B spinduliuotës doze paveikti<br />
augalai. Po poveikio praëjus dviem savaitëms, 1 <strong>ir</strong> 3 kJ m -2 d -1 spinduliuotëmis paveiktø<br />
augalø lapø plotas pradëjo maþëti, o paveiktø 7 <strong>ir</strong> 9 kJ m -2 d -1 – didëjo (2 pav.).<br />
1 pav. Morkø ‘Garduolës 2’ lapø skaièiaus kitimo priklausomumas<br />
nuo sk<strong>ir</strong>tingos UV-B dozës<br />
Fig. 1. The number of carrot ‘Garduolës 2’ leaves at different UV-B dozes<br />
2 pav. Sk<strong>ir</strong>tingos UV–B spinduliuotës poveikis morkø ‘Garduolës 2’ lapø plotui<br />
Fig. 2. The area of carrot ‘Garduolës 2’ leaves at different UV-B doses<br />
UV-B spinduliuotës dozës nuo 1 iki 9 kJ m -2 d -1 morkø antþeminës dalies aukðèiui<br />
esminës átakos neturëjo, taèiau buvo matomos tam tikros didëjimo <strong>ir</strong> maþëjimo tendencijos.<br />
Praëjus dviem savaitëms po poveikio, 7 kJ m -2 d -1 doze veiktø augalø aukðtis,<br />
palyginti su kontrole, padidëjo 3 proc., o po keturiø savaièiø – 10,2 proc. (3 pav.).<br />
Morkos, paveiktos 1 kJ m -2 d -1 doze, sukaupë daugiausia sausøjø medþiagø<br />
antþeminëje dalyje (4 pav.), taèiau esminiø sk<strong>ir</strong>tumø nuo kontroliniø augalø nebuvo.<br />
Sk<strong>ir</strong>tingos UV-B spinduliuotës dozës turëjo átakos sausøjø medþiagø kaupimuisi ðakniavaisiuose.<br />
Daugiausia sausøjø medþiagø ðakniavaisiuose buvo po poveikio praëjus<br />
keturioms savaitëms. Augalai, paveikti 1 kJ m -2 d -1 doze, sausøjø medþiagø ðaknia-<br />
2<strong>25</strong>
vaisiuose sukaupë daugiausia <strong>ir</strong> ið esmës (p < 0,05) skyrësi nuo kontroliniø augalø<br />
(5 pav.).<br />
3 pav. Sk<strong>ir</strong>tingos UV-B spinduliuotës poveikis morkø ‘Garduolës 2’<br />
antþeminës dalies aukðèiui<br />
Fig. 3. The overground height of carrot ‘Garduolës 2’ at different UV-B doses<br />
4 pav. Sausøjø medþiagø kaupimosi morkø ‘Garduolës 2’ antþeminëje dalyje<br />
priklausomumas nuo UV-B dozës<br />
Fig. 4. The accumulation of dry matter in the overground part of carrot ‘Garduolës 2’<br />
at different UV-B doses<br />
5 pav. Sausøjø medþiagø kaupimosi morkø ‘Garduolës 2’ ðakniavaisyje<br />
priklausomumas nuo UV-B dozës<br />
Fig. 5. The accumulation of dry matter in the carrot ‘Garduolës 2’ rhizocarp at different<br />
UV-B doses<br />
226
Aptarimas. Ultravioletinës spinduliuotës poveikis augalams yra áva<strong>ir</strong>iapusis: nedidelës<br />
dozës skatina fiziologinius procesus, taèiau didesnës jos dozës silpnina gyvø<br />
organizmø savisaugos galimybes (Janavièienë, 2005). Sk<strong>ir</strong>tingø genotipø augalai per<br />
evoliucijà suformavo sk<strong>ir</strong>tingas morfologines, fiziologines <strong>ir</strong> biochemines saugos sistemas,<br />
todël nevienodai toleruoja UV-B spinduliuotæ (Hollosy, 2002).<br />
T<strong>ir</strong>tiems morkø biometriniams rodikliams sk<strong>ir</strong>tingos UV-B dozës didelës átakos<br />
neturëjo, taèiau buvo matomos ðiø rodikliø didëjimo <strong>ir</strong> maþëjimo tendencijos.<br />
1 kJ m -2 d -1 UV-B spinduliuotës dozë turëjo stimuliuojantá poveiká lapø skaièiui, lapø<br />
plotui, antþeminës dalies aukðèiui bei sausosioms medþiagoms lapuose <strong>ir</strong> ðakniavaisiuose.<br />
Ir tai natûralu, nes vidutinë paros dozë saulëtomis vasaros dienomis siekia<br />
2,1 kJ m -2 d -1 (Jonavièienë, 2005). Mûsø tyrimø duomenimis, UV-B spinduliuotës<br />
3 kJ m -2 d -1 dozë ðiek tiek prislopino fiziologinius procesus, o 5 <strong>ir</strong> 7 kJ m -2 d -1 dozës<br />
ðiek tiek suaktyvino ðiuos procesus. Manoma, kad taip yra dël to, jog didesnë nei<br />
3 kJ m -2 d -1 dozë stipriau suþadino morkø adaptacinius mechanizmus. Augalai yra<br />
iðvystæ unikalias reagavimo á nuolat kintanèias aplinkos sàlygas sistemas: jauèia supanèià<br />
aplinkà <strong>ir</strong> pritaiko savo fiziologinius bei metabolitinius procesus homeostazei<br />
palaikyti. Veikiant didelëmis UV-B dozëmis, sutrikdþius fermentø veiklà, pas<strong>ir</strong>eiðkia<br />
fotosintezës inhibicija. Visgi kiekvienos rûðies ðie procesai yra specifiniai <strong>ir</strong> augalai<br />
gali aklimatizuotis, indukuodami UV-B absorbuojanèiø flavonoidø biosintezæ <strong>ir</strong> taip<br />
apsaugoti savo fotosintezës sistemà (Allen <strong>ir</strong> kt., 1998).<br />
Iðvados. 1. 1 kJ m 2 d -1 UV-B spinduliuotës dozë stimuliavo morkø fiziologinius<br />
procesus. Ðia doze paveiktø morkø ðakniavaisiuose buvo sukaupta daugiausia sausøjø<br />
medþiagø.<br />
2. Morkose, paveiktose 5 <strong>ir</strong> 7 kJ m -2 d -1 UV-B spinduliuotës dozëmis, pas<strong>ir</strong>eiðkë<br />
kompensaciniai reiðkiniai, suaktyvëjo adaptaciniai procesai.<br />
Padëka. Autoriai dëkingi VMSF uþ finansinæ paramà.<br />
Gauta 2006-11-09<br />
Parengta spausdinti 2006-12-11<br />
Literatûra<br />
1. Allen D. J., Nogues S., Baker N. R. Ozone depletion and increased UV-B radiation:<br />
is there a real threat to photosynthesis // Journal of Experimental Botany. 1998. Vol. 49.<br />
P. 1775–1788.<br />
2. Carletti P., Masi A., Wonish A., Grill D., Tausz M., Ferretti M. Changes in antioxidant<br />
and pigment pool dimensions in UV-B <strong>ir</strong>radiated maize seedlings // Env<strong>ir</strong>onmental<br />
and Experimental Botany. 2003. Vol. 50. P. 149–157.<br />
3. Correia C. M., Torres-Pere<strong>ir</strong>a M. S., Torres-Pere<strong>ir</strong>a J. M. G. Growth, photosynthesis<br />
and UV-B absorbing compounds of Portuguese Barbela wheat exposed to ultraviolet-B<br />
radiation // Env<strong>ir</strong>onmental Pollution. 1999. Vol.104. P. 383–388.<br />
4. Helsper J. P. F.G., Ric de Vos C. H., Mass F. M., Jonker H. H., van der Broeck H. C.,<br />
Jordi W., Pot C. S., Keizer L. C. P., Schapendonk A. H. C. M. Response of selected antioxidants<br />
and pigments in tissues of Rosa hybrida and Fuchsia hybrida to supplemental UV-A<br />
exposure // Physiologia Plantarum. 2003. Vol. 117. P. 171–178.<br />
5. Hollosy F. Effects of ultraviolet radiation on plant cell // Micron. 2002. 33.<br />
P. 179–197.<br />
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6. Yang H., Zhao Z., Qiang W., An L., Xu S., Wang X. Effects of enhanced UV-B<br />
radiation on the hormonal content of vegetative and reproductive tissues of two tomato<br />
cultivars and the<strong>ir</strong> relationships with reproductive characteristics // Plant Growth Regulation.<br />
2004. Vol. 42. P. <strong>25</strong>1–<strong>25</strong>8.<br />
7. Jansen M. A. K., Gaba V., Grreeberg B.M. Higher plants and UV-B radiation:<br />
balancing damage, repa<strong>ir</strong> and acclimation // Trends in plant science. 1998. Vol. 3.<br />
P. 131–135.<br />
8. Julkunen-Tiitto R., Haggman H., Aphalo P. J., Lavola A., Tegelberg R., Veteli T.<br />
Growth and defense in deciduous tress and shrubs under UV-B // Env<strong>ir</strong>onmental Pollution.<br />
2005. Vol. 137. P. 404–414.<br />
9. Jonavièienë R. Ultravioletinës Saulës spinduliuotës matavimai Lietuvos hidrometeorologijos<br />
tarnyboje // Meteorologija <strong>ir</strong> hidrologija Lietuvoje: raida <strong>ir</strong> perspektyvos //<br />
Respublikinë mokslinë konferencija. 2005 03 23. P. 48–49.<br />
10. Krizek T. D. Influence of PAR and UV-A in determining plant sensitivity and<br />
photomorphogenic responses to UV-B radiation // Photochemistry and Photobiology.<br />
2004. Vol. 79. P. 307–315.<br />
11. Liu L., Gitz D. C., McClure J. W. Effects of UV-B on flavonoids, ferulic acid,<br />
growth and photosynthesis in barely primary leaves // Physologia Plantarum. 1995.<br />
Vol. 93. P. 7<strong>25</strong>–733.<br />
12. Mazza C. A., Battista D., Zima A. M., Szwarcberg-Bracchitta M., Giordano C. V.,<br />
Acevedo A., Scopel A. L., Scopel A. L., Ballare C. L. The effects of solar ultraviolet-B<br />
radiation on the growth and yield of barley are accompanied by increased DNA damage<br />
and antioxidant responses // Plant, Cell and Env<strong>ir</strong>onment. 1999. Vol. 22. P. 61–70.<br />
13. Ranèelienë V., Vyðniauskienë R., Janèys Z., Ðlekytë K. Action of UV-B on Crepis<br />
capillaries (L.) Wallr. Plants in controlled env<strong>ir</strong>onmental conditions // Biologija. 2005. Nr. 3.<br />
P. 74–80.<br />
14. Rozema J., Jos van de Staaij, Bjorn L. O., Caldwell M. UV-B as an env<strong>ir</strong>onmental<br />
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15. Schmitz-Hoerner R., Weissenbock G. Contribution of phenolic compounds to the<br />
UV-B screening capacity of developing barley primary leaves in relation to DNA damage<br />
and repa<strong>ir</strong> under elevated UV-B levels // Phytochemistry. 2003. Vol. 64. P. 243–<strong>25</strong>5.<br />
16. Stephen J., Woodfin R., Corlett J. E., Paul N. D., Jones H. G. Response of barley<br />
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1999. Vol. 132. P. <strong>25</strong>3–261.<br />
17. Valkama E., Kivimaenpaa M., Hartikainen H., Wulff A. The combined effects of<br />
enhanced UV-B radiation and selenium on growth, chlorophyll fluorescence and ultrastructure<br />
in strawberry (Fragaria X ananassa) and barley (Hordeum vulgare) treated in the<br />
field // Agricultural and Forest Meteorology. 2003. Vol. 120. P. 267–278.<br />
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<strong>ir</strong>radiance on cotton growth, development, yield, and qualities under field conditions //<br />
Agricultural and Forest Meteorology. 2003. Vol. 120. P. 241–248.<br />
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SODININKYSTË IR DARÞININKYSTË. SCIENTIFIC ARTICLES. 2006. <strong>25</strong>(4).<br />
BIOMETRIC INDEXES OF CARROT IN RESPONSE<br />
TO DIFFERENT UV-B RADIATION<br />
S. Sakalauskienë, A. Brazaitytë, J. Sakalauskaitë, J. B. Ðikðnianienë,<br />
G. Samuolienë, P. Duchovskis<br />
Summary<br />
Vegetative experiments were carried out in Laboratory of Plant Physiology at<br />
the Lithuanian Institute of Horticulture under phytotron conditions in 2005. The aim<br />
of the study was to establish the impact of different UV-B doses on biometric indexes<br />
of carrots. Plants were treated with different UV-B doses: 0 (reference), 1, 3, 5,<br />
7 <strong>ir</strong> 9 kJ m -2 d -1 . A photoperiod of 16 h was used and a<strong>ir</strong> temperature of 21/17°C<br />
(day/night) was maintained throughout the experiment. Biometric measurements of<br />
plants and photosynthesis productivity were determined at the end of treatment, two<br />
weeks and four weeks after the treatment. The UV-B dose of 1kJ m 2 d -1 stimulated the<br />
physiological processes in the plants. The greatest content of dry weight in carrots<br />
rhizocarp was accumulated applying this dose. The UV-B doses of 5and 7 kJ m -2 d -1<br />
induced the adaptive mechanisms in carrots.<br />
Key words: biometry, Daucus sativus Röhl., UV-B radiation.<br />
229
LIETUVOS SODININKYSTËS IR DARÞININKYSTËS INSTITUTO IR<br />
LIETUVOS ÞEMËS ÛKIO UNIVERSITETO MOKSLO DARBAI.<br />
SODININKYSTË IR DARÞININKYSTË. 2006. <strong>25</strong>(4).<br />
POMIDORØ (LYCOPERSICON ESCULENTUM MILL.)<br />
VIRUSØ DIAGNOSTIKA ELEKTRONOMIKROSKOPINIU<br />
IR MOLEKULINIU METODAIS<br />
Irena ZITIKAITË 1 , Elena SURVILIENË 2 Gerda BÛTAITË1<br />
,<br />
1<br />
Botanikos institutas, Þaliøjø Eþerø g. 49, LT-08406, Vilnius.<br />
El. paðtas izitika@botanika.lt; gerda_butaite@yahoo.com<br />
2<br />
Lietuvos sodininkystës <strong>ir</strong> darþininkystës institutas, LT-54333, Babtai, Kauno r.<br />
El. paðtas e.surviliene@lsdi.lt<br />
Straipsnyje pateikiami pomidorus (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) paþeidþianèiø<br />
kai kuriø v<strong>ir</strong>usiniø ligø sukëlëjø diagnostikos perðvieèiamosios elektroninës mikroskopijos<br />
<strong>ir</strong> molekulinës biologijos metodais tyrimø rezultatai. V<strong>ir</strong>usø paþeistø pomidorø<br />
ëminiai buvo renkami privaèiuose darþuose <strong>ir</strong> ûkiuose, bandymø laukuose, botanikos<br />
sodø darþoviø kolekcijose áva<strong>ir</strong>iose Lietuvos vietovëse. V<strong>ir</strong>usiniai paþeidimai<br />
pas<strong>ir</strong>eiðkë pomidorø augimo sutrikimu: buvo sutrumpëjæ tarpubambliai, iðryðkëjusios<br />
lapø gyslos, lapai <strong>ir</strong> vaisiai chlorotiðki, margi, deformuoti, jø pav<strong>ir</strong>ðiuje buvo þiediðkø<br />
dëmiø. Siekiant tiksliai nustatyti patogenà, v<strong>ir</strong>usø paþeistø pomidorø mëginiai buvo<br />
atrinkti preliminariai nustaèius v<strong>ir</strong>usus tradiciniais metodais. Atlikus pomidorø lapø<br />
ar vaisiø nevalytø ekstraktø elektronomikroskopinius tyrimus, nustatyta v<strong>ir</strong>ionø morfologija<br />
(izometrinës dalelës). Ið v<strong>ir</strong>usais uþsikrëtusiø augalø audiniø buvo ekstrahuota<br />
<strong>ir</strong> iðvalyta ribonukleininë rûgðtis (RNR). Pagal tiksliai þinomas v<strong>ir</strong>uso baltymo geno<br />
sekas buvo parinktos konkreèiam v<strong>ir</strong>usui specifinës oligonukleotidø (pradmenø) poros.<br />
Su polimerazës grandininës reakcijos (PGR) technika pagal gautø kopijinës dezoks<strong>ir</strong>ibonukleininës<br />
rûgðties (cDNR) amplifikacijos produktø dydþius <strong>ir</strong> lokalizacijos vietà<br />
elektroforezës 5% poliakrilamidiniame gelyje t<strong>ir</strong>tø pomidorø mëginiuose buvo patv<strong>ir</strong>tinti<br />
v<strong>ir</strong>usø identifikavimo rezultatai, gauti t<strong>ir</strong>iant v<strong>ir</strong>usø biologines <strong>ir</strong> morfologines<br />
savybes. Mûsø t<strong>ir</strong>tø pomidorø mëginiuose buvo identifikuoti agurkø mozaikos (Cucumber<br />
mosaic cucumov<strong>ir</strong>us, CMV), pomidorø þiediðkosios dëmëtligës (Tomato ringspot<br />
nepov<strong>ir</strong>us, ToRSV) <strong>ir</strong> vaistuèio mozaikos (Arabis mosaic nepov<strong>ir</strong>us, ArMV) v<strong>ir</strong>usai.<br />
Pastarieji du v<strong>ir</strong>usai yra áraðyti á kenksmingø organizmø sàraðà.<br />
Reikðminiai þodþiai: diagnostika, EM, pomidorai, RT-PGR, v<strong>ir</strong>usai.<br />
Ávadas. Pomidoruose (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) parazituoja apie dvi deðimtys<br />
v<strong>ir</strong>usø, sukelianèiø didelius produktyvumo bei derliaus nuostolius <strong>ir</strong> susilpninanèiø<br />
atsparumà kitiems patogenams (grybams, bakterijoms), netinkamai agrotechnikai<br />
<strong>ir</strong> nepalankiems aplinkos veiksniams. Be to, pomidorai yra <strong>ir</strong> daugelio v<strong>ir</strong>usø<br />
230
alternatyvûs augalai ðeimininkai (Brunt <strong>ir</strong> kt., 1996; Edwardson, Chistie, 1997; Ðutic<br />
<strong>ir</strong> kt., 1999). Plaèiai paplitæ pomidoruose yra ðie v<strong>ir</strong>usai: pomidorø mozaikos (Tomato<br />
mosaic tobamov<strong>ir</strong>us), tabako mozaikos (Tobacco mosaic tobamov<strong>ir</strong>us), agurkø mozaikos<br />
(Cucumber mosaic cucumov<strong>ir</strong>us), bulviø X (Potato X potexv<strong>ir</strong>us) <strong>ir</strong> bulviø Y<br />
(Potato Y potyv<strong>ir</strong>us), o pietinëse Europos <strong>ir</strong> Amerikos ðalyse – pomidorø dëmëtojo<br />
vytulio (Tomato spotted wilt tospov<strong>ir</strong>us), pomidorø geltonø lapø garbanës (Tomato<br />
yellow leaf curl begomov<strong>ir</strong>us) <strong>ir</strong> pepino mozaikos (Pepino mosaic potexv<strong>ir</strong>us) v<strong>ir</strong>usai<br />
(Ðutic <strong>ir</strong> kt., 1999). Ypaè neigiamai pomidorø derliø veikia labai juose daþnos<br />
v<strong>ir</strong>usø kompleksinës infekcijos. Pagal pastebëtus pomidorø v<strong>ir</strong>usinës kilmës paþeidimus<br />
tiksliai nusakyti v<strong>ir</strong>uso rûðá yra sunku, nes simptomø iðraiðka gali bûti labai áva<strong>ir</strong>i.<br />
Áva<strong>ir</strong>ûs v<strong>ir</strong>usai tuose paèiuose augaluose gali sukelti vienodus simptomus. Tas pats<br />
v<strong>ir</strong>usas áva<strong>ir</strong>iø veisliø pomidoruose sk<strong>ir</strong>tingu nuo uþsikrëtimo pradþios metu gali pas<strong>ir</strong>eikðti<br />
sk<strong>ir</strong>tingais poþymiais. Gali klaidinti <strong>ir</strong> v<strong>ir</strong>usø miðinys. Todël sukëlëjams tiksliai<br />
identifikuoti naudotini tikslûs <strong>ir</strong> jautrûs metodai.<br />
P<strong>ir</strong>minë pomidoruose aptiktø kai kuriø v<strong>ir</strong>usø identifikacija atlikta mechaniðkai<br />
inokuliuojant augalus – indikatorius infekuotø pomidorø ekstraktais. Uþsikrëtusiø augalø<br />
spektras <strong>ir</strong> iðryðkëjæ simptomai juose leido preliminariai identifikuoti pomidorus<br />
paþeidusius v<strong>ir</strong>usus (Zitikaitë, 1999). Minëtas metodas yra labai imlus laiko <strong>ir</strong> darbo<br />
sànaudoms <strong>ir</strong> nelabai tikslus. Norint greièiau <strong>ir</strong> tiksliau nustatyti pomidorø v<strong>ir</strong>usiniø<br />
ligø sukëlëjus, yra atliekami v<strong>ir</strong>ionø morfologijos tyrimai perðvieèiamuoju elektroniniu<br />
mikroskopu <strong>ir</strong> v<strong>ir</strong>uso RNR fragmentø padauginimai atv<strong>ir</strong>kðtinës transkripcijospolimerazës<br />
grandininëse reakcijose, kombinuojant specifiniø oligonukleotidø poras,<br />
termostabilià DNR polimerazæ, taikant fragmentø denatûravimo, transkripcijos <strong>ir</strong> DNR<br />
sintezës besikartojanèius ciklus aukðtoje temperatûroje (Saiki <strong>ir</strong> kt., 1988).<br />
Darbo tikslas – patikimai identifikuoti pomidoruose aptiktus <strong>ir</strong> klasikiniais metodais<br />
preliminariai ávardytus kai kuriuos v<strong>ir</strong>usus, esant maþam jø titrui ar kompleksinei<br />
v<strong>ir</strong>usinei infekcijai, naudojant tikslius <strong>ir</strong> jautrius elektroninës mikroskopijos (EM)<br />
<strong>ir</strong> molekuliná polimerazës grandininës reakcijos (PGR) metodus.<br />
Tyrimo objektas <strong>ir</strong> metodai. V<strong>ir</strong>usiniø ligø paþeisti pomidorø ëminiai laboratoriniams<br />
tyrimams buvo surinkti privaèiuose darþuose <strong>ir</strong> ûkiuose, bandymø laukuose,<br />
botanikos sodø darþoviø kolekcijose áva<strong>ir</strong>iose Lietuvos vietovëse. Tyrimai buvo atliekami<br />
Fitov<strong>ir</strong>usø laboratorijoje <strong>ir</strong> jai priklausanèiame ðiltnamyje.<br />
Siekiant preliminariai nustatyti sukëlëjø gentá, iðlaikyti <strong>ir</strong> padauginti v<strong>ir</strong>usà, infekcijos<br />
buvo perneðtos á atitinkamus diagnostiniø augalø rinkinius mechaninës inokuliacijos<br />
bûdu.<br />
Kad bûtø nustatyta v<strong>ir</strong>usiniø ligø sukëlëjø daleliø morfologija (v<strong>ir</strong>ionø forma <strong>ir</strong><br />
dydis), t<strong>ir</strong>iant natûraliai infekuotø pomidorø ar d<strong>ir</strong>btinai v<strong>ir</strong>usais uþkrëstø diagnostiniø<br />
augalø lapø ar vaisiø nevalytus ekstraktus, naudotas perðvieèiamasis elektroninis<br />
mikroskopas (EM) JEOL JEM-100S. Instrumentinis didinimas – <strong>25</strong> 000 x (Dijkstra,<br />
de Jager, 1998). Preparatai EM buvo ruoðiami ant specialiø 2–3 mm skersmens tinkleliø,<br />
padengtø koloidine plëvele, kuri tv<strong>ir</strong>tinama anglimi. T<strong>ir</strong>iamoji medþiaga buvo<br />
ruoðiama ágramzdinimo bûdu <strong>ir</strong> kontrastuojama 2% uranilo acetato vandens t<strong>ir</strong>palu.<br />
Kad bûtø nustatyta molekulinë v<strong>ir</strong>uso rûðis, su PGR technika ið infekuotø pomidorø<br />
mëginiø buvo ekstrahuota <strong>ir</strong> iðvalyta ribonukleininë rûgðtis (RNR). Ið infekuotø<br />
pomidorø audiniø ji buvo iðsk<strong>ir</strong>iama pagal Y. Zhango <strong>ir</strong> kitø (Zhang <strong>ir</strong> kt., 1998)<br />
231
metodikà su neþymiomis modifikacijomis <strong>ir</strong> rinkinio “Quick Prep total RNA extraction<br />
kit for the d<strong>ir</strong>ect isolation of total RNA from most eukaryotic tissues or cells“<br />
(Amersham Pharmacia Biotechsciences, UK) instrukcijà bei rekomendacijas. Uþðaldyta<br />
-20°C temperatûroje v<strong>ir</strong>usu uþsikrëtusi augalinë medþiaga (apie <strong>25</strong> mg/g) uþpilama<br />
skystu azotu <strong>ir</strong> homogenizuojama steriliame grûstuvëlyje. Dalis medþiagos atðaldytu<br />
ðpateliu perkeliama á Ependorf mëgintuvëlius. Augalinë medþiaga uþpilama<br />
1 x STE (0,1 M NaCl, 0,05 M TRIS, 0,001 M EDTA) buferiu pH 6,8 <strong>ir</strong> 10% SDS,<br />
pridedant 2 x STE buferyje paruoðto fenolo. Po to centrifuguojama <strong>ir</strong> v<strong>ir</strong>ðutinë fazë<br />
perkeliama á naujà mëgintuvëlá. T<strong>ir</strong>palas uþpilamas 30% etanoliu <strong>ir</strong> pridedama celiuliozës<br />
Whatman CF-11 milteliø. Celiuliozë iðplaunama maiðant <strong>ir</strong> centrifuguojant 3<br />
kartus su 1 x STE buferiu, esant 16,5% etanolio. RNR nusodinama su 3 M natrio<br />
acetatu <strong>ir</strong> etanoliu, inkubuojama esant -20°C temperatûrai. Perplaunama 80% etanoliu,<br />
po to resuspenduojama PGR vandenyje.<br />
Naudojant p<strong>ir</strong>miau minëtà totalinës RNR ekstrakcijos rinkiná, t<strong>ir</strong>iamosios medþiagos<br />
milteliai po homogenizacijos skystame azote uþpilami 150 μl ekstrakcijos<br />
buferio <strong>ir</strong> 3 μl 14,3 M β-merkaptoetanolio. Pridedama 350 μl LiCl <strong>ir</strong> 500 μl CsTFA.<br />
Mëgintuvëliai 10 min. palaikomi lede, po to centrifuguojami 15 min./14 000 g. Nusiurbiami<br />
susidaræ baltymø <strong>ir</strong> DNR sluoksniai. Gautos RNR nuosëdos plaunamos trimis<br />
rinkinio komponentais, kad bûtø paðalintas baltymø <strong>ir</strong> DNR uþterðtumo perv<strong>ir</strong>ðis,<br />
esantis ant nuosëdø ar mëgintuvëliø sieneliø. Po to centrifuguojama 5 min./14 000 g.<br />
Nusiurbiamas supernatantas. Precipitatai uþpilami 70% etanoliu, paruoðtu PGR vandenyje.<br />
Po to medþiaga inkubuojama paliekant ilgesná laikà -20°C temperatûroje. Po<br />
inkubacijos centrifuguojama 5 min./14 000 g. Nusiurbiamas etanolis. Nuosëdos uþpilamos<br />
dejonizuotu H 2<br />
O, paveiktu dietilp<strong>ir</strong>okarbonatu (DEPC), <strong>ir</strong> pridedama ribonukleaziø<br />
inhibitoriaus. Nuosëdos suardomos <strong>ir</strong> t<strong>ir</strong>pinamos maiðant. Mëgintuvëliai<br />
paðildomi 10 min. +65°C temperatûros vandens termostate. Iðt<strong>ir</strong>pinta totalinë RNR<br />
buvo naudojama PGR.<br />
Siekiant atlikti ið pomidorø iðsk<strong>ir</strong>tø v<strong>ir</strong>usø detekcijà atv<strong>ir</strong>kðtinës transkriptazës<br />
(AT) PGR metodu (Dijkstra de Jager, 1998; Forster, Taylor, 1998), naudotasi specifiniais<br />
oligonukleotidø pradmenimis, kurie buvo parinkti pagal tiksliai þinomas v<strong>ir</strong>uso<br />
baltymo geno sekas. Pradmenø poros ið pomidorø iðsk<strong>ir</strong>tø v<strong>ir</strong>usø biologinei diagnostikai<br />
patv<strong>ir</strong>tinti buvo ðios: CMV: U (5’ – GTA GAC ATC TGT GAC GCG GA-3’) nt<br />
114-132 <strong>ir</strong> D ( 5’ – GCG CGA AAC AAG CTT CTT ATC – 3’) nt 633-653 (De Blas<br />
<strong>ir</strong> kt., 1994); ToRSV: U1 (5’ – GAC GAA GTT ATC AAT GGC AGC – 3’) (nt 1.078-<br />
1.098) <strong>ir</strong> D1 (5’ – TCC GTC CAA TCA CGC GAA T – 3’) nt 1.506-1.527) (Griesbach,<br />
1995); ArMV: AP1 2 (5’ – AAT ACC CCG GGT GTT ACA TCG – 3’) <strong>ir</strong> AP2 2<br />
(5’ – CAT TAA CTT AAG ATC AAG GAT TC – 3’) (Pantaleo <strong>ir</strong> kt., 2001). DNR<br />
fragmentø dydþio standartas buvo þymuo Nr. 9: Ôx174DNA/BsuRI(HaeIII) (AB<br />
„Fermentas“, Vilnius, Lietuva). Dydþiai ið v<strong>ir</strong>ðaus á apaèià: 1353, 1078, 872, 603,<br />
310, 281, 271, 234, 194, 118, 72 bp.<br />
AT-PGR trumpa schema: á valytos totalinës RNR t<strong>ir</strong>palà jai denatûruoti pridëta<br />
1% ribonukleaziø inhibitoriaus <strong>ir</strong> reversinio pradmens. Miðinys inkubuojamas 5 min.<br />
+70°C <strong>ir</strong> atðaldomas 5 min. +4°C temperatûroje. Vienvijës cDNR sintezë atliekama á<br />
denatûruotos RNR t<strong>ir</strong>palà pridëjus 5 x reakcijos buferio, ribonukleaziø inhibitoriaus,<br />
dNTP miðinio <strong>ir</strong> AT (RevertAid TM M-MuLV Reverse Transcriptase). Sintezuojama<br />
232
1 pav. CMV paþeisti pomidorø lapai<br />
Fig. 1. Cucumber leaves affected with CMV<br />
233<br />
termocikleryje „Ependorf Mastercycler Personal“ +37°C temperatûroje 60 min. <strong>ir</strong><br />
+70°C temperatûroje 10 min. DNR amplifikacija buvo atliekama á paruoðtà PGR<br />
miðiná (PGR vanduo, abu pradmenys: „Forward“ <strong>ir</strong> „Reverse“, dNTP miðinys, 10 x<br />
PGR buferis su MgCl 2<br />
<strong>ir</strong> rekombinantinë Taq polimerazë) (AB „Fermentas“, Lietuva)<br />
pridëjus t<strong>ir</strong>iamø mëginiø cDNR. AT-PGR buvo atliekama tokiu reþimu: +94°C –<br />
4 min., po to 40 ciklø (+94°C – 1 min., +52 arba +55°C – 2 min., +72°C – 2 min.)<br />
<strong>ir</strong> +72°C – 10 min. Gauti PGR produktai buvo analizuojami elektroforetiðkai (EF)<br />
naudojant 5% poliakrilamidiná gelá 1 x TBE buferyje, daþomi etidþio bromidu. Gautø<br />
cDNR amplifikuotø fragmentø juostelës EF gelyje buvo ryðkinamos <strong>ir</strong> fotografuojamos<br />
UV ðviesoje.<br />
Rezultatai. Pomidorus paþeidusiø kai kuriø v<strong>ir</strong>usø preliminariam biologiniam<br />
identifikavimui patv<strong>ir</strong>tinti buvo atrinkta per 10 v<strong>ir</strong>usiniø izoliatø ið lauko <strong>ir</strong> ðiltnaminiø<br />
pomidorø lapø ar vaisiø mëginiø. Stebëtø pomidorø v<strong>ir</strong>usiniai paþeidimai buvo labai<br />
áva<strong>ir</strong>ûs: margligës, mozaikos, þiediðkosios dëmëtligës, lapø iðaugos, lapalakðèiø <strong>ir</strong><br />
vaisiø deformacijos, áva<strong>ir</strong>aus pobûdþio augimo sutrikimai. Pomidorø mëginiai pagal<br />
v<strong>ir</strong>usiniø paþeidimø tipiðkiausius simptomus buvo iðt<strong>ir</strong>ti EM metodu. Visuose mëginiuose<br />
nustatyti sk<strong>ir</strong>tingos struktûros izometriniai v<strong>ir</strong>ionai.<br />
Agurkø mozaikos v<strong>ir</strong>usas (Cucumber mosaic cucumov<strong>ir</strong>us, CMV) buvo iðsk<strong>ir</strong>tas<br />
ið pomidorø ‘Ryèiai’ <strong>ir</strong> ‘Viltis’, augintø Këdainiø rajono laukuose. V<strong>ir</strong>usø paþeisti<br />
pomidorai buvo aptikti nedideliais þidiniais. Pomidorø lapalakðèiai buvo margi, susmulkëjæ,<br />
parudavusiomis gyslomis, labai deformuoti (1 pav.). Kai kuriø pomidorø<br />
lapai buvo siûliðki, nulinkusiomis þemyn v<strong>ir</strong>ðûnëmis. Tyrimo metu po diagnostiniø<br />
augalø inokuliacijos pas<strong>ir</strong>odë, kad v<strong>ir</strong>usas uþkrëtë Datura L., Gomphrena L., Nicotiana<br />
L., Cucumis L., Lycopersicon Mill, Tetragonia L. genèiø augalus, sukeldamas<br />
juose CMV bûdingus simptomus.<br />
Minëtø augalø nevalytø ekstraktø<br />
EM preparatuose nustatëme izometrinius<br />
(sferinius) su ryðkiu centru,<br />
apie 28 nm skersmens v<strong>ir</strong>ionus<br />
(2 pav.), bûdingus tik Cucumov<strong>ir</strong>us<br />
genties v<strong>ir</strong>usams. Remiantis<br />
augaluose indikatoriuose<br />
v<strong>ir</strong>uso sukeltø simptomø pobûdþiu,<br />
ypaè EM tyrimø v<strong>ir</strong>usiniø daleliø<br />
morfologiniø savybiø duomenimis,<br />
buvo nustatyta, kad t<strong>ir</strong>tuose pomidoruose<br />
v<strong>ir</strong>usinius paþeidimus sukëlë<br />
CMV (Francki <strong>ir</strong> kt., 1979).<br />
V<strong>ir</strong>uso identifikavimui patv<strong>ir</strong>tinti<br />
buvo panaudota AT-PGR. Totalinei<br />
RNR iðsk<strong>ir</strong>ti naudoti 2-jø pomidorø<br />
izoliatø CMV uþsikrëtæ Nicotiana<br />
glutinosa L. <strong>ir</strong> D. stramonium<br />
L. augalø uþðaldyti audiniai.<br />
Rezultatai elektroforezës akrilami-
diniame gelyje parodë, kad AT-PGR buvo gauti numatyti pagal panaudotà oligonukleotidø<br />
porà apie 400 bp (baziø porø) dydþio PGR produktai (3 pav.). Panaudoti pradmenys<br />
tiko CMV izoliatø ið pomidorø cDNR fragmentø amplifikacijai <strong>ir</strong> patv<strong>ir</strong>tino<br />
CMV, iðsk<strong>ir</strong>to ið pomidorø, identifikavimo biologiniu metodu rezultatus.<br />
2 pav. CMV dalelës infekuotø pomidorø ekstraktuose. Brûkðnys – 100 nm<br />
Fig. 2. Particles of CMV in tomato extracts. Bar represents 100 nm<br />
3 pav. AT-PGR amplifikuoti DNR produktai (~400 bp) ið CMV uþsikrëtusiø<br />
agurkø <strong>ir</strong> pomidorø: 1 takelis – DNR þymuo; 2 <strong>ir</strong> 3 takeliai – agurkø izoliatai;<br />
4 <strong>ir</strong> 5 takeliai – CMV, iðsk<strong>ir</strong>tas ið pomidorø; 6 takelis – sveiko augalo audiniai;<br />
7 takelis – neigiama kontrolë<br />
Fig. 3. RT-PCR products of CMV (about 400 bp): lane l - DNA ladder; lanes 2 and<br />
3 - cucumber samples; lanes 4 and 5 - CMV isolated from tomato samples;<br />
lane 6 - tissues of healthy plant; lane 7 - negative control<br />
Pomidorø þiediðkosios dëmëtligës v<strong>ir</strong>usas (Tomato ringspot nepov<strong>ir</strong>us, ToRSV)<br />
mechaninës inokuliacijos bûdu buvo izoliuotas ið ‘Olan’, ‘Sonata’, ‘Dombello’ <strong>ir</strong><br />
‘Raissa’ pomidorø, augintø Këdainiø, Kauno <strong>ir</strong> Vilniaus rajonuose. V<strong>ir</strong>usinæ simptomø<br />
kilmæ rodë lapalakðèiø chlorotinë þiediðkoji dëmëtligë <strong>ir</strong> jø raukðlëtumas, o vaisiø<br />
pav<strong>ir</strong>ðiuje – iðryðkëjæ þiedai baltais apvadais (4 pav.). EM tyrimui atrinktø pomidorø<br />
mëginiø preparatuose matëme daug neapibrëþtais kontûrais izometriniø v<strong>ir</strong>ionø<br />
(5 pav.), charakteringø ToRSV, perneðamam d<strong>ir</strong>vos nematodø (Stace-Smith, 1984;<br />
Brunt <strong>ir</strong> kt., 1996).<br />
234
4 pav. ToRSV paþeistas pomidoro vaisius<br />
Fig. 4. Tomato fruit affected by ToRSV<br />
5 pav. ToRSV dalelës paþeistø augalø<br />
ekstraktuose. Brûkðnys – 100 nm<br />
Fig. 5. The particles of ToRSV in plant<br />
extracts. Bar represents 100 nm<br />
AT-PGR, atliktos su ToRSV izoliatu ið pomidorø, panaudojant publikuotø nukleotidiniø<br />
sekø pagrindu parinktus pradmenis, elektroforezës 5% poliakrilamidiniame<br />
gelyje iðryðkëjæ cDNR amplifikacijos produktai (499 bp) <strong>ir</strong> jø lokalizacijos vieta<br />
(6 pav.) patv<strong>ir</strong>tino ToRSV identifikavimo rezultatus, gautus t<strong>ir</strong>iant v<strong>ir</strong>uso morfologines<br />
savybes <strong>ir</strong> analizuojant ligos pas<strong>ir</strong>eiðkimo simptomus pomidoruose.<br />
6 pav. PGR amplifikuoti DNR produktai (499 bp) ið ToRSV inokuliuotø augalø:<br />
1 <strong>ir</strong> 6 takeliai – DNR dydþio þymuo; 2 takelis – agurkø izoliatas;<br />
3 takelis – ToRSV, izoliuotas ið pomidorø <strong>ir</strong> perneðtas á N. rustica augalus;<br />
4 takelis – vilkdalgiø izoliatas; takelis 5 – neigiama kontrolë<br />
Fig. 6. Gel electrophoresis of PCR product (499 bp) of amplified ToRSV tomato sample:<br />
lanes 1 and 6 – DNA ladder; lane 2 – cucumber isolate; lane 3 – ToRSV isolated from<br />
tomato and infected N. rustica tissue; lane 4 – <strong>ir</strong>is isolate; lane 5 – negative control<br />
Vaistuèio mozaikos v<strong>ir</strong>usas (Arabis mosaic nepov<strong>ir</strong>us). Vilniaus <strong>ir</strong> Ð<strong>ir</strong>vintø<br />
rajonuose augintø ðiltnamio <strong>ir</strong> lauko pomidorø lapø tarpgysliniai audiniai buvo numargëjæ,<br />
gyslos ryðkios, lapalakðèiai raukðlëti <strong>ir</strong> ties pagrindinëmis gyslomis iðlinkæ.<br />
Kituose pomidorø mëginiuose buvo galima matyti tipiðkà lapø mozaikà <strong>ir</strong> gana<br />
ryðkià lapalakðèiø deformacijà (7 pav.). Buvo iðsk<strong>ir</strong>ti 2 izoliatai. T<strong>ir</strong>iant v<strong>ir</strong>uso paþeidþiamø<br />
augalø spektrà <strong>ir</strong> simptomø pas<strong>ir</strong>eiðkimà bei vystymàsi inokuliuotuose<br />
diagnostiniuose augaluose, nustatyta, kad ðis v<strong>ir</strong>usas daugelyje t<strong>ir</strong>tø augalø indikatoriø<br />
sukelia tiek vietinæ (daugiausia nekrotines þaizdas), tiek sisteminæ (margliges,<br />
dëmëtliges, v<strong>ir</strong>ðûniø deformacijà <strong>ir</strong> þemaûgæ) reakcijas. Ði iðsk<strong>ir</strong>tinë sukëlëjo biologinë<br />
savybë leido já preliminariai identifikuoti kaip ArMV ið Nepov<strong>ir</strong>us genties (Murant,<br />
1970; 1981).<br />
235
Ið infekcijos ðaltiniø <strong>ir</strong> tyrimo metu uþkrëstø augalø ágramzdinimo bûdu paruoðtuose<br />
EM preparatuose buvo aptikta daugybë nepov<strong>ir</strong>usams charakteringø izometriniø<br />
v<strong>ir</strong>ionø. V<strong>ir</strong>usinës dalelës buvo apie 28 nm skersmens, netaisyklingø kontûrø (8 pav.).<br />
7 pav. ArMV paþeistas pomidoro lapas<br />
Fig. 7. Tomato leaf affected by ArMV<br />
8 pav. ArMV dalelës pomidorø<br />
ekstraktuose. Brûkðnys – 100 nm.<br />
Fig. 8. Particles of ArMV in tomato<br />
extracts. Bar represents 100 nm<br />
Patogeno identifikavimui patikslinti buvo iðsk<strong>ir</strong>ta uþkrëstø N. glutinosa L. <strong>ir</strong><br />
N. debneyi Domin. augalø lapø audiniø totalinë RNR <strong>ir</strong> panaudota cDNR amplifikacijai<br />
AT-PGR. Po cDNR amplifikacijos termocikleryje, taikant atitinkamà temperatûros reþimà,<br />
v<strong>ir</strong>uso PGR produktai buvo apie 421 bp dydþio (9 pav.), o tai atitinka parinktà<br />
oligonukleotidø porà. Ðie duomenys galutinai árodë, kad ið pomidorø iðsk<strong>ir</strong>ta ArMV.<br />
Visuose bandymuose PGR produktø negauta kontroliniuose mëginiuose: sveiko<br />
N. debneyi augalo audiniai; neigiama kontrolë – PGR buferis + PGR H 2<br />
O.<br />
9 pav. AT-PGR amplifikuoti DNR produktai (420 bp) ið ArMV inokuliuotø augalø:<br />
1 <strong>ir</strong> 8 takeliai – DNR dydþio þymuo; 2 takelis – N. glutinosa; 3 takelis – G. globosa;<br />
4 <strong>ir</strong> 6 takeliai – N. debneyi; 5 takelis – sveikas augalas; 7 takelis – neigiama kontrolë<br />
Fig. 9. Gel electrophoresis of RT-PCR produts of amplified ArMV from tomato samples:<br />
lanes 1 and 8 – DNA fragment size standard; lane 2 – N. glutinosa; lane 3 – G. globosa,<br />
lanes 4 and 6 – N. debneyi; lane 5 –healthy plant; lane 7 – negative control<br />
Aptarimas. Atliekant pomidorø v<strong>ir</strong>usø identifikavimà, taikyti ðiuolaikiniai tikslûs<br />
<strong>ir</strong> jautrûs metodai, kurie leido nustatyti <strong>ir</strong> apibûdinti plaèiai paplitusius ekonomiðkai<br />
reikðmingus v<strong>ir</strong>usus. CMV yra ypaè daug augalø ðeimininkø turintis v<strong>ir</strong>usas. CMV<br />
paþeidþia per 700 rûðiø ið 85 augalø ðeimø. Gamtoje já perneða per 60 rûðiø amarø<br />
(Francki <strong>ir</strong> kt., 1979). CMV patenka ant pomidorø augalø dël to, kad ðio v<strong>ir</strong>uso<br />
236
ðaltiniø gausu gamtoje. CMV rezervatoriai yra ne tik ekonomiðkai vertingi augalai<br />
(darþovës, dekoratyviniai augalai <strong>ir</strong> kt.), bet <strong>ir</strong> dauguma piktþoliø, auganèiø aplink<br />
pomidorø augavietes. Kai kuriø veisliø pomidorø derliaus nuostoliai dël CMV infekcijos<br />
siekia nuo 60 iki 95 proc. (Spaar, Kleinhempel, 1986; Ðutic <strong>ir</strong> kt., 1999).<br />
ToRSV yra vienas þalingiausiø Nepov<strong>ir</strong>us grupëje, paplitæs <strong>ir</strong> Europos ðalyse, <strong>ir</strong><br />
Amerikos þemyne. Já perneða nematodai, kurie uþsikreèia v<strong>ir</strong>usu kelias valandas besimaitindami<br />
uþkrësto augalo sultimis. Ðiuo v<strong>ir</strong>usu uþsikrëtusiø augalø ligos poþymiai<br />
daþnai yra labai specifiniai, ypaè augalø vegetacijos pradþioje. Natûraliomis sàlygomis<br />
ToRSV uþkreèia 285 augalø rûðis ið 159 genèiø <strong>ir</strong> 55 ðeimø (Edwardson, Christie,<br />
1997). Tyrimais paþeidþiamø augalø spektras apima 35 botanines ðeimas (Stace-<br />
Smith, 1984). ToRSV yra kenksmingø organizmø, kuriuos draudþiama áveþti <strong>ir</strong> platinti,<br />
sàraðe.<br />
Kitas nepov<strong>ir</strong>usas – ArMV – yra identifikuotas daugelyje pasaulio ðaliø (Brown,<br />
1986), paþeidþia labai daug augalø. ArMV ðeimininkai ið darþoviø, be pomidorø, yra<br />
<strong>ir</strong> agurkai, morkos, cukriniai runkeliai, salierai, salotos. V<strong>ir</strong>usà platina d<strong>ir</strong>voþemio<br />
Xiphinema genties nematodai, o perneða su sëkla 20 rûðiø augalai ið 14 ðeimø. V<strong>ir</strong>usà<br />
galima perduoti mechanine inokuliacija <strong>ir</strong> vegetatyviðkai dauginant augalus. Ðis patogenas<br />
yra taip pat áraðytas á augalams kenksmingø organizmø sàraðà.<br />
Iðvados. 1. Panaudojus jautrø <strong>ir</strong> tikslø atv<strong>ir</strong>kðtinës transkripcijos polimerazës<br />
grandininës reakcijos (AT-PGR) testà <strong>ir</strong> v<strong>ir</strong>usams specifines oligonukleotidø poras,<br />
pomidoruose buvo identifikuoti trys v<strong>ir</strong>usai: agurkø mozaikos (Cucumber mosaic<br />
cucumov<strong>ir</strong>us), pomidorø þiediðkosios dëmëtligës (Tomato ringspot nepov<strong>ir</strong>us) <strong>ir</strong> vaistuèio<br />
mozaikos (Arabis mosaic nepov<strong>ir</strong>us).<br />
2. Infekuotø pomidorø nevalytø ekstraktø elektronomikroskopiniai tyrimai <strong>ir</strong> tik<br />
izometriniø v<strong>ir</strong>ionø aptikimas visuose preparatuose leido pritaikyti molekulinës biologijos<br />
metodà konkreèiam v<strong>ir</strong>usui pomidoruose nustatyti.<br />
Padëka. Autoriai dëkoja LVMSF uþ finansinæ paramà vykdant ðá darbà (sutarties<br />
Nr. T-85/05, 2005 m.)<br />
Gauta 2006-03-30<br />
Parengta spausdinti 2006-12-11<br />
Literatûra<br />
1. Brown D. J. F. The transmission of two strains of arabis mosaic v<strong>ir</strong>us from England<br />
by populations of Xiphinema diversicaudatum (Nematoda: Dorylaimoidea) from ten countries<br />
// Revue Nematol. 1986. 9(1). P. 83–87.<br />
2. Brunt A. A., Crabtree K., Dallwitz M. J., Gibbs A. J., Watson L. Arabis mosaic<br />
nepov<strong>ir</strong>us; Cucumber mosaic cucumov<strong>ir</strong>us; Tomato ringspot nepov<strong>ir</strong>us // V<strong>ir</strong>uses of Plants.<br />
Descriptions and Lists from the VIDE Database. Cambridge, 1996. P. 112–115, 477–483,<br />
1309–1312.<br />
3. De Blas C., Borja M. J., Saiz M., Romero J. Broad spectrum Detection of Cucumber<br />
Mosaic V<strong>ir</strong>us (CMV) using The Polymerase Chain Reaction // J. Phytopathology. 1994.<br />
Vol. 143. P. 323–329.<br />
4. Dijkstra J., de Jager C. P., Practical Plant V<strong>ir</strong>ology. Protocols and Exercises. Berlin-<br />
Heidelberg, 1998. 459 p.<br />
237
5. Edwardson J. R., Christie R. G. V<strong>ir</strong>uses infecting peppers and other solanaceous<br />
crops. University of Florida. 1997.<br />
6. Forster G. D., Taylor S. C. Plant V<strong>ir</strong>ology Protocols from v<strong>ir</strong>us isolation to transgenic<br />
resistance // Methods in Molecular Biology. Humana Press Totowa, New Jersey, 1998.<br />
Vol. 81. 571 p.<br />
7. Francki R. I. B., Mossop D. W., Hatta T. Cucumber mosaic v<strong>ir</strong>us // C.M.I./A.A.B.<br />
Descriptions of plant v<strong>ir</strong>uses. Association of Applied Biologists, Wellesbourne, UK,<br />
1979. N 213. P. 1–4.<br />
8. Griesbach J. A. Detection of Tomato ringspot v<strong>ir</strong>us by Polymerase Chain Reaction<br />
// Plant Disease. 1995. Vol. 79. N 10. P. 1054–1056.<br />
9. Murant A. F. Arabis mosaic v<strong>ir</strong>us // CMI/AAB Descriptions of plant v<strong>ir</strong>uses.<br />
Association of Applied Biologists, Wellesbourne, UK, 1970. N 16. P. 1–5.<br />
10. Murant A. F. Nepov<strong>ir</strong>uses // In E. Kurstak (ed.). Handbook of Plant V<strong>ir</strong>us infections<br />
and comparative diagnosis: Elsevier/North-Holland Biomedical Press, Amsterdam,<br />
Netherlands, 1981. P. 198–238.<br />
11. Pantaleo V., Saponari M., Gallitelli D. Development of a Nested PCR protocol for<br />
detection of olive-infecting v<strong>ir</strong>uses in crude extracts // Journal of Plant Pathology. 2001.<br />
Vol. 83. N 2. P. 143–146.<br />
12. Saiki R. K., Gelfand D. H., Stoffel S., Scharf S. J., Higuchi R., Horn G. T., Mullis K.<br />
B., Erlich H. A. Primer-d<strong>ir</strong>ected enzymatic amplification of DNA with a thermostabile DNA<br />
polymerase // Science. 1988. Vol. 239. P. 487–491.<br />
13. Spaar D., Kleinhempel H. Borba s v<strong>ir</strong>usnymi boleznjami rastenij. Moskva, 1986.<br />
P. 248–3<strong>25</strong>.<br />
14. Stace-Smith R. Tomato ringspot v<strong>ir</strong>us // C.M.I./A.A.B. Descriptions of Plant<br />
v<strong>ir</strong>uses. Association of Applied Biologists, Wellesbourne, UK, 1984. N 290 (no. 18 revised)<br />
1–4 p.<br />
15. Ðutic D. D., Ford R. E., Toðic M. T. Handbook of plant v<strong>ir</strong>us diseases. CRC Press<br />
Washington, 1999. 553 p.<br />
16. Zhang Y. -P., Uyemoto J. K., K<strong>ir</strong>kpatrick B. C. A small-scale procedure for extracting<br />
nucleic acids from woody plants infected with various phytopathogens for PCR<br />
assay // Journal of V<strong>ir</strong>ological Methods. 1998. N 71. P. 45–50.<br />
17. Zitikaitë I. Vozbuditeli v<strong>ir</strong>usnych boleznej tomata i ich identifikacija // Biologija.<br />
1999. Nr. 4. P. 52–61.<br />
SODININKYSTË IR DARÞININKYSTË. SCIENTIFIC ARTICLES. 2006. <strong>25</strong>(4).<br />
THE DIAGNOSTIC OF VIRUSES IN TOMATO<br />
(LYCOPERSICON ESCULENTUM MILL.) BY<br />
ELECTRONMICROSCOPIC AND MOLECULAR METHODS<br />
I. Zitikaitë, E. Survilienë, G. Bûtaitë<br />
Summary<br />
For detection of v<strong>ir</strong>al disease agents tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.)<br />
samples of leaves and fruits affected by v<strong>ir</strong>al diseases were collected and investiga-<br />
238
ted. Samples of tomatoes exhibiting v<strong>ir</strong>al symptoms were found in various growing<br />
places. Symptoms associated with v<strong>ir</strong>uses inhibited growth, it became evident shoots<br />
with short internodes, leaf chlorosis, ringspots, mottling, vein clearing and distortion.<br />
The presences of different isometric v<strong>ir</strong>ions were detected in extracts of<br />
tomato samples using transmission electron microscopic (EM) method. Three different<br />
v<strong>ir</strong>uses of two genera have been identified in L. esculentum crop on the basis of<br />
host plant symptoms and morphology of v<strong>ir</strong>ions. A number of the tomato samples<br />
that were found preliminary positive for Cucuber mosaic cucumov<strong>ir</strong>us (CMV), Tomato<br />
ringspot nepov<strong>ir</strong>us (ToRSV), and Arabis mosaic nepov<strong>ir</strong>us (ArMV) in biological<br />
tests were tested by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR)<br />
technique using previously described v<strong>ir</strong>us-specific primers. The PCR reactions resulted<br />
in the specifically amplification of a 400 bp fragment of CMV RNA, 499 bp<br />
fragment of ToRSV RNA and 420 bp fragment of ArMV RNA.<br />
Key words: diagnostic, EM, RT-PCR, tomato, v<strong>ir</strong>us.<br />
239
LIETUVOS SODININKYSTËS IR DARÞININKYSTËS INSTITUTO IR<br />
LIETUVOS ÞEMËS ÛKIO UNIVERSITETO MOKSLO DARBAI.<br />
SODININKYSTË IR DARÞININKYSTË. 2006. <strong>25</strong>(4).<br />
POMIDORØ (LYCOPERSICON ESCULENTUM MILL.)<br />
AUGIMO BEI BIOCHEMINIØ RODIKLIØ<br />
PRIKLAUSOMUMAS NUO UV-B SPINDULIUOTËS<br />
Regina VYÐNIAUSKIENË, Vida RANÈELIENË,<br />
Danguolë RAKLEVIÈIENË, Danguolë ÐVEGÞDIENË,<br />
Zenonas JANÈYS, Kazimiera ÐLEKYTË<br />
Botanikos institutas, Þaliøjø eþerø g. 49, LT-08406 Vilnius.<br />
El. paðtas regina.v@botanika.lt<br />
Pavelas DUCHOVSKIS, Auðra BRAZAITYTË,<br />
Jûratë ÐIKÐNIANIENË<br />
Lietuvos sodininkystës <strong>ir</strong> darþininkystës institutas, LT-54333, Babtai, Kauno r.<br />
UV-B spinduliuotës sukeliamas stresas <strong>ir</strong> atsako á já indukcija pomidorams turi<br />
ypatingos reikðmës – reguliuoja jø augimà <strong>ir</strong> áva<strong>ir</strong>iø biologiðkai aktyviø medþiagø<br />
sintezæ. Ðio darbo tikslas buvo nustatyti UV-B spinduliuotës poveiká áva<strong>ir</strong>iems pomidorø<br />
‘Svara’ augimo <strong>ir</strong> biocheminiams rodikliams: augalø augimui, þaliai masei,<br />
sausosioms medþiagoms, lapø masei <strong>ir</strong> plotui, karotinoidø, a <strong>ir</strong> b chlorofilø, baltymø<br />
kiekiui lapuose, superoksido dismutazës (SOD) aktyvumui <strong>ir</strong> frakcijø spektrui<br />
lapuose. Dviem atsk<strong>ir</strong>ais bandymais iðbandytos sk<strong>ir</strong>tingos UV-B spinduliuotës dozës<br />
– 5 <strong>ir</strong> 10 kJ m -2 para -1 . Tyrimais nustatyta, kad manipuliuojant UV-B spinduliuotës<br />
dozëmis galima gauti sk<strong>ir</strong>tingà efektà <strong>ir</strong> taip reguliuoti pomidorø augimo <strong>ir</strong><br />
t<strong>ir</strong>tø medþiagø sintezæ. Áva<strong>ir</strong>ûs augimo <strong>ir</strong> biocheminiai rodikliai yra nevienodai jautrûs<br />
UV-B spinduliuotei. UV-B poveikis lapø plotui priklausë nuo lapo padëties ant<br />
augalo. Kaip atsakas á augimà skatinanèià 5 kJ m -2 para -1 UV-B dozæ keièiasi SOD<br />
spektras.<br />
Reikðminiai þodþiai: UV-B spinduliuotës stresas, dozës, pomidorai, augimas,<br />
SOD (superoksido dismutazës) izozimø spektrai<br />
Ávadas. Pastaruoju metu susidomëjimas Lycopersicon esculentum Mill. yra labai<br />
padidëjæs. Manoma, kad juose esantis likopenas yra labai veiksminga medþiaga,<br />
sauganti þmogaus organizmà nuo vëþio (Examinating.., 2003; Levy, Sharoni, 2004).<br />
UV-B spinduliuotë kaip veiksnys, skatinantis antriniø metabolitø sintezæ, gali padidinti<br />
<strong>ir</strong> ðios biologiðkai aktyvios medþiagos sintezæ (Drumm-Herrel, Mohr, 1982; Sponga<br />
<strong>ir</strong> kt., 1986; Yang <strong>ir</strong> kt., 1999; Verhoeyen <strong>ir</strong> kt., 2002; Guidi <strong>ir</strong> kt., 2005). Kita<br />
vertus, pomidorø apðvita UV-B spinduliais vertinama <strong>ir</strong> kaip priemonë kitos apsaugi-<br />
240
nës medþiagos – provitamino D sintezei padidinti (Björn, Wang, 2000; Björn <strong>ir</strong> kt.,<br />
2002). Ðiø medþiagø sintezës suaktyvëjimas yra augalø atsakas á stresà.<br />
Reaguodamas á stresus sukelianèius veiksnius, augalas mobilizuoja áva<strong>ir</strong>ias já sauganèias<br />
medþiagas: antioksidacinius (Mittler, 2002; Krupa, 2003) <strong>ir</strong> DNR reparacijos<br />
(Hada <strong>ir</strong> kt., 2001) fermentus, signalinius (Booker <strong>ir</strong> kt., 2004; Kacperska, 2004) <strong>ir</strong><br />
PR-baltymus (Thalma<strong>ir</strong> <strong>ir</strong> kt., 1996), flavonoidus <strong>ir</strong> fenilpropanoidus (Tattini <strong>ir</strong> kt.,<br />
2005), hormonus (Baier <strong>ir</strong> kt., 2005). Ði ypatybë gali bûti pritaikyta augalo produkuojamø<br />
biologiðkai vertingø medþiagø sintezei padidinti. Atsakas á spinduliuotæ <strong>ir</strong> stresø<br />
sukeliami efektai priklauso nuo augalo rûðies <strong>ir</strong> jo vidurûðinës áva<strong>ir</strong>ovës, genotipo ypatumø<br />
(Jordan, 1996; Cativelli <strong>ir</strong> kt., 2002; Kakani <strong>ir</strong> kt., 2003); ne iðimtis – <strong>ir</strong> pomidorai<br />
(Srinivas <strong>ir</strong> kt., 2004). Stresus sukelianèiø veiksniø, tarp jø <strong>ir</strong> ultravioletiniø spinduliø<br />
(UV), kurie yra <strong>ir</strong> Saulës spinduliø, pasiekianèiø Þemës pav<strong>ir</strong>ðiø, sudedamoji spektro<br />
dalis, poveikis þemës ûkio augalams yra iðt<strong>ir</strong>tas labai nevienodai. Daugiau turima duomenø<br />
apie javus (Krupa, Jäger, 1996; Marcel, 2002; Kakani <strong>ir</strong> kt., 2003).<br />
Gan ribotai iðt<strong>ir</strong>tas ultravioletiniø spinduliø poveikis <strong>ir</strong> pomidorams, nors þinoma,<br />
kad jiems UV-B sukelia gilius genomo pokyèius – endoreduplikacijà, keièia chromatino<br />
struktûrà (Cavallini <strong>ir</strong> kt., 2001). UV spinduliuotës poveikis pomidorams,<br />
kaip <strong>ir</strong> kitiems augalams, pas<strong>ir</strong>eiðkia per sistemas, reguliuojanèias atsakà á stresà<br />
sukeliantá veiksná (Johannes <strong>ir</strong> kt., 2000; Holley <strong>ir</strong> kt., 2003) <strong>ir</strong> raidà (Hashimoto,<br />
1994; Bertrani, Lercari, 2000; Gitz, Liu-Gitz, 2003; Appenroth <strong>ir</strong> kt., 2006). Tai<br />
tiesiogiai stimuliuoja apsauginiø medþiagø sintezæ (Sponga <strong>ir</strong> kt., 1986), tarp jø –<br />
antioksidantø (Balakumar <strong>ir</strong> kt., 1997), flavonoidø (Verhoeyen <strong>ir</strong> kt., 2002), fenilpropanoidø<br />
(Yang <strong>ir</strong> kt., 1999; Guidi <strong>ir</strong> kt., 2005), antocianinø (Drumm-Herrel, Mohr,<br />
1982). UV pomidoruose taip pat suaktyvina PR-baltymø sintezæ, o tai gali turëti tiesioginës<br />
átakos didesniam atsparumui patogenams (Barka <strong>ir</strong> kt., 2000; Stratmann <strong>ir</strong><br />
kt., 2000), amarams <strong>ir</strong> kitiems vabzdþiams (Johannes <strong>ir</strong> kt., 2000; Stratmann, 2003;<br />
Holley <strong>ir</strong> kt., 2003). Aptarti tyrimai yra vyraujantys, o UV-B spinduliuotës poveikis<br />
pomidorø augimui maþai t<strong>ir</strong>tas. Ypaè neiðt<strong>ir</strong>tas augimo bei biocheminiø rodikliø priklausomumas<br />
nuo apðvitinamø augalø iðsivystymo tarpsnio, taip pat svarbu iðaiðkinti<br />
jautriausius (labiausiai reaguojanèius á spinduliuotæ) augimo <strong>ir</strong> biocheminius rodiklius,<br />
pagal kuriuos galima vertinti pomidorø jautrumà UV-B.<br />
Darbo tikslas – nustatyti UV-B poveiká áva<strong>ir</strong>iems pomidorø ‘Svara’ augimo <strong>ir</strong><br />
biocheminiams rodikliams, augalø augimui, þaliai masei, sausosioms medþiagoms,<br />
lapø masei <strong>ir</strong> plotui, karotinoidø, chlorofilø a <strong>ir</strong> b, baltymø kiekiui lapuose, superoksido<br />
dismutazës (SOD) aktyvumui <strong>ir</strong> frakcijø spektrui lapuose.<br />
Tyrimo objektas <strong>ir</strong> metodai. Pomidorø (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) ‘Svara’<br />
daigai iðauginti Lietuvos sodininkystës <strong>ir</strong> darþininkystës instituto Augalø fiziologijos<br />
laboratorijos fitotroninio komplekso ðiltnamiuose. Daigai buvo auginami durpinio<br />
substrato su tràðomis PG MIX (NPK 14–16–18; 1,3 kg/m 3 ) pripildytuose plastikiniuose<br />
puodeliuose. Vëliau pomidorai auginti Botanikos institute (Vilnius) auginimo<br />
kameroje „Tulpë“, apðvietimas – liuminescencinëmis lempomis (75 µmol/ 2 ), fotoperiodas<br />
– 16/8 val.; temperatûra +<strong>25</strong>° ± 1°C. Kai dauguma daigø turëjo 6 lapus (vid.<br />
5,7), augalai buvo padalyti á dvi grupes: viena jø toliau auginta be UV-B spinduliuotës<br />
poveikio, kita dalis apðvitinta 10 kJ m -2 p -1 UV-B doze (naudotos UV-B lempos „Philips<br />
TL” 40W/12).<br />
241
Po 10 dienø augalai padalyti á dvi grupes <strong>ir</strong> vienoje ið jø iðt<strong>ir</strong>tas augalø augimas<br />
(þalia biomasë <strong>ir</strong> sausosios medþiagos, lapo plotas, lapø skaièius) <strong>ir</strong> biocheminiai poþymiai<br />
(chlorofilø a <strong>ir</strong> b, karotinoidø, baltymø kiekis lapuose). Tuo metu augalai turëjo<br />
vidutiniðkai 7,5 lapo. Kita dalis augalø toliau buvo ðvitinama ta paèia 10 kJ m -2 p -1 UV-B<br />
doze. Kai augalai buvo ðvitinami 10 ar 14 dienø 10 kJ m -2 p -1 UV-B doze, poveikis<br />
augalams buvo per daug stiprus (1 pav.), todël UV-B spinduliø dozë sumaþinta iki<br />
5 kJ m -2 p -1 . Dalis augalø nebuvo ðvitinami UV-B. Jie naudoti palyginti kaip kontroliniai<br />
arba, jiems uþauginus 9 lapus, vël buvo dalijama á dvi grupes: viena neðvitinta<br />
(kontrolinë), o kita – ðvitinta 5 kJ m -2 p -1 UV-B doze. Visais kartais ðvitinta vidurdiená,<br />
kol pasiekta reikalinga 5 arba 10 kJ m -2 p -1 UV-B spinduliuotës dozë.<br />
Lapø plotui nustatyti augalai skenuoti <strong>ir</strong> naudota „SigmaScan Pro-4“ („Jandel<br />
Scientific Software“) programa. Tø paèiø augalø nustatyta þalia masë <strong>ir</strong> sausosios<br />
medþiagos, ketv<strong>ir</strong>tojo nuo augalo apaèios lapo masë <strong>ir</strong> plotas. Karotinoidø <strong>ir</strong> chlorofilø<br />
a <strong>ir</strong> b kiekis nustatytas treèiajame <strong>ir</strong> ketv<strong>ir</strong>tajame lapuose nuo apaèios. Siekiant<br />
nustatyti SOD aktyvumà <strong>ir</strong> izofermentinæ sudëtá, lapai homogenizuoti ðaltyje (panaudotas<br />
Na-K fosfatinis buferis, pH 7,8). SOD elektroforezë atlikta 4–10% PAAG pagal<br />
V. K. Laemmlá (1970). Bendras SOD aktyvumas nustatytas spektrofotometru.<br />
Metodas paremtas SOD savybe inhibuoti NBT fotocheminæ reakcijà (Beauchamp,<br />
Fridovich 1971). Baltymø kiekis lapuose nustatytas pagal M. N. Bradfordà (1976), o<br />
karotinoidø <strong>ir</strong> chlorofilø a <strong>ir</strong> b kiekis – 100% acetono ekstrakte spektrofotometru,<br />
bangos ilgiai – 662,0, 644,0 <strong>ir</strong> 440,5 nm pagal D. Vetðteinà (Wettstein, 1957). Statistinë<br />
analizë atlikta pagal „MS Exel 2003“ („Microsoft Corporation“) programà.<br />
Rezultatai. Kaip <strong>ir</strong> buvo tikëtasi, periodinë apðvita 10 kJ m -2 p -1 UV-B doze<br />
(10–14 parø) slopino pomidorø augimà <strong>ir</strong> tai buvo pastebima netgi vizualiai (1 pav.).<br />
1 pav. 14 parø ðvitintø 10 kJ m -2 p -1 UV-B (a) <strong>ir</strong> kontroliniø, neðvitintø (b) to paties<br />
amþiaus pomidorø augalø palyginimas<br />
Fig. 1. Comparison of tomato plants exposed (a) for 14 days to 10 kJ m -2 d -1 UV-B with<br />
untreated control (b) plants of the same age<br />
242
Taèiau detalesnis augalø ávertinimas vaizdþiai rodo, kad efektas priklauso ne tiek<br />
nuo spinduliuotës poveikio trukmës, kiek nuo t<strong>ir</strong>to rodiklio: vienus veikia stipriau,<br />
kitus – silpniau (1 lentelë).<br />
1 lentelë. Apðvitos 10 kJ m -2 p -1 UV-B poveikis áva<strong>ir</strong>iems pomidorø augimo <strong>ir</strong><br />
biocheminiams rodikliams<br />
Table 1. Effect of 10 kJ m -2 p -1 UV-B <strong>ir</strong>radiation on different characters of tomato plants<br />
Augalo rodiklis<br />
Plant character<br />
Lapø skaièius<br />
Number of leaves<br />
Augalo aukštis<br />
Plant height, cm<br />
Augalo þalia masë<br />
Fresh weight, g<br />
Augalo sausosios medžiagos<br />
Dry weight, g<br />
Lapo svoris<br />
Weight of leaf, g<br />
UV-B poveikis / UV-B exposure<br />
10 parø / 10 days 14 parø / 14 days<br />
kontrolë / control UV-B<br />
kontrolë /<br />
UV-B<br />
control<br />
7,8 ± 0,2 7,8 ± 0,3 9,2 ± 0,2 9,5 ± 0,5<br />
26,1 ± 1,2 23,4 ± 1, 2 28,1 ± 1,7 21,3 ± 1,9 2<br />
10,7 ± 0,8 7,0 ± 0,6 2 12,4 ± 1,3 5,9 ± 0,9 3<br />
0,49 ± 0,04 0,35 ± 0,04 1 0,63 ± 0,08 0,32 ± 0,06 1<br />
1,59 ± 0,14 0,67 ± 0,09 3 1,93 ± 0,17 0,56 ± 0,12 3<br />
Cha*, mg g -1 1,04 ± 0,02 0,85 ± 0,02 3 0,93 ± 0,02 0,72 ± 0,04 3<br />
Chb*, mg g -1 0,29 ± 0,01 0,26 ± 0,01 1 0,28 ± 0,01 0,<strong>25</strong> ± 0,02<br />
Karotinoidai<br />
Carotenoids, mg g -1<br />
0,48 ± 0,01 0,41 ± 0,02 3 0,43 ± 0,03 0,37 ± 0,02<br />
1 – P < 0,05; 2 – P < 0,01; 3 – P < 0,001<br />
* Cha – chlorofilas a / Chlorophyll a; Chb – chlorofilas b / Chlorophyll b<br />
Lapø skaièius po apðvitos UV-B ið esmës nepasikeitë, todël ðis rodiklis <strong>ir</strong> naudotas<br />
augalø raidai ávertinti. Ið 1 lentelëje pateiktø 8 rodikliø neigiamas UV-B poveikis<br />
labiausiai pas<strong>ir</strong>eiðkë lapø biomasei, kuri po 10 parø apðvitos 10 kJ m -2 p -1 UV-B sumaþëjo<br />
2,37 karto, o po 14 parø – net 3,45 karto. UV-B efektas labai priklausë nuo<br />
pas<strong>ir</strong>inkto rodiklio. Tuo buvo galima ásitikinti, UV-B efektà iðreiðkus procentais <strong>ir</strong><br />
apðvitintus augalus palyginus su kontroliniais augalais (2 pav.).<br />
Akivaizdu, kad gerokai sumaþëjo <strong>ir</strong> augalo sausøjø medþiagø kiekis, tad, reikia<br />
manyti, slopinama fotosintezë. Apie tai galima spræsti <strong>ir</strong> pagal sumaþëjusá pigmentø<br />
kieká lapuose po 10 parø apðvitos. Po 14 parø labiau sumaþëjo tik chlorofilo a kiekis<br />
lapuose (1 lentelë <strong>ir</strong> 2 pav.).<br />
243
2 pav. Apðvitos 10 kJ m -2 p -1 UV-B efektyvumas áva<strong>ir</strong>iems pomidorø rodikliams.<br />
Palyginimas % su kontroliniais neðvitintais augalais<br />
Fig. 2. Effect of 10 kJ m -2 d -1 UV-B radiation on different plant characters of tomato.<br />
Comparison (%) with the level to of control plants without <strong>ir</strong>radiation<br />
Sumaþëjo <strong>ir</strong> lapo plotas (3 pav.), taèiau 10 kJ m -2 p -1 UV-B poveikis labai pastebimai<br />
priklausë nuo t<strong>ir</strong>iamojo lapo padëties ant augalo <strong>ir</strong> apðvitos UV-B trukmës. Kai<br />
apðvita truko 10 parø, treèiojo lapo nuo apaèios plotas sumaþëjo labai neþymiai, taèiau<br />
juo lapai buvo aukðèiau ant stiebo, tuo UV-B efektas lapø plotui buvo stipresnis<br />
(3 pav., a). Kai apðvita 10 kJ m -2 p -1 UV-B truko ilgiau – 14 dienø, lapø plotas dar<br />
labiau sumaþëjo (3 pav., b), netgi to paties treèiojo nuo apaèios lapo, kuriam prieð tai<br />
poveikis buvo paklaidos ribose (palyg. 3 pav., a <strong>ir</strong> b).<br />
3 pav. Sumaþëjæs lapø plotas po pomidorø apðvitos 10 kJ m -2 p -1 UV-B.<br />
Efekto priklausomumas nuo apðvitos trukmës <strong>ir</strong> lapo padëties ant augalo:<br />
a – apðvita 10 parø; b – apðvita 14 parø; 3-L; 4-L; 5-L – lapo padëtis ant<br />
augalo nuo apaèios á v<strong>ir</strong>ðø<br />
Fig. 3. Decrease of leaf area after <strong>ir</strong>radiation of tomato plants with 10 kJ m -2 d -1 UV-B.<br />
Dependence from prolongation of treatment and of leaf position on plant:<br />
a- treatment for 10 days; b – treatment for 14 days; 3-L; 4-L;<br />
5-L – leaf position from bottom to upwards<br />
244
Ádomus buvo 5 kJ m -2 p -1 UV-B spinduliuotës dozës poveikis pomidorams<br />
(2 lentelë). Ðià bandymo dalá reikia vertinti kaip atsk<strong>ir</strong>à bandymà, nes apðvita pradëta<br />
po 14 dienø pertraukos <strong>ir</strong> augalai per tà laiko tarpà ûgtelëjo, nors paèios auginimo<br />
sàlygos nesikeitë. Apðvitinti augalai pagal daugumà t<strong>ir</strong>tø rodikliø lenkë kontrolinius<br />
augalus. Po apðvitinimo 5 kJ m -2 p -1 UV-B doze sumaþëjo tik lapo masë <strong>ir</strong> beveik<br />
nepasikeitë pigmentø (karotinoidø <strong>ir</strong> chlorofilø a <strong>ir</strong> b) kiekis lapuose (2 lentelë ).<br />
2 lentelë. Apðvitos 5 kJ m -2 p -1 UV-B poveikis áva<strong>ir</strong>iems pomidorø rodikliams<br />
Table 2. Effect of 5 kJ m -2 d -1 UV-B on different characters of tomato plants<br />
Augalo rodiklis<br />
Plant character<br />
Lapø skaièius, vnt.<br />
Number of leaves<br />
Augalo aukštis<br />
Plant height, cm<br />
Augalo þalia masë<br />
Fresh weight, g<br />
Augalo sausosios medžiagos<br />
Dry weight, g<br />
Lapo svoris<br />
Weight of leaf, g<br />
Control<br />
Kontrolë<br />
UV-B 5 kJ m - ²<br />
12 ± 0,2 13,1 ± 0,3 2<br />
69,2 ± 2,7 77,1 ± 2,7 1<br />
21,6 ± 1,9 27,4 ± 2,1 1<br />
1,12 ± 0,13 1,72 ± 0,22 1<br />
1,30 ± 0,09 1,02 ± 0,08 1<br />
Cha*, mg g -1 1,48 ± 0,13 1,33 ± 0,02<br />
Chb*, mg g -1 0,56 ± 0,07 0,58 ± 0,05<br />
Karotinoidai<br />
Carotenoids, mg g -1 0,39 ± 0,12 0,50 ± 0,02<br />
1 – P < 0,05; 2 – P < 0,01<br />
* Cha – chlorofilas a / chlorophyll a; Chb – chlorofilas b / chlorophyll b.<br />
4 pav. Apðvitos 5 kJ m -2 p -1 UV-B poveikis pomidorø lapø plotui: 6-L;<br />
5-L – lapo padëtis nuo augalo v<strong>ir</strong>ðûnës<br />
Fig. 4. Effect of <strong>ir</strong>radiation with 5 kJ m -2 d -1 UV-B on leaf area tomato plants: 6-l;<br />
5-L – leaf area from apex<br />
245
Kadangi UV-B apðvitinti augalai turëjo vienu lapu daugiau (kontrolë – 12, o<br />
UV-B – 13), kad bûtø suvienodintos tyrimø sàlygos, antrajame bandyme lapai tyrimams<br />
buvo imami skaièiuojant ne nuo apaèios, bet nuo v<strong>ir</strong>ðûnës, konkreèiai – ðeðtasis<br />
<strong>ir</strong> penktasis (4 pav.). Tai atitiktø kontrolinio augalo septintàjá <strong>ir</strong> aðtuntàjá lapà, o<br />
5 kJ m -2 p -1 UV-B – aðtuntàjá <strong>ir</strong> devintàjá lapà nuo apaèios. Netgi pagal lapø plotà<br />
ryðkaus UV-B poveikio nepastebëta, nors neþymiai lapø plotas sumaþëjo tik jaunesniøjø,<br />
5-tø nuo v<strong>ir</strong>ðûnës lapø, taèiau tarp t<strong>ir</strong>tøjø augalø buvo dideli svyravimai.<br />
Apðvita 5 kJ m -2 p -1 UV-B doze neslopino <strong>ir</strong> baltymø kiekio bei superoksido<br />
dismutazës (SOD) aktyvumo pomidorø lapuose (5 pav.).<br />
5 pav. Superoksido dismutazës (SOD) aktyvumas <strong>ir</strong> baltymø kiekis kontroliniø<br />
(neðvitintø) <strong>ir</strong> 14 parø ðvitintø 5 kJ m -2 p -1 UV-B pomidorø lapuose<br />
Fig. 5. Superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity and protein content in tomato leaves of<br />
unexposed (control – K) or exposed for 14 days with 5 kJ m -2 p -1 UV-B plants<br />
Ðioks toks abiejø ðiø biocheminiø rodikliø padidëjimas yra paklaidos ribose. Taèiau<br />
5 kJ m -2 p -1 UV-B poveikis yra neabejotinas SOD elektroforetiniø frakcijø spektro<br />
pokyèiams. Keturios naujos SOD frakcijos iðryðkëja pomidorø lapuose po poveikio<br />
ðia 5 kJ m -2 p -1 UV-B doze (6 pav.).<br />
6 pav. Superoksido dismutazës spektrø palyginimas ðvitintø 14 parø 5 kJ m -2 p -1 UV-B<br />
<strong>ir</strong> neðvitintø (kontroliniø – K, tokio pat amþiaus) pomidorø lapuose. Papildomos SOD<br />
frakcijos, ats<strong>ir</strong>adusios dël UV-B poveikio, parodytos rodyklëmis. K – kontroliniø<br />
augalø, neðvitintø UV-B, lapai; UVB – SOD ið ðvitintø augalø lapø<br />
Fig. 6. Comparison of superoxide dismutase (SOD) spectra in leaves of tomato. Plants<br />
exposed for 14 days to 5 kJ m -2 d -1 UV-B or in leaves unexposed (control) plants of the<br />
same age. K – SOD in leaves of control plants; UVB – SOD in leaves exposed to UV-B<br />
plants. The new SOD fractions are showen with arrows<br />
246
Aptarimas. Negalima garantuoti dël kitø pomidorø genotipø, bet pomidorø ‘Svara’<br />
tyrimai parodë, kad manipuliuojant UV-B dozëmis <strong>ir</strong> augalø iðsivystymo tarpsniu,<br />
galima valdyti áva<strong>ir</strong>ius augalo augimo <strong>ir</strong> biocheminius rodiklius. Taèiau bûtini konkretûs<br />
kiekvieno genotipo tyrimai, nes UV-B poveikis áva<strong>ir</strong>iems kiekybiniams pomidorø<br />
‘Svara’ rodikliams pas<strong>ir</strong>eiðkë labai nevienodai, o pagal ðiuos poþymius, nulemtus<br />
adityviøjø genø, daþniausiai sk<strong>ir</strong>iasi augalø, tarp jø <strong>ir</strong> pomidorø, veislës. Ryðys tarp<br />
atsako á UV-B poveiká <strong>ir</strong> augalo genotipo pomidorams yra nustatytas (Srinivas <strong>ir</strong> kt.,<br />
2004). Kita vertus, mûsø tyrimai patv<strong>ir</strong>tino, kad, keièiant UV-B dozæ <strong>ir</strong> apðvitos sàlygas,<br />
galima suaktyvinti augalui svarbiø fermentø (Thalma<strong>ir</strong> <strong>ir</strong> kt., 1996; Hada <strong>ir</strong> kt.,<br />
2001) <strong>ir</strong> antriniø metabolitø (Björn, Wang, 2000; Björn <strong>ir</strong> kt., 2002), antocianinø<br />
(Drumm-Herrel, Mohr, 1982; Bertrani, Lercari, 2000), fenilpropanoidø (Yang <strong>ir</strong> kt.,<br />
1999; Guidi <strong>ir</strong> kt., 2005), flavonoidø (Verhoeyen <strong>ir</strong> kt., 2002) sintezæ. Be to, ðios<br />
medþiagos yra apsauginës augalo medþiagos, todël jø sintezës suaktyvinimu galima<br />
bûtø aiðkinti <strong>ir</strong> stimuliuojantá 5 kJ m -2 p -1 UV-B poveiká pomidorams, nustatytà mûsø<br />
darbe. Ði UV dozë stimuliavo netgi chlorofilo a sintezæ, nors 10 kJ m -2 p -1 dozë labai<br />
sumaþino chlorofilo a kieká lapuose.<br />
Ádomûs gauti SOD izozimø spektro pokyèiø, nustatytø elektroforezës metodu,<br />
rezultatai. Ðiame darbe nustatytas bendras SOD aktyvumas, ðvitinant stimuliuojanèia<br />
5 kJ m -2 p -1 UV-B doze, pakito labai neþymiai, bet UV-B poveikis SOD izozimø spektrui<br />
labai akivaizdus. Oksidacinis „sprogimas“ <strong>ir</strong> kaip atsakas á antioksidaciniø fermentø<br />
sintezës suaktyvinimà yra þinomi UV-B streso poþymiai (Mittler, 2002; Krupa,<br />
2003; Kakani <strong>ir</strong> kt., 2003). Tai nustatyta <strong>ir</strong> pomidorams (Balakumar <strong>ir</strong> kt., 1997),<br />
taèiau ðie tyrimai atlikti su tokiomis UV-B dozëmis, kurios augalà veikia slopinanèiai.<br />
SOD izozimø spektro pokyèiai, veikiant stimuliuojanèia UV-B doze, gali bûti viena ið<br />
preadaptacijos prieþasèiø, kai vienas paskui kità naudojami du toksiðki agentai arba<br />
pradþioje ðvitinama maþesne UV-B doze, o po to didesne (Krupa, 2003).<br />
Iðvados. 1. Manipuliuojant UV-B dozëmis <strong>ir</strong> apðvitos sàlygomis, galima reguliuoti<br />
pomidorø augimà.<br />
2. UV-B spinduliuotës poveikis áva<strong>ir</strong>iai pas<strong>ir</strong>eiðkia sk<strong>ir</strong>tingiems pomidorø rodikliams.<br />
Jautriausi UV-B spinduliuotei buvo ðie augimo poþymiai: augalo masë <strong>ir</strong> lapo<br />
plotas, maþiau keitësi karotinoidø, chlorofilø a <strong>ir</strong> b, baltymø kiekis.<br />
3. Stimuliuojanti UV-B dozë labai veikia SOD izozimø spektrà <strong>ir</strong> jø aktyvumà.<br />
Pastaba: Ðis darbas buvo remiamas Lietuvos valstybinio mokslo <strong>ir</strong> studijø fondo<br />
programos APLIKOM.<br />
Gauta 2006-05-31<br />
Parengta spausdinti 2006-12-11<br />
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249
SODININKYSTË IR DARÞININKYSTË. SCIENTIFIC ARTICLES. 2006. <strong>25</strong>(4).<br />
GROWTH PARAMETERS DEPENDENCE OF TOMATO<br />
(LYCOPERSICON ESCULENTUM MILL.) FROM UV-B<br />
IRRADIATION<br />
R. Vyðniauskienë, V. Ranèelienë, D. Raklevièienë, D. Ðvegþdienë, Z. Janèys,<br />
K. Ðlekytë, P. Duchovskis, A. Brazaitytë, J. Ðikðnianienë<br />
Summary<br />
UV-B stress response induction in tomato may have significance as means for<br />
regulation of plant growth and synthesis of the biological active substances. The<br />
goal of this study was to compare UV-B effect on variuos parameters of tomato cv.<br />
Svara: plant height, fresh and dry weight; weight and area of leaves; concentration<br />
of carotenoids, chlorophylls a and b and protein, superoxside dismutase (SOD) activity<br />
and isozyme spectra in leaves. In two experiments on the same material the<br />
two diferrent UV-B doses 10 and 5 kJ m -2 p -1 UV-B were examinated and it was<br />
showen that manipulation in UV-B doses gives different effect on the same plant<br />
parameter. That effect of UV-B can be used for regulation of tomato growth and<br />
synthesis of various substances. The effect of UV-B on variuos parameters tested in<br />
this work was different. As a tomato response to UV-B, the significant alteration of<br />
SOD spectra has been observed even after treatment with 5 kJ m -2 p -1 UV-B dose<br />
which shows stimulation effect on plant growth parameters.<br />
Key words: UV-B stress, dose differences, tomato, effect on growth, SOD<br />
isozyme spectra.<br />
<strong>25</strong>0
LIETUVOS SODININKYSTËS IR DARÞININKYSTËS INSTITUTO IR<br />
LIETUVOS ÞEMËS ÛKIO UNIVERSITETO MOKSLO DARBAI.<br />
SODININKYSTË IR DARÞININKYSTË. 2006. <strong>25</strong>(4).<br />
RAUDONØJØ BUROKËLIØ ‘KAMUOLIAI’ KAI KURIØ<br />
ORGANINIØ MEDÞIAGØ DINAMIKA ÞYDËJIMO<br />
INDUKCIJOS IR EVOKACIJOS TARPSNIAIS<br />
Jûratë Bronë ÐIKÐNIANIENË, Pavelas DUCHOVSKIS,<br />
Pranas VIÐKELIS, Ona Danutë PETRONIENË<br />
Lietuvos sodininkystës <strong>ir</strong> darþininkystës institutas, LT-54333 Babtai, Kauno r.<br />
El. paðtas J.Siksnianiene@lsdi.lt<br />
T<strong>ir</strong>ta organiniø medþiagø kaita raudonøjø burokëliø (Beta vulgaris L. var.<br />
Conditiva Alef.) ‘Kamuoliai’ pasoduose jø laikymo metu bei pasodinus á laukà<br />
þydëjimo indukcijos bei evokacijos tarpsniais. Burokëliø pasodai auginti Lietuvos<br />
sodininkystës <strong>ir</strong> darþininkystës instituto darþoviø bandymo laukuose pagal institute<br />
taikomas technologijas. Burokëliø ðakniavaisiai laikyti saugykloje +1 - +4°C temperatûroje.<br />
Ëminiai analizëms imti kas mënesá (nuo spalio iki balandþio). Pasodai á<br />
laukà pasodinti geguþës mën., ëminiai analizëms imti kas 10 dienø. Burokëliø þydëjimo<br />
indukcijos procesai tæsiasi per visà laikymo laikà, o pasodinus jø pasodus á<br />
laukà, prasideda evokacijos procesai. Pereinant ið þydëjimo indukcijos á evokacijos<br />
tarpsná, burokëliø ðakniavaisiuose vyksta atsarginiø medþiagø hidrolizë – sacharozës<br />
<strong>ir</strong> bendrojo cukraus bei invertuoto cukraus <strong>ir</strong> azoto medþiagø sintezë. Bendrojo<br />
cukraus <strong>ir</strong> azoto santykis, pereinant ið þydëjimo indukcijos á evokacijos tarpsná,<br />
sumaþëja.<br />
Reikðminiai þodþiai: azoto medþiagos, cukrûs, evokacijos tarpsniai, raudonieji<br />
burokëliai, þydëjimo indukcija.<br />
Ávadas. Þiemojanèiø dvimeèiø <strong>ir</strong> daugiameèiø augalø þydëjimo iniciacijoje iðsk<strong>ir</strong>iami<br />
tokie pagrindiniai etapai: þydëjimo indukcija, evokacija, þiedø iniciacija, gametø<br />
iniciacija <strong>ir</strong> þydëjimo stimulo komplekso destrukcija. Þydëjimo indukcija – etapas,<br />
kai dël iðoriniø <strong>ir</strong> vidiniø veiksniø átakos formuojasi þydëjimo stimulas. Evokacija –<br />
generatyvinës organogenezës genø ekspresija <strong>ir</strong> tolesni procesai iki morfologiðkai<br />
iðreikðto þiedyno pradmens susiformavimo. Tai vienas sudëtingiausiø þydëjimo iniciacijos<br />
etapø, nes vyksta augalo ontogenezës posûkis nuo vegetatyvinës morfogenezës<br />
iki generatyviniø struktûrø formavimo (Duchovskis, 1996, 2000). Evokacijos<br />
procesuose, be hormoniniø <strong>ir</strong> fermentiniø sistemø, dalyvauja <strong>ir</strong> trofinës medþiagos.<br />
Kol kas visai neaiðkûs baltymø metabolizmo pokyèiai áva<strong>ir</strong>iais þydëjimo iniciacijos<br />
etapais. Tai ypaè aktualu evokacijos tarpsnyje, kai vyksta p<strong>ir</strong>møjø reproduktyviø<br />
baltymø sintezë (Wiebe, 1989). Bandoma árodyti, kad þydëjimo iniciacijos procesus<br />
<strong>25</strong>1
lemia <strong>ir</strong> C/N (bendrojo cukraus/azoto) santykis augaluose arba kiti trofiniai veiksniai<br />
(Tran Thanh Van, Trink, 1978; Öûáóëüêî, 1979).<br />
Burokëliø ðakniavaisiuose yra apie 14–16 proc. t<strong>ir</strong>piø sausøjø medþiagø, 8–<br />
12 proc. cukrø, tarp kuriø dominuoja sacharozë. Burokëliø lapuose yra daugiau azoto<br />
junginiø negu ðakniavaisiuose, didþiàjà jø dalá sudaro baltymai (albuminai, globulinai).<br />
Lapuose <strong>ir</strong> ðakniavaisiuose yra daug askorbo rûgðties (20–21 mg 100 g -1 ), vitaminø<br />
B 1<br />
, B 2<br />
, P <strong>ir</strong> PP (Êðàñî÷êèí, 1971).<br />
Angliavandeniø <strong>ir</strong> azoto medþiagø metabolizmas evokacijos metu maþai tyrinëtas.<br />
Tuomet þydëjimo stimulas nestabilus, gali vykti jo destrukcija (Wiebe, 1989).<br />
Dël þydëjimo stimulo destrukcijos apikalinë meristema gali gráþti á vegetatyvinæ bûsenà<br />
(II organogenezës etapas) (Äóõîâñêèé, 1983, Duchovskis, 1998). Neaiðku, kokie angliavandeniø<br />
<strong>ir</strong> azoto medþiagø metaboliniai pasikeitimai gali ávykti dël tokiø pakitimø.<br />
Darbo tikslas – iðt<strong>ir</strong>ti ‘Kamuoliø’ veislës raudonøjø burokëliø angliavandeniø <strong>ir</strong><br />
azoto medþiagø dinamikà þydëjimo indukcijos bei evokacijos metu.<br />
Tyrimo sàlygos <strong>ir</strong> metodai. Tyrimai atlikti 2003–2005 m. Lietuvos sodininkystës<br />
<strong>ir</strong> darþininkystës instituto (LSDI) Augalø fiziologijos laboratorijoje. Raudonøjø<br />
burokëliø (Beta vulgaris L. var. Conditiva Alef.) ‘Kamuoliai’ pasodai auginti LSDI<br />
darþoviø bandymø laukuose pagal institute taikomas technologijas. Nuimti burokëliø<br />
pasodai laikyti saugykloje +1 – +4°C temperatûroje. Ëminiai analizëms imti kas mënesá<br />
(nuo spalio iki balandþio) per visà laikymo laikà <strong>ir</strong> kas 10 dienø, pasodus pasodinus<br />
á laukà (geguþës mën.). Kiekvienà kartà analizuota po tris kiekvienos dydþio<br />
frakcijos pasodus (1 lentelë). Nustatytas augalø organogenezës etapas, þydëjimo iniciacijos<br />
tarpsnis, cukrø <strong>ir</strong> azoto medþiagø kiekis. Organogenezës etapai nustatyti<br />
pagal F. Kupermano mokyklos sukurtà raidos periodizacijà bei metodologijà (Êóïåðìàí<br />
<strong>ir</strong> kt., 1982), þydëjimo indukcijos <strong>ir</strong> evokacijos tarpsniai – pagal P. Duchovská (Duchovskis,<br />
2004).<br />
1 lentelë. Raudonøjø burokëliø ðakniavaisio skersmuo, cm<br />
Table 1. Diameter of red beet root- crop (cm)<br />
Veislë<br />
I frakcija / I faction<br />
II frakcija / II faction<br />
Cultivar 2003–2004 m. 2004–2005 m. 2003–2004 m. 2004–2005 m.<br />
‘Kamuoliai’ 9,86 ± 0,451 9,44 ± 0,370 7,16 ± 0,367 5,80 ± 0,181<br />
2003 m. balandþio <strong>ir</strong> geguþës mënesiø vidutinë paros oro temperatûra buvo ðiek<br />
tiek aukðtesnë uþ daugiametá vidurká (2 lentelë). Vasara buvo ðilta, drëgmës pakako.<br />
Burokëliams dygti <strong>ir</strong> augti sàlygos buvo geros. 2004 m. geguþës <strong>ir</strong> b<strong>ir</strong>þelio vidutinë<br />
paros oro temperatûra buvo þemesnë uþ daugiametá vidurká, o krituliø iðkrito daugiau.<br />
Liepos mënuo buvo kiek vësesnis <strong>ir</strong> sausesnis, rugpjûtá iðkrito gerokai daugiau<br />
krituliø negu daugiametis vidurkis. Burokëliams augti tai buvo gan geri metai.<br />
Cheminës analizës atliktos LSDI Biochemijos <strong>ir</strong> technologijos laboratorijoje taikomais<br />
tyrimø metodais: t<strong>ir</strong>pios sausosios medþiagos nustatytos refraktometru (Ìåòîäû...,<br />
1987), (skaitmeninis refraktometras ATAGO), cukrûs – AOAC metodu (AOAC, 1990),<br />
sausosios medþiagos – gravimetriðkai, iðþiovinus +105°C temperatûroje iki nekintamos<br />
masës (Manuals, 1986), baltymø kiekis – Kjeldalio metodu (N x 6,<strong>25</strong>).<br />
<strong>25</strong>2
2 lentelë. Meteorologinës sàlygos raudonøjø burokëliø vegetacijos metu<br />
Table 2. Meteorological conditions during red beet vegetation<br />
Oro temperatûra / A<strong>ir</strong> temperature, °C Krituliai / Precipitation, mm<br />
Mënuo<br />
1924–2000 m.<br />
1924–2000 m.<br />
Month 2003 m. 2004 m.<br />
2003 m. 2004 m.<br />
vidurkis / average<br />
vidurkis / average<br />
Balandis / April 7,5 9,6 5,8 32,3 32,3 42,0<br />
Geguþë / May 15,7 10,7 11,9 45,1 46,2 43,7<br />
B<strong>ir</strong>želis / June 15,4 13,7 16,6 57,1 77,4 50,4<br />
Liepa / July 20,1 16,1 17,6 118,0 50,4 71,8<br />
Rugpjûtis / August 17,5 16,7 16,3 52,4 123,4 75,8<br />
Rugsëjis / September 12,8 11,6 12,0 27,9 36,2 30,0<br />
Kauno meteorologijos stotis, 2003–2004 m. / Kaunas Meteorological Station, 2003–2004<br />
Cheminës sudëties duomenys matematiðkai apdoroti „Microsoft Excel“ programa.<br />
Apskaièiuota standartinë paklaida.<br />
Rezultatai. Raudonøjø burokëliø augimo kûgeliai laikymo metu buvo II organogenezës<br />
etapo. Prasidëjus burokëliø pasodø vegetacijai, kai jie buvo pasodinti á<br />
laukà, augimo kûgeliai perëjo á I evokacijos tarpsná. Raudonøjø burokëliø augimo<br />
kûgelio skersmuo II organogenezës etape kito nuo 0,13 iki 0,17 mm, III etape –<br />
nuo 0,26 iki 0,33 mm, IV etape – nuo 0,48 iki 0,87 mm (3 lentelë). Pasodinus<br />
pasodus á laukà, II frakcijos burokëliai augo sparèiau <strong>ir</strong> jø augimo kûgeliai buvo<br />
didesni.<br />
3 lentelë. ‘Kamuoliø’ veislës raudonøjø burokëliø augimo kûgeliø skersmuo<br />
þydëjimo indukcijos <strong>ir</strong> evokacijos tarpsniais, mm<br />
Table 3. Apex diameter of red beet cultivar ‘Kamuoliai’ during flowering<br />
induction and evocation stages, mm<br />
Metai<br />
Year<br />
Þydëjimo indukcija,<br />
II organogenezës etapas<br />
Flowering induction,<br />
organogenesis stage II<br />
I evokacijos tarpsnis,<br />
III organogenezës etapas<br />
Evocation stage I,<br />
organogenesis stage III<br />
II evokacijos tarpsnis,<br />
IV organogenezës etapas<br />
Evocation stage II,<br />
organogenesis stage IV<br />
I frakcija<br />
faction I<br />
II frakcija<br />
faction II<br />
I frakcija<br />
faction I<br />
II frakcija<br />
faction II<br />
I frakcija<br />
faction I<br />
II frakcija<br />
faction II<br />
2003–2004 m. 0,17 ± 0,0<strong>25</strong> 0,15 ± 0,018 0,27 ± 0,017 0,33 ± 0,076 0,48 ± 0,0<strong>25</strong> 0,87 ± 0,067<br />
2004–2005 m. 0,15 ± 0,015 0,13 ± 0,012 0,26 ± 0,021 0,30 ± 0,072 0,55 ± 0,151 0,70 ± 0,050<br />
2003–2004 m. raudoniesiems burokëliams pereinant ið þydëjimo indukcijos<br />
(II organogenezës etapo) á evokacijos (III – IV organogenezës etapà) tarpsná, sausøjø<br />
medþiagø kiekis sumaþëjo daugiau kaip 3 proc. (4 lentelë). 2004–2005 m. burokëliø<br />
ðakniavaisiuose rasta maþiau sausøjø medþiagø. Tam átakos galëjo turëti didelis<br />
krituliø kiekis vasaros pabaigoje <strong>ir</strong> rudená. Tais metais, burokëliams pereinant ið þydëjimo<br />
indukcijos á evokacijos tarpsná, sausøjø medþiagø kiekis sumaþëjo iki 2,8 proc.<br />
(I frakcijos pasodø) <strong>ir</strong> 4,1 proc. (II frakcijos pasodø).<br />
<strong>25</strong>3
4 lentelë. Sausøjø medþiagø dinamika raudonøjø burokëliø ‘Kamuoliai’<br />
ðakniavaisiuose, %<br />
Table 4. The dynamics of dry matter in red beet ‘Kamuoliai’ root crop (%)<br />
Metai<br />
Year<br />
I frakcija / I faction<br />
organogenezës etapas<br />
organogenesis stage<br />
II frakcija / II faction<br />
organogenezës etapas<br />
organogenesis stage<br />
II III – IV II III – IV<br />
2003–2004 m. 18,8 ± 0,45 14,9 ± 0,68 19,4 ± 0,64 15,6 ± 0,73<br />
2004–2005 m. 15,5 ± 0,41 12,7 ± 0,18 17,1 ± 0,4 13,0 ± 0,37<br />
Vidurkis / Average 17,1 ± 0,98 13,8 ± 0,91 18,1 ± 0,77 14,3 ± 1,07<br />
2003–2004 m. I frakcijos burokëliø ðakniavaisiuose þydëjimo indukcijos metu iki<br />
kovo mënesio invertuoto cukraus kiekis kito nuo 0,23 iki 0,65 proc. (1 A pav.). Kovo<br />
mënesá, baigiantis þydëjimo indukcijos tarpsniui, invertuoto cukraus kiekis padidëjo iki<br />
1 proc. <strong>ir</strong> panaðus iðliko visà evokacijos tarpsná. 2004–2005 m. invertuoto cukraus<br />
kiekis burokëliø ðakniavaisiuose kito panaðiai: iki balandþio mën. – nuo 0,<strong>25</strong> iki<br />
0,52 proc., balandþio mën. padidëjo iki 0,65 proc., o geguþës mën. (II evokacijos<br />
tarpsnis) – iki 0,99 proc. (1 B pav.). II frakcijos burokëliø ðakniavaisiuose invertuoto<br />
cukraus kiekis þydëjimo indukcijos <strong>ir</strong> evokacijos metu kito taip: 2003–2004 m. – nuo<br />
0,27 iki 0,71 proc. (1 C pav.), o 2004–2005 m. – nuo 0,32 iki 0,71 proc. (1 D pav.).<br />
1 pav. Invertuoto cukraus dinamika raudonøjø burokëliø ‘Kamuoliai’ ðakniavaisiuose<br />
þydëjimo indukcijos <strong>ir</strong> evokacijos metu<br />
Fig. 1. The dynamics of inverted sugar in red beet ‘Kamuoliai’ root crop during flowering<br />
induction and evocation<br />
Sacharozës kiekis, pereinant ið þydëjimo indukcijos á evokacijos tarpsná, sumaþëjo<br />
(2 pav.). 2003–2004 m. þydëjimo indukcijos tarpsniu sacharozës kiekis I frakcijos<br />
burokëliø ðakniavaisiuose kito nuo 7,5 iki 12,6 proc. (2 A pav.), II frakcijos<br />
ðakniavaisiuose – nuo 8,2 iki 11,8 proc. (2 C pav.), 2004–2005 m. I frakcijos ðaknia-<br />
<strong>25</strong>4
vaisiuose – nuo 8,2 iki 10,1proc. (2 B pav.), II frakcijos ðakniavaisiuose – nuo 7,3 iki<br />
11,1 proc. (2 D pav.). Evokacijos tarpsniu sacharozës kiekis sumaþëjo (2 pav). Antru<br />
evokacijos tarpsniu 2003–2004 m. I frakcijos pasoduose buvo 7,2 proc. sacharozës<br />
(2 A pav.), II frakcijos – 7,3 proc. (2 C pav.), o 2004–2005 m. I frakcijos –<br />
6,4 proc. (2 B pav.), II frakcijos – 6,1 proc. (2 D pav.)<br />
2 pav. Sacharozës dinamika raudonøjø burokëliø ‘Kamuoliai’ ðakniavaisiuose<br />
þydëjimo indukcijos <strong>ir</strong> evokacijos metu<br />
Fig. 2. The dynamics of saccharose in red beet ‘Kamuoliai’ root crop during flowering<br />
induction and evocation<br />
3 pav. Bendrojo cukraus dinamika raudonøjø burokëliø ‘Kamuoliai’<br />
ðakniavaisiuose þydëjimo indukcijos <strong>ir</strong> evokacijos metu<br />
Fig. 3. The dynamics of total sugar in red beet ‘Kamuoliai’ root crop during<br />
flowering induction and evocation<br />
<strong>25</strong>5
Bendrojo cukraus kitimo dinamika burokëliø ðakniavaisiuose tokia pati kaip <strong>ir</strong><br />
sacharozës (3 pav.). 2003–2004 m. þydëjimo indukcijos tarpsniu I frakcijos pasoduose<br />
bendrojo cukraus nustatyta 8,1–13,4 proc. (3 A pav.), II frakcijos – 8,7–<br />
12,1 proc. (3 C pav.), o 2004–2005 m. I frakcijos – 8,5–10,4 proc. (3 B pav.),<br />
II frakcijos – 11,3 proc. (3 D pav.). Antru evokacijos tarpsniu bendrojo cukraus<br />
kiekis sumaþëjo I frakcijos pasoduose atitinkamai iki 8,2 proc. (3 A pav.) <strong>ir</strong> 6,9 proc.<br />
(3 B pav.), II frakcijos – atitinkamai 7,9 proc. (3 C pav.) <strong>ir</strong> 6,5 proc. (3 D pav.).<br />
2003–2004 m., burokëliams pereinant ið þydëjimo indukcijos á evokacijos tarpsná,<br />
bendrojo azoto kiekis gerokai padidëjo (4 A, C pav.), o 2004–2005 m. iðliko<br />
nepakitæs (4 B, D pav.). I frakcijos burokëliø ðakniavaisiuose þydëjimo indukcijos<br />
metu bendrojo azoto kiekis kito nuo 1,12 iki 1,43 proc., o II frakcijos – nuo 1,11<br />
iki 1,76 proc. (2003–2004 m.). Evokacijos metu I frakcijos burokëliø ðakniavaisiuose<br />
bendrojo azoto kiekis kito nuo 1,55 iki 1,88 proc., o II frakcijos – nuo 1,79 iki<br />
2,04 proc. (4 A, C pav.). 2004–2005 m. I frakcijos burokëliø ðakniavaisiuose bendrojo<br />
azoto kiekis kito nuo 1,02 iki 1,29 proc., o II frakcijos – nuo 0,98 iki 1,55 proc.<br />
(4 B, D pav.).<br />
Burokëliams ið þydëjimo indukcijos perëjus á evokacijos tarpsná, t<strong>ir</strong>piø sausøjø<br />
medþiagø kiekis sumaþëjo (5 pav). 2003–2004 m. þydëjimo indukcijos tarpsniu burokëliø<br />
ðakniavaisiuose ðios medþiagos kiekis áva<strong>ir</strong>avo nuo 14,6 iki 18,4 proc.<br />
(5 A, C pav.), 2004–2005 m. – nuo 10,0 iki 16,3 proc. (5 B, D pav.). Evokacijos<br />
tarpsniu t<strong>ir</strong>piø sausøjø medþiagø sumaþëjo iki 10,7 proc. (5 pav.).<br />
4 pav. Bendrojo azoto dinamika raudonøjø burokëliø ‘Kamuoliai’ ðakniavaisiuose<br />
þydëjimo indukcijos <strong>ir</strong> evokacijos metu<br />
Fig. 4. The dynamics of total sugar in red beet ‘Kamuoliai’ root crop during flowering<br />
induction and evocation<br />
2003–2004 m. I frakcijos burokëliø ðakniavaisiuose bendrojo cukraus <strong>ir</strong> azoto<br />
santykis þydëjimo indukcijos tarpsniu áva<strong>ir</strong>avo nuo 6,0 iki 10,7, o II frakcijos – nuo<br />
5,2 iki 9,9 (6 A, C pav.). Evokacijos tarpsniu ðis santykis sumaþëjo: I frakcijos – iki<br />
5,0–5,3, o II frakcijos – iki 4,2–4,5. 2004–2005 m. I frakcijos burokëliø ðakniavaisiø<br />
<strong>25</strong>6
endrojo cukraus <strong>ir</strong> azoto santykis þydëjimo indukcijos tarpsniu áva<strong>ir</strong>avo nuo 7,0 iki<br />
9,9, o II frakcijos – nuo 5,2 iki 11,8 (6 B, D pav.). Taèiau pereinant á evokacijos<br />
tarpsná tokio ryðkaus sumaþëjimo kaip 2003–2004 m. nebuvo. I frakcijos burokëliø<br />
ðakniavaisiuose evokacijos tarpsniu ðis santykis áva<strong>ir</strong>avo nuo 6,3 iki 7,4, o II frakcijos<br />
– nuo 5,8–6,0.<br />
Aptarimas. Burokëliai, kaip <strong>ir</strong> kiti dvimeèiai augalai, p<strong>ir</strong>maisiais metais suformuoja<br />
lapø skrotelæ, o kitais metais, po foto- <strong>ir</strong> termoindukcijos procesø rudená bei<br />
þiemà, vystosi þiedynstiebiai. Rudená, trumpëjanèio fotoperiodo sàlygomis, veikiant<br />
fitochromo sistemai, lapuose formuojasi fotoindukcijos stimulas, kuris transportuojamas<br />
á apikalines meristemas <strong>ir</strong> deblokuoja þiedyno aðies formavimosi genus. Saugykloje<br />
dël þemø teigiamø temperatûrø þydëjimo indukcijos tarpsnio stimulas formuojasi<br />
augimo kûgeliuose, vyksta þiedyno elementø formavimosi genø raiðka (Duchovskis,<br />
2000). Ðis procesas tæsiasi visà laikymo laikotarpá (Ðikðnianienë <strong>ir</strong> kt.,<br />
2006). Kitø darþoviø (kopûstø, morkø) augimo kûgelio þiedyno aðies diferenciacija<br />
prasideda saugykloje (Duchovskis <strong>ir</strong> kt., 2000; Ðikðnianienë <strong>ir</strong> kt., 2004). Tik pasibaigus<br />
termoindukcijos tarpsniui, prasideda burokëliø þiedyno aðies diferenciacija,<br />
t. y. vyksta evokacijos procesai (3 lentelë).<br />
5 pav. T<strong>ir</strong>piø sausøjø medþiagø dinamika raudonøjø burokëliø ‘Kamuoliai’ ðakniavaisiuose<br />
þydëjimo indukcijos <strong>ir</strong> evokacijos metu<br />
Fig. 5. The dynamics of soluble dry matter in red beet cultivar ‘Kamuoliai’ root crop<br />
during flowering induction and evocation<br />
Raudonøjø burokëliø ðakniavaisiams pereinant ið þydëjimo indukcijos (II organogenezës<br />
etapas) á evokacijos (III – IV organogenezës etapas) tarpsná, sumaþëja<br />
sausøjø medþiagø (4 lentelë), sacharozës (2 pav.) <strong>ir</strong> bendrojo cukraus (3 pav.) bei<br />
t<strong>ir</strong>piø sausøjø medþiagø kiekis (5 pav.). Tai ið dalies galima paaiðkinti tuo, kad tamsoje<br />
augalai nepasipildo medþiagø, o kvëpuoja ið sukauptø atsargø. Kita vertus, vyksta polimeriniø<br />
medþiagø hidrolizës procesai. Panaðûs reiðkiniai pastebëti <strong>ir</strong> kituose dvimeèiuose<br />
augaluose evokacijos tarpsniu (Duchovskis <strong>ir</strong> kt.; 2000, Ðikðnianianë <strong>ir</strong> kt.; 2004,<br />
<strong>25</strong>7
Ðikðnianianë <strong>ir</strong> kt., 2006). Sacharozës sumaþëjo <strong>ir</strong> pereinant ið p<strong>ir</strong>mojo evokacijos<br />
tarpsnio á antràjá. Manoma, kad sacharozë labai reikðminga evokacijos procesuose,<br />
nes, veikiama b-fruktofuranozidazës, skyla á gliukozæ <strong>ir</strong> fruktozæ, kurios yra svarbios<br />
làsteliø energinës medþiagos, pagrindiniai kvëpavimo substratai (Kulka, Rejowski,<br />
1998). Pereinant ið þydëjimo indukcijos á evokacijos tarpsná, sintetinami baltyminiai<br />
metabolitai, reikalingi evokacijos tarpsniui, todël padidëja bendrojo azoto kiekis<br />
(4 pav.). Burokëliams pereinant ið þydëjimo indukcijos á evokacijos tarpsná, bendrojo<br />
cukraus <strong>ir</strong> azoto santykis sumaþëja (6 pav.), nes ðakniavaisiuose sparèiai vyksta evokacijos<br />
tarpsnio metaboliniai bei morfogenetiniai procesai (Kulka, Rejowski, 1998).<br />
6 pav. Bendrojo cukraus <strong>ir</strong> azoto santykio dinamika raudonøjø burokëliø ‘Kamuoliai’<br />
ðakniavaisiuose þydëjimo indukcijos <strong>ir</strong> evokacijos metu<br />
Fig. 6. The dynamics of total sugar and nitrogen ratio in red beet cultivar ‘Kamuoliai’<br />
root crop during flowering induction and evocation<br />
Iðvados. Burokëliø pasodø augimo kûgeliuose termoindukcijos procesai vyksta<br />
dël þemø teigiamø temperatûrø saugykloje, o evokacijos procesai prasideda, kai pasodai<br />
pasodinami á laukà.<br />
Pereinant ið þydëjimo indukcijos á evokacijos tarpsná, burokëliø ðakniavaisiuose<br />
vyksta atsarginiø medþiagø hidrolizë, invertuoto cukraus <strong>ir</strong> azoto medþiagø sintezë,<br />
sumaþëja sacharozës <strong>ir</strong> bendrojo cukraus kiekis.<br />
Raudoniesiems burokëliams ‘Kamuoliai’ ið þydëjimo indukcijos perëjus á evokacijos<br />
tarpsná, bendrojo cukraus <strong>ir</strong> azoto santykis sumaþëja.<br />
Gauta 2006-10-24<br />
Parengta spausdinti 2006-12-11<br />
Literatûra<br />
1. AOAC. Sucrose in fruits and fruit products // Official Methods of Analysis. Arlington:<br />
VA, 1990. 922 p.<br />
<strong>25</strong>8
2. Duchovskis P. Model of Flowering Initiation in Perennial Plants // Theoretical and<br />
practical Problems in modern Physiology of Cultured Plants. Collection of Scientific Articles.<br />
Babtai, LIH. 1996. P. 15–<strong>25</strong>.<br />
3. Duchovskis P. Photomorphogenetic effects in flowering initiation within perennial<br />
plants // Biologija. 1998. No. 3. P. 42–44.<br />
4. Duchovskis P., Ðikðnianienë J., Bobinas È., Viðkelis P. Baltagûþiø kopûstø peroksidazës<br />
<strong>ir</strong> orto-difenoloksidazës izofermentø bei kai kuriø organiniø medþiagø dinamika evokacijos<br />
etape // Sodininkystë <strong>ir</strong> darþininkystë. Babtai, 2000. T. 19(3)-1. P. 309–316.<br />
5. Duchovskis P. Þiemojanèiø augalø þydëjimo indukcijos bei evokacijos dviejø tarpsniø<br />
koncepsija // Sodininkystë <strong>ir</strong> darþininkystë. Babtai, 2000. T. 19(3)-1. P. 3–10.<br />
6. Duchovskis P. Þiemojanèiø augalø þydëjimo iniciacija // Sodininkystë <strong>ir</strong> darþininkystë.<br />
Babtai, 2004. T.23(2). P. 3–11.<br />
7. Kulka K., Rejowski A. Biochemia. Olsztyn: Wydawnictwo ART, 1998. 609 p.<br />
8. Manuals of food quality control // Food analysis: general techniques, additives,<br />
contaminants, and composition. Rome: FAO, 1986. 205 p.<br />
9. Ðikðnianienë J. B., Duchovskis P., Viðkelis P., Karklelienë R., Samuolienë G. Valgomøjø<br />
morkø (Daucus sativus Röhl.) angliavandeniø <strong>ir</strong> azotiniø medþiagø dinamika evokacijos<br />
metu // Sodininkystë <strong>ir</strong> darþininkystë. Babtai, 2004. T. 23(2). P. 137–142.<br />
10. Ðikðnianienë J. B., Duchovskis P., Viðkelis P., Petronienë D. Raudonøjø burokëliø<br />
Ilgiai angliavandeniø <strong>ir</strong> azoto medþiagø dinamika þydëjimo indukcijos <strong>ir</strong> evokacijos tarpsniais<br />
// Sodininkystë <strong>ir</strong> darþininkystë. Babtai, 2006. T. <strong>25</strong>(1). P. 100–109.<br />
11. Tran Thanh Van M., Trink H. Morphogenesis in thin cell layers: concept, methodology<br />
and results. Calgary (Canada), 1978. P. 37–48.<br />
12. Wiebe H.-J. Vernalisation von wichtigen Gemûsearten–Ein Ûberblick // Gartenbauwissenchaft.<br />
1989. 54. P. 97–104.<br />
13. Äóõîâñêèé Ï., Ðæàíîâà Å. È. Òåìïû è îñîáåííîñòè îðãàíîãåíåçà ðàéãðàñà<br />
ïàñòáèùíîãî (Llium perenne L.) â åñòåñâåííûõ è èñêóñòâåííûõ óñëîâèÿõ<br />
âûðàùèâàíèÿ // Ñåëüñêîõîçÿéñâåííàÿ áèîëîãèÿ. 1983. ¹ 9. Ñ. 52–55.<br />
14. Êðàñî÷êèí Â. Ò. Õàðàêòåðèñòèêà ñåìåéñòâà Ìàðåâûõ èëè Ñîëÿíêîâûõ,<br />
- Chenopodiaceae Less. // Êóëüòóðíàÿ ôëîðà ÑÑÑÐ / Êîðíåïëîäíûå ðàñòåíèÿ.<br />
Ëåíèíãðàä, 1971. Ò. ÕIX. C. 7–266.<br />
15. Êóïåðìàí Ô. Ì., Ðæàíîâà Å. È., Ìóðàøåâ Â. Â. è äð. Áèîëîãèÿ ðàçâèòèÿ<br />
êóëüòóðíûõ ðàñòåíèé. Ìîñêâà, 1982. 343 c.<br />
16. Ìåòîäû áèîõèìè÷åñêîãî èññëåäîâàíèÿ ðàñòåíèé / Ïîä ðåä. À. È.<br />
Åðìàêîâà. Ëåíèíãðàä, 1987. 431 c.<br />
17. Öûáóëüêî Â. Ñ. Àíàëèç ýêñïåðèìåíòàëüíîé îáîñíîâàííîñòè îñíîâíûõ<br />
òåîðèé è ãèïîòåç áèîëîãè÷åñêîé ïðèðîäû ôîòîïåðèîäèçìà // Ôèçèîëîãèÿ è<br />
áèîõèìèÿ êóëüòóðíûõ ðàñòåíèé. 1979. Ò. 29, ¹ 4. Ñ. <strong>25</strong>8–264.<br />
<strong>25</strong>9
SODININKYSTË IR DARÞININKYSTË. SCIENTIFIC ARTICLES. 2006. <strong>25</strong>(4).<br />
THE DYNAMICS OF SOME ORGANIC SUBSTANCES OF<br />
RED BEET ‘KAMUOLIAI’ AT FLOWERING INDUCTION<br />
AND EVOCATION STAGES<br />
J. B. Ðikðnianienë, P. Duchovskis, P. Viðkelis, O. D. Petronienë<br />
Summary<br />
The variation of organic substances of red beet (Beta vulgaris L. var. Conditiva<br />
Alef.) ‘Kamuoliai’ at flowering induction and evocation stages were investigated<br />
during storage and after planting in a field. Beet plantings were grown in experimental<br />
fields of LIH according to the technologies applied at the Institute. Beet root<br />
crops were stored in storage at the temperature of +1 – +4°C. The samples for<br />
analyses were taken each month (from October up till April). Plantings were planted<br />
in field in May and the samples for analyses were taken every 10 days. The processes<br />
of beet flowering induction continue during all the period of watering, and when<br />
beet plantings are planted in field evocation processes start up. During transitional<br />
period from flowering induction to evocation, hydrolysis of reserve substances,<br />
decrease of the amount of saccharose and total sugar and synthesis of inverted<br />
sugar and nitric substances occur. The ratio of the total sugar and nitrogen during<br />
transition from flowering induction to evocation decreases.<br />
Key words: nitric substances, evocation periods, flowering induction, nitric<br />
substances, red beet, sugars.<br />
260
LIETUVOS SODININKYSTËS IR DARÞININKYSTËS INSTITUTO IR<br />
LIETUVOS ÞEMËS ÛKIO UNIVERSITETO MOKSLO DARBAI.<br />
SODININKYSTË IR DARÞININKYSTË. 2006. <strong>25</strong>(4).<br />
AUGALØ, AUGINAMØ ÞALIAJAI TRÀÐAI,<br />
AGROBIOLOGINIS ÁVERTINIMAS IR ÁTAKA<br />
SVOGÛNØ DERLIUI<br />
Roma STARKUTË, Laisvûnë DUCHOVSKIENË,<br />
Vytautas ZALATORIUS<br />
Lietuvos sodininkystës <strong>ir</strong> darþininkystës institutas, LT-54333, Babtai, Kauno r.<br />
El. paðtas vytas@lsdi.lt<br />
2003–2005 m. Lietuvos sodininkystës darþininkystës institute ekologiðkai darþovëms<br />
auginti sk<strong>ir</strong>tame bandymø lauke t<strong>ir</strong>ti <strong>ir</strong> ávertinti þaliajai tràðai tinkamiausi augalai<br />
<strong>ir</strong> nustatyta jø átaka ekologiðkai auginamø svogûnø derliui. T<strong>ir</strong>ti augalai þaliajai<br />
tràðai: mieþiai, mieþiai su dobilø ásëliu, vasariniai kvieèiai, þ<strong>ir</strong>niø <strong>ir</strong> aviþø miðinys,<br />
aliejiniai ridikai. Kontrolinis variantas – juodasis pûdymas.<br />
Nustatyta, kad þaliajai tràðai auginamø augalø biomasë armenyje paliko nevienodà<br />
organinës medþiagos kieká. Daugiausia sausøjø medþiagø – 7,3 t ha -1 buvo áterpta<br />
su vasariniø kvieèiø þalia mase.<br />
Daugiausia þalios masës (43,2 t ha -1 ) uþaugino þ<strong>ir</strong>niø <strong>ir</strong> aviþø miðinys, vasariniai<br />
kvieèiai – 32,5 t ha -1 , mieþiai su dobilø ásëliu – 30,2 t ha -1 , maþiausiai – mieþiai <strong>ir</strong><br />
aliejiniai ridikai (atitinkamai 24,5 <strong>ir</strong> 27,0 t ha -1 ).<br />
Ávertintas tabakiniø tripsø Thrips tabaci gausumas visuose variantuose, esminiø<br />
sk<strong>ir</strong>tumø tarp variantø nenustatyta.<br />
Þaliajai tràðai auginamas þ<strong>ir</strong>niø <strong>ir</strong> aviþø miðinys svogûnø prekiná derliø padidino<br />
3,1 proc., vasariniai kvieèiai – 5,7 proc., mieþiai su dobilø ásëliu – 7,3 proc. Maþiausiai<br />
átakos svogûnø derliui turëjo þaliajai tràðai auginami mieþiai <strong>ir</strong> aliejiniai ridikai.<br />
Daugiausia piktþoliø (191 vnt. m -2 ) rasta svogûnø, augintø po mieþiø su dobilø<br />
ásëliu, pasëlyje, maþiausiai – 29 vnt. m 2 – po þ<strong>ir</strong>niø <strong>ir</strong> aviþø miðinio augintø svogûnø<br />
pasëlyje.<br />
Reikðminiai þodþiai: augalai þaliajai tràðai, biomasë, piktþolës, sausosios medþiagos,<br />
svogûnai, tabakiniai tripsai.<br />
Ávadas. Auginant darþoves ekologiðkai, viena veiksmingiausiø priemoniø, palaikanèiø<br />
d<strong>ir</strong>voþemio derlingumà, yra træðimas organinëmis tràðomis. Sistemingai træðiant<br />
organinëmis tràðomis – mëðlu, padidëja d<strong>ir</strong>voþemio biologinis aktyvumas, pagerëja<br />
fizikinës <strong>ir</strong> cheminës savybës, vandens <strong>ir</strong> oro reþimas (Tripolskaja, 1994). Organinëse<br />
tràðose yra visø augalams reikalingø maisto medþiagø – azoto, fosforo, kalio,<br />
kalcio bei mikroelementø – boro, mangano, kobalto, vario, cinko, molibdeno, sieros.<br />
261
Organinës tràðos yra daugumos d<strong>ir</strong>voþemio mikroorganizmø maisto ðaltinis. Jos skatina<br />
saprofitiniø mikroorganizmø vystymàsi <strong>ir</strong> taip sumaþina patogeniniø mikroorganizmø<br />
kieká (Þekonienë, Bakutis, Jankauskas <strong>ir</strong> kt. 1997; Äîâáàí, 1991; Íîâîñ¸ëîâ,<br />
Øëàïóíîâ <strong>ir</strong> kt., 1987). Kadangi mëðlo sukaupiama palyginti maþai, reikia auginti<br />
daugiau augalø þaliajai tràðai. Þalioji tràða gerokai pigesnë, o jos poveikis p<strong>ir</strong>maisiais<br />
metais jà áterpus daþnai geresnis negu mëðlo (Àëåêñååâ, 1996).<br />
Þaliajai tràðai labiausiai tinka ankðtiniai augalai: paðariniai <strong>ir</strong> siauralapiai sideratiniai<br />
lubinai, paðarinës pupos, seradëlës, vikiai, þ<strong>ir</strong>niai <strong>ir</strong> dobilai, nes jø nereikia træðti<br />
azoto tràðomis, jie patys aps<strong>ir</strong>ûpina azotu, nemaþai jo sukaupia þalioje masëje <strong>ir</strong> ðaknyse.<br />
Ankðtiniai augalai turi tv<strong>ir</strong>tà ðaknø sistemà, todël ið gilesniø d<strong>ir</strong>vos sluoksniø<br />
paima maisto medþiagas <strong>ir</strong> kitiems augalams neprieinamus junginius. Pastaruoju metu<br />
daþnai auginami <strong>ir</strong> posëliniai augalai, kuriø vegetacijos laikotarpis trumpas: garstyèios,<br />
aliejiniai ridikai, vasariniai rapsai. Aparus augalus þaliajai tràðai, á d<strong>ir</strong>voþemá áterpiama<br />
daug organiniø medþiagø, pagerëja biologinës d<strong>ir</strong>voþemio savybës, o dël kryþmaþiedþiuose<br />
augaluose esanèiø fitoncidø pagerëja d<strong>ir</strong>voþemio fitosanitarinë bûklë<br />
(Lazauskas, 1992; Velièka, 2002; Íîâîñ¸ëîâ, Ðóäîìèí, Øëàïóíîâ <strong>ir</strong> kt., 1987;<br />
Wallgren and Lindon; I994, Cheng and Coleman, 1990). Tinkamas prieðsëlis <strong>ir</strong> gilus<br />
arimas sumaþina tabakiniø tripsø populiacijà svogûnø pasëlyje (Brewster, 1994).<br />
Ekologiðkai auginant didesnius ðvariø darþoviø plotus sëjomainoje be tràðø <strong>ir</strong><br />
pesticidø, træðiant tik þaliàja tràða, svarbu nenualinti d<strong>ir</strong>vø, iðlaikyti reikiamà pasëliø<br />
ðvarumo lygá bei derlingumà, kad darþoviø auginimo bûdas bûtø pelningas. Iðlaikyti<br />
d<strong>ir</strong>voþemio derlingumà <strong>ir</strong> já didinti – pagrindinis ekologinio ûkininkavimo uþdavinys.<br />
Darbo tikslas – parinkti tinkamiausius augalus þaliajai tràðai <strong>ir</strong> nustatyti jø átakà<br />
ekologiðkai auginamø svogûnø derliui.<br />
Tyrimo sàlygos <strong>ir</strong> metodai. Tyrimai atlikti Lietuvos sodininkystës <strong>ir</strong> darþininkystës<br />
institute ekologiðkai darþovëms auginti paruoðtame bandymø lauke. D<strong>ir</strong>voþemis<br />
– priesmëlis ant lengvo priemolio, karbonatingasis sekliai glëjiðkas iðplautþemis<br />
(IDg 8-k, /Calc(ar)i – Epihypogleyc Luvisols LVg-p-w-cc) (Buivydaitë <strong>ir</strong> kt., 2001).<br />
Ariamojo sluoksnio pH KCL<br />
7,4 – 7,7, judriøjø P 2<br />
O 5<br />
– 370–211 mg kg -1 , K 2<br />
O – 151–<br />
249 mg kg -1 , humuso –1,64–1,69 proc. 2003 m. prieð árengiant bandymà mineralinio<br />
azoto 0–60 cm gylyje buvo 92 kg ha -1 .<br />
Tyrimø schema. Tyrimai atlikti dviejø laukø sëjomainoje. 2003 m. þaliajai tràðai<br />
augalai auginti viename lauke, 2004 m. tame paèiame lauke auginti svogûnai, o antrajame<br />
lauke auginti tie patys augalai þaliajai tràðai, po kuriø 2005 m. auginti svogûnai.<br />
P<strong>ir</strong>maisiais metais þaliajai tràðai auginti augalai:<br />
1. Juodasis pûdymas<br />
2. Mieþiai<br />
3. Mieþiai su dobilø ásëliu<br />
4. Vasariniai kvieèiai<br />
5. Þ<strong>ir</strong>niø <strong>ir</strong> aviþø miðinys<br />
6. Aliejiniai ridikai<br />
Antraisiais metais augintos darþovës – svogûnai.<br />
Tyrimø variantai kartoti po keturis kartus. Sideratø varianto (visø laukeliø) plotas<br />
– 264 m 2 . Darþoviø apskaitiniø laukeliø plotas – 14 m 2 .<br />
Augalø þaliajai tràðai prieðsëlis – juodasis pûdymas.<br />
262
Anksti pavasará, pradþiûvus d<strong>ir</strong>vai, ji kultivuojama <strong>ir</strong> akëjama.<br />
Geguþës antràjá deðimtadiená þaliajai tràðai pasëti aliejiniai ridikai (<strong>25</strong> kg ha -1 ),<br />
þ<strong>ir</strong>niø <strong>ir</strong> aviþø miðinys (1<strong>25</strong> : 1<strong>25</strong> kg ha -1 ), vasariniai kvieèiai (180 kg ha -1 ), mieþiai be<br />
ásëlio (170 kg ha -1 ) <strong>ir</strong> mieþiai su dobilø ásëliu (170 kg ha -1 ). Mieþiams sudygus á juos<br />
ásëti dobilai (14 kg ha -1 ). Sëklos norma apskaièiuota 100% ûkine verte.<br />
Aliejiniø ridikø þalia masë nupjauta þydëjimo pabaigoje, kai pradeda formuotis<br />
apatinës ankðtaros. Þ<strong>ir</strong>niø <strong>ir</strong> aviþø miðinys nupjautas augalams masiðkai þydint, vasariniai<br />
kvieèiai <strong>ir</strong> mieþiai – plaukëjant. Þalia masë buvo susmulkinta <strong>ir</strong> aparta. Nuo<br />
laukelio, kuriame buvo ásëti dobilai, ðiaudai nugrëbti, o vëlai rudená dobilai uþarti.<br />
Juodasis pûdymas ád<strong>ir</strong>btas sluoksniniu bûdu, artas du kartus, kultivuotas tris<br />
kartus.<br />
Sideratiniai augalai <strong>ir</strong> po jø augintos darþovës træðti nebuvo.<br />
Ið kiekvieno laukelio paimtas augalø þalios masës 1 kg ëminys <strong>ir</strong> nustatytas<br />
sausøjø medþiagø procentas bei atliktos cheminës analizës. Atsiþvelgiant á sausøjø<br />
medþiagø procentà <strong>ir</strong> þalios masës kieká, apskaièiuotas sausøjø medþiagø kiekis. Antraisiais<br />
<strong>ir</strong> treèiaisiais metais nustatytas azoto, fosforo <strong>ir</strong> kalio kiekis augalø antþeminëje<br />
masëje. Þalioje antþeminëje masëje azotas <strong>ir</strong> fosforas nustatyti kolorimetriniu<br />
bûdu, o kalis – liepsnos fotometru. 2004–2005 m. nustatytas augalø tankumas, piktþolëtumas,<br />
kenkëjø paplitimas svogûnø pasëlyje. Tripsø gausumas nustatytas apþiûrint<br />
po 4 svogûnø augalus kiekviename apskaitiniame laukelyje.<br />
Tyrimø duomenys statistiðkai apdoroti ANOVA programa (Tarakanovas, Raudonius,<br />
2003). Pateikiama maþiausio esminio sk<strong>ir</strong>tumo tarp variantø riba – R 05<br />
.<br />
Mënuo<br />
Month 2003<br />
m.<br />
Balandis<br />
April<br />
Geguþë<br />
May<br />
B<strong>ir</strong>želis<br />
June<br />
Liepa<br />
July<br />
Rugpjûtis<br />
August<br />
Rugsëjis<br />
September<br />
1 lentelë. Meteorologinës sàlygos<br />
Table 1. Meteorological conditions<br />
Vidutinë oro temperatûra<br />
Mean a<strong>ir</strong> temperature, °C<br />
263<br />
Krituliai<br />
Precipitation, mm<br />
1924–2000 m.<br />
2004 2005 vidurkis 2003 2004 2005<br />
m. m. average of 1924– m. m. m.<br />
2000<br />
7,5 9,6 8,9 7,2 32,3 32,3 33,5 42,0<br />
1924–2000 m.<br />
vidurkis<br />
average of 1924–<br />
2000<br />
15,7 10,7 11,5 12,0 45,1 46,2 65,4 43,7<br />
15,4 13,7 14,8 16,5 57,1 77,4 66,6 51,2<br />
20,1 16,1 19,1 17,7 118,0 50,4 3,8 71,3<br />
17,5 16,7 14,7 16,4 52,4 123,4 109,4 74,6<br />
12,8 11,6 12,8 12,0 27,9 36,2 19,9 29,7
2003 metø pavasaris buvo sausesnis, taèiau ðiltesnis palyginti su daugiameèiu<br />
vidurkiu (1 lentelë). Augalams sudygti sàlygos buvo vidutiniðkos. Vasara <strong>ir</strong> rugsëjo<br />
mënuo ðiek tiek ðiltesni, krituliø kiekis artimas daugiameèiam vidurkiui. 2004 m. oras<br />
buvo vësesnis <strong>ir</strong> drëgnesnis, taèiau sàlygos augti visiems augalams buvo palankios.<br />
2005 m. geguþës <strong>ir</strong> b<strong>ir</strong>þelio mën. krituliø iðkrito daugiau negu vidutiniðkai. Liepa buvo<br />
karðta <strong>ir</strong> sausa. Rugpjûtis buvo gerokai drëgnesnis negu áprasta. Svogûnams sudygti<br />
<strong>ir</strong> augti sàlygos buvo nepalankios. Gautas maþesnis svogûnø prekinis derlius.<br />
Rezultatai. Vidutiniais dvejø metø duomenimis, daugiausiai (43,2 t ha -1 ) þalios<br />
masës uþaugino þ<strong>ir</strong>niø <strong>ir</strong> aviþø miðinys (2 lentelë). Mieþiai uþaugino maþiausiai þalios<br />
masës – 24,5 t ha -1 , arba 18,7 t ha -1 maþiau negu þ<strong>ir</strong>niø <strong>ir</strong> aviþø miðinys. Mieþiai su<br />
dobilø ásëliu, vasariniai kvieèiai bei aliejiniai ridikai þalios masës uþaugino maþiau –<br />
atitinkamai 13,0; 10,7 <strong>ir</strong> 16,2 t ha -1 .<br />
2 lentelë. Maisto medþiagø kiekio sideratiniø augalø antþeminëje biomasëje vidutiniai<br />
duomenys. Babtai, 2003–2004 m.<br />
Table 2. Amount of nutrition value of biomass of terraneus part of plants grown for green<br />
manure, mean date. Babtai, 2003–2004<br />
Variantas<br />
Treatments<br />
Juod. pûdymas, kontrolë<br />
Black fallow (control)<br />
Miežiai<br />
Barley<br />
Mieþiai su dobilø ásëliu<br />
Barely with undersown clover<br />
Vasariniai kvieèiai<br />
Summer wheat<br />
Þ<strong>ir</strong>niø <strong>ir</strong> aviþø miðinys<br />
Peas and outs<br />
Aliejiniai ridikai<br />
Rape<br />
natûrali iðraiðka<br />
natural expression<br />
-<br />
Organinës tràðos<br />
Organic fertilizer, t ha-1<br />
sausosios medžiagos<br />
dry matter<br />
R 05 / LSD 05 3,0 0,5<br />
Maisto medžiagos<br />
Nutrition value, kg ha-1<br />
-1 -1<br />
N P 2 O 5 K 2 O<br />
24,5 4,1 62 14 79<br />
30,2 5,9 87 21 121<br />
32,5 7,3 98 19 1<strong>25</strong><br />
43,2 6,5 104 20 150<br />
27,0 3,1 35 15 91<br />
Daugiausia sausøjø medþiagø (7,3 t ha -1 ) buvo uþarta su vasariniø kvieèiø<br />
þalia mase. Mieþiø, mieþiø su dobilø ásëliu, þ<strong>ir</strong>niø <strong>ir</strong> aviþø miðinio bei aliejiniø ridikø<br />
þalioje masëje sausøjø medþiagø kiekis buvo maþesnis – atitinkamai 1,8;1,4; 0,8;<br />
4,2 karto.<br />
Atlikus uþartos þalios masës cheminius tyrimus, apskaièiuotas á d<strong>ir</strong>và patekusiø<br />
maisto medþiagø kiekis. Azoto þ<strong>ir</strong>niø <strong>ir</strong> aviþø miðinio þalioje masëje buvo 104 kg ha -1 –<br />
tai 42 kg ha -1 daugiau negu mieþiø, 17 kg ha -1 daugiau negu mieþiø su dobilø ásëliu,<br />
6 kg ha -1 daugiau negu vasariniø kvieèiø <strong>ir</strong> 69 kg ha -1 daugiau negu aliejiniø ridikø<br />
þalioje masëje.<br />
264
Daugiausia fosforo uþarta su mieþiø su dobilø ásëliu, þ<strong>ir</strong>niø <strong>ir</strong> aviþø miðinio <strong>ir</strong><br />
vasariniø kvieèiø þalia mase (atitinkamai 21, 20 <strong>ir</strong> 19 kg ha -1 ). Maþiausiai fosforo<br />
buvo mieþiø <strong>ir</strong> aliejiniø ridikø þalioje masëje (atitinkamai 14 <strong>ir</strong> 15 kg ha -1 ).<br />
Daugiausia kalio (atitinkamai 150, 1<strong>25</strong> <strong>ir</strong> 121 kg ha -1 ) su þaliàja tràða áterpta uþarus<br />
þ<strong>ir</strong>niø <strong>ir</strong> aviþø miðiná, vasarinius kvieèius <strong>ir</strong> mieþius su dobilø ásëliu, maþiausiai – áterpus<br />
aliejinius ridikus bei mieþius (atitinkamai 91 <strong>ir</strong> 79 kg ha -1 ).<br />
3 lentelë. Tabakiniø tripsø gausumas po sk<strong>ir</strong>tingø prieðsëliø augintø<br />
svogûnø pasëlyje. Babtai, 2004 m.<br />
Table 3. Amount of onion thrips in onions growing after different preceding crop.<br />
Babtai, 2004<br />
Variantas<br />
Treatments<br />
Juod.pûdymas, kontrolë<br />
Black fallow (control)<br />
Miežiai<br />
Barley<br />
Mieþiai su dobilø ásëliu<br />
Barely with undersown clover<br />
Vasariniai kvieèiai<br />
Summer wheat<br />
Þ<strong>ir</strong>niø <strong>ir</strong> aviþø miðinys<br />
Peas and outs<br />
Aliejiniai ridikai<br />
Rape<br />
Tripsø gausumas, vnt./augalo<br />
Amount of thrips, unit/plant<br />
07-30 08-11 08-27 09-02<br />
1,50 4,37 2,81 1,12<br />
1,56 3,50 2,62 1,0<br />
1,44 4,31 2,87 1,06<br />
1,69 4,19 2,44 1,06<br />
1,37 3,69 2,<strong>25</strong> 1,19<br />
1,50 4,19 2,56 1,31<br />
R 05 / LSD 05 0,08 0,502 0,477 0,244<br />
4 lentelë. Tabakiniø tripsø gausumas po sk<strong>ir</strong>tingø prieðsëliø augintø svogûnø<br />
pasëlyje. Babtai, 2005 m.<br />
Table 4. Amount of onion thrips in onions growing after different preceding crop.<br />
Babtai, 2005<br />
Variantas<br />
Treatments<br />
Tripsø gausumas, vnt./augalo<br />
Amount of thrips, unit/plant<br />
07-12 07-<strong>25</strong> 08-01 08-18<br />
1 2 3 4 5<br />
Juod. pûdymas, kontrolë 3,69 12,56 22,69 2,87<br />
Black fallow (control)<br />
Miežiai<br />
Barley<br />
Mieþiai su dobilø ásëliu<br />
Barely with undersown clover<br />
Vasariniai kvieèiai<br />
Summer wheat<br />
4,19 13,62 23,19 1,50<br />
3,50 12,81 23,0 2,87<br />
4,19 12,69 21,94 2,69<br />
265
4 lentelës tæsinys<br />
1 2 3 4 5<br />
Þ<strong>ir</strong>niø <strong>ir</strong> aviþø miðinys 4,50 13,19 23,44 2,06<br />
Peas and outs<br />
Aliejiniai ridikai<br />
4,12 13,69 23,12 2,37<br />
Rape<br />
R 05 / LSD 05 0,548 0,451 1,00 0,172<br />
2004 m. tabakiniø tripsø buvo negausu <strong>ir</strong> esminiø sk<strong>ir</strong>tumø tarp variantø nebuvo.<br />
2005 m. tripsø ið esmës maþiau buvo kontroliniame variante (08–18) <strong>ir</strong> svogûnø,<br />
augintø po þ<strong>ir</strong>niø <strong>ir</strong> aviþø miðinio bei po mieþiø, pasëlyje.<br />
2004–2005 m. vidutiniais duomenimis suminio svogûnø derliaus esminis priedas<br />
(atitinkamai 3,3–3,4 t ha -1 ) gautas auginant juos po mieþiø su dobilø ásëliu, vasariniø<br />
kvieèiø, þ<strong>ir</strong>niø <strong>ir</strong> aviþø miðinio (1 pav.).<br />
1 pav. Þaliosios tràðos átaka svogûnø suminiam derliui<br />
Gig. 1. Influence of green manure on yield of onions<br />
Svogûnø prekinis derlius 2004 m. buvo didþiausias auginant juos po vasariniø<br />
kvieèiø bei þ<strong>ir</strong>niø <strong>ir</strong> aviþø miðinio (atitinkamai 21,5 <strong>ir</strong> 21,8 t ha -1 ). Palyginti su<br />
kontrole, gautas esminis derliaus priedas (atitinkamai 1,6 <strong>ir</strong> 1,9 t ha -1 ). Auginat<br />
svogûnus po mieþiø <strong>ir</strong> aliejiniø ridikø, gautas esminis derliaus nuostolis (atitinkamai<br />
1,7 <strong>ir</strong> 1,9 t ha -1 ). Mieþiai su dobilø ásëliu davë neesminá svogûnø derliaus<br />
priedà (1,0 t ha -1 ).<br />
2005 m. esminis prekinio svogûnø derliaus priedas (1,6 t ha -1 ) gautas tik auginant<br />
svogûnus po mieþiø su dobilø ásëliu. Kituose variantuose derliaus priedo negauta.<br />
Visais tyrimø metais didþiausias svogûnø prekinis derlius gautas auginant juos<br />
po þ<strong>ir</strong>niø <strong>ir</strong> aviþø miðinio, vasariniø kvieèiø <strong>ir</strong> mieþiø su dobilø ásëliu (5 lentelë).<br />
Palyginti su kontrole, gautas esminis derliaus priedas (atitinkamai 3,1; 5,2 <strong>ir</strong><br />
7,3 proc.). Auginant svogûnus po mieþiø bei aliejiniø ridikø, derlius, palyginti su<br />
kontrole, gautas maþesnis (atitinkamai 5,7 <strong>ir</strong> 6,8 proc.).<br />
266
5 lentelë. Þaliosios tràðos átaka svogûnø prekiniam derliui, t ha -1 .<br />
Babtai, 2004–2005 m.<br />
Table 5. Influence of green manure for onion marketable yield t ha-1. Babtai, 2004–2005<br />
Variantas<br />
Treatments<br />
Juod. pûdymas, kontrolë<br />
Black fallow (control)<br />
Miežiai<br />
Barley<br />
Mieþiai su dobilø ásëliu<br />
Barely with undersown clover<br />
Vasariniai kvieèiai<br />
Summer wheat<br />
Þ<strong>ir</strong>niø <strong>ir</strong> aviþø miðinys<br />
Peas and outs<br />
Aliejiniai ridikai<br />
Rape<br />
2004 m. 2005 m.<br />
Vidurkis<br />
Average<br />
t ha-1<br />
sant. sk.<br />
t ha-1<br />
sant. sk.<br />
t ha-1<br />
sant.sk.<br />
relative numbers relative numbers relative numbers<br />
19,9 100 18,6 100 19,2 100<br />
18,2 91,4 18,0 96,8 18,1 94,3<br />
20,9 105,0 20,2 108,6 20,6 107,3<br />
21,8 109,5 18,6 100 20,2 105,2<br />
21,6 108,5 18,0 96,8 19,8 103,1<br />
18,0 90,4 17,8 95,7 17,9 93,2<br />
R 05 / LSD 05 1,7 0,9 1,4<br />
Træðimas þaliàja tràða svogûnø tankumui átakos neturëjo. Viename ilginiame metre<br />
sudygo vidutiniðkai 35 augalai.<br />
Svogûnø pasëlyje vyravo trumpaamþës dviskiltës piktþolës. Daugiausia piktþoliø<br />
(191 vnt. m -2 ) rasta svogûnuose, augintuose po mieþiø su dobilø ásëliu, maþiausiai –<br />
29 vnt. m -2 – svogûnuose, augintuose po þ<strong>ir</strong>niø <strong>ir</strong> aviþø miðinio. Svogûnuose, augintuose<br />
po mieþiø bei vasariniø kvieèiø, juodajame pûdyme bei po aliejiniø ridikø, rasta<br />
atitinkamai 66, 80, 40 <strong>ir</strong> 43 vnt. m -2 piktþoliø.<br />
Aptarimas. Auginant darþoves ekologiðkai, vienas ið ðaltiniø, pagausinanèiø maisto<br />
medþiagø d<strong>ir</strong>voje <strong>ir</strong> didinanèiø darþoviø derlingumà, yra þalioji tràða. Þaliajai tràðai<br />
auginant ankðtinius augalus, apariama 40–50 t ha -1 , javus – 30 t ha -1 þalios masës.<br />
Áterpus þaliàjà tràðà á d<strong>ir</strong>và, azoto á jà patenka nuo 74 iki 180,0 kg ha -1 , fosforo – nuo<br />
16,4 iki 108 kg ha -1 , kalio – nuo 24 iki 270 kg ha -1 . Augalø, sk<strong>ir</strong>tø þaliajai tràðai,<br />
biomasës sausosios medþiagos <strong>ir</strong> azotas nulemia, koks biologinio azoto kiekis susikaups<br />
augaluose (Rudokas, 2003; Maikðtienë, 2005; Cherr, Scholberg and McSorley,<br />
2006). Tabakiniai tripsai maitinasi organiniu azotu, bet po prieðsëlio auginama<br />
kultûra nevisiðkai pasisavina prieðsëlio sukauptas maisto medþiagas. Tripsø gausumà<br />
daþnai lemia ne tik maisto kiekybë <strong>ir</strong> kokybë, bet <strong>ir</strong> meteorologinës sàlygos (Brewster,<br />
1994). Todël tripsø gausumu, jø skaièiaus sumaþëjimu ar padidëjimu ið esmës<br />
neiðsiskyrë në vienas variantas. Áva<strong>ir</strong>iø mokslininkø atliktø tyrimø duomenimis nustatyta,<br />
kad þalioji tràða didina posëliø derliø (Rudokas, 2003; Ìàèñååíêî, 1996;<br />
Starkutë; Kmitas, 2000). Atlikus tyrimus LSD institute <strong>ir</strong> iðanalizavus þaliosios tràðos<br />
átakà ekologiðkai auginamø svogûnø derliui, nustatyta, kad gauti duomenys analogiðki<br />
kitø mokslininkø atliktø tyrimø rezultatams.<br />
267
Iðvados. 1. Daugiausia þalios masës (43,2 t ha -1 ) uþaugino þ<strong>ir</strong>niø <strong>ir</strong> aviþø miðinys.<br />
2. Tarp t<strong>ir</strong>tø variantø esminiø tabakiniø tripsø gausumo sk<strong>ir</strong>tumø nebuvo.<br />
3. Svogûnø suminio derliaus esminis priedas gautas auginant juos po mieþiø su<br />
dobilø ásëliu, vasariniø kvieèiø, þ<strong>ir</strong>niø <strong>ir</strong> aviþø miðinio (atitinkamai 3,3; 3,3; 3,4 t ha -1 ).<br />
4. Þaliajai tràðai auginamas þ<strong>ir</strong>niø <strong>ir</strong> aviþø miðinys svogûnø prekiná derliø padidino<br />
3,1 proc., vasariniai kvieèiai – 5,7 proc.; mieþiai su dobilø ásëliu – 7,3 proc. Maþiausià<br />
átakà svogûnø derliui turëjo þaliajai tràðai auginami mieþiai <strong>ir</strong> aliejiniai ridikai.<br />
5. Daugiausia piktþoliø (691 vnt. m 2 ) rasta svogûnø, augintø po mieþiø su dobilø<br />
ásëliu, pasëlyje, maþiausiai – (109 vnt. m 2 ) – po þ<strong>ir</strong>niø <strong>ir</strong> aviþø miðinio augintø svogûnø<br />
pasëlyje.<br />
Gauta 2006-11-15<br />
Parengta spausdinti 2006-12-11<br />
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çîíå åâðîïåéñêîé ÷àñòè ÐÑÔÑÐ, Áåëîðóññèè è Ïðèáàëòèêå. Ìîñêâà, 1987.<br />
Ñ. 12–15.<br />
SODININKYSTË IR DARÞININKYSTË. SCIENTIFIC ARTICLES. 2006. <strong>25</strong>(4).<br />
AGROBIOLOGICAL EVALUATION OF PLANTS FOR<br />
GREEN MANURE AND IT’S INFFLUENCE ON YIELD<br />
R. Starkutë, L. Duchovskienë, V. Zalatorius<br />
Summary<br />
In 2003–2005 in Lithuanian Institute of Horticulture in trial field for ecologically<br />
grown vegetables there were investigated and evaluated plant availability for green<br />
manure and estimated it’s influence on ecologically grown onions yield. Investigated<br />
plants: barely, barely with undesown clover, summer wheat, peas and outs, rape.<br />
Control treatment – black fallow.<br />
Was estimated that biomass of plants for green manure leaves in the soil different<br />
amount of organic matter.<br />
The highest amount of green matter – 43.2 t ha -1 was get from peas and outs,<br />
summer wheat -32.5 t ha -1 , barely with undesown clover – 30.2 t ha -1 , lowest –<br />
barely and rape (24.5 and 27.0 t ha -1 ).<br />
There were not found any significant differences of amount of Thrips tabaci<br />
between treatments.<br />
Green manure from peas and outs increase onions yield by 3.1%; green manure<br />
from summer wheat – 5.7%, green manure from barely with undersown clover –<br />
7.3%. The lowest impact for onion yield has had green manure from barely and<br />
rape.<br />
The highest number of weeds (191 unit/m 2 ) was found in onions grown after<br />
barely with undersown clover, lowest number – 29 unit/m 2 in onions grown after<br />
peas and outs.<br />
Key words: biomass, dry matter, onions, plants for green manure, onion thrips,<br />
weeds.<br />
269
LIETUVOS SODININKYSTËS IR DARÞININKYSTËS INSTITUTO IR<br />
LIETUVOS ÞEMËS ÛKIO UNIVERSITETO MOKSLO DARBAI.<br />
SODININKYSTË IR DARÞININKYSTË. 2006. <strong>25</strong>(4).<br />
HERBICIDO BOXER 800 EC (V. M. PROSULFOCARB<br />
800 G L -1 ) ÁTAKA VALGOMØJØ SVOGÛNØ PASËLIO<br />
DERLINGUMUI IR PIKTÞOLËTUMUI<br />
Danguolë KAVALIAUSKAITË<br />
Lietuvos sodininkystës <strong>ir</strong> darþininkystës institutas, LT-54333 Babtai, Kauno r.<br />
El.paðtas d.kavaliauskaitë@lsdi.lt<br />
2005–2006 m. Lietuvos sodininkystës <strong>ir</strong> darþininkystës institute buvo atlikti<br />
herbicido boxer (v.m. prosulfocarb 800 g l -1 ) veiksmingumo bandymai valgomøjø<br />
svogûnø pasëlyje.<br />
Tyrimø metais herbicidas boxer veiksmingai maþino <strong>ir</strong> suminá piktþoliø skaièiø,<br />
<strong>ir</strong> jø orasausæ masæ. 2005 m. herbicidà boxer panaudojus po svogûnø sëjos, veiksmingiausia<br />
buvo 5,0 l ha -1 norma – ji suminá piktþoliø skaièiø sumaþino 92,7 proc.,<br />
4,0 l ha -1 – 79,3 proc., 3,0 l ha -1 – 73,7 proc.. 2006 m. herbicidà boxer panaudojus<br />
svogûnams esant 1–3 lapeliø tarpsnio, jo veiksmingumas buvo maþesnis. Didþiausia<br />
herbicido boxer norma – 5,0 l ha -1 suminá piktþoliø skaièiø sumaþino 64,9 proc.,<br />
4,0 l ha -1 – 44,5 proc., 3,0 l ha -1 – 47,5 proc.<br />
Reikðminiai þodþiai: derlius, herbicidai, naudojimo laikas, svogûnai, piktþolës.<br />
Ávadas. Valgomieji svogûnai yra labai jautrûs piktþolëms visà vegetacijà. Intensyvios<br />
þemd<strong>ir</strong>bystës sàlygomis neámanoma iðauginti gausaus valgomøjø svogûnø<br />
derliaus nenaudojant herbicidø. Tai pats veiksmingiausias piktþoliø naikinimo bûdas.<br />
Profesionalaus naudojimo augalø apsaugos priemoniø sàraðe (2005) Lietuvoje registruotø<br />
herbicidø, tinkamø svogûnø pasëliams, yra nedaug <strong>ir</strong> jø veiksmingumas<br />
nepakankamas, todël nuolat ieðkoma naujø, veiksmingesniø herbicidø. Naikinti piktþoles<br />
herbicidais valgomøjø svogûnø pasëliuose bûtina pradëti ið karto po sëjos.<br />
Pagrindiniai veiksniai, kurie lemia herbicidø naudojimo veiksmingumà, yra tinkamo<br />
preparato <strong>ir</strong> purðkimo laiko parinkimas, todël ypaè svarbu turëti galimybæ naudoti<br />
veiksmingus <strong>ir</strong> saugius herbicidus.<br />
Herbicidas boxer (v.m. prosulfocarb 800 g l -1 ) áva<strong>ir</strong>iose ðalyse naudojamas kvieèiø,<br />
rugiø, mieþiø <strong>ir</strong> bulviø pasëliuose. Ðis herbicidas sk<strong>ir</strong>tas maþinti <strong>ir</strong> vienaskilèiø, <strong>ir</strong><br />
dviskilèiø piktþoliø skaièiø pasëlyje. Ðiam herbicidui jautrios daugelis piktþoliø: kibieji<br />
lipikai (Galium aparine), veronikos, varpinës piktþolës, ið jø – smilguolës (Apera),<br />
paðiauðëliai (Alopecurus), svidrës (Lolium), vienametës miglës (Poa annua). Her-<br />
270
icido boxer veiksmingumas t<strong>ir</strong>tas Europos <strong>ir</strong> Azijos ðalyse, daugiausia þieminiø javø<br />
pasëliuose (Glasgow <strong>ir</strong> kt., 1987; Khan <strong>ir</strong> kt., 2003; Vera <strong>ir</strong> kt., 2001). Prancûzijoje <strong>ir</strong><br />
Didþiojoje Britanijoje t<strong>ir</strong>ta, kaip veiksmingai herbicidas boxer naikina kibiuosius lipikus<br />
(Galium aparine), varpines piktþoles po sëjos <strong>ir</strong> piktþolëms esant 1–2 lapeliø<br />
tarpsnio (Anonymuos, 2000; Glasgow <strong>ir</strong> kt., 1987). Tai pat t<strong>ir</strong>ta, kaip padidinti herbicido<br />
boxer prasiskverbimà per lapus, naudojant jo miðinius su kitais herbicidais<br />
(Cabane <strong>ir</strong> kt., 1999; Schott <strong>ir</strong> kt., 1991). Moksliniø tyrimø duomenys rodo, kad<br />
herbicidas boxer á piktþoles daugiausia patenka per d<strong>ir</strong>voþemá, taèiau negalima tv<strong>ir</strong>tinti,<br />
kad herbicidas negali patekti <strong>ir</strong> per lapus (Vera <strong>ir</strong> kt., 2001).<br />
Lietuvoje herbicidas boxer darþoviø pasëliuose t<strong>ir</strong>tas nebuvo.<br />
Darbo tikslas – iðt<strong>ir</strong>ti herbicido boxer poveiká piktþolëms svogûnø pasëlyje <strong>ir</strong> jo<br />
átakà svogûnø derlingumui <strong>ir</strong> kokybei.<br />
Tyrimo objektas <strong>ir</strong> metodai. Bandymas atliktas 2005–2006 m. velëniniame glëjiðkame<br />
pajaurëjusiame d<strong>ir</strong>voþemyje, kurio granuliometrinë sudëtis – lengvas priemolis<br />
ant priemolio, reakcija artima neutraliai. Pavasará prieð sëjà iðbarstyta 600 kg ha -1 kompleksiniø<br />
tràðø Hydrokomplex 120-11-18. ‘Babtø didþiøjø’ veislës svogûnai pasëti<br />
2005 m. balandþio 29 d., o 2006 m. – geguþës 4 d. Sëklos iðbertos pakrikai 8 cm<br />
ploèio juostoje, sëjos schema 4 x (62 + 8) cm.<br />
Herbicidai purkðti pagal schemà:<br />
1) Kontrolë (be herbicidø, ravëta)<br />
2) Boxer 5,0 l ha -1<br />
3) Boxer 4,0 l ha -1<br />
4) Boxer 3,0 l ha -1<br />
5) Stompas 3,0 l ha -1 .<br />
Herbicidai purkðti nugariniu purkðtuvu. Vandens norma – 300 l ha -1 . 2005 m.<br />
herbicidai purkðti po svogûnø sëjos, o 2006 m. – svogûnams esant 1–3 lapeliø tarpsnio.<br />
Piktþolës ravëtos vienà kartà. Piktþolës suskaièiuotos keturiose kiekvieno laukelio<br />
vietose, 0,<strong>25</strong> m 2 dydþio ploteliuose, einant per laukelá ástriþai, vienà kartà praëjus<br />
mënesiui po paskutinio purðkimo.<br />
Valgomøjø svogûnø piktþolëtumo <strong>ir</strong> derliaus duomenys apskaièiuoti dispersinës<br />
analizës bûdu (Dospechov, 1979).<br />
Tyrimø rezultatai. Valgomøjø svogûnø pasëlio piktþolëtumas tyrimø metais<br />
skyrësi. Tam turëjo átakos <strong>ir</strong> t<strong>ir</strong>tø herbicidø naudojimo laikas, <strong>ir</strong> sk<strong>ir</strong>tingos metø meteorologinës<br />
sàlygos. 2005 m. vasarà visos t<strong>ir</strong>tos herbicido boxer normos buvo labai<br />
veiksmingos – piktþoliø skaièius visuose purkðtuose laukeliuose buvo ið esmës maþesnis<br />
palyginti su nepurkðtais.<br />
Palyginus visø t<strong>ir</strong>tø herbicido boxer normø veiksmingumà su standartiniu herbicidu<br />
stompu (3,0 l ha -1 ), esminio sk<strong>ir</strong>tumo nenustatyta tik purðkiant 3,0 l ha -1 herbicido<br />
boxer norma. Visø t<strong>ir</strong>tø herbicido boxer normø veiksmingumas buvo sk<strong>ir</strong>tingas:<br />
didþiausios herbicido boxer normos – 5,0 l ha -1 veiksmingumas, palyginti su standartinio<br />
herbicido stompo 3,0 l ha -1 norma, buvo net 41,8 proc. didesnis, maþiausios<br />
herbicido boxer normos – 3,0 l ha -1 veiksmingumas, palyginti su didþiausia 5,0 l ha -1<br />
norma, buvo perpus maþesnis – ji buvo tik 22,8 proc. veiksmingesnë uþ standartiná<br />
herbicidà stompà (1 lentelë).<br />
271
1 lentelë. Herbicido boxer, purkðto po sëjos, átaka piktþoliø skaièiui svogûnø pasëlyje.<br />
Babtai, 2005 m.<br />
Table 1. Influence of herbicide boxer applied after onion sowing on the number of weeds<br />
in onion crop. Babtai, 2005<br />
Variantai<br />
Treatment<br />
Nepurkðta (ravëta)<br />
Untreated<br />
Suminis piktþoliø<br />
skaièius, vnt. m -2<br />
Total weed number,<br />
(pcs. m -2 )<br />
Suminio piktþoliø<br />
skaièiaus sumaþëjimas<br />
(%), palyginti su<br />
nepurkštais laukeliais<br />
The reduction of total weed<br />
number (%) in comparison with<br />
untreated<br />
* – ið esmës maþiau negu nepurkðtame variante (R 05<br />
) / Essentially less than in the untreated (LSD 05<br />
)<br />
2 lentelë. Herbicido boxer, purkðto svogûnams esant 1–3 lapeliø tarpsnio, átaka<br />
piktþoliø skaièiui svogûnø pasëlyje. Babtai, 2006 m.<br />
Table 2. Number of weeds in onion crop after herbicide boxer spraying at<br />
onion 1-3 leaf stage. Babtai, 2006<br />
* – ið esmës maþiau negu nepurkðtame variante (R 05<br />
) / Essentially less than in the untreated (LSD 05<br />
).<br />
** – ið esmës maþiau negu herbicidu stompu nupurkðtame variante (R 05<br />
) / Essentially less than in<br />
Stomp treated (LSD 05<br />
).<br />
272<br />
Suminio piktþoliø<br />
skaièiaus sumaþëjimas<br />
(%), palyginti su stompu<br />
purkštais laukeliais<br />
The reduction of total weed<br />
number (%) in comparison with<br />
Stomp treated<br />
133,0 - -<br />
Boxer 5,0 l ha -1 9,7* 92,7 41,8<br />
Boxer 4,0 l ha -1 27,5* 79,3 28,4<br />
Boxer 3,0 l ha -1 35,0* 73,7 22,8<br />
Stompas 3,0 l ha -1 ,<br />
standartas<br />
Stomp 3,0 l ha -1 ,<br />
standard<br />
65,2* 50,9 -<br />
Variantai<br />
Treatment<br />
Nepurkðta (ravëta)<br />
Untreated<br />
Suminis<br />
piktþoliø<br />
skaièius,<br />
vnt. m -2<br />
Total weed<br />
number (pcs. m -2 )<br />
Vienametës<br />
dviskiltës<br />
piktþolës,<br />
vnt. m -2<br />
Annual<br />
dicotyledonous<br />
weeds (pcs. m -2 )<br />
Vienameèiø<br />
dviskilèiø piktþoliø<br />
sumaþëjimas (%),<br />
palyginti su<br />
nepurkštais laukeliais<br />
Annual dicotyledonous<br />
weeds reduction (%) in<br />
comparison with untreated<br />
Vienameèiø dviskilèiø<br />
piktþoliø sumaþëjimas<br />
(%), palyginti su<br />
stompu purkštais<br />
laukeliais<br />
Annual dicotyledonous<br />
weeds reduction (%) in<br />
comparison with Stomp<br />
treated<br />
24,4 18,1 - -<br />
Boxer 5,0 l ha -1 8,5* 5,6** 69,1 11,6<br />
Boxer 4,0 l ha -1 13,5* 6,6* 63,7 6,2<br />
Boxer 3,0 l ha -1 12,8* 7,2* 60,5 2,9<br />
Stompas 3,0 l ha -1 ,<br />
standartas<br />
Stomp 3,0 l ha -1 ,<br />
standard<br />
17,4 7,7* 57,5 -
2006 m. herbicidu boxer nupurðkus pasëlá svogûnams esant 1–3 lapeliø tarpsnio,<br />
suminis piktþoliø skaièius sk<strong>ir</strong>tinguose variantuose sumaþëjo 44,5–64,9 proc., o<br />
vienameèiø dviskilèiø – 60,5–69,1 proc. Suminis piktþoliø skaièius ið esmës sumaþëjo<br />
visuose herbicidu boxer nupurkðtuose laukeliuose, palyginti su nepurkðtais <strong>ir</strong> standartiniu<br />
herbicidu stompu (3,0 l ha -1 ) nupurkðtais laukeliais (2 lentelë). Vienameèiø<br />
dviskilèiø piktþoliø skaièius ið esmës sumaþëjo visuose herbicidais nupurkðtuose laukeliuose.<br />
Didþiausia herbicido boxer 5,0 l ha -1 norma buvo ið esmës veiksmingesnë<br />
uþ standartinio herbicido stomp 3,0 l ha -1 normà. Ði norma buvo 11,6 proc. veiksmingesnë<br />
uþ standartinio herbicido stompo 3,0 l ha -1 normà, o maþiausia herbicido<br />
boxer norma – 3,0 l ha -1 buvo tik 2,9 proc. veiksmingesnë uþ standartiná herbicidà<br />
stompà (2 lentelë). Nupurðkus herbicidu boxer 1–3 lapeliø tarpsnio svogûnø pasëlá<br />
sk<strong>ir</strong>tingomis normomis, jø veiksmingumas buvo nevienodas <strong>ir</strong> kur kas maþesnis nei<br />
purðkiant po sëjos.<br />
Tyrimø metais visuose laukeliuose, purkðtuose áva<strong>ir</strong>iomis herbicido boxer normomis,<br />
bendra piktþoliø orasausë masë ið esmës buvo maþesnë, palyginti su nepurkðtais<br />
laukeliais, <strong>ir</strong> purðkiant po sëjos, <strong>ir</strong> svogûnams esant 1–3 lapeliø tarpsnio,<br />
nors nupurðkus vëliau, piktþoliø orasausë masë sumaþëjo maþiau negu nupurðkus po<br />
sëjos (3 lentelë).<br />
3 lentelë. Piktþoliø orasausë masë (g m -2 ) svogûnø pasëlyje. Babtai, 2005–2006 m.<br />
Table 3. Weed a<strong>ir</strong>-dry weight (g m -2 ) in onion crop. Babtai, 2005–2006<br />
Variantai<br />
Treatment<br />
Nepurkðta (ravëta)<br />
Untreated<br />
2005 m. purkðta po sëjos<br />
sprayed after sowing<br />
Piktþoliø orasausë masë, g m -2<br />
Weed a<strong>ir</strong>-dry weight (g m -2 )<br />
2006 m. purkðta svogûnams esant<br />
1–3 lapeliø tarpsnio<br />
sprayed at onion 1–3 leaf stage<br />
149,5 180,4<br />
Boxer 5,0 l ha -1 1,2* 15,3*<br />
Boxer 4,0 l ha -1 6,0* 14,1*<br />
Boxer 3,0 l ha -1 6,5* 15,2*<br />
Stompas 3,0 l ha -1 ,<br />
standartas<br />
Stomp 3,0 l ha -1 , standard<br />
12,0* 17,2*<br />
* – ið esmës maþiau negu nepurkðtame variante (R 05<br />
) / Essentially less than in the untreated (LSD 05<br />
).<br />
Tyrimø metais bandomajame svogûnø pasëlyje vyravo ðios piktþolës: baltoji balanda<br />
(Chenopodium album L.), trikertë þvaginë (Capsella bursa-pastoris L.), bekvapis<br />
ðunramunis (Tripleurospermum perforatum L.), darþinë þliûgë (Stellaria media<br />
(L.) Vill.), paprastoji þilë (Senecio vulgaris L.), paprastoji rietmenë (Echinochloa<br />
crus-galli L.).<br />
2005 m. visos herbicido boxer normos vienodai sumaþino pagrindiniø vienameèiø<br />
dviskilèiø piktþoliø skaièiø svogûnø pasëlyje. Purðkiant visomis t<strong>ir</strong>tomis normomis,<br />
baltosios balandos, trikertës þvaginës, bekvapiai ðunramuniai, darþinës þliûgës <strong>ir</strong><br />
273
paprastosios þilës buvo visai sunaikintos. Paprastosios rietmenës buvo jautriausios<br />
didþiausiai herbicido boxer normai – 5,0 l ha -1 , ðiø piktþoliø skaièius pasëlyje sumaþëjo<br />
84,7 proc. 4,0 l ha -1 <strong>ir</strong> 3,0 l ha -1 herbicido boxer normos paprastøjø rietmeniø skaièiø<br />
svogûnø pasëlyje sumaþino atitinkamai 56,0 <strong>ir</strong> 45,1 proc. Visos t<strong>ir</strong>tos herbicido boxer<br />
normos buvo 6,8–46,4 proc. veiksmingesnës uþ herbicidà stompà (3 lentelë).<br />
4 lentelë. Pagrindiniø piktþoliø rûðiø sumaþëjimas (%) svogûnø pasëlyje.<br />
Babtai, 2005–2006 m.<br />
Table 4. Reduction of main weed species (%) in onion crop. Babtai, 2005–2006<br />
Variantai<br />
Treatment<br />
Nepurkðta (ravëta)<br />
Untreated<br />
Baltoji<br />
balanda<br />
(Chenopodium<br />
album L.)<br />
Lamb'squarters<br />
Trikertë<br />
þvaginë<br />
(Capsella<br />
bursapastoris<br />
L.)<br />
Shepherd’s<br />
purse<br />
Bekvapis<br />
šunramunis<br />
(Matricaria<br />
inodora<br />
L.)<br />
Scentless<br />
mayweed<br />
Darþinë<br />
þliûgë<br />
(Stellaria<br />
media (L.)<br />
Vill.)<br />
Common<br />
chickweed<br />
Paprastoji<br />
þilë<br />
(Senecio<br />
vulgaris<br />
L.)<br />
Common<br />
groundsel<br />
2005 m. herbicidas boxer purkðtas po sëjos<br />
2005 herbicide boxer sprayed after sowing<br />
Paprastoji<br />
rietmenë<br />
(Echinochloa<br />
crusgalli<br />
(L.))<br />
Barnyardgras<br />
s<br />
- - - - - -<br />
Boxer 5,0 l ha -1 100 100 100 100 100 84,7<br />
Boxer 4,0 l ha -1 100 100 100 100 100 56,0<br />
Boxer 3,0 l ha -1 100 100 100 100 100 45,1<br />
Stompas 3,0 l ha -1 ,<br />
standartas<br />
Stomp 3,0 l ha -1 ,<br />
standard<br />
100 100 64 100 100 38,3<br />
Variantai<br />
Treatment<br />
Nepurkšta (ravëta)<br />
Untreated<br />
2006 m. herbicidas boxer purkðtas svogûnams esant 1–3 lapeliø tarpsnio<br />
herbicide boxer sprayed at 1-3 leaf onion stage in 2006<br />
Baltoji<br />
balanda<br />
(Chenopodium<br />
album<br />
L.)<br />
Lamb's-quarters<br />
Trikertë<br />
þvaginë<br />
(Capsella<br />
bursapastoris<br />
L.)<br />
Shepherd’s<br />
purse<br />
Bekvapis<br />
šunramunis<br />
(Matricaria<br />
inodora L.)<br />
Scentless<br />
mayweed<br />
Darþinë<br />
þliûgë<br />
(Stellaria<br />
media (L.)<br />
Vill.)<br />
Common<br />
chickweed<br />
Paprastoji þilë<br />
(Senecio<br />
vulgaris L.)<br />
Common<br />
groundsel<br />
- - - - -<br />
Boxer 5,0 l ha -1 43,2 94,2 31,2 100 66,0<br />
Boxer 4,0 l ha -1 42,0 100 27,2 100 38,4<br />
Boxer 3,0 l ha -1 32,5 100 9,8 100 42,2<br />
Stompas 3,0 l ha -1 ,<br />
standartas<br />
Stomp 3,0 l ha -1 ,<br />
standard<br />
0,3 100 13,3 100 34,0<br />
274
2006 m. visos herbicido boxer normos, iðpurkðtos svogûnams esant 1–3 lapeliø<br />
tarpsnio, sumaþino pagrindiniø vienameèiø dviskilèiø piktþoliø skaièiø svogûnø pasëlyje.<br />
Trikertës þvaginës <strong>ir</strong> darþinës þliûgës buvo visai sunaikintos. Baltosios balandos<br />
buvo jautriausios 5,0 l ha -1 <strong>ir</strong> 4,0 l ha -1 herbicido boxer normoms, ðiø piktþoliø<br />
pasëlyje sumaþëjo atitinkamai 43,2 <strong>ir</strong> 42,0 proc. Bekvapiai ðunramuniai taip pat buvo<br />
jautriausi 5,0 l ha -1 <strong>ir</strong> 4,0 l ha -1 herbicido boxer normoms, ðiø piktþoliø sumaþëjo<br />
atitinkamai 31,2 <strong>ir</strong> 27,2 proc. Paprastosios þilës buvo jautriausios didþiausiai 5,0 l ha -1<br />
herbicido boxer normai, ðiø piktþoliø pasëlyje sumaþëjo 66,0 proc. Standartiniu herbicidu<br />
stompu (3,0 l ha -1 ) nupurkðtuose laukeliuose visai sunaikintos buvo tik trikertës<br />
þvaginës <strong>ir</strong> darþinës þliûgës, maþiausiai jautrios buvo baltosios balandos – jø sumaþëjo<br />
tik 0,3 proc. (3 lentelë). Dvejø metø tyrimø duomenimis, dauguma pagrindiniø<br />
piktþoliø daug jautresnës herbicidui boxer já panaudojus po sëjos.<br />
2005 m. svogûnø ropeliø derlius buvo ið esmës maþesnis visuose herbicidu<br />
boxer po sëjos nupurkðtuose laukeliuose, palyginti su herbicidu stompu (3,0 l ha -1 )<br />
purkðtø laukeliø svogûnø ropeliø derliumi (5 lentelë). 2006 m. svogûnø ropeliø derlius<br />
buvo ið esmës maþesnis visuose herbicidu boxer nupurkðtuose laukeliuose, palyginti<br />
su svogûnø ropeliø derliumi herbicidais nepurkðtuose laukeliuose. Standartiniu<br />
herbicidu stompu (3,0 l ha -1 ) nupurkðtuose laukeliuose svogûnø ropeliø derliaus nebuvo<br />
gauta, nes dël gausiø liûèiø antroje vasaros pusëje laukeliai ilgà laikà buvo uþm<strong>ir</strong>kæ<br />
(5 lentelë). Herbicido boxer fitotoksiðkumas svogûnams iðryðkëjo <strong>ir</strong> p<strong>ir</strong>maisiais<br />
tyrimo metais, purðkiant já po sëjos, <strong>ir</strong> dar labiau antraisiais tyrimø metais, kai<br />
herbicidu boxer buvo nupurkðti jau sudygæ svogûnai. Kad <strong>ir</strong> kokia norma buvo panaudota,<br />
ðis herbicidas labai fitotoksiðkai veikë <strong>ir</strong> patá pasëlá (jis labai iðretëjo), <strong>ir</strong><br />
svogûnø ropeliø derliø bei kokybæ.<br />
Variantai<br />
Treatments<br />
Nepurkðta (ravëta)<br />
Untreated<br />
5 lentelë. Svogûnø ropeliø derlius, t ha -1 . Babtai, 2005–2006 m.<br />
Table 5. Marketable onion yield, t ha -1 . Babtai, 2005–2006<br />
Prekinis derlius<br />
Prekinio derliaus % nuo bendro<br />
Marketable yield, t ha -1<br />
derliaus<br />
Marketable yield (%) from general yield<br />
2005 m. 2006 m. 2005 m. 2006 m.<br />
10,7 7,9 73,8 84,9<br />
Boxer 5,0 l ha -1 10,0 1,8 90,1 62,0<br />
Boxer 4,0 l ha -1 10,8 1,4 90,7 58,3<br />
Boxer 3,0 l ha -1 16,1 1,1 86,1 55,0<br />
Stompas 3,0 l ha -1 ,<br />
standartas<br />
Stomp 3,0 l ha -1 ,<br />
standard<br />
23,0 0 85,2 0<br />
R 05 / LSD 05 2,5 0,84 - -<br />
Diskusija. T<strong>ir</strong>iamos herbicido boxer normos veiksmingai naikino pagrindines<br />
piktþoles valgomøjø svogûnø pasëliuose. Kad herbicidas boxer veiksmingai naikina<br />
275
vienametes dviskiltes <strong>ir</strong> daugelá vienaskilèiø piktþoliø, patv<strong>ir</strong>tina <strong>ir</strong> kitø autoriø duomenys,<br />
gauti javø pasëliuose (Anonymus, 2000; Glasgow <strong>ir</strong> kt., 1987; Khan <strong>ir</strong> kt.,<br />
2003; Streibig <strong>ir</strong> kt., 1984; Vera <strong>ir</strong> kt., 2001). Herbicidas boxer veiksmingiau maþino<br />
piktþoliø kieká <strong>ir</strong> daug geriau naikino atsk<strong>ir</strong>as pagrindiniø piktþoliø rûðis purðkiant juo<br />
po sëjos, o ne svogûnams esant 1–3 lapeliø tarpsnio. Glasgow tyrimø duomenys taip<br />
pat parodë, kad herbicidas boxer geriausiai naikina piktþoles, naudojant já po sëjos<br />
arba kai piktþolës yra ne didesnës nei 1–2 lapeliø tarpsnio (Glasgow <strong>ir</strong> kt., 1987).<br />
Nupurðkus herbicidu boxer, kai piktþolës yra didesnës negu 1–2 lapeliø, jis yra ne<br />
toks veiksmingas, nes iðgaruoja nuo lapø pav<strong>ir</strong>ðiaus (Anonymus, 2000). Daugeliu<br />
atveju yra pastebimas ðio herbicido veiksmingumo priklausomumas nuo jo prasiskverbimo<br />
per lapus (Cabann <strong>ir</strong> kt., 1999; Schott <strong>ir</strong> kt., 1991), bet kitø autoriø duomenys<br />
rodo, kad tai susijæ ne visuomet (van Toor <strong>ir</strong> kt., 1994; van Toor <strong>ir</strong> kt., 1995).<br />
Atlikti tyrimai rodo, kad purðkiant herbicidu boxer, galima veiksmingai sumaþinti<br />
pasëliø piktþolëtumà vegetacijos metu. Deja, naudoti herbicidà boxer valgomøjø<br />
svogûnø pasëliuose dël jo didelio fitotoksiðkumo svogûnams nerekomenduojama.<br />
Iðvados. 1. Tyrimø metais herbicidas boxer labai veiksmingai (44,5–92,7 proc.)<br />
maþino suminá piktþoliø skaièiø svogûnø pasëliuose.<br />
2. Vienametës dviskiltës piktþolës: baltoji balanda (Chenopodium album L.), bekvapis<br />
ðunramunis (Matricaria inodora L.), paprastoji þilë (Senecio vulgaris L.),<br />
buvo jautriausios herbicidui boxer purðkiant juo po sëjos, o trikertë þvaginë (Capsella<br />
bursa-pastoris L.) <strong>ir</strong> darþinë þliûgë (Stellaria media (L.) Vill.) – <strong>ir</strong> purðkiant po sëjos,<br />
<strong>ir</strong> svogûnams esant 1–3 lapeliø tarpsnio.<br />
3. Tyrimø metais herbicidas boxer svogûnø pasëlá veikë fitotoksiðkai, todël jis<br />
iðretëjo, labai sumaþëjo derlius <strong>ir</strong> pablogëjo svogûnø ropeliø kokybë.<br />
Gauta 2006-11-15<br />
Parengta spausdinti 2006-12-11<br />
Literatûra<br />
1. Anonymous. Prosulfocarbe, in: Cluzeau S., Paternelle M. C., Lhoutellier C. (Eds.),<br />
Index Phytosanita<strong>ir</strong>e, ACTA. Paris, 2000. P. 358–359.<br />
2. Cabbanne F., Gaudry J. C., Streibig J. C. Influence of alkyl oleates on efficacy of<br />
phenmedipham applied as an acetone: water solution on Galium aparine // Weed Research.<br />
1999. 39. P. 57–67.<br />
3. Dospechov B. A. Metodika polevogo opyta. M., 1979. 335 s. (Russ.).<br />
4. Glasgow J. L., Mojica E., Bacer D. R., Tillis H., Gore N. R., Kurtz P. J. SC-0574-A new<br />
selective herbicide for use in winter cereals // In: Proceeding of the 1987 British Crop<br />
Protection Conference –Weeds. Brighton, 1987. P. 27–33.<br />
5. Khan M. H., Hassan G., Khan N., Khan M. A. Efficacy of Different Herbicides for<br />
Controlling Broadleaf Weed in Wheat // Asian Journal of Plant Sciences. 2003. 2(3).<br />
P. <strong>25</strong>4–<strong>25</strong>6.<br />
6. Profesionalaus naudojimo augalø apsaugos priemoniø sàraðas. Vilnius, 2005. P. 81.<br />
7. Schott J. J., Dufour J. L., Gauvrit C. Effects of adjuvants on herbicidal action. III.<br />
Effects of petroleum and rapeseed oils on diclofop-methyl action on ryegrass // Agronomie.<br />
1991. 11. P. 27–34.<br />
276
8. Streibig J. C. Measurement of phytotoxicity of commercial and unformulated soilapplied<br />
herbicides // Weed Research. 1984. 24. P. 327–331.<br />
9. van Toor R. F., Hayes A. L., Cooke B. K., Holloway P. J. Relationships between the<br />
herbicidal activity and foliar uptake of surfactant-containing solutions of glyphosate<br />
applied to foliage of oats and field beans // Crop protection. 1994. 13. P. 260–270.<br />
10. van Toor R. F., Hayes A. L., Holloway P. J. Relationships between activity and<br />
foliar uptake of surfactant-containing solutions of diclofop-methyl on oats // In Fourth<br />
International Symposium on Adjuvants for Agrochemicals, Melbourne, 1995. P. 279–284.<br />
11. Vera V., Gauvrit C., Cabanne F. Efficacy and foliar absorption of flupyrsulfuronmethyl<br />
and prosulfocarb applied alone or in mixture on Lolium multiflorum and wheat //<br />
Agronomie. 2001. 21. P. 33–43.<br />
SODININKYSTË IR DARÞININKYSTË. SCIENTIFIC ARTICLES. 2006. <strong>25</strong>(4).<br />
INFLUENCE OF HERBICIDE BOXER 800 EC<br />
(PROSULFOCARB 800 G L -1 ) ON EDIBLE ONION<br />
CROP WEEDING AND HARVEST<br />
D. Kavaliauskaitë<br />
Summary<br />
Field experiments in edible onion crop to investigate herbicide boxer (a.i. prosulfocarb<br />
800 g l -1 ) were carried out at the Lithuanian Institute of Horticulture in<br />
2005–2006.<br />
Herbicide boxer very effectively decreased total number and a<strong>ir</strong>-dry mass of<br />
weeds in both years of investigation. In 2005 herbicide boxer was sprayed after<br />
onion sowing. Most effective the biggest norm – 5.0 l ha -1 of boxer decreased total<br />
number of weeds by 92.7%; 4.0 l ha -1 – 79.3%, 3.0 l ha -1 – 73.7%. The efficacy of<br />
herbicide boxer treated at onion 1-3 leaf stage in 2006 was lower. The biggest norm –<br />
5.0 l ha -1 of boxer decreased total number of weeds by 64.9%; 4,0 l ha -1 – 44.5%,<br />
3.0 l ha -1 – 47.5%.<br />
Key words: herbicide, onion, spraying time, yield, weeds.<br />
277
LIETUVOS SODININKYSTËS IR DARÞININKYSTËS INSTITUTO IR<br />
LIETUVOS ÞEMËS ÛKIO UNIVERSITETO MOKSLO DARBAI.<br />
SODININKYSTË IR DARÞININKYSTË. 2006. <strong>25</strong>(4).<br />
FITOHORMONØ DINAMIKA IR VAIDMUO PO<br />
PAPRASTOJO KMYNO ÞYDËJIMO INDUKCIJOS<br />
Giedrë SAMUOLIENË 1,2 , Pavelas DUCHOVSKIS 1,2<br />
1<br />
Lietuvos sodininkystës <strong>ir</strong> darþininkystës institutas, LT-54333 Babtai, Kauno r.<br />
El. paðtas g.samuoliene@lsdi.lt<br />
2<br />
Lietuvos þemës ûkio univers<strong>ir</strong>etas, LT-53067 Noreikiðkës, Kauno r.<br />
Lietuvos sodininkystës <strong>ir</strong> darþininkystës instituto fitotroniniame komplekse modeliuojamomis<br />
sàlygomis atlikti paprastojo kmyno (Carum carvi L.) fitohormonø dinamikos<br />
<strong>ir</strong> vaidmens tyrimai sk<strong>ir</strong>tingais þydëjimo iniciacijos tarpsniais. Tyrimo tikslas –<br />
nustatyti fitohormonø veiklos sàsajas su þydëjimo iniciacijos procesais. Giberelo,<br />
indolil-3 acto <strong>ir</strong> abscizo rûgðtims bei zeatinui sk<strong>ir</strong>styti <strong>ir</strong> nustatyti naudotas efektyviosios<br />
skysèiø chromatografijos metodas (HPLC) su diodø matricos detektoriumi. Fotoperiodo<br />
<strong>ir</strong> temperatûros sàlygos þydëjimo indukcijos metu: EXP1 – 0 val. <strong>ir</strong> 4°C,<br />
EXP2 – 8 val. <strong>ir</strong> 4°C, EXP3 – 16 val. <strong>ir</strong> 4°C, EXP4 – 8 val. <strong>ir</strong> 21(16)°C, EXP5 –<br />
16 val. <strong>ir</strong> 21 (16)°C (dienos (nakties) temperatûra). Tyrimai parodë, kaip áva<strong>ir</strong>iais<br />
evokacijos bei þiedø iniciacijos tarpsniais kinta fitohormonø koncentracijos bei jø<br />
santykis. Augalø þydëjimo iniciacijos procesai susijæ su juvenalinio periodo trukme.<br />
Paprastojo kmyno juvenalinio tarpsnio pabaiga siejama su tuo momentu, kai augalas<br />
skrotelëje suformuoja 9 asimiliuojanèius lapus.<br />
Rezultatai parodë, kad tamsoje kmynai <strong>ir</strong> su 7, <strong>ir</strong> su 9 lapais skrotelëje visai<br />
nesivystë <strong>ir</strong> sunyko. Geriausiai floralinis vystymasis pas<strong>ir</strong>eiðkë augalus veikiant þema<br />
teigiama temperatûra <strong>ir</strong> ilgos dienos fotoperiodu. Ðiomis sàlygomis GA 3<br />
<strong>ir</strong> ABA santykis<br />
I <strong>ir</strong> II evokacijos tarpsnio metu yra didelis, o po þiedø iniciacijos þiedø diferenciacijos<br />
metu ðis santykis sumaþëjo perpus. Zeatino <strong>ir</strong> IAA santykis II evokacijos<br />
tarpsnio metu buvo artimas 0. Tai gali reikðti, kad dingsta apikalinis dominavimas.<br />
Ilgos dienos fotoperiodo sàlygomis augalus veikiant aukðta temperatûra (EXP5), ðis<br />
santykis neatkuriamas <strong>ir</strong> þiedø iniciacijos metu, taèiau ðiuo momentu pas<strong>ir</strong>eiðkia antagonistinë<br />
ABA <strong>ir</strong> IAA sàveika. Tokia fitohormonø veikla galëjo sulëtinti kmynø vystymosi<br />
procesus.<br />
Apibendrinant galima teigti, kad juvenalinio periodo pabaiga paprastojo kmyno<br />
ontogenezëje sietina su tuo momentu, kai augalai suformuoja 9 asimiliuojanèius lapus<br />
<strong>ir</strong> visiðkai pas<strong>ir</strong>uoðia priimti foto- <strong>ir</strong> termoindukcijos procesus. Paprastojo kmyno<br />
floraliniam vystymuisi svarbesni yra termoindukcijos nei fotoindukcijos procesai.<br />
Stabilø visø fitohormonø sintezës maþëjimà iki paprastojo kmyno þiedø diferenciaci-<br />
278
jos bei geriausià floraliná vystymàsi lemia þemos teigiamos temperatûros bei ilgos<br />
dienos fotoperiodo derinys.<br />
Reikðminiai þodþiai: evokacija, fitohormonai, paprastasis kmynas, þiedø iniciacija.<br />
Ávadas. Augalø pas<strong>ir</strong>uoðimas þydëti labai priklauso nuo tinkamo þydëjimo indukcijos<br />
laiko. Dël ðios prieþasties þydëjimo iniciacija yra reguliuojama kintanèiø aplinkos<br />
veiksniø, tokiø kaip fotoperiodas <strong>ir</strong> temperatûra, ji taip pat labai priklauso <strong>ir</strong><br />
nuo augalø iðsivystymo lygio (Bernier <strong>ir</strong> kt., 1993). Ðviesa <strong>ir</strong> temperatûra turi didelës<br />
átakos augalø morfogenezës procesams. Aplinkos veiksniø kaità jauèia sk<strong>ir</strong>tingi augalø<br />
organai. Suþadindami vidiná stimulà, jie siunèia signalà á apikalines meristemas.<br />
Egzistuoja keletas hipoteziø, koncepcijø bei teorijø, aiðkinanèiø augalo perëjimo ið<br />
vegetatyvinio augimo á generatyviná vystymàsi mechanizmus. Daugelyje ðiø teorijø,<br />
be kitø veiksniø, analizuojami áva<strong>ir</strong>ûs fitohormonø veiklos þydëjimo reguliavimo aspektai<br />
(Sachs <strong>ir</strong> Hackett, 1983). Manoma, kad fitohormonai dalyvauja reguliuojant<br />
metabolizmo transdukcijà. Tai pas<strong>ir</strong>eiðkia priëmus ðviesos signalà <strong>ir</strong> po transdukcijos<br />
á fiziologiná atsakà (Krapiel <strong>ir</strong> Miginiac, 1997). Fitohormonø santykis <strong>ir</strong> sàveika þydëjimo<br />
iniciacijos metu yra labai svarbus <strong>ir</strong> ne iki galo iðt<strong>ir</strong>tas klausimas. Dvimeèiai<br />
augalai þydi po vernalizacijos, t. y. þiedø iniciacijai reikalingos þemos temperatûros<br />
(Glãucia <strong>ir</strong> kt., 1994). Yra du þydëjimo indukcijos <strong>ir</strong> evokacijos tarpsniai. P<strong>ir</strong>masis<br />
þydëjimo indukcijos periodas yra fotoindukcija. Fotomorfogenetinës sistemos metabolitai<br />
ið lapø transportuojami á apikalines meristemas, kur pas<strong>ir</strong>eiðkia þiedyno aðies<br />
formavimo genø ekspresija. Nuo ðio momento prasideda I evokacijos tarpsnis, kuris<br />
baigiasi þiedyno aðies suformavimu. Antrasis þiemojanèiø augalø þydëjimo indukcijos<br />
tarpsnis yra termoindukcija. Termoindukcijos proceso metabolitai lemia þiedyno<br />
aðies struktûrø formavimà (II evokacijos tarpsnis). Ðiø morfogenetiniø procesø pabaigoje<br />
vyksta <strong>ir</strong> þiedø iniciacija (Duchovskis, 2004).<br />
Darbo tikslas – iðt<strong>ir</strong>ti fitohormonø vaidmená <strong>ir</strong> dinamikà sk<strong>ir</strong>tingais paprastojo<br />
kmyno þydëjimo iniciacijos tarpsniais.<br />
Tyrimo objektas <strong>ir</strong> metodai. Paprastasis kmynas Carum carvi L., var. ‘Gintaras’<br />
sëtas á vegetacinius indus (54 x 34 x 15 cm) su artimos neutraliai pH reakcijos<br />
durpiø substratu. Kmynams sudygus, ðiltnamyje buvo 20 ± 50°C temperatûra bei<br />
16 val. fotoperiodas (ðvitinta Son-T Agro lempomis). Kiekvienà savaitæ augalai træðti<br />
„Kem<strong>ir</strong>a Combi“ tràðø (NPK-14:11:15 <strong>ir</strong> mikroelementai) t<strong>ir</strong>palu, kenkëjai naikinti<br />
standartiniais augalø apsaugos bûdais. Kmynams pasiekus 7 <strong>ir</strong> 9 lapø skrotelëje iðsivystymo<br />
lygá, vegetaciniai indai su augalais perkelti 120 paroms á fitotrono kameras,<br />
kad pereitø foto- <strong>ir</strong> termoindukcijos procesus. Fotoperiodo <strong>ir</strong> temperatûros sàlygos<br />
þydëjimo indukcijos metu: EXP1 – 0 val. <strong>ir</strong> 4°C, EXP2 – 8 val. <strong>ir</strong> 4°C, EXP3 –<br />
16 val. <strong>ir</strong> 4°C, EXP4 – 8 val. <strong>ir</strong> 21 (16)°C, EXP5 – 16 val. <strong>ir</strong> 21 (16)°C (dienos<br />
(nakties) temperatûra). Evokacijos, þiedø iniciacijos bei diferenciacijos procesai (Duchowski,<br />
1995) bei organogenezës etapai (Êóïåðìàí <strong>ir</strong> kt., 1982) stebëti mënesá,<br />
esant 16 val. fotoperiodui <strong>ir</strong> 21 (16) ± 2°C dienos (nakties) temperatûrai.<br />
Fitohormonø bandiniai efektyviajai skysèiø chromatografijai (HPLC) atlikti ruoðiami<br />
sutrinant 1– 2 g þalios masës su skystu azotu, ekstakcija atliekama uþpilant<br />
10 ml izopropanolio. Bandinys centrifuguojamas 2 500 apsisukimø per minutæ greièiu<br />
5 min., nupylus ekstraktà, centrifuguojama dar tris kartus kaskart uþpilant po<br />
279
2 ml izopropanolio. Surinktas bandinys garinamas rotaciniu garintuvu, gryninamas<br />
kietafazës ekstrakcijos metodu, naudojant NH2-kartridþus, <strong>ir</strong> vël garinamas. Paruoðti<br />
bandiniai saugomi mëgintuvëliuose 4°C temperatûroje (Wang, 2003).<br />
Giberelo rûgðties (GA3), indolil-3-acto rûgðties (IAA), abscizo rûgðties (ABA) <strong>ir</strong><br />
zeatino analizës atliktos Shimadzu 10A HPLC modelio chromatografu su diodø matricos<br />
detektoriumi (SPD-M 10A VP, Japonija), kolona termostatuota 35°C temperatûroje.<br />
Sk<strong>ir</strong>stymas atliktas Intersil ODS-2 kolonële (150 x 4,6 mm). Judriosios fazës<br />
gradientas: 40% metanolis su 1% acto rûgðties GA3, 45% metanolis su 1% acto<br />
rûgðties IAA, 50% metanolis su 1% acto rûgðties zeatinui <strong>ir</strong> 55% metanolis su 1%<br />
acto rûgðties ABA sk<strong>ir</strong>styti. Detekcija: <strong>25</strong>4, 280, 270 <strong>ir</strong> <strong>25</strong>4 nm atitinkamai GA3,<br />
IAA, zeatinui <strong>ir</strong> ABA. Tëkmës greitis – 1 ml/min.<br />
Standartiniam nuokrypiui nuo vidurkio apskaièiuoti naudota „MS Exel“ programa.<br />
Rezultatai. Kmynai, iðsivystæ iki 7 lapø skrotelëje bei sudëti á fitotrono kameras<br />
foto- bei termoindukcijos procesams praeiti, vëliau visuose t<strong>ir</strong>tuose veiksniø<br />
deriniuose liko vegetatyvinës bûsenos (II organogenezës etape). Tamsoje kmynai<br />
<strong>ir</strong> su 7, <strong>ir</strong> su 9 lapais skrotelëje visai nesivystë <strong>ir</strong> sunyko (1 lentelë). Kmynai su 9<br />
lapais skrotelëje vystësi nevienodai. Geriausiai kmynai vystësi veikiant 16 val. fotoperiodu<br />
bei 4°C temperatûra (EXP 3). Palaikant 21 (16)°C dienos (nakties) temperatûrà,<br />
paprastasis kmynas <strong>ir</strong> trumpos (EXP 4), <strong>ir</strong> ilgos (EXP 5) dienos fotoperiodo<br />
sàlygomis vystësi vienodai <strong>ir</strong> lëèiau nei EXP 3. Sunkiausiai paprastasis kmynas<br />
vystësi veikiant ilgos dienos fotoperiodu bei þema temperatûra (EXP 2)<br />
(1 lentelë).<br />
1 lentelë. Paprastojo kmyno sk<strong>ir</strong>tingø þydëjimo iniciacijos tarpsniø intensyvumo lygis<br />
Table 1. The intensity level of different flowering initiation stages in common caraway<br />
Veiksniø<br />
deriniai<br />
Treatment<br />
II evokacijos<br />
Þiedø diferenciacija<br />
Þiedø iniciacija (Va<br />
tarpsnis (IV<br />
(Vb, Vc<br />
organogenezës<br />
organogenezës<br />
organogenezës<br />
etapas)<br />
etapas)<br />
etapas)<br />
Flower initiation<br />
Evocation stage II (organogenesis stage<br />
Flower differentiation<br />
(organogenesis stage IV) Va)<br />
(organogenesis stage<br />
Vb, Vc)<br />
7 9 7 9 7 9 7 9<br />
I evokacijos tarpsnis<br />
(III organogenezës<br />
etapas)<br />
Evocation stage I<br />
(organogenesis stage III)<br />
lapai skrotelëje<br />
leaves in rosette<br />
lapai skrotelëje<br />
leaves in rosette<br />
lapai skrotelëje<br />
leaves in rosette<br />
lapai skrotelëje<br />
leaves in rosette<br />
EXP1 - - - - - - - -<br />
EXP2 - + - + - + - +<br />
EXP3 - + + + - + + + - + + + - + + +<br />
EXP4 - + + - + + - + + - + +<br />
EXP5 - + + - + + - + + - + +<br />
„+/-„ – vystymosi intensyvumo lygis / development intensity level.<br />
EXP1 – 0 val. <strong>ir</strong>/and 4°C, EXP2 – 8 val. <strong>ir</strong>/and 4°C, EXP3 – 16 val. <strong>ir</strong>/and 4°C, EXP4 – 8 val. <strong>ir</strong>/<br />
and 21 (16)°C, EXP5 – 16 val. <strong>ir</strong>/and 21/ (16)°C.<br />
280
Po þydëjimo indukcijos giberelo rûgðties koncentracija sumaþëjo visuose poveikio<br />
deriniuose, ypaè trumpos dienos bei aukðtos temperatûros sàlygomis (EXP4)<br />
(1 pav.). II evokacijos tarpsnio metu EXP4 poveikio derinyje ðio fitohormono koncentracija<br />
iðaugo beveik 16 kartø, palyginti su I evokacijos tarpsniu, o kituose poveikio<br />
deriniuose GA3 sintezë sumaþëjo. Þiedø iniciacijos metu visuose poveikio deriniuose<br />
giberelo rûgðties biosintezë vyko neaktyviai (Va organogenezës etapas), o þiedø<br />
diferenciacijos metu labai suaktyvëjo. Labiausiai GA 3<br />
sintezë svyravo trumpos<br />
dienos bei aukðtos temperatûros sàlygomis (EXP4) (1A pav.). Po þydëjimo indukcijos<br />
indolil-3-acto rûgðties, abscizo rûgðties bei zeatino koncentracijos sumaþëjo EXP3<br />
<strong>ir</strong> EXP4 poveikio deriniuose <strong>ir</strong> beveik du kartus padidëjo EXP2 <strong>ir</strong> EXP5 poveikio<br />
deriniuose (1B pav.).<br />
Zeatinas IAA ABA<br />
1 pav. Fitohormonø kiekio kitimas sk<strong>ir</strong>tingais paprastojo kmyno þydëjimo iniciacijos<br />
tarpsniais. I – prieð þydëjimo indukcijà; 1 <strong>ir</strong> 2 – I <strong>ir</strong> II evokacijos tarpsniai, 3 – þiedø<br />
iniciacija, 4 – þiedø diferenciacija<br />
Fig. 1. Variation of phytohormones contents in common caraway during various flowering<br />
initiation stages. I – before flowering induction; 1 and 2 – evocation stages I and II, 3 –<br />
flower initiation, 4 – flower differentiation<br />
EXP1 – 0 val. <strong>ir</strong>/and 4°C, EXP2 – 8 val. <strong>ir</strong>/and 4°C, EXP3 – 16 val. <strong>ir</strong>/and 4°C, EXP4 – 8 val.<br />
<strong>ir</strong>/and 21 (16)°C, EXP5 – 16 val. <strong>ir</strong>/and 21 (16)°C.<br />
Trumpos dienos <strong>ir</strong> þemos temperatûros sàlygomis (EXP2) ABA <strong>ir</strong> IAA santykis<br />
iðaugo II evokacijos tarpsnio metu, o kmynams pasiekus V organogenezës etapà,<br />
t. y. prasidëjus þiedø iniciacijos bei diferenciacijos procesams, ðis santykis sumaþëjo.<br />
Zeatino <strong>ir</strong> IAA santykis buvo lygus 1 visais þydëjimo iniciacijos tarpsniais, o GA3 <strong>ir</strong><br />
ABA santykis þiedø iniciacijos bei diferenciacijos metu padidëjo dvigubai, palyginti<br />
su II evokacijos tarpsniu. Geriausiai augalai vystësi ilgos dienos bei þemø temperatûrø<br />
sàlygomis (EXP3), GA 3<br />
<strong>ir</strong> ABA santykis kito nedaug <strong>ir</strong> iðliko didelis visais þydëjimo<br />
iniciacijos tarpsniais, tik þiedø diferenciacijos metu sumaþëjo maþdaug perpus.<br />
ABA <strong>ir</strong> IAA santykis sumaþëjo þiedø iniciacijos metu. Augalus veikiant trumpos dienos<br />
fotoperiodu bei aukðta temperatûra (EXP4), ABA <strong>ir</strong> IAA bei zeatino <strong>ir</strong> IAA santykis<br />
buvo lygus 1 visais þydëjimo iniciacijos tarpsniais. Esant toms paèioms sàlygoms,<br />
GA 3<br />
<strong>ir</strong> ABA santykis po I evokacijos tarpsnio padidëjo apie 5 kartus <strong>ir</strong> vël tiek<br />
pat sumaþëjo þiedø diferenciacijos metu (2 lentelë). Augalus veikiant taip pat aukðta<br />
temperatûra, bet ilgos dienos fotoperiodu (EXP5), ABA <strong>ir</strong> IAA santykis I <strong>ir</strong> II evokacijos<br />
bei þiedø iniciacijos tarpsniais sumaþëjo perpus, taèiau padidëjo þiedø diferenciacijos<br />
metu.<br />
281
2 lentelë. Fitohormonø santykis sk<strong>ir</strong>tingais paprastojo kmyno þydëjimo iniciacijos<br />
tarpsniais<br />
Table 2. The ratio of ohytohormones during different flowering initiation stages in<br />
common caraway<br />
Poveikio<br />
variantas<br />
Treatment<br />
GA3/ABA<br />
I evokacijos<br />
tarpsnis<br />
evocation stage I<br />
ABA/IAA<br />
Zeatinas/IAA<br />
Þydëjimo iniciacijos tarpsniai<br />
Flowering initiation stage<br />
II evokacijos<br />
tarpsnis<br />
evocation stage II<br />
GA3/ABA<br />
ABA/IAA<br />
Zeatinas/IAA<br />
GA3/ABA<br />
Þiedø iniciacija<br />
flower initiation<br />
ABA/IAA<br />
Zeatinas/IAA<br />
Þiedø<br />
diferenciacija<br />
flower differentiation<br />
EXP2 278 0 1 85 2 1 158 0 1 160 1 1<br />
EXP3 219 1 1 301 1 0 297 0 1 149 1 2<br />
EXP4 66 1 1 343 1 1 246 1 1 58 1 1<br />
EXP5 80 1 1 40 1 0 <strong>25</strong> 0 0 230 18 15<br />
GA3/ABA<br />
ABA/IAA<br />
Zeatinas/IAA<br />
EXP2 – 8 val. <strong>ir</strong>/and 4°C, EXP3 – 16 val. <strong>ir</strong>/and 4°C, EXP4 – 8 val. <strong>ir</strong>/and 21 (16)°C, EXP5 –<br />
16 val. <strong>ir</strong>/and 21 (16)°C.<br />
Diskusija. Paprastasis kmynas (Carum carvi L.), kaip <strong>ir</strong> petraþolës, morkos,<br />
krapai <strong>ir</strong> kt., priklauso Apiaceae ðeimai. Paprastasis kmynas, kaip <strong>ir</strong> kiti dvimeèiai<br />
augalai, sëjos metais formuoja vien tik skrotelæ <strong>ir</strong> tik po foto- <strong>ir</strong> termoindukcijos<br />
rudená <strong>ir</strong> þiemà suformuoja þiedynstiebá. Labai svarbu nustatyti kiekvienos rûðies<br />
minimalø iðsivystymo lygá, kai tinkamu fotoperiodu <strong>ir</strong> þema temperatûra gali bûti<br />
indukuojamas þydëjimas. Ankstesni mûsø tyrimai rodo, kad juvenalinio tarpsnio pabaiga<br />
foto- <strong>ir</strong> termoindukcijai yra sk<strong>ir</strong>tinga (Duchovskis <strong>ir</strong> kt, 2003). Yra du þydëjimo<br />
indukcijos <strong>ir</strong> evokacijos tarpsniai. P<strong>ir</strong>masis þydëjimo indukcijos tarpsnis yra fotoindukcija<br />
(morkoms – turint 5 lapus skrotelëje). Fotomorfogenetinës sistemos metabolitai<br />
ið lapø transportuojami á apikalines meristemas, kur pas<strong>ir</strong>eiðkia þiedyno aðies<br />
formavimo genø ekspresija (tikëtina per SOC1, FT genus) (Duchovskis, 2004). Nuo<br />
ðio momento prasideda I evokacijos tarpsnis, kuris baigiasi þiedyno aðies suformavimu.<br />
Antrasis þiemojanèiø augalø þydëjimo indukcijos tarpsnis yra termoindukcija<br />
(morkoms – kai iðsivystymo lygis pasiekia 9 lapus skrotelëje). Termoindukcijos proceso<br />
metabolitai lemia þiedyno aðies struktûrø formavimà (II evokacijos tarpsnis).<br />
Labiausiai tikëtina, kad FLC, FRI genai yra atsakingi uþ II evokacijos tarpsná. Ðiø<br />
procesø pabaigoje taip pat vyksta þiedø iniciacija (Duchovskis, 2004). Paprastasis<br />
kmynas, pasiekæs iðsivystymo lygá iki 7 <strong>ir</strong> 9 lapø skrotelëje, dedamas á fitotrono<br />
kameras þydëjimo indukcijai sukelti. Po ðio poveikio kmynø su 7 lapais skrotelëje,<br />
vëliau veikiant sk<strong>ir</strong>tingais foto- <strong>ir</strong> termoperiodais, augimas buvo vien tik vegetatyvinis<br />
(1 lentelë). Juvenalinio periodo pabaiga sietina su visiðku augalo pas<strong>ir</strong>uoðimu priimti<br />
foto- <strong>ir</strong> termoindukcijos procesus. Paprastojo kmyno ontogenezëje tuo momentu<br />
augalai suformuoja 9 asimiliuojanèius lapus. Fotoperiodas apribojo þydëjimà, ta-<br />
282
èiau ðie apribojimai gali iðnykti veikiant þemomis ar aukðtomis temperatûromis (Zeevaart,<br />
1976). Pagal Zeevaart teiginá <strong>ir</strong> mûsø bandymuose paprastasis kmynas su 9<br />
lapais skrotelëje þydëjo visuose poveikiø variantuose, tik nevienodai intensyviai. Geriausiai<br />
floralinis vystymasis pas<strong>ir</strong>eiðkë augalus veikiant þema teigiama temperatûra <strong>ir</strong><br />
ilgos dienos fotoperiodu (1 lentelë).<br />
Reguliuojant daugelio augalø rûðiø þydëjimà giberelinas vaidina svarbø vaidmená<br />
(Michaels <strong>ir</strong> Amasino, 2000). Ar gali bûti taip, kad GA 3<br />
kiekio padidëjimas arba ðio<br />
hormono metabolizmo pakitimas veiktø kaip þydëjimui átakos turintis mechanizmas<br />
neveikiant þydëjimo indukcijà skatinanèiu fotoperiodu arba ðalèiu Remiantis mûsø<br />
duomenis, galima teigti, kad giberelo rûgðties koncentracijos sumaþëjimas po evokacijos<br />
procesø nulemia greitesnæ þiedstiebio elongacijà <strong>ir</strong> þiedø formavimà. Yra þinoma,<br />
kad hormonø veikla pas<strong>ir</strong>eiðkia <strong>ir</strong> antagonistiðkai, <strong>ir</strong> stimuliuojanèiai <strong>ir</strong> ðiø veiklø<br />
balansas nulemia kiekvieno fitohormono átakà þydëjimo iniciacijai (Johri <strong>ir</strong> Mitra,<br />
2001). Nustatyta, kad kmynus veikiant ilgos dienos fotoperiodu <strong>ir</strong> þema temperatûra,<br />
augalai vystësi geriausiai, GA 3<br />
<strong>ir</strong> ABA santykis I <strong>ir</strong> II evokacijos tarpsnio metu<br />
buvo didelis, o po þiedø iniciacijos þiedø diferenciacijos metu sumaþëjo perpus. Tai<br />
gali bûti susijæ su greitesniais þydëjimo indukcijos procesais. Kitomis sàlygomis<br />
augalai vystësi prasèiau <strong>ir</strong> tai atsispindi GA 3<br />
<strong>ir</strong> ABA santykio antagonistinës veiklos<br />
balanse, ypaè kmynus veikiant ilgos dienos fotoperiodu bei aukðta temperatûra. Ið<br />
gautø duomenø matyti, kad fotoperiodo bei temperatûros poveikis fitohormonø<br />
santykiui kmynø þydëjimo iniciacijos procesø metu yra didelis. Taèiau paprastojo<br />
kmyno vystymuisi svarbesnë termoindukcijos nei fotoindukcijos átaka: blogiausiai<br />
kmynai vystësi esant trumpai dienai <strong>ir</strong> þemoms temperatûroms (EXP2), nors þiedø<br />
iniciacijos bei diferenciacijos procesø metu GA 3<br />
<strong>ir</strong> ABA santykis buvo didelis <strong>ir</strong><br />
þiedo elementø formavimàsi ðis balansas veikë stimuliuojanèiai. Esant aukðtai temperatûrai,<br />
nesvarbu, kokia buvo fotoperiodo trukmë, kmynai vystësi geriau (EXP4<br />
<strong>ir</strong> EXP5), nors GA 3<br />
<strong>ir</strong> ABA santykis (ypaè ilgos dienos sàlygomis) buvo itin maþas<br />
(EXP5).<br />
Auksinai paprastai siejami su làsteliø tásimo procesais, auksinø <strong>ir</strong> citokininø bendra<br />
veikla làsteliø dalijimosi procesuose pas<strong>ir</strong>eiðkia stimuliojanèiai (Johri <strong>ir</strong> Mitra,<br />
2001). Taip pat zeatino bei indolil-3-acto rûgðties santykis labai svarbus morfogenezës<br />
iniciacijos procesuose. Þinoma, kad auksinai atsakingi uþ apikaliná dominavimà,<br />
o kinetino sintezë vyksta ðaknyje <strong>ir</strong> skatina ûgliø morfogenezæ. Vykstant ðiø fitohormonø<br />
perneðimui ið jø sintezës vietos, keièiasi <strong>ir</strong> santykis. Mûsø duomenimis kmynus<br />
veikiant ilgos dienos fotoperiodu, neatsiþvelgiant á temperatûros poveiká (EXP3<br />
<strong>ir</strong> EXP5), zeatino <strong>ir</strong> IAA santykis II evokacijos tarpsnio metu buvo artimas 0. Todël<br />
zeatino bei IAA veikla prieð þiedø iniciacijos procesus pas<strong>ir</strong>eiðkia antagonistiðkai. Tai<br />
gali turëti átakos apikalinio dominavimo iðnykimui bei pradmeninio þiedyno ðoniniø<br />
elementø formavimuisi. Taèiau ðoniniø þiedo aðies elementø formavimasis gali bûti<br />
nulemtas dar I evokacijos tarpsnio pabaigoje. Þiedø diferenciacijos procesø metu,<br />
aktyviai formuojantis þiedo aðies elementø struktûroms, pas<strong>ir</strong>eiðkia stimuoliuojanti<br />
citokininø bei auksinø saveika. Ilgos dienos fotoperiodo sàlygomis augalus veikiant<br />
aukðta temperatûra (EXP5), ðis santykis neatkuriamas <strong>ir</strong> þiedø iniciacijos metu, taèiau<br />
ðiuo momentu pas<strong>ir</strong>eiðkia antagonistinë ABA <strong>ir</strong> IAA sàveika. Tokia fitohormonø<br />
veikla galëjo lëtinti kmynø vystymosi procesus.<br />
283
Iðvados. 1. Juvenalinio periodo pabaiga paprastojo kmyno ontogenezëje sietina<br />
su tuo momentu, kai augalai suformuoja 9 asimiliuojanèius lapus <strong>ir</strong> visiðkai pas<strong>ir</strong>uoðia<br />
priimti foto- <strong>ir</strong> termoindukcijos procesus.<br />
2. Paprastojo kmyno floraliniam vystymuisi svarbesni termoindukcijos nei fotoindukcijos<br />
procesai.<br />
3. Stabilø visø fitohormonø sintezës maþëjimà iki paprastojo kmyno þiedø diferenciacijos<br />
bei geriausià floraliná vystymàsi lemia þemos teigiamos temperatûros bei<br />
ilgos dienos fotoperiodo derinys.<br />
Gauta 2006-11-13<br />
Parengta spausdinti 2006-12-11<br />
Literatûra<br />
1. Bernier G., Havelange A., Housa C., Petitjean A., Lejeune P. Physiological signals<br />
that induce flowering // Plant Cell. 1993. Vol. 5. P. 1147–1155.<br />
2. Duchovskis P. Flowering initiation of wintering plants // Sodininkystë <strong>ir</strong> darþininkystë.<br />
Babtai, 2004. T. 23(2). P. 3–11.<br />
3. Duchovskis P., N. Þukauskas, Ðikðnianienë J. B., Samuolienë G. Valgomøjø morkø<br />
juvenalinio periodo, þydëjimo indukcijos <strong>ir</strong> evokacijos procesø ypatumai // Sodininkystë<br />
<strong>ir</strong> darþininkystë. Babtai, 2003. T. 22(1). P. 86–93.<br />
4. Duchowski P. Acta Academiae Agriculturae ac Technicae Olstenensis Agricultura //<br />
Supplementum. 1995. 61.<br />
5. Glãucia M., Dias-Tagliacozzo, Válio F.M. Ivany. Effect of vernalization on fowering<br />
of Daucus carota. // R. Bras. Fisiol. Veg. 1994. Vol. 6. P. 71–73.<br />
6. Johri M. M., Mitra D. Current Science 2001. Vol. 80(2). P. 199–205.<br />
7. Kraepiel Y., Miginiac E. Photomorphogenesis and phytohormones // Plant, Cell<br />
and Env<strong>ir</strong>onment. 1997. 20. P. 807–812.<br />
8. Michaels S. D., Amasino R. M. Plant, cell and env<strong>ir</strong>onment. 2000. 23. P. 1145–1153.<br />
9. Sachs R. M., Hackett W. P. Source-sink relationships in flowering // W. J. Meudt.<br />
Strategies of plant reproduction. Allenheld, Osmun, Granada, 1983. P. 263–272.<br />
10. Zeevaart Jan A. D. Ann. Rev. Plant Physiol. 1976. 27. P. 321–347.<br />
11. Wang Y., Mopper S., Hasenstein K. H. Effects of salinity on endogenous ABA,<br />
IAA, JA and SA in Iris hexagona // Journal of Chemical Ecology. 2003. 27. P. 327–342.<br />
12. Êóïåðìàí Ô. Ì., Ðæàíîâà Å. È., Ìóðàøåâ Â. Â., Ëüâîâà È. Í., Ñåäîâà Å. À.,<br />
Àõóíäîâà Â.À., Ùåðáèíà È.Ï. Áèîëîãèÿ ðàçâèòèÿ êóëüòóðíûõ ðàñòåíèé.<br />
Ìîñêâà: Âûñøàÿ øêîëà, 1982. 343 c.<br />
284
SODININKYSTË IR DARÞININKYSTË. SCIENTIFIC ARTICLES. 2006. <strong>25</strong>(4).<br />
DYNAMICS AND ROLE OF PHYTOHORMONES IN<br />
COMMON CARAWAY AFTER FLOWERING INDUCTION<br />
G. Samuolienë, P. Duchovskis<br />
Summary<br />
This study was aimed on investigation of phytohormones dynamic and role in<br />
common caraway (Carum carvi L.) during different flowering initiation stages. The<br />
process of common caraway flowering initiation and morphogenesis was studied in<br />
a phytotron facility. Different level of development is needed for photo- and thermoinduction<br />
of caraway. 9 leaves in rosette are needed to complete the juvenile<br />
period. High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) with diode array detection<br />
was used for separation and determination of gibberellic, indol-3-acetic and abscisic<br />
acids, and zeatin. Conditions of photo and thermoperiod during flowering induction:<br />
EXP2 – 8 hr and 4°C, EXP3 – 16 hr and 4°C, EXP4 – 8 hr and 21/16°C, EXP5 –<br />
16 hr and 21/16°C.<br />
Our results showed that under dark treatment both in caraway with 7 and 9<br />
leaves in rosette did not develop at all and rotted away. The best floral development<br />
was observed when plants were treated under low positive temperature and long day<br />
photoperiod (EXP3). Under these conditions the GA3/IAA ratio during evocation<br />
stages I and II was high, but it decreased twice after flower initiation. During evocation<br />
stage II zeatin/IAA ratio was equal to 0. This could mean that the apical dominance<br />
disappeared. Under treatment with long day photoperiod and high temperature<br />
(EXP5) this ratio did not increase even during flower initiation. Otherwise during<br />
this moment an antagonistic interaction between ABA and IAA occurs. This phytohormones<br />
action could influence slower developmental processes of common caraway.<br />
In summary, for development of common caraway thermoinduction is more<br />
important than influence of photoinduction. The best generative development was<br />
noticed when plants were treated under low temperature and long day photoperiod.<br />
For common caraway floral development thermoinduction processes are more important<br />
than photoinduction. The stabile decrease of all phytohormones synthesis till<br />
flower differentiation and the best floral development is determined by low positive<br />
temperatures and long day photoperiod.<br />
Key words: caraway, evocation, flowering initiation, phytohormones.<br />
285
LIETUVOS SODININKYSTËS IR DARÞININKYSTËS INSTITUTO IR<br />
LIETUVOS ÞEMËS ÛKIO UNIVERSITETO MOKSLO DARBAI.<br />
SODININKYSTË IR DARÞININKYSTË. 2006. <strong>25</strong>(3).<br />
SODINIMO TANKUMO ÁTAKA PAVASARINIØ AGURKØ<br />
PRODUKTYVUMUI<br />
Julë JANKAUSKIENË, Auðra BRAZAITYTË<br />
Lietuvos sodininkystës <strong>ir</strong> darþininkystës institutas, LT-54333, Babtai, Kauno r.<br />
El. paðtas j.jankauskiene@lsdi.lt<br />
2003–2005 m. Lietuvos sodininkystës <strong>ir</strong> darþininkystës institute dviguba polimerine<br />
plëvele dengtuose ðiltnamiuose (ðonai dengti plastiko lakðtais) mineralinëje<br />
vatoje auginti du agurkø hibridai <strong>ir</strong> t<strong>ir</strong>ta sodinimo tankumo átaka agurkø hibridø fotosintezës<br />
sistemai, derliui bei kokybei. Auginti agurkø hibridai ‘Mandy’, ‘Componist’.<br />
Agurkai sodinti sk<strong>ir</strong>tingais tankumais: 2,0; 2,3; 2,6 augalo/m 2 . Vegetacijos metu nustatytas<br />
sausøjø medþiagø bei pigmentø kiekis augalø lapuose, matuotas fotosintezës<br />
intensyvumas. Pigmentø bei sausøjø medþiagø kiekis, fotosintezës intensyvumas agurkø<br />
lapuose priklauso <strong>ir</strong> nuo hibrido, <strong>ir</strong> nuo sodinimo tankumo. Sodinimo tankumas<br />
turi átakos t<strong>ir</strong>tø agurkø hibridø ankstyvumui, taip pat veikia derliaus dydá. Agurkø<br />
hibridø, augintø 2,6 aug./m 2 tankumu, derlius esti didesnis negu augintø 2,0 <strong>ir</strong><br />
2,3 aug./m 2 tankumu. Vidutinë vaisiaus masë visuose variantuose vienoda.<br />
Reikðminiai þodþiai: agurkai, derlius, fotosintezës intensyvumas, hibridai, pigmentai,<br />
sausosios medþiagos, sodinimo tankumas.<br />
Ávadas. Siekiant ið ploto vieneto gauti kuo daugiau produkcijos, labai svarbu<br />
tinkamai iðnaudoti ðiltnamio plotà (Papadopoulos, 1994). Vienas svarbiausiø darþoviø<br />
auginimo ðiltnamiuose technologijos elementø, kuriø dëka galima reguliuoti derliaus<br />
kieká, yra maitinamasis plotas. Optimalus plotas vienam agurko augalui yra<br />
0,7–0,8 m 2 . Idealu, kai tarp eiliø bei augalø eilëje yra tas pats atstumas. Taèiau ðiltnamiuose<br />
augalø tankumui átakos turi atramø, ðildymo vamzdþiø iðdëstymas <strong>ir</strong> kt. Augalø<br />
maitinamasis plotas priklauso nuo veislës, hibrido, auginimo laiko (t. y. apðvietimo),<br />
auginimo bûdo, taip pat nuo mineralinës mitybos (Papadopoulos, 1994). Atstumas<br />
tarp augalø eilëje gali bûti 45–60 cm. Didelæ lapijà turintys agurkai sodinami<br />
reèiau. Vëlyvà pavasará <strong>ir</strong> ankstyvà rudená, kai apðvietimo sàlygos yra geros, augalai<br />
gali bûti sodinami tankiau, taèiau pasodinus per tankiai, gali sumaþëti derlingumas,<br />
nes augalai gauna maþiau ðviesos, gelsta jø lapai, tarp augalø laikosi drëgnas oras, jie<br />
blogiau vëdinami <strong>ir</strong> greièiau suserga (Îâîùåâîäñòâî..., 1995).<br />
Fotosintezë yra pagrindinis fiziologinis procesas, kuriuo augalai reaguoja á pasikeitusias<br />
aplinkos sàlygas. Jos intensyvumas daþnai t<strong>ir</strong>iamas sudarant áva<strong>ir</strong>ias augimo<br />
sàlygas ðiltnamiuose (Hand <strong>ir</strong> kt., 1992; Tornley <strong>ir</strong> kt., 1992). Pigmentai yra<br />
286
fotosintezës sistemos dalis, jø pokyèiai yra svarbus sàlygø tinkamumo ðiltnamio augalams<br />
rodiklis. Sausøjø medþiagø kiekis agurkuose priklauso nuo maisto medþiagø<br />
kiekio d<strong>ir</strong>voþemyje (Espinola <strong>ir</strong> kt., 2001). Taip pat tam átakos turi <strong>ir</strong> kiti veiksniai:<br />
auginimo laikotarpis, vaisiø kiekis ant augalo, tankis <strong>ir</strong> kt. (Heuvelink <strong>ir</strong> kt., 1989;<br />
Gomez <strong>ir</strong> kt., 2003; Peil, Lopez-Galvez, 2005). Nustatyta, kad sk<strong>ir</strong>tingos polimerinës<br />
ðiltnamio dangos neturi átakos sausøjø medþiagø kiekiui agurkuose, taèiau jø<br />
susikaupia daugiau tuose augaluose, kurie auga stikliniuose ðiltnamiuose (Papadopoulos,<br />
Hao, 1999).<br />
Darbo tikslas – nustatyti pavasará auginamø trumpavaisiø agurkø sodinimo<br />
tankumo átakà fotosintezës pigmentams, jos intensyvumui, derëjimo ankstyvumui <strong>ir</strong><br />
suminiam derliui.<br />
Tyrimo objektas <strong>ir</strong> metodai. Tyrimai atlikti 2003–2005 m. Lietuvos sodininkystës<br />
<strong>ir</strong> darþininkystës instituto dviguba polimerine plëvele dengtuose ðiltnamiuose<br />
(ðonai dengti plastiko lakðtais). Agurkai auginti mineralinëje vatoje. Sëjos laikas 2003<br />
metais – kovo mën. 3 diena, 2004 metais – vasario mën. 27 diena, 2005 metais –<br />
vasario mën. 28 diena. Agurkø daigai auginti daigyne ant stelaþø, papildomai ðvytinti.<br />
Á ðiltnamá sodinti 2003 04 02, 2004 03 31, 2005 04 08. Agurkai træðti „Nutrifol“<br />
(þalias <strong>ir</strong> rudas) tràðomis, magnio sulfatu, kalcio bei amonio salietra atsiþvelgiant á<br />
augimo tarpsná. Vandeniui rûgðtinti naudota azoto rûgðtis. Druskø koncentracija maitinamajame<br />
t<strong>ir</strong>pale – EC 2,5–2,8, rûgðtumas – pH 5,5–5,8. Tyrimo objektas (A faktorius)<br />
– a 0 – hibridas ‘Mandy’, a 1 – hibridas ‘Componist’. T<strong>ir</strong>tas sodinimo tankumas<br />
(B faktorius): b 0 – 2,0 aug./m 2 , b 1 – 2,3 aug./m 2 , b 2 – 2,6 aug./m 2 . Laukelio<br />
plotas – 8,8 m 2 . Variantai kartoti po keturis kartus. Laukeliai iðdëstyti atsitiktine tvarka.<br />
Bandymo metu atlikti biometriniai stebëjimai (praëjus 1, 2, 3 savaitëms po sodinimo,<br />
matuotas augalø aukðtis, skaièiuoti lapai), nustatytas pigmentø <strong>ir</strong> sausøjø medþiagø<br />
kiekis lapuose (kas mënesá vegetacijos metu), fotosintezës intensyvumas matuotas<br />
neðiojama fotosintezës sistema CI-310 (CID Inc., USA). Sausosios medþiagos<br />
nustatytos iðdþiovinus lapus 105 ± 20°C temperatûroje iki nekintamos masës.<br />
Pigmentø kiekis nustatytas sprektrofotometru (pagal Vetðteinà) (Wettstein, 1957).<br />
T<strong>ir</strong>ti visai susiformavæ lapai. Atlikta agurkø derliaus apskaita. Agurkai buvo skinami<br />
tris kartus per savaitæ <strong>ir</strong> rûðiuojami á standartinius <strong>ir</strong> nestandartinius. Derliaus duomenys<br />
apdoroti statistiniais metodais (Tarakanovas, Raudonius, 2003).<br />
Tyrimø rezultatai. Vegetacijos metu augalai augo nevienodai, jø aukðtis priklausë<br />
nuo hibrido <strong>ir</strong> nuo augalø sodinimo tankio. ‘Mandy’ hibrido augalai buvo<br />
aukðtesni <strong>ir</strong> turëjo daugiau lapø, pasodinus 2,3 aug./m 2 , negu augalai, sodinti 2 <strong>ir</strong><br />
2,6 aug./m 2 tankumais (1 lentelë). ‘Componist’ hibrido aukðèiausi buvo reèiausiai,<br />
t. y. 2 aug./m 2 tankumu, pasodinti augalai. Ðie agurkai taip pat iðaugino daugiau lapø.<br />
Matuojant p<strong>ir</strong>màjá kartà, jie buvo atitinkamai 17,1 <strong>ir</strong> 18 proc. aukðtesni negu augalai,<br />
pasodinti 2,3 <strong>ir</strong> 2,6 aug./m 2 tankumais, matuojant antràjá kartà – atitinkamai 11,1 <strong>ir</strong><br />
13,9 proc. aukðtesni, treèiàjá – atitinkamai 7,30 <strong>ir</strong> 8,8 proc. aukðtesni.<br />
Vegetacijos metu daugiausia sausøjø medþiagø lapuose sukaupë reèiausiai, t. y.<br />
2,0 aug./m 2 , pasodinti agurkai (abu hibridai), nors esminio sk<strong>ir</strong>tumo tarp variantø<br />
nebuvo (1 pav.). Matuojant p<strong>ir</strong>màjá kartà, sausøjø medþiagø buvo atitinkamai 1,8 <strong>ir</strong><br />
7,5 proc. daugiau negu lapuose agurkø, augusiø 2,3 <strong>ir</strong> 2,6 aug./m 2 tankumu, matuojant<br />
antràjá kartà – atitinkamai 1,6 <strong>ir</strong> 5,1 proc. daugiau, treèiàjá – 5,6 <strong>ir</strong> 14,3 proc.<br />
287
daugiau. Agurkai, auginti 2,3 <strong>ir</strong> 2,6 aug./m 2 tankumu, lapuose sukaupë beveik vienodà<br />
sausøjø medþiagø kieká.<br />
1 lentelë. Sk<strong>ir</strong>tingu tankumu augintø agurkø aukðtis <strong>ir</strong> lapø skaièius vegetacijos metu.<br />
Babtai, 2003–2005 m.<br />
Table 1. Plant height and the number of leaves of cucumbers grown at different density.<br />
Babtai, 2003-2005<br />
Variantas<br />
Variants<br />
2 augalai<br />
augalo<br />
aukštis<br />
plant<br />
height, cm<br />
I matavimas<br />
Measure<br />
lapø<br />
skaièius,<br />
vnt.<br />
number of<br />
leaves (unit)<br />
augalo<br />
aukštis<br />
plant height,<br />
cm<br />
‘Mandy’ F 1<br />
II matavimas<br />
Measure<br />
lapø<br />
skaièius, vnt.<br />
number of<br />
leaves (unit)<br />
III matavimas<br />
Measure<br />
augalo<br />
aukštis<br />
plant height,<br />
cm<br />
lapø<br />
skaièius,<br />
vnt.<br />
number of<br />
leaves (unit)<br />
2 plants, m 2 28,0 5,8 48,6 7,7 76,8 10,9<br />
2,3 augalo<br />
2.3 of plant, m 2 29,5 6,1 52,5 8,4 83,9 11,6<br />
2,6 augalo<br />
2.6 of plant, m 2 28,3 5,9 51,7 8,1 79,2 11,3<br />
2 augalai<br />
‘Componist’ F 1<br />
2 plants, m 2 31,5 5,9 53,1 8,1 83,9 11,2<br />
2,3 augalo<br />
2.3 of plant, m 2 26,9 5,3 46,6 7,6 77,1 10,7<br />
2,6 augalo<br />
2.6 of plant, m 2 26,7 5,5 47,8 7,7 78,2 10,9<br />
1 pav. Sausøjø medþiagø kiekis sk<strong>ir</strong>tingu tankumu augintø agurkø lapuose<br />
vegetacijos metu<br />
Fig. 1. The amount of dry matter in the leaves of cucumbers grown at different density<br />
during vegetation<br />
288
2 lentelë. Fotosintetiniø pigmentø kiekis sk<strong>ir</strong>tingu tankumu augintø agurkø lapuose<br />
vegetacijos metu (mg/1 g þalios masës). Babtai, 2003–2005 m.<br />
Table 2. The amount of photosynthetic pigments in the leaves of cucumbers grown at<br />
different density during vegetation (mg/1g fresh mass). Babtai, 2003-2005<br />
Variantas<br />
Variants<br />
I matavimas / measure II matavimas / measure III matavimas / measure<br />
chlorofilas<br />
chlorofilas<br />
karoti- chlorofilas<br />
chlorofilas<br />
karotinoidafilas<br />
chloro-<br />
chlorofilas<br />
karotinoidai<br />
noidai<br />
chloro-<br />
chlorophyll<br />
chlorophyll<br />
chlorophyll<br />
a<br />
noids phyll<br />
phyll<br />
carote-<br />
chloro-<br />
carotenoidphyll<br />
chloro-<br />
carotenoids<br />
a + b<br />
a<br />
a + b<br />
a<br />
a + b<br />
‘Mandy’ F 1<br />
2 augalai<br />
1,16 a 1,56 a 0,36 a 1,66 b 2,26 b 0,54 b 1,76 ab 2,44 ab 0,55 ab<br />
plant, m 2<br />
2,3 augalo<br />
plant, m 2 1,34 b 1,80 c 0,44 c 1,57 ab 2,12 ab 0,49 ab 1,78 ab 2,46 ab 0,54 ab<br />
2,6 augalo<br />
plant, m 2 1,43 c 1,94 c 0,46 c 1,62 ab 2,21 ab 0,52 ab 1,97 b 2,72 b 0,60 b<br />
2 augalai<br />
‘Componist’ F 1<br />
plant, m 2 1,29 b 1,74 b 0,41 b 1,42 ab 1,92 ab 0,46 ab 1,54 ab 2,12 ab 0,49 ab<br />
2,3 augalo<br />
plant, m 2 1,26 ab 1,70 ab 0,40 ab 1,46 ab 1,98 ab 0,48 ab 1,68 b 2,26 b 0,52 b<br />
2,6 augalo<br />
plant, m 2 1,26 ab 1,69 ab 0,40 ab 1,59 b 2,16 b 0,51 b 1,60 ab 2,21 ab 0,50 ab<br />
Tomis paèiomis raidëmis stulpeliuose paþymëti skaièiai ið esmës nesisk<strong>ir</strong>ia, kai P ≤ 0,05.<br />
Values indicated by the same letters within the columns are not statistically different at P ≤ 0.05<br />
Chlorofilø kiekis þaliuose agurkø lapuose vegetacijos metu kito (2 lentelë). Hibrido<br />
‘Mandy’ augalø, pasodintø tankiausiai, lapuose vaisiø derëjimo pradþioje nustatyta<br />
daugiau pigmentø negu reèiau pasodintø augalø lapuose. Sk<strong>ir</strong>tumai tarp áva<strong>ir</strong>iu<br />
tankumu augusiø augalø buvo ryðkesni negu kitu vegetacijos metu. Matuojant antràjá<br />
kartà (kada apðvietimas buvo didþiausias), sk<strong>ir</strong>tumai tarp variantø buvo nedideli. Treèiojo<br />
matavimo metu ðiek tiek daugiau pigmentø sintetino tankiau pasodinti agurkai.<br />
Reèiausiai augusiø hibrido ‘Componist’ augalø lapuose vaisiø derëjimo pradþioje aptikta<br />
daugiau pigmentø. Taèiau kitais vegetacijos laikotarpiais jø kiekis buvo didesnis<br />
tankiau augusiø agurkø lapuose.<br />
Fotosintezë matuota vaisiø derëjimo pradþioje, 10–12 valandomis, kai apðvietimas<br />
didþiausias. Agurkø hibridø, augusiø 2,3 aug./m 2 tankumu, lapuose ji vyko intensyviau.<br />
Fotosintezë ðiek tiek intensyviau vyko ‘Mandy’ hibrido lapuose (2 pav.).<br />
289
2 pav. Fotosintezës intensyvumas sk<strong>ir</strong>tingu tankumu augintø agurkø lapuose<br />
vegetacijos metu<br />
Fig. 2. Photosynthesis intensity in the leaves of cucumbers grown at different<br />
density during vegetation<br />
3 pav. Sk<strong>ir</strong>tingu tankumu augintø agurkø ankstyvasis <strong>ir</strong> suminis derlius<br />
Fig. 3. Early and total yield of cucumbers grown at different density<br />
4 pav. Sk<strong>ir</strong>tingu tankumu augintø agurkø vidutinë vaisiaus masë<br />
Fig. 4. The average fruit mass of cucumbers grown at different density<br />
Sodinimo tankumas (B faktorius) turëjo átakos agurkø derliaus ankstyvumui <strong>ir</strong><br />
suminiam derliui (3 pav.). Didëjant augalø sodinimo tankumui, didëjo agurkø derlius.<br />
Didþiausià ankstyvàjá derliø davë tankiausiai sodinti agurkai: p<strong>ir</strong>màjá derëjimo<br />
mënesá jis siekë 5,8–5,9 kg/m 2 (priklausomai nuo hibrido) <strong>ir</strong> sudarë atitinkamai<br />
24,9 <strong>ir</strong> <strong>25</strong>,7 proc. viso derliaus. Didþiausias gautas 2,6 aug./m 2 tankumu pasodintø<br />
290
abiejø hibridø suminis derlius: jis buvo atitinkamai 17,5 <strong>ir</strong> 20,4 proc. (priklausomai<br />
nuo hibrido) didesnis (esminis sk<strong>ir</strong>tumas) negu augalø, augintø 2,0 aug./m 2 tankumu.<br />
Hibridai, sodinti 2,3 aug./m 2 tankumu, davë 10,4–14,2 proc. didesná derliø (neesminis<br />
sk<strong>ir</strong>tumas) negu agurkai, sodinti 2,0 aug./m 2 tankumu.<br />
Sodinimo tankumas neturëjo átakos vidutinei vaisiaus masei (4 pav.). ‘Mandy’<br />
hibrido vidutinë vaisiaus masë buvo ðiek tiek maþesnë negu ‘Componist’ hibrido:<br />
vidutinë ‘Mandy’ hibrido vaisiaus masë áva<strong>ir</strong>avo nuo 84,4 g iki 85,7 g, ‘Componist’<br />
hibrido – nuo 91,4 g iki 91,9 g.<br />
Aptarimas. Sodinimo tankumas – vienas veiksniø, lemianèiø ne tik derliaus<br />
dydá, bet <strong>ir</strong> jo kokybæ. Agurkø derlius priklauso nuo sodinimo laiko bei tankumo.<br />
Auginant agurkus þiemà, nustatyta, kad juos geriausia sodinti 2 <strong>ir</strong> 2,5 aug./m 2 tankumu<br />
(El-Aidy, 1991). Auginant juos kaip antrà kultûrà, tinkamiausias sodinimo tankis<br />
yra 100 x 50 cm. Tada gautas didþiausias agurkø derlius – 5,5 kg/m 2 (Yilmaz, Gebologlu,<br />
2002). Didþiausias efektas, tankiausiai sodinant agurkus, gautas, kai jie auginti<br />
vasarà, esant didþiausiam apðvietimui. Ekonominiu poþiûriu rekomenduojama á kvadratiná<br />
metrà sodinti 2 augalus (Liebig, 1981). Ðvedijos ðiltnamiuose atliktø tyrimø<br />
duomenimis, didesnis derlius gautas sodinant 3 augalus negu 2 <strong>ir</strong> 2,5 augalo á kvadratiná<br />
metrà (Ottosson, Hansson, 1981). T<strong>ir</strong>ta agurkø sodinimo tankumo átaka (0,7–<br />
3,1 aug./m 2 ) augalø produktyvumui <strong>ir</strong> vidutinei vaisiaus masei. Sodinimo tankis turëjo<br />
teigiamos átakos augalø produktyvumui bei vidutinei vaisiaus masei <strong>ir</strong> kito priklausomai<br />
nuo auginimo laiko (Bakker, van de Vooren, 1985). Mûsø tyrimo duomenimis,<br />
sodinimo tankumas neturëjo átakos vidutinei vaisiaus masei, taèiau didëjant augalø<br />
skaièiui kvadratiniame metre, didëjo <strong>ir</strong> augalø derlius. Kitø tyrimø duomenimis, augalø<br />
tankis neturëjo átakos ankstyvajam derliui bei vaisiø kokybei. Reèiau sodinamø<br />
augalø derlius maþëjo, bet didëjo vieno augalo derlius (Echevarrîa, Castro, 2002).<br />
Kaip rodo ðio tyrimo duomenys, didþiausià derliø davë tankiausiai sodinti augalai,<br />
taèiau skaièiuojant vieno augalo derliø, didþiausià já iðaugino reèiausiai sodintø abiejø<br />
hibridø augalai: ‘Componist’ F 1<br />
– 9,7 kg/aug., ‘Mandy’ F 1<br />
– 9,6 kg/aug.<br />
De Resende <strong>ir</strong> Flori (2004) tyrë agurkø augalø tankinimo eilutëje (kas 20 <strong>ir</strong> 40 cm)<br />
átakà jø derliui. Didesnë augalø vegetatyvinë masë buvo juos sodinant kas 40 cm, o<br />
didesnis derlius gautas, sodinant kas 20 cm eilutëje, taèiau derliaus sk<strong>ir</strong>tumas buvo<br />
neesminis (El-Aidy, Moustafa, 1978).<br />
Kad augalai bûtø produktyvûs, svarbu uþtikrinti optimalià fotosintezës eigà. Esant<br />
dideliam apðvietimui, fotosintezës intensyvumas priklausë nuo tankumo (Tornley <strong>ir</strong><br />
kt., 1992). Atliekant ðá bandymà, didelio apðvietimo sàlygomis fotosintezë vyko intensyviausiai,<br />
kai kvadratiniame metre augo 2,3 augalo. Taèiau suminiam derliui tai<br />
átakos neturëjo – didþiausias jis buvo tankiausiai augusiø agurkø. Toká neatitikimà<br />
galëjo lemti tai, kad fotosintezë buvo matuota tuo vegetacijos metu, kai apðvietimas<br />
buvo didþiausias. Taèiau apðvietimo sàlygos vegetacijos metu ne visuomet bûna palankios<br />
agurkams augti. Chlorofilø kiekis – svarbus veiksnys, nulemiantis fotosintezës<br />
efektyvumà. Jø kiekis keièiasi, kintant aplinkos sàlygoms, vystantis augalams<br />
(Ñåìè÷åâ, 1970). Nors augalø tankumas neturëjo didelës átakos pigmentø kiekiui<br />
agurkø lapuose, taèiau tankiau augæ agurkai áva<strong>ir</strong>iais vegetacijos tarpsniais kaupë<br />
lapuose daugiau chlorofilø. Todël galima daryti prielaidà, kad palankesnës sàlygos<br />
fotosintezei vykti buvo agurkams augant tankiau.<br />
291
T<strong>ir</strong>ta agurkø sodinimo tankumo átaka sausøjø medþiagø kiekiui juose <strong>ir</strong> pasisk<strong>ir</strong>stymui<br />
vegetatyvinëje dalyje bei vaisiuose (Schvambach <strong>ir</strong> kt., 2002). Sausøjø<br />
medþiagø kiekis vaisiuose bei vegetatyvinëje augalo dalyje maþëjo, kai augalai buvo<br />
auginti 2,3 aug./m 2 tankumu, palyginti su augalais, auganèiais 1,8 aug./m 2 tankumu<br />
(Peil, López-Gãlvez, 2002). Mûsø tyrimø duomenimis, didþiausias sausøjø medþiagø<br />
kiekis buvo reèiausiai sodintø augalø lapuose. Gauta stipri neigiama koreliacija<br />
tarp augalø skaièiaus kvadratiniame metre <strong>ir</strong> sausøjø medþiagø kiekio agurkø lapuose<br />
(r = - 0,87 (‘Mandy’ F 1<br />
), r = - 0,98 (‘Componist’ F 1<br />
). Taip pat stipri neigiama<br />
koreliacija gauta tarp sausøjø medþiagø kiekio agurkø lapuose <strong>ir</strong> derliaus (r = - 0,96<br />
abiejø hibridø). Didëjant augalø skaièiui kvadratiniame metre <strong>ir</strong> augalø derliui, maþëja<br />
sausøjø medþiagø kiekis augalø lapuose. Taèiau gauta stipri teigiama koreliacija tarp<br />
augalø skaièiaus kvadratiniame metre <strong>ir</strong> derliaus (r = 0,97 (‘Mandy’ F 1<br />
), r = 0,99<br />
(‘Componist’ F 1<br />
), t. y. agurkø derlius priklauso nuo augalø skaièiaus kvadratiniame<br />
metre.<br />
Tyrimø duomenimis, didinant augalø skaièiø kvadratiniame metre, didëja suminis<br />
agurkø derlius bei fotosintezës intensyvumas augalø lapuose. Fotosintezës pigmentø<br />
kiekis augalø lapuose kinta neþymiai, taèiau sausøjø medþiagø kiekis juose<br />
maþëja.<br />
Iðvados. 1. Pavasará auginamø agurkø sodinimo tankumas turi átakos derliaus<br />
ankstyvumui <strong>ir</strong> suminiam derliui. Agurkai, pasodinti 2,6 aug./m 2 tankumu, duoda<br />
didþiausià ankstyvàjá derliø, jø suminis derlius taip pat didþiausias.<br />
2. Agurkø sodinimo tankumas neturi didelës átakos fotosintezës pigmentams<br />
augalø lapuose.<br />
3. Agurkø, pasodintø 2,3 aug./m 2 tankumu, lapuose fotosintezë vyko intensyviausiai.<br />
4. Reèiausiai pasodinti agurkai – 2 aug./m 2 – lapuose sukaupia daugiausia sausøjø<br />
medþiagø. Didëjant augalø skaièiui kvadratiniame metre, maþëja sausøjø medþiagø<br />
kiekis augalø lapuose (r = - 0,87 (‘Mandy’ F 1<br />
), r = - 0,98 (‘Componist’ F 1<br />
).<br />
Gauta 2006-11-13<br />
Parengta spausdinti 2006-12-11<br />
Literatûra<br />
1. Bakker J. C., van de Vooren J. Plant densities and training systems at greenhouse<br />
cucumber // Acta Hort. 1985. N 156. P. 43–48.<br />
2. Echevarrîa P. H., Castro A. R. Influence of different plant densities on the yield<br />
and quality of greenhouse-grown cucumbers grafted on shintoza (CUCURBITA MAXIMA<br />
X CUCURBITA MOSCHATA) // Acta Hort. 2002. N 588. P. 63–67.<br />
3. El-Aidy F. The effect of planting date, density, variety and shade on production of<br />
cucumber under tunnels // Acta Hort. 1991. N 287. P. 281–288.<br />
4. El-Aidy F., Moustafa S. A. Effect of plant density and fertilizer ratio on growth and<br />
yield of cucumber grown under plastic tunnels // Acta Hort. 1978. N 84. P. 73–78.<br />
5. Espinola H. N. R., Andriolo J. L., Bartz H. R. Dry matter accumulation and distribution<br />
of pickling cucumber plants under three mineral nutrient levels // Cienc. Rural. 2001.<br />
Vol. 31. N 3. P. 387–392.<br />
292
6. De Resende G. M, Flori J. E. Effect of plant spacing on the yield and quality of<br />
pickling cucumber cultivars // Hortic. Bras. 2004. Vol. 22. N 1. P. 117–120.<br />
7. Gomez M. D., Baille A., Gonzalez-Real M. M., Mercader J. M. Dry matter partitioning<br />
of greenhouse cucumber crops as affected by fruit load // Acta Hort. 2003. N 614.<br />
P. 573–578.<br />
8. Hand D. W., Clark G., Hannah M. A., Tornley J. H. M., Wilson J. W. Measuring the<br />
canopy net photosynthesis of glasshouse crops // Journal of Experimental Botany. 1992.<br />
Vol. 43. N 3. P. 375–381.<br />
9. Heuvelink E., Marcelis L. F. M. Dry matter distribution in tomato and cucumber //<br />
Acta Hort. 1989. N 260. P. 149–180.<br />
10. Yilmaz E., Gebologlu N. A Research on growing of cucumber (CUCUMIS SATI-<br />
VUS L.) and squash (CUCURBITA PEPO L.) as second crop // Acta Hort. 2002. N 579.<br />
P. 307–312.<br />
11. Liebig H.-.P. Physiological and economical aspects of cucumber crop density //<br />
Acta Hort. 1981. N 118. P. 149–164.<br />
12. Ottosson L., Hansson T. Cultivation of greenhouse cucumber in Sweden // Acta<br />
Hort. 1981. N 118. P. 31–40.<br />
13. Papadopoulos A. P., Hao. X Effects of supplemental lighting and cover materials<br />
on growth, photosynthesis, biomass partitioning, early yield and quality of greenhouse<br />
cucumber // Scientia Horticulturae. 1999. N 80. P. 1–18.<br />
14. Papadopoulos A. P. Growing greenhouse seedless cucumbers in soil and in<br />
soilless media. Agriculture and Agri-Food Publication 1902E. 1994. 126 pp.<br />
15. Peil R. M., López-Gãlvez J. Dry-matter partitioning as a determinant of greenhouse<br />
fruit vegetable crops production // R.bras. Agrociência. 2005. Vol. 11. N 1. P. 5–11.<br />
16. Peil R. M., López-Gãlvez J. Fruit growth and biomass allocation to the fruits in<br />
cucumber: effect of plant density and arrangement // Acta Hort. 2002. N 588. P. 75–80<br />
17. Schvambach J. L., Andriolo J. L., Helwein A. B. Dry matter accumulation and<br />
partitioning of picling cucumber plants under different plant densities // Ciencia Rural.<br />
2002. Vol. 32. N1. P. 35–41.<br />
18. Tarakanovas P., Raudonius S. Agronominiø tyrimø duomenø statistinë analizë<br />
taikant kompiuterines programas ANOVA, STAT, SPLIT-PLOT ið paketo SELEKCIJA <strong>ir</strong><br />
IRRISTAT. Akademija, 2003. 56 p.<br />
19. Tornley J. H. M., Hand D. W., Wilson J. W. Modelling light absorption and<br />
canopy net photosynthesis of glasshouse row crops and application to cucumber //<br />
Journal of Experimental Botany. 1992. Vol. 43. N 3. P. 383–391.<br />
20. Wettstein D. Chlorophyll Letale und der submikroskopishe Formweschsel der<br />
Plastiden // Experimental cell research. 1957. Vol. 12. 427 p.<br />
21. Îâîùåâîäñòâî çàùèùåííîãî ãðóíòà / Ïîä ðåä. Â. À. Áðûçãàëîâà. Ìîñêâà:<br />
Êîëîñ, 1995. 351 ñ.<br />
22. Ñåìè÷åâ Â. Í. Ñîäåðæàíèå ïèãìåíòîâ â ëèñòüÿõ îãóðöîâ è òîìàòîâ ïðè<br />
âûðàùèâàíèè â ðàçëè÷íûõ êóëüòèâàöèîííûõ ñîîðóæåíèÿõ // Òð. ïî ïðèêë.<br />
áîòàíèêå, ãåíåòèêå è ñåëåêöèè. 1970. 42(3).Ñ. 149–156.<br />
293
SODININKYSTË IR DARÞININKYSTË. SCIENTIFIC ARTICLES. 2006. <strong>25</strong>(3).<br />
PHYSIOLOGICAL ASPECTS OF CUCUMBER<br />
CROP DENSITY<br />
J. Jankauskienë, A. Brazaitytë<br />
Summary<br />
In 2003-2005 two cucumber hybrids were grown in mineral rockwool in greenhouses<br />
covered with double polymeric film (sides covered with plastics sheets) at<br />
the Lithuanian Horticulture Institute and the influence of plant density on cucumber<br />
hybrid photosynthesis system, yield and quality was investigated. There were grown<br />
cucumber hybrids ‘Mandy’and ‘Componist’. Cucumbers were planted at different<br />
densities: 2.0, 2.3, 2.6 plant/m 2 . During vegetation it was established the amount of<br />
dry matter and pigments in plant leaves, the intensity of photosynthesis was measured.<br />
The amount of pigments and dry matter, photosynthesis intensity in cucumber<br />
leaves depends both on hybrid and plant density. Plant density influences the earliness<br />
of the investigated cucumber hybrids, also affects the volume of yield. The<br />
yield of cucumber hybrids grown at a density 2.6 plant/m 2 is bigger that this of<br />
cucumber hybrids grown at a density 2.0 and 2.3 plant/m 2 . The average fruit mass in<br />
all variants was the same.<br />
Key words: cucumber, dry matter, hybrid, yield, photosynthesis intensity, pigments,<br />
plant density.<br />
294
SCIENTIFIC WORKS OF THE LITHUANIAN INSTITUTE OF HORTICULTURE<br />
AND LITHUANIAN UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURE.<br />
SODININKYSTË IR DARÞININKYSTË. 2006. <strong>25</strong>(4).<br />
RESPONSE OF SEVERAL CULTIVARS OF SOWING PEA<br />
TO FUNGICIDE-INSECTICIDE DRESSINGS AND<br />
HERBICIDES<br />
Beata SZWEJKOWSKA*, Pavelas DUCHOVSKIS**<br />
*Cha<strong>ir</strong> of Plant Production, University of Warmia and Mazury,<br />
Oczapowskiego 8, 10-719 Olsztyn, Poland. E-mail b-szw@gazeta.pl<br />
**Lithuanian Institute of Horticulture, Kauno 30 LT-54333 Babtai, Kaunas<br />
distr., Lithuania. E-mail p.duchovskis@lsdi.ly<br />
The effect of fungicide-insecticide dressings and herbicides on the development<br />
of plants, degree of injury caused by diseases and pests, as well as susceptibility<br />
to weed infestation were estimated in three-year experiment carried out in the<br />
years 2004–2006. In addition, it was estimated to what degree the chemical protection<br />
effected the number of pods on the plant, which is the main component of the<br />
crop. The investigation has shown a positive response of cultivars to the dressings<br />
applied as no negative effects on germination, emergence and development were<br />
observed during the whole vegetation period. The effectiveness of dressings against<br />
diseases and pests was high. The Super Homai insecticide dressing protected plants<br />
against diseases and pests most effectively. Good results were also recorded for<br />
herbicides, the application of which was justifiable because it efficiently reduced the<br />
level of weed infestation, and this allowed obtaining the highest number of pods both<br />
per fruit-bearing node and per plant.<br />
Key words: diseases, dressings, growing technology, pea, pests, cultivar.<br />
Introduction. The pea yield is determined not only by genetic properties of<br />
cultivars, climatic conditions or fertilization, but also by other agrotechnical factors,<br />
such as complex protection against diseases, pests or weeds, since the specific<br />
developmental rhythm of leguminous plants, including pea, causes a lot of problems<br />
during cultivation. The period of a slow rate of growth in the phase of seedling and<br />
leaf rosette is particularly unfavourable because plants in this time not only get weedy<br />
easily but they are more susceptible and exposed to diseases and pests, as well<br />
(Szwejda, 1992; Cantot et. al., 1993; Mrówczyñski and Wachowiak, 2000; Wnuk<br />
and Poboýniak, 2000; Borowiecki and Ksiæýak, 2001). Some authors, for example,<br />
Fiedorow and Weber (1996), Horoszkiewicz and Filoda (2000), stress a high influence<br />
of the course of inoculation by Rhizobium bacteria, therefore, they claim that<br />
an application of simple plant dressing measure is very important. Podleúny et al.<br />
295
(1993), Adamczewski (1988), Rychcik (2005) also indicate that leguminous plants,<br />
including pea, are characterized by high susceptibility to severe weed infestation,<br />
which is connected with the<strong>ir</strong> slow growth and development in the initial period<br />
following sowing and emergence. Traditional methods of weed control, consisting<br />
mainly in harrowing, are not always effective, therefore herbicides, which protect<br />
plants against excessive weed infestation more effectively, are in common use.<br />
The aim of this study was to determine to what degree applied seed dressings<br />
protect plants against injury by diseases and pests, and applied herbicides against<br />
weeds. In addition, the effect of chemical agents on the development of plants and<br />
formation of pods in the fruit-bearing node and plant was estimated.<br />
Methods. The investigation was carried out within the framework of 3-year<br />
field experiment established in the fields of the experimental centre at Ba³cyny near<br />
Ostróda in the years 2004–2006.<br />
The following seed dressings were used, including fungicides:<br />
– Funaben T,<br />
– Sarfun T 450 FS<br />
and insecticides:<br />
– Super Homai 70 DS (+ with action against pathogens),<br />
– Gaucho 350 FS.<br />
The f<strong>ir</strong>st three dressings were used in a dose of 4 g per 1 kg of seeds, while<br />
Gaucho 350 FS dressing – in the amount of 4 ml per 1 kg of seeds. They were put<br />
onto pea seeds of 14% moisture just before sowing.<br />
Basagran 600 SL (in a dose of 2 kg/ha) and Afalon 50 WP (1.5 l/ha) were used<br />
against weeds after emergence. The weed infestation of plants was estimated with<br />
the botanical-frame method, determining the number and botanical composition of<br />
weeds per 1 m 2 in each plot.<br />
The phytopathological evaluation of plants for damages by pests was carried<br />
out in the phase of a filled pod according to the methodology of cultivar economic<br />
value (CEV) study utilized by the Main Research Centre for Cultivars of Cultivated<br />
Plants (MRCCCP) in S³upia Wielka in 9-degree scale (9 – the best, most favourable<br />
state, and 1 – the worst, least favourable state).<br />
The phytopathological evaluation of the degree of plant injury with diseases<br />
was carried out in the phase of filled pod using a 5-degree Hillstrand and Auld scale,<br />
where: 1° means below 2% of the injured area, 2° – 3–10% of the injured area, 3° –<br />
11–30% of the injured area, 4° – 31–50% of the injured area, 5° – over 50% of the<br />
injured area.<br />
Four sowing pea cultivars were involved in the experiment: ‘Brylant’, ‘Wenus’,<br />
‘Marych’ and ‘Eureka’.<br />
The field trial was performed in a split-plot design, in four replications. The<br />
experimental plot area was 14.4 m 2 .<br />
Results. It has been found out that the dynamics of germination and emergence<br />
of the seeds of treated pea was similar to the dynamics of plants grown in control<br />
plots. Emergences were good and steady and no harmful effects of the application<br />
of dressings on the course of germination and intensity and punctuality of emergence<br />
were recorded in any of the cultivars. It was only in the objects treated with<br />
296
Gaucho 350 FS preparation that a slight delay of emergence was recorded in ‘Wenus’<br />
cultivar. In the subsequent phases of development, plants in treated objects<br />
developed faster and better than those grown in control plots (the latter were generally<br />
lower in particular phases).<br />
The phytopathological evaluation of plant health (injuries by diseases and pests)<br />
during the whole period of vegetation has shown that the most effective protection<br />
against injury by both pests and diseases was provided by Super Homai seed dressing<br />
(Tables 1 and 2). Thus, the effectiveness of the dressing and its additional<br />
function of protection against diseases were conf<strong>ir</strong>med.<br />
In the objects protected with seed dressings, the state of injury by diseases –<br />
mainly ascochyta leaf spot, root rot, pea rust and mildew, did not exceed the scale of<br />
2°, while in the objects without seed dressing injury by diseases ranged in the scale<br />
from 4° to 5°.<br />
The degree of injuries caused by pests (pea moth, pea weevil, striped pea leaf<br />
weevil and pea aphid) ranged in the scale 6.5°–8.9°, and in the control objects – in<br />
the scale 1°–4.5.<br />
Table 1. Insect infestation of pea edible cultivars (in 9° scale)<br />
1 lentelë. Kenkëjø paplitimas þ<strong>ir</strong>niø pasëlyje (pagal 9 balø skalæ).<br />
Baùcyny, 2004–2006 m.<br />
A. Pulse cultivars / Valgomøjø þ<strong>ir</strong>niø veislës<br />
‘Brylant’<br />
‘Wenus’<br />
agrophages / kenkëjai<br />
Seed dressing chemicals<br />
Sëklø apdorojimas cheminiais<br />
preparatais<br />
Laspeyresia<br />
Nigricana<br />
Burchidae<br />
Sitona<br />
Lineatus<br />
Acyrthosiphon<br />
pisum<br />
Laspeyresia<br />
Nigricana<br />
Burchidae<br />
Sitona<br />
Lineatus<br />
Acyrthosiphon<br />
pisum<br />
Mean<br />
Vidurkis<br />
No seed dressing<br />
chemicals<br />
2.0 3.0 2.5 1.5 2.0 3.0 3.0 2.0 2.4<br />
Sëklos neapdorotos<br />
Funaben T 6.3 6.1 6.2 6.1 6.0 6.2 6.0 6.1 6.1<br />
Sarfun T 6.9 6.7 7.0 7.0 6.5 6.9 6.9 7.0 6.9<br />
Gaucho FS 6.2 6.3 6.0 6.2 6.1 6.2 6.0 6.2 6.2<br />
Super Homai 8.0 7.7 7.8 8.0 7.2 7.5 7.7 7.8 7.7<br />
Mean / Vidurkis 5.9 6.0 5.9 5.8 5.6 6.0 5.9 5.8<br />
LSD (p = 0.05) for: seed dressing chemicals – n.s.; cultivar – n.s; interaction of seed dressing<br />
chemicals and cultivar – n.s. (not significant differences)<br />
R 05<br />
: ryðys tarp beicø, tarp veisliø, tarp beicø <strong>ir</strong> veisliø sàveikos neesminis<br />
297
Seed dressings chemicals<br />
Sëklø apdorojimas cheminiais<br />
preparatais<br />
No seed dressing<br />
chemicals<br />
Sëklos neapdorotos<br />
B. Fodder cultivars / Paðariniø þ<strong>ir</strong>niø veislës<br />
Laspeyresia<br />
Nigricana<br />
‘Marych’<br />
Burchidae<br />
Sitona<br />
Lineatus<br />
agrophages / kenkëjai<br />
‘Eureka’<br />
LSD (p = 0.05) for: seed dressing chemicals – n.s.; cultivar – n.s.; interaction of seed dressing<br />
chemicals and cultivar – n.s. (not significant differences) / R 05<br />
: ryðys tarp beicø, tarp veisliø, tarp<br />
beicø <strong>ir</strong> veisliø sàveikos neesminis<br />
Aphidina<br />
Laspeyresia<br />
Nigricana<br />
Burchidae<br />
Sitona<br />
Lineatus<br />
Table. 2. Occurrence of diseases (5°)<br />
2 lentelë. Ligø paplitimas þ<strong>ir</strong>niø pasëlyje (pagal 5 balø skalæ)<br />
A. Pulse cultivars / Valgomøjø þ<strong>ir</strong>niø veislës<br />
Aphidina<br />
Mean<br />
Vidurkis<br />
4.0 4.5 4.0 4.5 4.0 4.5 4.0 3.0 4.1<br />
Funaben T 6.4 6.3 6.5 6.3 6.5 6.2 6.2 6.3 6.3<br />
Sarfun T 6.6 6.4 6.5 6.5 6.5 6.2 6.4 6.5 6.5<br />
Gaucho FS 6.0 6.4 6.4 6.0 6.0 6.2 6.0 6.3 6.2<br />
Super Homai 7.9 8.0 8.1 8.0 8.0 7.9 7.9 7.8 7.9<br />
Mean / Vidurkis 6.2 6.3 5.9 6.3 6.2 6.2 6.1 6.0<br />
‘Brylant’<br />
‘Wenus’<br />
Seed dressings chemicals<br />
Sëklø Sëklø apdorojimas cheminiais<br />
preparatais preparatais<br />
Ascochyta<br />
Fusarium<br />
Uromyces<br />
pisi<br />
Diseases / Ligos<br />
Erysiphe<br />
pisi<br />
Askochytoza<br />
Fuzarioza<br />
Uromyces<br />
pisi<br />
Erysiphe<br />
pisi<br />
Mean<br />
Vidurkis<br />
No seed dressing<br />
chemicals<br />
Sëklos neapdorotos<br />
4.1 5.0 3.0 3.0 5.0 4.3 3.0 3.0 3.8<br />
Funaben T 1.0 1.0 0 1.0 1.0 0.6 0 0 0.6<br />
Sarfun T 1.2 0.5 0 1.0 1.4 1.0 0 0 0.6<br />
Gaucho FS 1.5 1.0 0 1.3 1.2 1.3 0 0 0.8<br />
Super Homai 1.0 0 0 0 0.5 0.7 0 0 0.3<br />
Mean / Vidurkis 1.8 1.5 0.6 1.3 1.8 1.7 0.6 0.6<br />
LSD (p = 0.05) for: seed dressing chemicals – n.s.; cultivar – n.s.; interaction of seed dressing<br />
chemicals and cultivar – n.s. (not significant differences) / R 05<br />
: ryðys tarp beicø, tarp veisliø, tarp<br />
beicø <strong>ir</strong> veisliø sàveikos neesminis<br />
298
B. Fodder cultivars / Paðariniø þ<strong>ir</strong>niø veislës<br />
‘Brylant’<br />
‘Wenus’<br />
Seed dressing chemicals<br />
Sëklø apdorojimas cheminiais<br />
preparatais<br />
Ascochyta<br />
Fusarium<br />
Uromyces<br />
pisi<br />
Diseases / Ligos<br />
Erysiphe<br />
pisi<br />
Askochytoza<br />
Fuzarioza<br />
Uromyces<br />
pisi<br />
Erysiphe<br />
pisi<br />
Mean<br />
Vidurkis<br />
No seed dressing<br />
chemicals<br />
Sëklos neapdorotos<br />
4.1 5.0 3.0 3.0 5.0 4.3 3.0 3.0 3.8<br />
Funaben T 1.0 1.0 0 1.0 1.0 0.6 0 0 0.6<br />
Sarfun T 1.2 0.5 0 1.0 1.4 1.0 0 0 0.6<br />
Gaucho FS 1.5 1.0 0 1.3 1.2 1.3 0 0 0.8<br />
Super Homai 1.0 0 0 0 0.5 0.7 0 0 0.3<br />
Mean / Vidurkis 1.8 1.5 0.6 1.3 1.8 1.7 0.6 0.6<br />
LSD (p = 0.05) for: seed dressing chemicals – n.s.; cultivar – n.s.; interaction of seed dressing<br />
chemicals and cultivar – n.s. (not significant differences) / R 05<br />
: ryðys tarp beicø, tarp veisliø, tarp<br />
beicø <strong>ir</strong> veisliø sàveikos neesminis<br />
The highest intensity of diseases and pests was recorded in the f<strong>ir</strong>st year of<br />
investigation (2004). According to the phytopathological evaluation, the harmfulness<br />
threshold was exceeded in the control objects in every year of the investigation,<br />
and the intensification of the occurrence of pests amounted to over 50%. On the<br />
other hand, in the chemically protected objects the degree of injury was relatively<br />
low apart from edible cultivars (‘Wenus’, ‘Brylant’), which were more exposed to<br />
injury by Laspeyresia nigricana and Sitona lineatus than fodder cultivars. This fact<br />
could also be observed in the control objects (Table 1 and 2).<br />
The application of seed dressings protected plants efficiently not only in the<br />
f<strong>ir</strong>st weeks of growth and development but also during the whole period of vegetation<br />
and effectively contributed to a larger number of pods in a fruit-bearing node<br />
and thus on a plant.<br />
Positive results were also obtained by applying herbicides, which had a positive<br />
effect on the growth and development of plants and the number of pods per plant.<br />
Research has shown that the largest number of pods per fruit-bearing node and the<br />
whole plant was recorded in the objects were Basagran and Afalon herbicides were<br />
used. Herbicides reduced the development of weeds effectively as they were not<br />
recorded in any of the pea cultivars after the emergence. On the other hand, a repeated<br />
weed classification before harvest showed that the highest density of weeds in<br />
all pea cultivars occurred in the control objects without herbicides and was on average<br />
13 times higher in comparison with the objects protected with herbicides (Tables<br />
3 and 4).<br />
299
Cultivar ‘Brylant’, where the occurrence of 0.7 weed items per 1 m 2 of plot<br />
area was recorded, proved to be the most competitive cultivar in relation to weeds,<br />
and ‘Eureka’ turned out to be the least competitive one (on the average 1.5 items of<br />
weeds/1m 2 ).<br />
Table 3. Number of weeds (units m -2 ). Baùcyny, 2003–2006<br />
3 lentelë. Piktþoliø skaièius þ<strong>ir</strong>niø pasëlyje, vnt. m –2 . Baùcyny, 2003–2006 m.<br />
Number of weeds,units m -2<br />
Piktþoliø skaièius, vnt. m. -2<br />
mechanical protection of chemical protection of<br />
Seed dressing chemicals<br />
Sëklø apdorojimas cheminiais<br />
preparatais<br />
plants from weeds<br />
mechaninë augalø apsauga<br />
nuo piktþoliø<br />
plants from weeds<br />
cheminë augalø apsauga nuo<br />
piktþoliø<br />
Mean<br />
Vidurkis<br />
‘Brylant’<br />
‘Wenus’<br />
‘Marych’<br />
‘Eureka’<br />
‘Brylant’<br />
‘Wenus’<br />
‘Marych’<br />
‘Eureka’<br />
No seed dressing chemicals<br />
(after germination)<br />
Sëklos po sudygimo neapdorotos<br />
Afalon + Basagran (before<br />
harvesting)<br />
(iki derliaus nuëmimo)<br />
No seed dressing chemical (after<br />
germination)<br />
Sëklos po sudygimo neapdorotos<br />
Afalon + Basagran (before<br />
harvesting)<br />
(iki derliaus nuëmimo)<br />
6 8 7 9 - - - - 7.5<br />
- - - - 0 0 0 0 0<br />
18 19 20 21 - - - - 19.5<br />
- - - - 0.7 1.0 1.3 1.5 1.1<br />
LSD (p = 0.05) for: sort of protection of plants c. to w. 9.8; cultivar – n.s., interaction of the sort<br />
of plant protection c. to w.: cultivar r.n. – n.s. (not significant differences) / R 05<br />
: ryðys tarp augalø<br />
apsaugos bûdø – 9,8, tarp veisliø – neesminis, tarp augalø apsaugos bûdø <strong>ir</strong> veisliø sàveikos –<br />
neesminis<br />
300
Table. 4. Number of pods per plant,units m -2 . Baùcyny, 2003–2006<br />
4 lentelë. Ankðèiø skaièius ant augalo, vnt. m -2 . Baùcyny, 2003–2006 m.<br />
Number of weeds, units m -2<br />
Piktþoliø skaièius, vnt m -2<br />
Seed dressing chemicals<br />
Sëklø apdorojimas cheminiais<br />
preparatais<br />
mechanical protection of<br />
plants from weeds<br />
mechaninë augalø apsauga<br />
nuo piktþoliø<br />
‘Brylant’<br />
‘Wenus’<br />
‘Marych’<br />
‘Eureka’<br />
chemical protection of<br />
plants from weeds<br />
cheminë augalø apsauga nuo<br />
piktþoliø<br />
‘Brylant’<br />
‘Wenus’<br />
‘Marych’<br />
‘Eureka’<br />
Mean<br />
Vidurkis<br />
No seed dressing chemicals<br />
Sëklos neapdorotos<br />
7 7 10 8 - - - - 8.0<br />
Funaben T - - - - 12 12 13 12 12.0<br />
Sarfun T - - - - 12 12 13 12 12.0<br />
Gaucho FS - - - - 12 12 13 11 12.0<br />
Super Homai - - - - 13 13 16 14 14.0<br />
Mean / Vidurkis 7 7 9 8 12.3 12.3 13.8 12.3<br />
LSD (p = 0.05) for: seed dressing chemicals – n.s.; cultivar – n.s.; interaction of seed dressing<br />
chemicals and cultivar – n.s. (not significant difference) / R 05<br />
: ryðys tarp beicø, tarp veisliø, tarp<br />
beicø <strong>ir</strong> veisliø sàveikos neesminis<br />
Discussion. Nowacki and Bujalski (1996), Cantot (1986), Cantot et al. (1993),<br />
Tylkowska (2000), Wiatr (2003–2006), Jasiñska and Kotecki (1999) estimated in<br />
the<strong>ir</strong> investigations concerning pea protection that loss caused by diseases and pests<br />
during the vegetation period – particularly with unfavourable climatic conditions –<br />
may amount even to 50% of seed yield and more. This is conf<strong>ir</strong>med by research by<br />
Chodulska-Filipowicz (1997) on broad bean cropping, which showed that the loss in<br />
the yield resulting from no plant protection against pests amounted to as much as<br />
70%.<br />
This investigation also conf<strong>ir</strong>ms this thesis because in the objects not protected<br />
chemically the phytopathological estimation of total injuries by diseases and pests<br />
amounted to over 70%. In addition, the lowest number of pods per plant was recorded<br />
in all cultivars in every year of the study, which determined the amount of the<br />
yields obtained.<br />
Jædryczka et al. (1991), Horoszkiewicz and Filoda (2000), Mrówczyñski and<br />
Wachowiak (2000), Mrówczyñski and Sobkowiak (1998), Matùosz and Kaniuczak<br />
(2003), Majchrzak et al. (1998) indicate that pea is very sensitive to diseases and<br />
pests occurring during plant vegetation, and a treatment of seeds with chemical<br />
agents before sowing is one of the simplest measures, which should be obligatorily<br />
used in modern agrotechnique of this plant. However, Kotliñski (1999) claims that<br />
under certain conditions some dressings can show phytotoxic action in relation to<br />
seeds. This author stresses the fact that this occurs most often in the case of com-<br />
301
ined application of dressings, which then may show synergistic action. Fungicideinsecticide<br />
dressings used in this experiment reduced the development of pathogens<br />
and pests effectively both during germination and emergence and at further stages<br />
of growth and development. Contrary to the findings of Kotliñski (1999), who indicated<br />
a number of dressings, including Funaben T and Gaucho 350 FS, as those,<br />
which negatively affect germination and emergence, the present investigation has<br />
not conf<strong>ir</strong>med this fact. Apart from a slight delay of emergence only in cultivar<br />
‘Wenus’ in the plots, in which Gaucho 350 FS dressing was used, no negative<br />
impact was observed in other cases. In the objects with dressings, plants developed<br />
properly and set more pods in the fruit-bearing node and, at the same time, on a<br />
plant.<br />
There are varied opinions in the literature about the effects caused by feeding<br />
pests (striped pea leaf weevil, pea moth, pea weevil or aphids) and the involved loss.<br />
Most authors stress the fact that an intensification of negative effects of pests’<br />
feeding depends on vegetation conditions in particular years of cultivation, and the<br />
loss caused by them amounts to 15–80% of potential yields. According to the research<br />
of Cantot et al. (1993) the loss in seeds caused only by striped pea leaf weevil<br />
amounted to over 0.1 t/ha. However, in Nelsen’s (1990) investigation, due to an<br />
intensification of striped pea leaf weevil, the loss in yields reached 28% and was the<br />
effect of a reduced number of pods per plant. In this research, the total loss caused<br />
by diseases and pests in control objects amounted on the average to over 70%. The<br />
number of pods in these objects was the lowest, and 30–35% lower than in the<br />
protected objects.<br />
Ciesielski and Wachowiak (1993), while studying the effectiveness of 26 insecticides<br />
used for protecting pea and faba bean, found out that the<strong>ir</strong> effectiveness was<br />
high and amounted to over 90% of possible loss. This investigation indicates that the<br />
effectiveness of insecticides, including Super Homai dressings in particular, in protecting<br />
against pests amounted to over 95% in all the years of investigation.<br />
Pea is characterized by its susceptibility to intense weed infestation. Podleúny<br />
et al. (1993), Adamczewski et al. (1988), Rychcik (2005) stress the fact that the<br />
effectiveness of weed-killing action of herbicides, although dependent on soil and<br />
climatic conditions and the technique and time of the treatment, is very high and<br />
necessary in pea agrotechnique. In the study by Anyszka et al. (1999), the effectiveness<br />
of applied herbicides (Basagran 600 SL, Barox 460 SL) was high, the weed<br />
reduction being estimated within the range 93.4–100%. In this investigation, the<br />
effectiveness of applied herbicides (Basagran 600 SL and Afalon 50 WP) was evaluated<br />
at 100% after the emergence and over 90% before harvest. It is noteworthy<br />
that the effectiveness of herbicides used in weed control in the experiment was very<br />
high particularly in the last two years because drought also contributed to the reduction<br />
of the development of weeds.<br />
To sum up, it should be emphasized that all above-mentioned authors stress the<br />
fact that modern protection consists in taking advantage of all available methods and<br />
ways of disease, pest and weed control, starting with an introduction of resistant<br />
cultivars to cultivation, treatment of sowing material, and ending with biological and<br />
chemical methods of plant protection.<br />
302
Conclusions. 1. The analysis of the effect of fungicide and insecticide dressing<br />
application on the growth and development of sowing pea allowed drawing the<br />
following conclusions:<br />
2. The application of both fungicide and insecticide dressings reduced the occurrence<br />
of diseases and pests effectively. Super Homai insecticide dressing protected<br />
plants against diseases and pests most effectively.<br />
3. The application of herbicides, which enabled even a 100% elimination of<br />
weeds appearing in the pea emergence phase, and a 90–95% elimination of weeds in<br />
the phase before harvest, was particularly effective.<br />
4. The application of dressings and herbicides did not cause any noticeable side<br />
effects in the growth and development of plants, but contributed effectively to the<br />
increase in the number of pods per plant, which is the main element of the seed yield.<br />
Gauta 2006-11-09<br />
Parengta spausdinti 2006-12-11<br />
References<br />
1. Adamczewski K. Zalety i wady chemicznego zwalczania chwastów / Mat. XXVIII<br />
Sesji Nauk. IOR. Cz. I. Poznañ. 1988. S. 56–69.<br />
2. Anyszka Z. Zastosowanie herbicydów Barox 460 SL i Basagran 600 SL metodà dawek<br />
dzielonych w uprawie grochu zielonego // Post. w Ochr. Roúl. 1999. T. 39(2). S. 665–667.<br />
3. Borowiecki J., Ksiæýak J. Stan badañ nad oprzædzikiem prægowanym (Sitona lineatus)<br />
– szkodnikiem grochu // Post. Nauk Roln. 2001. T. 3. S. 99–110.<br />
4. Cantot P. Quantification des populations de Sitona lineatus L. Et de leurs attaques<br />
sur pois proteagineux (Pisum sativum L.) // Agronomie. 1986. Vol. 6(5). P. 481–486.<br />
5. Cantot P., Taupin P., Hacquet J. Maitriser le sitone du pois // Bulletin semences.<br />
1993. Vol. 122. P. 34–37.<br />
6. Ciesielski F., Wachowiak H. Badania nad ocenà przydatnoúci nowych preparatów<br />
w zwalczaniu szkodników bobiku w latach 1989–1991 // Biul. Nauk ART. 1993. T. 1(12).<br />
S. 267–272.<br />
7. Chodulska – Filipowicz L. Wartoúã siewna nasion i plonowanie kilku odmian bobu<br />
(Vicia faba L. var. Major) uprawianych bez ochrony chemicznej // Zesz. Prob. Pos. Nauk<br />
Roln. 1997. Z. 446. S. 463–466.<br />
8. Fiedorow Z., Weber Z. Choroby roúlin uprawnych. W-Wa, 1996. S. 110–133.<br />
9. Horoszkiewicz J., Filoda G. Choroby grzybowe roúlin stràczkowych – objawy i<br />
etiologia. IOR, Poznañ, 2000.<br />
10. Jasiñska Z., Kotecki A. Szczegóùowa Uprawa Roúlin. Tom II, Roúliny stràczkowe.<br />
Wrocùaw, 1999. S. 46–62.<br />
11. Jædryczka M., Lenartowska E., Frence l I. Evaluation of pea (Pisum sativum L)<br />
resistance to fusarioses // Phytopath. Polonoca. 1991. Vol. 2(XIV). S. 95–101.<br />
12. Kotliñski S. Porównanie kilku zestawów zapraw insektycydowo-fungicydowych<br />
na wschody i masæ siewek grochu w zaleýnoúci od wilgotnoúcizaprawianych nasion,<br />
terminu wysiewu oraz temperatury w czsie wschodów // Progr. In Protec. / Post. w Ochr.<br />
Roúl. 1999. Vol. 39(2). S. 906–914.<br />
13. Majchrzak B., Kurowski T. P., Czajka W. Reakcja grochu na grzyby chorobotwórcze<br />
w zróýnicowanych warunkach agrotechnicznych // Zesz. Nauk. AR Kraków, 1998. T. 333.<br />
S. 191–195.<br />
303
14. Matùosz I., Kaniuczak Z. Wraýliwoúã róýnych odmian grochu na uszkodzenia<br />
powodowane przez pachówkæ stràkóweczkæ // Post. w Ochr. Roúl. 2003. T. 43(2).<br />
S. 803–805.<br />
15. Mrówczyñski M., Sobkowiak M. Integrowane programy ochrony grochu przed<br />
szkodnikami // Ochr. Roúl. 1998. T. 42(8). S. 15–19.<br />
16. Mrówczyñski M., Wachowiak H. Szkodniki roúlin stràczkowych wystæpujàce w<br />
Polsce – ich rozpoznanie i zwalczanie. Ins. Ochr. Roúlin, Poznañ, 2000.<br />
17. Nelsen B. Yield response of Vicia faba In relation to infestation levels of Sitona<br />
lineatus L. // J. Appl. Ent. 1990. Vol. 110. P. 398–407.<br />
18. Nowacki J., Bujalski M. Szkodniki Roúlin Uprawnych. 1996. S. 52–62.<br />
19. Podleúny J., Lenartowicz W., Ksiæýak J. Przydatnoúã niektórych herbicydów do<br />
zwalczania chwastów w zasiewach grochu // Fragm. Agron.1993. T. 4(40). S. 77–179.<br />
20. Rychcik B. Wpùyw nastæpstwa roúlin i herbicydu na zachwaszczenie grochu<br />
siewnego // Frag. Agron. 2005. T. 2(86). S. 190–196.<br />
21. Szwejda J. Atrakcyjnoúã odmian i zwalczanie szkodników wystæpujàcych w grochu<br />
(Pisum sativum L) // Biul. Warz.1992. T. 39. S. 129–137.<br />
22. Wiatr K. Roúliny stràczkowe (Synteza wyników doúwiadczeñ odmianowych rejestru<br />
COBORU). Sùupia Wielka, 2003–2006, Z. 5 i 7.<br />
23. Wnuk A., Poboýniak M. Szkodliwoúã pachówki stràkóweczki (Laspeyresianigricana<br />
Steph.) i stràkowca grochowego (Bruchus pisorum L.) na róýnych odmianach grochu<br />
// Zesz. Nauk. AR Kraków, 2000. T. 71. S. 367–371.<br />
24. Wyniki PDO (porejestrowych doúwiadczeñ odmianowych) COBORU (Centralny<br />
Oúrodek Badania Odmian Roúlin Uprawnych). Sùupia Wielka, 2003–2006.<br />
<strong>25</strong>. Zalecenia Ochrony Roúlin na lata 2003–2006. Instytut Ochrony Roúlin w Poznaniu.<br />
SODININKYSTË IR DARÞININKYSTË. MOKSLO DARBAI. 2006. <strong>25</strong>(4).<br />
ÁVAIRIØ VEISLIØ ÞIRNIØ REAKCIJA Á BEICAVIMÀ<br />
FUNGICIDAIS IR INSEKTICIDAIS BEI Á HERBICIDUS<br />
B. Szwejkowska, P. Duchovskis<br />
Santrauka<br />
2004–2006 m. atlikti áva<strong>ir</strong>iø veisliø þ<strong>ir</strong>niø beicavimo insekticidais <strong>ir</strong> fungicidais<br />
efektyvumo ligø <strong>ir</strong> kenkëjø paplitimui bei herbicidø poveikio piktþolëms lauko bandymai.<br />
Nustatyta, kad cheminiai augalø apsaugos preparatai veikia ankðèiø formavimàsi<br />
ant augalø, kurie yra esminë derliaus sudedamoji dalis. T<strong>ir</strong>tø veisliø þ<strong>ir</strong>niai teigiamai<br />
reagavo á apdorojimà cheminiais apreparatais vegetacijos metu, nenustatyta esminio<br />
neigiamo poveikio augalø dygimui, augimui <strong>ir</strong> vystymuisi. Pesticidø panaudojimas<br />
buvo labai efektyvus.<br />
Reikðminiai þodþiai: auginimo technologija, beicavimas, kenkëjai, ligos, veislës,<br />
þ<strong>ir</strong>niai.<br />
304
SCIENTIFIC WORKS OF THE LITHUANIAN INSTITUTE OF<br />
HORTICULTURE AND LITHUANIAN UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURE.<br />
SODININKYSTË IR DARÞININKYSTË. 2006. <strong>25</strong>(4).<br />
EFFECT OF CARBOXYLIC ACID HYDRAZID<br />
DERIVATIVES ON THE ADVENTITIOUS ROOTS<br />
FORMATION AND PHOTOSYNTHETIC ELECTRON<br />
TRANSPORT IN PHASEOLUS VULGARIS<br />
V. A. ÐLAPAKAUSKAS, E. KAZLAUSKAS AND S. GLIOÞERIS<br />
Lithuanian University of Agriculture, Department of Botany, Studentø str. 11,<br />
LT-53067, Akademija, Kaunas distr.<br />
The influence of carboxylic acid hydrazid derivatives (CAHD) on bean (Phaseolus<br />
vulgaris L.) adventitious root formation and photosynthetic electron transport<br />
was investigated. These plant growth regulators were applied on bean hypocotyls<br />
cuttings and the dynamics of adventitious root formation was observed. CAHD influence<br />
on photosynthetic apparatus was examined by measuring changes of chlorophyll<br />
fluorescence yield. Results of experiment revealed that chlorophyll fluorescence<br />
parameters qP (photochemical quenching) and ETR (photosynthetic electron<br />
transport rate) at 310 µmol·m -2·s -1 PAR (photosynthetic active radiation) correlated<br />
with adventitious root number (r = 0.77) and was significantly increased after application<br />
of 0.05 mg·l -1 and 0.075 mg·l -1 of st-120 as well as st-119 at 0.10 mg·l -1 and<br />
0.<strong>25</strong> mg·l -1 concentrations. Bean cuttings, treated with 0.05 mg·l -1 st-120 showed<br />
the biggest number of adventitious root followed by highest root mass. Growth<br />
regulator st-119 in 0.10 mg·l -1 and 0.<strong>25</strong> mg·l -1 concentrations demonstrated lower<br />
effect than 0.05 mg·l -1 of st-120 but also significantly induced adventitious root<br />
formation. Both CAHD significantly raised qP which represents the actual fraction<br />
of open PSII (II photosystem) reaction centers and ETR that reflects efficiency of<br />
photosynthetic energy conversion and it is closely related with quantum yield of CO 2<br />
fixation. Investigative growth regulators did not markedly increase chlorophyll concentration<br />
in bean leaves.<br />
Key words: growth regulators, chlorophyll fluorescence, common bean, adventitious<br />
roots.<br />
Introduction. Plant growth regulators as well as endogenously synthesized<br />
phytohormones are responsible for many physiological and developmental processes<br />
in plant. Carboxylic acid hydrazid derivatives (CAHD) are synthetic growth regulators,<br />
which are synthesized from b-alanine and hypothetically have a similar<br />
mode of operation as auxins. Results from experiments with Caladium (accomplis-<br />
305
hed in Lithuanian University of Agriculture, Department of Botany) demonstrate that<br />
CAHD had physiological effect like NAA (naphthalene acetic acid) and stimulated<br />
tubercle formation in vitro.<br />
During the recent decade the modes of operation of growth regulating substances<br />
are of the big interest. Accordingly, there were made number of experiments<br />
proving the importance of phytohormones on root formation. At present, it is well<br />
known that lateral and adventitious root initiation is mostly promoted by auxin group<br />
phytohormones as NAA or IAA (Indole-3-acetic acid) (Weigel et al., 1984; Moncousin<br />
et al., 1989). For example, the induction of soybean adventitious roots could be<br />
stimulated by exogenously applied auxins and polyamines (Zin-Huang et al., 1998;<br />
Sagee et al., 1992; Hausman, 1993). There were published also some interesting<br />
studies suggesting that other phytohormones can play an important role in altering<br />
root growth and development (Weathers et al., 2005). As it has been proposed by<br />
Ohkawa et al. (1989), gibberellins can promote growth of ha<strong>ir</strong>y roots in some species,<br />
including Datura innoxia and Artemisia annua (Weathers et al., 2005). Some<br />
authors demonstrated that brassinosteroids participate in the initiation of Arabidopsis<br />
lateral roots and synergistically interact with auxins by affecting its polar transport<br />
and in this hormonal cross-talk mechanism promotes initiation of lateral root<br />
primordial (Fang et al., 2004).<br />
There are numerous reports describing the promoting effect of different phytohormones<br />
on photosynthetic process. Pandey et al. (2000) proposed that in cotton<br />
exogenously applied IAA enhanced RuBPCO (Ribulose-1.5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase)<br />
activity. BAP (Benzyl amino purine) increased RuBPCO activity under<br />
water logging and draught stresses. Cytokinins together with light promote deetiolation<br />
and play the most important role in plastid development (Parthier, 1979).<br />
Exogenously applied BA (benzyl adenine) or kinetin promotes grana formation and<br />
stacking, chloroplast differentiation and plastid multiplication (Chory et al., 1994;<br />
Synkova et al., 2003). All these changes in photosynthetic apparatus regulated by<br />
phytohormones should be sensitively reflected by measuring chlorophyll fluorescence.<br />
Hence, the fluorometry might be a useful tool in the assessment of the physiological<br />
plant response to different conditions, including exogenously applied plant<br />
growth regulators. For instance, chlorophyll fluorescence parameter as actual efficiency<br />
of PSII photochemistry (ΔF/Fm’) can give a measure of the linear electron<br />
transport rate (ETR) and thus the indication of overall photosynthesis (Maxwell and<br />
Johnson, 2000; Juneau et al., 2005). In addition, this parameter correlates with the<br />
quantum yield of carbon fixation (Φ CO2<br />
). Thus, the chlorophyll fluorescence technique<br />
potentially has many applications in plant production and development programs<br />
as well as assessment of env<strong>ir</strong>onmental stresses. The current understanding of how<br />
changes in chlorophyll fluorescence characteristics pertain to plant physiological<br />
performance have led to a widespread use of chlorophyll measurements in plant<br />
physiological studies (Baker and Rosenqvist, 2004).<br />
The aim of the present study is to investigate the effect of CAHD on Phaseolus<br />
vulgaris adventitious root formation and the leaf photosynthetic performance by<br />
means of the chlorophyll fluorescence technique. Furthermore, we are attempting to<br />
determine if the CAHD have a similar effect as auxin group phytohormones.<br />
306
Materials and methods. Plants. Common beans cv. ‘Vytautas’ (Phaseolus<br />
vulgaris) were grown in soil-vermiculite substratum for two weeks. Before the<br />
treatments with growth regulators (CAHD – st-120 and st-119), 14 days bean hypocotyls<br />
were cut at the upper side of root neck. Prepared cuttings consisted of 8 cm<br />
hypocotyl, cotyledons, epicotyl and two primary leaves. After removing roots, cuttings<br />
were immediately immersed to glasses with solution, containing distilled water<br />
and particular concentration of CAHD. Each variant contained 8 cuttings, experiment<br />
was repeated three times. After 24 hours, cuttings were transferred to distilled<br />
water and kept there till the end of experiment. Water in glass was changed every 24<br />
hours.<br />
Treatments. To discover the most effective concentration of CAHD, there were<br />
made two experimental sets. During the f<strong>ir</strong>st experiment, the widest range of<br />
concentrations was chosen – 5 × 10 -5 , 5 × 10 -4 , 5 × 10 -3 , 0.05, 0.1, 1.0 and 5.0 mg·l -1 of<br />
each CAHD (data not shown). Second experiment was made with the reference to<br />
f<strong>ir</strong>st one by selecting the most effective concentrations, which were split up in smaller<br />
gradient. St-120 were tested in 0.01, 0.02, 0.03, 0.04, 0.05 and 0.075 mg·l -1 , whereas<br />
st-119 in 0.05mg/l, 0.075 mg/l, 0.1 mg/l, 0.<strong>25</strong> mg/l, 0.5 mg/l and 1.0 mg/l concentrations.<br />
Fluorescence measurements. Chlorophyll fluorescence was recorded with portable<br />
fluorometer (PAM-210, Walz, Germany). Chlorophyll fluorescence measurements were<br />
performed on the light adapted beans. For each plant of a variant repetition, two fluorescence<br />
measurements on both leaves in different four places were done. Actinic<br />
PAR was 310 µmol photons·m -2·s -1 , <strong>ir</strong>radiance of day light lamps was 200 µmol photons·m -2·s -1 .<br />
Saturation pulse – red light emitting diode with 3 500 µmol photons·m -2·s -1 PAR density was<br />
applied after 3 min. of actinic illumination.<br />
In this article, we evaluated the photochemical quenching (qP) and relative<br />
electron transport rate (ETR). Parameter qP represents capacity of PSII RCs to<br />
execute charge separation and it is ind<strong>ir</strong>ectly proportional to a redox state of primary<br />
electron acceptor Q A<br />
(Roháèek, 2002). ETR indicates the efficiency of photosynthetic<br />
energy conversion and/or photosynthetic carbon fixation at given PAR. According<br />
to Genty et al. (1989) ETR can be correlated with quantum yield of CO 2<br />
assimilation.<br />
The definitions of both parameters are as follows:<br />
qP = (Fm’ – Ft) / (Fm’ – Fo’); (1)<br />
ETR = (Fm’ – Ft) / Fm’ × PAR × 0.5 × 0.84 (2)<br />
In Eq. 2, (Fm’ – Ft) / Fm’ = ΔF / Fm’ means the actual efficiency of PSII<br />
photochemistry, PAR – photosynthetically active radiation, 0.5 is a multiplication<br />
factor indicating that according to light-driven electron flow, transport of a single<br />
electron needs the absorption of 2 quanta. Coefficient 0.84 indicates the specific<br />
fraction of incident quanta absorbed by the leaf. (White and Critchley, 1999). In<br />
both equations, Fm’ is the maximum chlorophyll fluorescence yield measured on a<br />
light adapted sample with closed PSII RCs and all active non-photochemical processes<br />
in a thylakoid membrane optimized. Fo’ is the minimum chlorophyll fluorescence<br />
yield measured on a light adapted sample with open PSII RC, measured after<br />
turning off actinic light and application of short flash of infrared light. Ft – actual<br />
307
chlorophyll fluorescence yield at any time of induction by an actinic light (Rohãèek<br />
and Bartãk, 1999).<br />
Concentration of chlorophylls. Chlorophylls (a + b) content in fresh bean leaves<br />
was determined by spectrophotometer (Beckman DU-40, UK), using solvent<br />
90% acetone. According to Wetshtein methodic, the equations (3) and (4) were<br />
employed to determine concentration of chlorophyll a (C a<br />
) and chlorophyll b (C b<br />
)<br />
(Ãàâðèëåíêî, 1975).<br />
C a<br />
= 9.78D 662<br />
– 0.99D 644<br />
(3)<br />
C b<br />
= 21.43D 645<br />
– 4.65D 662<br />
(4)<br />
Absorbance of chlorophyll extraction was measured at wavelength of 643 and<br />
660 nm.<br />
Statistical analysis. Statistical significance among the means of particular values<br />
was estimated by one-way ANOVA (Tukey test) using program “Statistica 6”<br />
(StatSoft 2001). Reciprocity among fluorescence parameters and adventitious root<br />
formation was demonstrated using correlation coefficient and regression equations.<br />
Results and discussion. Experimental growth regulators – st-119 and st-120 –<br />
affected adventitious root formation on bean hypocotyls cuttings at relatively small<br />
concentrations. In both experimental sets, the most effective was 0.05 mg·l -1 st-120<br />
solution which significantly (p = 0.00014) induced initiation of adventitious roots<br />
(Fig.1). In comparison with control plants, st-120 at 0.04 mg·l -1 (p = 0.04) and<br />
0.075 mg·l -1 (p = 0.002) concentrations had significantly higher number of roots per<br />
plant, but less than 0.05 mg·l -1 of the same growth regulator. Application of st-119 at<br />
0.1 mg·l -1 (p = 0.044) and 0.<strong>25</strong> mg·l -1 (p = 0.00015) concentration also considerably<br />
promoted adventitious root initiation (Fig.1) and root growth (Fig. 6), but was less<br />
effective than st-120. The pronounced effect was seen on fifth day after treatment<br />
with abovementioned effective concentrations of growth regulators. The rest experimental<br />
concentrations had no significant effect on root formation and showed no<br />
difference from control plants, which were treated with distilled water.<br />
Fig. 1. Adventitious root number per bean hypocotyl cutting treated with<br />
CAHD – st-120 (mg·l -1 ) and st-119 (mg·l -1 ). Measurements were done after 6,<br />
10 and 14 days respectively after treatment. (Significance level p = 0.05)<br />
1 pav. Augimo reguliatoriais st-120 (mg·l -1 ) <strong>ir</strong> st-119 (mg·l -1 ) apipurkðtø nupjautø pupeliø<br />
hipokotiliø pridëtiniø ðaknø skaièius. Matavimai atlikti praëjus 6, 10 <strong>ir</strong> 14 dienø po<br />
purðkimo (patikimumo lygis p = 0,05)<br />
308
Effect like induction of adventitious root formation is typical for auxin group<br />
phytohormones as it was found in experiments of Jun Chen et al. (1995) with soybeans<br />
cuttings, treated with NAA. Adventitious root formation was induced by NAA<br />
between 10 and 500 µM showed the optimum root number at 500 µM followed by<br />
inhibition at 1 000 µM and higher concentrations of NAA. Similar results were also<br />
reported by Zin-Huang et al. (1998), when adventitious root formation was particularly<br />
enhanced by exogenously applied auxins and polyamines. IBA promoted the<br />
soybean hypocotyls rooting in vitro more than NAA did. It could be explained as the<br />
exogenously applied auxin (IBA or NAA) acts on polyamine synthase and IAA oxidase<br />
at the gene level or through enzyme regulation (Zin-Huang et al., 1998).<br />
Chlorophyll fluorescence, emitted from PSII responds to large number of different<br />
env<strong>ir</strong>onmental factors and reflects the physiological state of higher plants and<br />
algae. Fluorescence measurements are based on the principle by which light quantum,<br />
captured by chlorophyll of light-harvesting complex is transferred to chlorophyll<br />
P680 in PSII RC and via electron transport chain between both photosystems<br />
produces photochemical work. Otherwise it can be dissipated non-photochemically<br />
as heat or fluorescence. As described by Kitajima and Butler (1975) these processes<br />
can be considered as competing f<strong>ir</strong>st order reactions with rate constants for fluorescence,<br />
thermal dissipation and photochemistry. Increased flow of the excitation energy<br />
into a photochemical pathway leads to a decrease (quenching) of the chlorophyll<br />
fluorescence yield. In this way chlorophyll fluorescence reflects changes in the efficiency<br />
of photosynthetic processes (Schreiber et al., 1995; Weis and Lechtenberg,<br />
1989; Govindjee, 1995). Exploring the influence of phytohormones on photosynthesis<br />
the most reported effect is stomata regulation, also protective mechanism in the<br />
stress conditions. However, the scientific literature contains more evidence that phytohormones<br />
can regulate other processes of photosynthesis. For instance, Pandey et<br />
al. (2000) reported in the experiment of hormonal regulation of photosynthetic enzymes<br />
in cotton under water stress reported that all investigative hormones (IAA,<br />
GA3, BAP, ABA and ETH) enhanced RuBPCO activity and IAA was most stimulatory.<br />
Various experiments show that phytohormones positively affect photosynthetic<br />
processes under stress conditions. Soybeans exogenously treated with different plant<br />
growth regulators under water stress had a noticeable effect on the chlorophyll<br />
content, photosynthetic rate and PSII photochemical efficiency whereas under normal<br />
conditions no significant difference between control and plants affected with<br />
growth regulators was found (Mingcai et al., 2004). Analyzing the effect of ABA<br />
and cytokinins on bean stomatal conductance, rates of transp<strong>ir</strong>ation and photosynthesis,<br />
Pospiðilova J. (2003) reported that both growth regulators decreased net photosynthetic<br />
rate, transp<strong>ir</strong>ation rate and stomatal conductance in sufficiently watered<br />
plants when they were immersed to the solution with phytohormones (Pospiðilova,<br />
2003).<br />
Results of the present study demonstrated that particular CAHD concentrations,<br />
which stimulated adventitious root formation, also increase bean photosynthetic<br />
activity. As it is seen in Fig. 4, st-120 (0.05 mg·l -1 ) enhanced photochemical<br />
quenching and was by 11% higher than in control plants. This parameter shows<br />
the actual fraction of PSII reaction centers that are in open state (with re-oxidised<br />
309
Q A<br />
) and indicates the photochemical capacity of PSII in light adapted state (Roháèek,<br />
2002; Oxborough and Baker, 1997). Increased values of qP maintain a higher<br />
proportion of oxidized Q A<br />
and indicate effective electron transport between both<br />
photosystems as well as efficient energy utilization by Calvin cycle activity. Reduction<br />
rate of the PSII primary electron acceptor Q A<br />
is predominantly controlled<br />
by the rate of reduction of intersystem electron carrier pool (PQ pool) and the<br />
distribution of excitation energy within both photosystems (PSII and PSI) (Yordanov<br />
et al., 1995).<br />
In all bean plants, affected with CAHD, qP mean was about 0.8 which characterizes<br />
that almost all PSII are functionally almost intact. But as seen from Fig. 4,<br />
0.05 mg·l -1 and 0.075 mg·l -1 of st-120 (p = 0.00013 and p = 0.003) as well as<br />
0.10 mg·l -1 and 0.<strong>25</strong> mg·l -1 of st-119 (p = 0.027 and p = 0.00014) showed much<br />
higher qP values than in control plants. In addition, qP and number of adventitious<br />
root per bean hypocotyl cutting had a strong correlation (Fig. 5). We suppose that<br />
abovementioned experimental growth regulators by significantly increasing qP, performed<br />
potentially higher reoxidation rate of Q A<br />
and also improved activity of Calvin<br />
cycle, which is partially represented by relatively higher ETR values (Fig. 2).<br />
Fig. 2. Photosynthetic electron transport rate (ETR) at 310 µmol·m -2·s-1 PFD in bean<br />
leaves treated with different CAHD (st-120 and st-119) concentrations<br />
(Significance level 0.05)<br />
2 pav. Pupeliø hipokotiliø lapø fotosintetinio elektronø transporto greitis<br />
-1<br />
(ETR) panaudojus augimo reguliatorius st-120 <strong>ir</strong> st-119. Apðviestumas – 310 µmol·m-2·s (patikimumo lygis p = 0,05)<br />
Fig. 3. Reciprocity between photosynthetic electron transport rate (ETR) at 310<br />
µmol·m -2·s -1 PFD and root number per bean hypocotyl cutting. (R-regresion coefficient)<br />
3 pav. Pupeliø hipokotiliø pridëtiniø ðaknø skaièiaus priklausomumas nuo fotosintetinio<br />
elektronø transporto greièio (esant 310 µmol·m -2·s -1 apðviestumui)<br />
(R – regresijos koeficientas)<br />
310
Fig. 4. Photochemical fluorescence quenching (qP) in bean leaves treated with different<br />
CAHD (st-120 and st-119) concentrations. (Significance level 0.05)<br />
4 pav. Pupeliø hipokotiliø fotocheminis fluorescencijos slopinimas apipurðkus augimo<br />
reguliatoriais st-120 <strong>ir</strong> st-119 (patikimumo lygis p = 0,05)<br />
Fig. 5. Reciprocity between photochemical fluorescence quenching (qP) and root<br />
number per bean hypocotyl cutting (R-regresion coefficient)<br />
5 pav. Pupeliø hipokotiliø pridëtiniø ðaknø skaièiaus priklausomumas nuo fotocheminio<br />
fluorescencijos slopinimo (qP) (R – regresijos koeficientas)<br />
Considering the finding that adventitious root initiation could be regulated by<br />
the level of endogenous phytohormone levels (Zin-Huang et al., 1998) or exogenously<br />
applied growth regulators, its growth is either dependant on carbon allocation<br />
in roots and CO 2<br />
assimilation rate (Katrina et al., 1999). Under sufficient light<br />
intensity CO 2<br />
assimilation rate is usually evaluated by the quantum yield of photosynthesis<br />
and might be linearly related to ETR. According to Michito et al. (2003),<br />
gross photosynthesis rate and ETR has a linear relationship under PFD of<br />
400 µmol photons·m -2·s -1 . Nevertheless, relationship between ETR and rate of electron<br />
transport depending on CO2 assimilation (J CO2<br />
) varies in different plant species with<br />
particular leaf anatomy. Results by Michito et al. (2003) indicate that symmetric<br />
leaves of Acacia with high chlorophyll content had a high correlation between J CO2<br />
and ΔF/Fm’ at all PFDs. Asymmetric Cucumis leaves with low chlorophyll concentration<br />
showed the same result, whereas Ternstroemia asymmetric leaves with high<br />
content of chlorophyll pigments had the linear relationship between mentioned parameters<br />
only at low PFDs.<br />
In the present study we found that 0.05 mg·l -1 st-120 at 310 µmol/m -2 s -1 PFD<br />
intensity raised ETR to 76.7 µmol·m -2·s -1 and compared to control, it was by <strong>25</strong>%<br />
higher (p = 0.00014) (Fig. 2). In addition, ETR was also significantly increased in<br />
beans treated with 0.075 mg·l -1 of st-120 (p = 0.001) likewise as 0.1 mg·l -1 and<br />
0.<strong>25</strong> mg·l -1 of st-119 (p = 0.006 and p = 0.00016). In the rest of experimental<br />
variants, photosynthetic electron transport rate was slightly reduced by smaller<br />
311
ΔF/Fm’, which could be associated with partially blocked photosynthetic energy<br />
conversion and electron transport. (Lichtenthaler and Burkart, 2003). Moreover, high<br />
ETR values of beans treated with 0.05 mg·l -1 , 0.075 mg·l -1 of st-120, 0.1 mg·l -1 and<br />
0.<strong>25</strong> mg·l -1 of st-119 showed a high correlation (r = 0.77) with adventitious root biomass<br />
as well as root number per plant (Fig. 3). As follows from our results, the<br />
experimental growth regulators increased the efficiency of PSII photochemistry as<br />
well as ETR and on this basis raised efficiency of photosynthetic energy conversion,<br />
J CO2<br />
and gross photosynthetic rate by supplying more assimilates to adventitious roots.<br />
Auxin group phytohormones activity on photosynthetic efficiency of Brassica<br />
juncea was reported by Ahmad et al. (2001). In the experiments with Brassica juncea<br />
plants, chlorosubstituted auxins were tested on photosynthesis and some related<br />
processes. Monochloroindole acetic acids as 4-Cl-IAA either 7-Cl-IAA and dichloroindole<br />
acetic acid 4.7-Cl2-IAA stimulated the activity of photosynthetic carbohylases,<br />
which are the most abundant soluble proteins in chloroplasts of C3 plants after<br />
RuBPCO. Chlorosubstituted auxins enhanced the net photosynthetic rate, which has<br />
a linear relationship with ETR (Ahmed et al., 2001).<br />
Fig. 6. Adventitious root weight (mg per plant) of beans cuttings affected with growth<br />
regulators (CAHD) st-120 and st-119<br />
6 pav. Augimo reguliatoriø paveiktø pupeliø hipokotiliø pridëtiniø ðaknø masë, mg<br />
augale<br />
Fig. 7. Chlorophyll (a + b) concentration (mg·g- 1 ) in bean fresh leaves after 14 days<br />
when CAHD were applied on bean cuttings<br />
7 pav. Chlorofilo (a + b) koncentracija (mg·g- 1 ) augimo reguliatoriø paveiktuose pupeliø<br />
hipokotiliø lapuose<br />
Chlorophyll content in bean leaves after application of different concentrations of<br />
CAHD had a similar dynamic trend as changes in chlorophyll fluorescence (Fig. 7).<br />
312
Correlation coefficient (r) between total chlorophyll content in bean leaves and ETR<br />
was about 0.6. The content of chlorophyll was not markedly increased by examined<br />
growth regulators<br />
Conclusions. Experimental growth regulators, Carboxylic acid hydrazid derivatives<br />
(CAHD) – st-120 and st-119, applied on bean hypocotyl cuttings had<br />
the auxin like effect. The CAHD st-120 at 0.05 mg·l -1 and 0.075 mg·l -1 as well as<br />
st-119 at 0.1 mg·l -1 and 0.<strong>25</strong> mg·l -1 concentrations significantly induced been<br />
adventitious root initiation. Abovementioned experimental growth regulators also<br />
positively affected bean photosynthetic performance by increasing ETR, which<br />
represents photosynthetic energy conversion and can be correlated with quantum<br />
yield of CO 2<br />
assimilation. Photochemical quenching of chlorophyll fluorescence<br />
(qP) was also increased in beans, treated with physiologically effective<br />
CAHD concentrations. Raised value of qP was associated with higher proportion<br />
of oxidized Q A<br />
(fraction of open PS II reaction centers) and improved activity<br />
of Calvin cycle.<br />
Gauta 2006-11-06<br />
Parengta spausdinti 2006-12-11<br />
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34. Ãàâðèëåíêî Â. Ô. Ëàäûãèíà Ì. Å. Õàíäîáèíà Ë. Ì. Áîëüøîé ïðàêòèêóì<br />
ïî ôèçèîëîãèé ðîñòåíèé. Ìîñêâà, 1975.<br />
SODININKYSTË IR DARÞININKYSTË. MOKSLO DARBAI. 2006. <strong>25</strong>(4).<br />
KARBOKSIRÛGÐÈIØ HIDRAZIDØ DARINIØ ÁTAKA<br />
PUPELIØ PRIDËTINIØ ÐAKNØ FORMAVIMUISI IR<br />
FOTOSINTETINIAM ELEKTRONØ JUDËJIMUI<br />
V. A. Ðlapakauskas, E. Kazlauskas <strong>ir</strong> S. Glioþeris<br />
Santrauka<br />
Tyrimø tikslas – nustatyti, koká poveiká turi augimo reguliatoriai – karboks<strong>ir</strong>ûgðèiø<br />
hidrazidø dariniai st-120 <strong>ir</strong> st-119 – pupeliø hipokotiliø pridëtiniø ðaknø<br />
formavimuisi <strong>ir</strong> fotosintetinio elektronø judëjimo greièiui (ETR). Panaudojus augimo<br />
reguliatorius, buvo stebima pupeliø hipokotiliø pridëtiniø ðaknø augimo dinamika.<br />
Fotosintetinio elektronø judëjimo greièiui (esant 310 µmol m -2 s -1 aktininës ðviesos<br />
intensyvumui) <strong>ir</strong> fotocheminiam fluorescencijos slopinimui (qP) nustatyti buvo<br />
pritaikytas fluorometrijos metodas, matuojant chlorofilo fluorescencijà ðviesoje<br />
adaptuotose pupelëse. Ðiais tyrimais nustatyta, kad st-120 augimo reguliatoriaus<br />
0,05 mg·l -1 <strong>ir</strong> 0,075 mg·l -1 koncentracijos bei st-119 augimo reguliatoriaus 0,1 mg·l -1 <strong>ir</strong><br />
0,<strong>25</strong> mg·l -1 koncentracijos darë esminæ átakà pupeliø hipokotiliø pridëtiniø ðaknø formavimuisi,<br />
ðviesos energijos v<strong>ir</strong>smo á fotosintetinæ energijà naðumui (ETR) <strong>ir</strong><br />
II fotosistemos reakciniø centrø oksredo bûklei (qP). Tarp pupeliø pridëtiniø ðaknø<br />
skaièiaus <strong>ir</strong> chlorofilo fluorescencijos rodikliø ETR bei qP nustatytas stiprus koreliacinis<br />
ryðys. Didþiausià efektà analizuojamiems rodikliams turëjo st-120 augimo reguliatoriaus<br />
0,05 mg·l -1 koncentracija. Nuo t<strong>ir</strong>iamø augimo reguliatoriø gerokai padidëjo<br />
chlorofilo (a + b) koncentracija.<br />
Reikðminiai þodþiai: augimo reguliatoriai, chlorofilo fluorescencija, fotosintetinis<br />
elektronø judëjimo greitis, pupelës, pridëtinës ðaknys.<br />
315
LIETUVOS SODININKYSTËS IR DARÞININKYSTËS INSTITUTO IR<br />
LIETUVOS ÞEMËS ÛKIO UNIVERSITETO MOKSLO DARBAI.<br />
SODININKYSTË IR DARÞININKYSTË. 2006. <strong>25</strong>(4).<br />
RAUSVAÞIEDËS EÞIUOLËS (ECHINACEA PURPUREA<br />
(L.) MOENCH) PRODUKTYVUMAS, TAIKANT<br />
INTENSYVIAS AUGINIMO TECHNOLOGIJAS<br />
Edita DAMBRAUSKIENË<br />
Lietuvos sodininkystës <strong>ir</strong> darþininkystës institutas, LT-54333, Babtai, Kauno r.<br />
El. paðtas e.dambrauskiene@lsdi.lt<br />
Pramoninio rausvaþiedës eþiuolës auginimo tyrimai Lietuvoje atlikti p<strong>ir</strong>mà kartà.<br />
2003–2006 m. Lietuvos sodininkystës <strong>ir</strong> darþininkystës instituto bazëje daryti lauko<br />
bandymai <strong>ir</strong> laboratoriniai tyrimai. Taikant intensyvias vaistaþoliø auginimo technologijas,<br />
parinkti elementai, kurie uþtikrina pastovø, gausø geros kokybës rausvaþiedës<br />
eþiuolës þaliavos derliø. Keleriø metø tyrimais ávertintos biologinës rausvaþiedës eþiuolës<br />
savybës, kuriomis remiantis galima planuoti pramoniná ðiø vaistaþoliø auginimà. Nustatytas<br />
augalø þolës <strong>ir</strong> ðaknø derlius bei orasausës þaliavos iðeiga. Numatytos priemonës,<br />
kurios galëtø padidinti rausvaþiedës eþiuolës produktyvumà.<br />
Reikðminiai þodþiai: biologija, Echinacea purpurea (L.) Moench, intensyvus<br />
auginimas, produktyvumas, rausvaþiedë eþiuolë, vaistaþolës.<br />
Ávadas. Vaistaþoliø auginimas – viena ið netradiciniø Lietuvos þemës ûkio ðakø,<br />
turinti puikias tolesnës plëtros perspektyvas. Daugelis stambesniø <strong>ir</strong> smulkiø vaistaþoliø<br />
augintojø turi nedaug teoriniø þiniø bei praktinës pat<strong>ir</strong>ties. Besikurianèios stambios<br />
bendrovës, pleèianèios vaistaþoliø plotus, orientuojasi á intensyvias, maksimaliai<br />
mechanizuotas vaistaþoliø auginimo technologijas, pagrástas mokslo tyrimø rezultatais.<br />
Atsiþvelgdami á tai, Lietuvos sodininkystës <strong>ir</strong> darþininkystës instituto mokslo<br />
darbuotojai atlieka nemaþai moksliniø tyrimø, kuriø objektas – vaistiniai augalai.<br />
Rausvaþiedë eþiuolë (Echinacea purpurea (L.) Moench) dël savo antimikrobiniø<br />
bei imunitetà stiprinanèiø savybiø – viena populiariausiø ðiø dienø vaistaþoliø. Ji kilusi<br />
ið Ðiaurës Amerikos, iki ðiol Lietuvoje daþniau auginta kaip dekoratyvinis augalas.<br />
Mûsø kraðte net<strong>ir</strong>tos agrotechninës rausvaþiedþiø eþiuoliø auginimo sàlygos, ypaè<br />
intensyvaus auginimo ypatumai. Apie dekoratyvines bei vaistines ðio augalo savybes<br />
yra sukaupta daug þiniø. VDU Kauno botanikos sode atliktais tyrimais iðnagrinëtos<br />
biologinës <strong>ir</strong> fitocheminës rausvaþiedës eþiuolës savybës (Ragaþinskienë, 1999). Taèiau<br />
pasigendama duomenø apie eþiuolei tinkamà d<strong>ir</strong>voþemá, kiek maisto medþiagø<br />
ðie augalai turi gauti <strong>ir</strong> kaip turi bûti træðiami, kad iðaugintø gerà derliø. Daugelyje<br />
ðaltiniø nurodoma, kad eþiuoliø sëklos yra maþo lauko daigumo, todël ðiuos augalus<br />
geriau sodinti daigais (Juknevièienë, Ragaþinskienë, 1995; Prazna <strong>ir</strong> kt., 1993). Vais-<br />
316
tinei þaliavai tinka rausvaþiedës eþiuolës þolë (<strong>25</strong>–40 cm ûgliai), ji pjaunama masinio<br />
þydëjimo metu, <strong>ir</strong> ðaknys, jos kasamos rudená, spalio mënesá, arba pavasará, prieð<br />
suþeliant augalams, balandþio pradþioje (Lapinskienë <strong>ir</strong> kt., 1999). Eþiuolës produktyvumà<br />
lemia ne tik auginimo sàlygos, bet <strong>ir</strong> augalø amþius. Nustatyta, kad gausiausias<br />
þolës derlius gaunamas ketv<strong>ir</strong>taisiais <strong>ir</strong> penktaisiais, o ðaknys tinkamiausios antraisiais<br />
<strong>ir</strong> treèiaisiais auginimo metais (Lapinskienë <strong>ir</strong> kt., 1998; Samorodov, Pospelov,<br />
2004). Ketv<strong>ir</strong>taisiais auginimo metais ðaknys sveria daugiau, taèiau pusë jø –<br />
apm<strong>ir</strong>usios <strong>ir</strong> kaip vaistinë þaliava yra maþai vertingos (Parmentei, Littlejhn, 1996).<br />
Pleèiant rausvaþiedës eþiuolës pramoniná auginimà <strong>ir</strong> taikant intensyvias auginimo<br />
technologijas, svarbu atsiþvelgti á biologiná augalo potencialà esant tam tikroms<br />
auginimo sàlygoms. Sk<strong>ir</strong>tingose ðalyse atlikti tyrimai leidþia manyti, kad eþiuolë yra<br />
tinkama masiðkai auginti (Galambosi <strong>ir</strong> kt., 1994; Hobbs, 1989; Muntean, Tamas,<br />
1989; Êóïåíêî, Îñòàïêî, 1997). Atliekant selekciná darbà, jau ats<strong>ir</strong>anda áva<strong>ir</strong>iø rausvaþiedës<br />
eþiuolës formø <strong>ir</strong> veisliø, kurios sk<strong>ir</strong>iasi ne tik produktyvumu, bet <strong>ir</strong> biocheminëmis<br />
savybëmis (Getko <strong>ir</strong> kt., 2006; Hodisan, Tamas, 1984).<br />
Darbo tikslas – iðt<strong>ir</strong>ti <strong>ir</strong> ávertinti intensyvaus auginimo poveiká rausvaþiedës<br />
eþiuolës vaistinës þaliavos produktyvumui.<br />
Tyrimo sàlygos <strong>ir</strong> metodika. Tyrimai atlikti 2003–2006 metais Lietuvos sodininkystës<br />
<strong>ir</strong> darþininkystës instituto ðiltnamiuose, bandymø laukuose <strong>ir</strong> Biochemijos<br />
<strong>ir</strong> technologijos laboratorijoje. P<strong>ir</strong>maisiais tyrimø metais, geguþës pabaigoje, eþiuolë<br />
buvo sëta tiesiai á laukà, taèiau sëklos labai blogai dygo, todël tolesniais tyrimø metais<br />
ðio auginimo bûdo buvo atsisakyta. Daigams rausvaþiedë eþiuolë auginta ðildomuose<br />
dviguba polimerine plëvele dengtuose ðiltnamiuose, kur buvo pasëta p<strong>ir</strong>màjà balandþio<br />
dekadà. Ðiltnamyje daigai auginti 50–60 dienø. 2–3 tikrøjø lapeliø tarpsnio eþiuolës<br />
daigai pasodinti lauke p<strong>ir</strong>mosiomis b<strong>ir</strong>þelio dienomis. Laikantis mechanizuoto auginimo<br />
technologijos, pas<strong>ir</strong>inktas 70 cm tarpueiliø plotis, o atstumas tarp augalø –<br />
50 cm. Pavasará, prieð vegetacijà, laukas patræðtas kompleksinëmis tràðomis „Kem<strong>ir</strong>a<br />
Skalsa 8–12–23“. Vegetacijos metu, b<strong>ir</strong>þelio mënesá, augalai vienà kartà papildomai<br />
træðti amonio salietra – 30 kg ha -1 N. Per vasarà tarpueiliai 3 kartus purenti traktoriniu<br />
purentuvu, 2 kartus ravëta rankomis. Rausvaþiedës eþiuolës þolës <strong>ir</strong> ðaknø derlius<br />
buvo imtas antraisiais, treèiaisiais <strong>ir</strong> ketv<strong>ir</strong>taisiais auginimo metais. Þolë (40 cm ûgliai)<br />
pjauta masinio þydëjimo metu, ðaknys nukastos rugsëjo pabaigoje. Darbo metu<br />
atlikti fenologiniai stebëjimai, ávertintas augalø þiemojimas. Vaistinë þaliava (eþiuoliø<br />
þolë <strong>ir</strong> ðaknys) dþiovinta ðildomoje dþiovykloje 40°C temperatûroje. Derliaus duomenys<br />
apdoroti statistine programa ANOVA.<br />
Tyrimø metais meteorologinës sàlygos buvo palankios rausvaþiedës eþiuolës<br />
vegetacijai. 2003-øjø, p<strong>ir</strong>møjø auginimo metø, vasara buvo sausa <strong>ir</strong> karðta, taèiau<br />
pasodinti eþiuolës daigai gerai prigijo. 2004 m. pavasaris buvo ankstyvas <strong>ir</strong> ðiltas,<br />
todël antrameèiø eþiuoliø vegetacija prasidëjo anksèiau, balandþio pabaigoje, o 2005<br />
<strong>ir</strong> 2006 m. áprastu metu – geguþës pradþioje. Tyrimø metais liepos <strong>ir</strong> rugpjûèio mënesiais<br />
buvo labai sausa, todël eþiuolës produktyvumas buvo maþesnis. Þiemojimo sàlygos<br />
visais tyrimø metais buvo panaðios: gan ðalti þiemos mënesiai <strong>ir</strong> permainingi<br />
orai kovo mënesá. Esant tokioms sàlygoms nedidelë dalis rausvaþiedës eþiuolës augalø<br />
þuvo.<br />
317
Rezultatai. Fenologinis rausvaþiedës eþiuolës, kaip <strong>ir</strong> daugelio daugiameèiø augalø,<br />
vystymasis prasideda vidutinei paros temperatûrai pakilus iki +5°C. Vegetacijos<br />
pradþia priklauso nuo meteorologiniø sàlygø, todël kasmet augalai gali pradëti vegetuoti<br />
ne tuo paèiu laiku. Tyrimø metais rausvaþiedës eþiuolës augalai po þiemos<br />
vegetuoti pradëjo paskutinæ balandþio arba p<strong>ir</strong>màjà geguþës dekadà (1 lentelë). Butonizacijos<br />
pradþia – b<strong>ir</strong>þelio mënesá, o masiðkai þydëti ðie augalai pradeda po dviejø<br />
dekadø – nuo antrosios liepos iki p<strong>ir</strong>mosios rugpjûèio dekados, nelygu metai. Rugpjûèio<br />
pabaigoje–rugsëjo mënesá augalas brandina lukðtavaisius (1 lentelë). Fenologiniai<br />
stebëjimai rodo, kad Lietuvos klimato sàlygos yra tinkamos rausvaþiedei eþiuolei<br />
vegetuoti, nes augalai pereina visà vystymosi ciklà iki sëklø brandos.<br />
Augimo tarpsnis<br />
Growth stage<br />
Vegetacijos pradžia<br />
Beginning of vegetation<br />
Butonizacijos pradžia<br />
Beginning of buttonization<br />
Þydëjimo pradþia<br />
Beginning of flowering<br />
Masinis žydëjimas<br />
Mass flowering<br />
Vaisiø brandinimas<br />
Ripening of fruits<br />
1 lentelë. Rausvaþiedës eþiuolës fenologija<br />
Table 1. Phenology of eastern purple coneflower<br />
2004 m. 2005 m. 2006 m.<br />
04 20 05 10 05 01<br />
06 01 06 20 06 10<br />
06 20 07 10 07 01<br />
07 10 08 01 07 20<br />
08 20 09 10 09 01<br />
Tyrimø metais nustatyta, kad neperþiemoja tik nedidelë dalis rausvaþiedës eþiuolës<br />
augalø (2 lentelë). Daugiausia þuvo p<strong>ir</strong>mameèiø (4 proc.) <strong>ir</strong> antrameèiø (5 proc.)<br />
augalø. Vyresni augalai sutv<strong>ir</strong>tëja <strong>ir</strong> þiemoja geriau. Po treèios þiemos nunyko 2 proc.<br />
eþiuolës augalø.<br />
2 lentelë. Perþiemojusiø rausvaþiedës eþiuolës augalø skaièius, %<br />
Table 2. Number of eastern purple coneflower plants after wintering (%)<br />
Po 2004–2005 m. žiemos<br />
After winter of 2004–2005<br />
96 ± 0,7 95 ± 0,6 98 ± 0,8<br />
Po 2003–2004 m. žiemos<br />
After winter of 2003–2004<br />
Po 2005–2006 m. žiemos<br />
After winter of 2005–2006<br />
Rausvaþiedës eþiuolës þolë vaistinei þaliavai pjauta masinio þydëjimo metu, o<br />
ðaknys kasamos vegetacijos pabaigoje – rudená. Þydinèiø augalø antþeminë dalis gan<br />
masyvi, nes augalai uþauga iki 90 cm aukðèio, o ðaknø sistema nedidelë. Taèiau<br />
medicininiu poþiûriu rausvaþiedës eþiuolës ðaknys yra vertingesnës uþ stiebus ar ûglius.<br />
Mûsø tyrimø duomenimis, rausvaþiedës eþiuolës produktyvumas kasmet didëja.<br />
318
Antrøjø augimo metø ðvieþias rausvaþiedës eþiuolës þolës derlius siekia 44,2 t ha -1 ,<br />
treèiaisiais augimo metais – 56,7 t ha -1 , o ketv<strong>ir</strong>taisiais – 73,1 t ha -1 . Sausos vaistinës<br />
þaliavos iðeiga atsk<strong>ir</strong>ais metais ðiek tiek áva<strong>ir</strong>uoja, taèiau vidutiniai duomenys tolygûs.<br />
Iðdþiovintos rausvaþiedës eþiuolës þolës svoris siekia 28, ðaknø – 35 proc. p<strong>ir</strong>minio<br />
ðvieþios þaliavos svorio. Dþiovinant eþiuolës þolë netenka nuo 70 iki 75 proc., ðaknys –<br />
nuo 60 iki 70 proc. drëgmës. Taigi, antrøjø auginimo metø vaistinës eþiuolës þolës<br />
orasausës masës derlius buvo 12,4 t ha -1 , treèiøjø – 15,9 t ha -1 , ketv<strong>ir</strong>tøjø – 20,5 t ha -1 .<br />
Ðaknø orasausës masës derlius didëja nuo 0,8 t ha -1 (antraisiais auginimo metais) iki<br />
1,8 t ha -1 (ketv<strong>ir</strong>taisiais auginimo metais) (3 lentelë).<br />
Auginimo<br />
metai<br />
Growing year<br />
3 lentelë. Rausvaþiedës eþiuolës þolës <strong>ir</strong> ðaknø derlius<br />
Table 3. Yield of eastern purple coneflower grass and root<br />
Þolës derlius, t ha -1<br />
Grass yield (t ha -1 )<br />
Ðaknø derlius, t ha -1<br />
Root yield (t ha -1 )<br />
þalia masë orasausë masë þalia masë orasausë masë<br />
fresh matter dry matter fresh matter dry matter<br />
II 44,2 ± 1,85 12,4 ± 0,64 2,2 ± 0,08 0,8 ± 0,04<br />
III 56,7 ± 2,09 15,9 ± 0,71 3,4 ± 0,09 1,2 ± 0,05<br />
IV 73,1 ± 2,40 20,5 ± 0,73 5,3 ± 0,12 1,8 ± 0,05<br />
Aptarimas. 2003–2006 m. atlikti rausvaþiedës eþiuolës auginimo pagal intensyvias<br />
technologijas tyrimai gali bûti tv<strong>ir</strong>tas vaistaþoliø auginimo Lietuvoje pramoniniu<br />
bûdu pagrindas. Fenologiniai stebëjimai patv<strong>ir</strong>tino, kad visais tyrimø metais rausvaþiedës<br />
eþiuolës pereina visus augimo etapus iki sëklø subrandinimo. Eþiuoliø produktyvumas<br />
kasmet didëja. P<strong>ir</strong>maisiais auginimo metais nerekomenduojama augalus<br />
naudoti vaistinei þaliavai, nes antþeminë augalo dalis menka, be generatyviniø organø,<br />
o ðaknys negausios (Ragaþinskienë, 1997). Rausvaþiedës eþiuolës gali augti vienoje<br />
vietoje 5–7 metus, taèiau taikant intensyvias auginimo technologijas <strong>ir</strong> kasant jø<br />
ðaknis, naujus augalus tenka sodinti kas 2 metai. Medicinos tikslams eþiuoliø ðaknis<br />
geriau nukasti antraisiais ar treèiaisiais auginimo metais, nes vëliau pablogëja jø kokybë.<br />
Tokiø þaliavos nuëmimo taisykliø laikosi Ukrainoje <strong>ir</strong> kitose ðalyse d<strong>ir</strong>bantys<br />
eþiuoliø tyrëjai (Samorodov, 2004; Prazna, 1993; Êóïåíêî, 1997). Manome, kad<br />
mûsø pas<strong>ir</strong>inkta daigø sodinimo schema (70 x 50 cm) yra tinkama maitinamojo ploto<br />
atþvilgiu, taip pat leidþia visiðkai mechanizuoti sodinimo, prieþiûros <strong>ir</strong> derliaus nuëmimo<br />
darbus. Rausvaþiedë eþiuolë nëra lepus augalas, taèiau pernelyg drëgnuose d<strong>ir</strong>voþemiuose<br />
blogiau þiemoja. Mûsø bandymuose naudotos tràðos nepakenkë eþiuoliø<br />
produktyvumui. Augalai buvo pakankamai sveiki <strong>ir</strong> veðlûs. Taèiau reikëtø atlikti iðsamesnius<br />
tyrimus ðiuo klausimu, nes daug biologinës masës uþauginantys augalai reikalauja<br />
<strong>ir</strong> daugiau maisto medþiagø. LSD institute atliekami detalûs træðimo tyrimai<br />
ateityje leis plaèiau komentuoti rausvaþiedës eþiuolës træðimo sàlygas. Siekiant gausesnio<br />
eþiuoliø produktyvumo, svarbu parinkti derlingà, daugiameèiams augalams<br />
þiemoti tinkamà laukà, kurio sukultûrimo lygis leistø visiðkai mechanizuoti darbus.<br />
Iðvados. 1. Klimato sàlygos Lietuvoje yra tinkamos auginti rausvaþiedæ eþiuolæ<br />
pramoniniu bûdu <strong>ir</strong> ruoðti vaistinæ þaliavà.<br />
319
2. Taikant intensyvias auginimo technologijas, rausvaþiedës eþiuolës produktyvumas<br />
kasmet didëja: antraisiais, treèiaisiais <strong>ir</strong> ketv<strong>ir</strong>taisiais auginimo metais gauta<br />
atitinkamai 44,2; 56,7 <strong>ir</strong> 73,1 t ha -1 þalios masës. Vidutinë apdþiovintos þaliavos<br />
iðeiga – 28 procentai. Orasausës masës derlius tyrimø metais siekë atitinkamai 12,4;<br />
15,9; 20,5 t ha -1 .<br />
3. Rausvaþiedës eþiuolës ðaknø derlius, palyginti su þolës derliumi, negausus:<br />
antraisiais, treèiaisiais <strong>ir</strong> ketv<strong>ir</strong>taisiais auginimo metais prikasta atitinkamai 2,2; 3,4 <strong>ir</strong><br />
5,3 t ha -1 ðvieþiø ðaknø. Vidutinë orasausiø ðaknø iðeiga – 35 procentai. Vaistinei<br />
þaliavai tinkamø ðaknø derlius antraisiais, treèiaisiais <strong>ir</strong> ketv<strong>ir</strong>taisiais auginimo metais<br />
buvo atitinkamai 0,8; 1,2 <strong>ir</strong> 1,8 t ha -1 .<br />
Pastaba. Darbas atliktas ið dalies Lietuvos valstybinio mokslo <strong>ir</strong> studijø fondo<br />
lëðomis, ágyvendinant projektà „Vaistiniø augalø auginimo technologijø <strong>ir</strong> þaliavos<br />
kokybës tyrimai“ (sutarties numeris G-43/06)<br />
Gauta 2006-11-06<br />
Parengta spausdinti 2006-12-11<br />
Literatûra<br />
1. Galambosi B., Pulliainen E., Pullainen E., Karlas M. Overwintering of Echinacea<br />
purpurea in Finland During // Production of herbs, spices and medical plants in Nordic<br />
countries. Mikkelin (Finland). 1994. P. 69–70.<br />
2. Getko N., Kabuðeva V., Kronivec A., Kriuèionok A. Perspektyviø rausvaþiedës<br />
eþiuolës (Echinacea purpurea (L.) Moench) formø atranka heterogeninëje kultûrinëje<br />
populiacijoje // Vytauto Didþiojo universiteto Botanikos sodo raðtai. 2006. T. 11. P. 71–75.<br />
3. Hobbs C. The Echinacea Handbook. Oregon, Eclectic Med. Publ. 1989. 118 p.<br />
4. Hodisan V., Tamas M. Study farmaciobotanic comparativ al speciilor Echinacea<br />
angustifolia Moench si E. Purpurea (L.) Moench // Farmacija. 1984. V. 32(4). P. 203–210.<br />
5. Juknevièienë G., Ragaþinskienë O. Purpurinës eþiuolës tyrimai Kauno botanikos<br />
sode // Lietuvos farmacijos þinios. 1995. Nr. 1–2. P. 11.<br />
6. Lapinskienë N., Ragaþinskienë O., Rimkienë S. Echinacea purpurea (L.) Moench<br />
fenologija <strong>ir</strong> biologinis produktyvumas // Botanika Lithuanica. 1999. Vol. 5(1). P. 41–59.<br />
7. Muntean L., Tamas M. Echinacea Specil de perspectiva in Romania // Herba romanica.<br />
1989. Vol. 9. P. 79–85.<br />
8. Parmentei G., Littlejhn R. Planting density effects on root yield of purple coneflower<br />
(Echinacea purpurea (L.) Moench) // N. Zealand Crop Horticult. Sci. 1996. Vol. <strong>25</strong>(2).<br />
P. 169–175.<br />
9. Prazna L., Pozmazi A., Lefter J., Lelik L., Karsai-Bihâtsi E., Vitânui Gy. The cultivation<br />
and analysis of Echinacea purpurea // J. Hungarian Pharm. Soc. // IX Congr. Pharmaceutical<br />
Soc. Budapest. 1993. P. 110.<br />
10. Ragaþinskienë O. Purpurinës eþiuolës (Echinacea purpurea (L.) Moench) antþeminës<br />
<strong>ir</strong> poþeminës daliø vystymasis // Botanika Lithuanica. 1997. Vol. 3(3). P. <strong>25</strong>1–271.<br />
11. Ragaþinskienë O. Purpurinës eþiuolës (Echinacea purpurea (L.) Moench) introdukcija<br />
Lietuvoje: daktaro disertacijos santrauka. Kaunas, 1999. <strong>25</strong> p.<br />
12. Samorodov N., Pospelov V. Genus Echinacea Moench in Ukraine: Sixty-year<br />
experience of studying and using // International Scientific Congress „The development<br />
of contemporary growing and analysis of medical plants“ / Papers of reports.<br />
Kaunas, 2004. P. 98–99.<br />
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13. Êóïåíêî Í., Îñòàïêî È. Èíòðîäóêöèÿ Echinacea purpurea (L.) Moench â<br />
Äîíáàññå // ×åòâåðòà ìiæíàðîäíà êîíôåðåíöiÿ ç ìåäè÷íîi áîòàíiêè / òåç. äîï.<br />
Êèiâ, 1997. Ñ. 213–214.<br />
14. Ëàïèíñêåíå Í., Ðàãàæèíñêåíå Î., Ðèìêåíå Ñ. Õàðàêòåðèñòèêà ïîäçåìíîé<br />
÷àñòè ýõèíàöåè ïóðïóðíîé â óñëîâèÿõ èíòðîäóêöèè â Ëèòâå // Èçó÷åíèå è<br />
èñïîëüçîâàíèå ýõèíàöåè / ìàòåðèàëû ìåæäóíàð. íàó÷. êîíô. Ïîëòàâà, 1998.<br />
Ñ. 24–26.<br />
SODININKYSTË IR DARÞININKYSTË. SCIENTIFIC ARTICLES. 2006. <strong>25</strong>(4).<br />
PRODUCTIVITY OF EASTERN PURPLE CONEFLOWER<br />
(ECHINACEA PURPUREA L. MOENCH) APPLYING<br />
INTENSIVE GROWING TECHNOLOGIES<br />
E. Dambrauskienë<br />
Summary<br />
Investigations of the industrial growing of eastern purple coneflower (Echinacea<br />
purpurea L. Moench) were conducted for the f<strong>ir</strong>st time in Lithuania. Field and<br />
laboratory experiments in the basis of the Lithuanian Institute of Horticulture were<br />
carried out in 2003–2006. When applying the intensive growing technologies there<br />
were chosen elements, which guarantee the constantly abundant and qualitative yield<br />
of eastern purple coneflower. During the investigations, which lasted for several<br />
years, there were evaluated the biological features of eastern purple coneflower and<br />
basing on them it was possible to plan industrial growing of this herb. The yield of<br />
plant grass and roots and the output of dry matter were established. The means,<br />
which might increase the productivity of eastern purple coneflower, were previsioned.<br />
Key words: biology, Echinacea purpurea L. Moench, intensive growing, productivity,<br />
eastern purple coneflower, herbs.<br />
321
SCIENTIFIC WORKS OF THE LITHUANIAN INSTITUTE OF<br />
HORTICULTURE AND LITHUANIAN UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURE.<br />
SODININKYSTË IR DARÞININKYSTË. 2006. <strong>25</strong>(4).<br />
EFFECT OF CLIMATIC CONDITIONS AND SEED<br />
DRESSING ON THE YIELD AND PROTEIN CONTENT<br />
IN SEEDS OF PEA<br />
Beata SZWEJKOWSKA *, Pavelas DUCHOVSKIS **<br />
*Cha<strong>ir</strong> of Plant Production, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn,<br />
Oczapowskiego 8, 10-719 Poland. E–mail: b-szw@gazeta.pl<br />
**Lithuanian Institute of Horticulture, Kauno 30, LT–54333 Babtai, Kaunas<br />
distr., Lithuania. E–mail: p.duchovskis@lsdi.lt<br />
In three-year field trial, completed in 2004–2006, the influence of climatic conditions<br />
and fungicide-insecticide seed dressing preparations on the content and yield<br />
of protein in seeds of several seed pea cultivars (Pisum sativum L.) was assessed.<br />
The study was conducted with three fungicide and insecticide seed dressing chemicals:<br />
Sarfun T 65 and Funaben T (disease control) and Super Homai 70 DS (disease<br />
and pest control). Four seed pea cultivars were grown: two edible ones – cv. ‘Brylant’<br />
and ‘Wenus’, and two field ones – ‘Eurika’ and ‘Marych’. The course of<br />
climatic conditions during the vegetative seasons was shown to have exerted considerable<br />
influence on the processes of total protein accumulation in pea seeds and<br />
protein yields. Weather had particularly positive effect in the f<strong>ir</strong>st and second years<br />
of the trial when more protein was accumulated in seeds of all four pea cultivars. It<br />
was so because in both years, especially during vegetative seasons, a<strong>ir</strong> temperatures<br />
and sunlight were favourable. In contrast, more rainfall and consequently more cloudy<br />
days in the th<strong>ir</strong>d year of the trial did not favour protein accumulation. The effect of<br />
the preparations applied on the volume of protein yields in pea seeds was moderate.<br />
It was produced via significant reduction of the effect of plant diseases and pests on<br />
total weight of seeds. However, fungicide and insecticide seed dressing chemicals<br />
were found to have no impact (or else the<strong>ir</strong> effect was not significant statistically)<br />
on the relative (%) content of protein in seed mass. The analysis of the predispositions<br />
of four cultivars to total protein accumulation proved that field varieties (‘Marych’<br />
and ‘Eurika’) were superior to the edible ones (‘Brylant’ and ‘Wenus’) in that<br />
respect.<br />
Key words: cultivars, pea, seed dressing chemicals, total protein.<br />
Introduction. Papilonaceous plants, including legumes, are rich source of proteins,<br />
which is in constant demand. This stimulates a wealth of research on the<br />
concentration of protein, composition of amino acids, digestibility and factors, which<br />
322
affect proper utilisation of this nutrient (Pisulewska, 1993; Kulig et al., 1997; Pastuszewska,<br />
1997; Martyniak, 2001). Such studies are growing in importance at the<br />
moment, as dieticians recommend substituting some animal protein and fat with<br />
plant nutrients (Lampart-Szczapa, 1997; Pastuszewska and Ochtabiñska, 1995). Increased<br />
demand for high-protein foodstuffs, which can be obtained for example from<br />
pea seeds, meets certain obstacles, both natural as the production of pea is strongly<br />
dependent on the climatic conditions, and economic factors (Pahl i Hoffman, 1995).<br />
Kotecki (1990), Alvino and Leone (1993), Fougereus and Dore (1997), Szukaùa<br />
et al. (1997) point to the fact that seed yield and protein content in seeds of leguminous<br />
plants, including pea, depend not only on genetic factors but also on the weather<br />
conditions (moisture and temperatures). Considering the latter, it is worth noticing<br />
that the literature usually contains information pertaining to the optimum water<br />
and temperature demands of a particular plant species, without making any distinction<br />
between cultivars. This problem has been raised by such authors as Andrzejewska<br />
et al. (2002), Szukaùa et al. (1997), Alvino and Leone (1993), who emphasise the<br />
fact that cultivars not only differ in the<strong>ir</strong> morphology and use, but they also respond<br />
differently to meteorological conditions, including temperatures and sunlight, which<br />
are of great importance for accumulation of protein. As far as yield of seeds is<br />
concerned, optimum a<strong>ir</strong> humidity and rainfall are more important.<br />
The aim of the present study has been to determine to what extent weather<br />
conditions and seed dressing chemicals, which control plant diseases and pests,<br />
influence the content and yield of protein in seeds of several pea cultivars.<br />
Methods and conditions. The experiment was carried out at the Experimental<br />
and Plant Production Station in Baùcyny near Ostróda, in the years 2004–2006. A<br />
strict, two-factor field trial was established on good wheat soil complex (2), classified<br />
according to the Polish soil classification system as class IIIb. It was rich in<br />
phosphorus and potassium and moderately rich in magnesium. The soil pH was 6.7.<br />
In each year of the trial pea was preceded by cereals.<br />
The variables in the experiment consisted of:<br />
– weather conditions (an independent variable, but characterised by high probability<br />
of variability, especially of average temperatures and rainfalls during subsequent<br />
months of pea vegetation seasons in a three-year trial);<br />
– either no seed dressing chemicals (control plots) or application of plant disease<br />
control preparations (Funaben T, Sarfun T) or disease and pest control preparation<br />
(Super Homai 70 DS);<br />
– two different types of pea cultivars: edible (‘Brylant’ and ‘Wenus’) and field<br />
ones (‘Marych’ and ‘Eurika’).<br />
In each year of the trial, seeds were sown in the f<strong>ir</strong>st decade of April, using a<br />
row seed drill, with the plant density of 100 plants per 1 square meter. Pea plants<br />
were harvested at two stages, in each year on the same day – 31 st of July. The<br />
volume of yields was assessed at comparable seed moisture content (14%), and the<br />
concentration of total protein was determined in laboratory, with Kjeldahl’s method<br />
applied to average samples collected from replications.<br />
The field experiment was established in a split-plot design, with four replications.<br />
Each plot measured 14.4 m 2 in surface area. The results were processed<br />
323
statistically using analysis of variance for multiple trials, testing the hypotheses according<br />
to T-student test at α = 0.05.<br />
While discussing the effect of the seed dressing chemicals applied and the weather<br />
conditions on the content of total protein in pea seeds, it is necessary to state a<br />
priori that weather conditions prevailing during the three years of the experiment<br />
were variable. Two basic factors, in particular, were highly changeable – a<strong>ir</strong> temperature<br />
and rainfall (Fig. 1 and 2).<br />
Fig. 1. Monthly precipitation during vegetation. Long-term: average in the period of<br />
1961–1990<br />
1 pav. Krituliø kiekis per mënesá. Daugiameèiai – vidutiniðkai per 1961–1990 metus<br />
The f<strong>ir</strong>st year of the tests (2004) was warm, with mean monthly precipitation<br />
suitable for the growth and development of pea plants. The second year (2005) was<br />
warmer, with the mean monthly temperature higher than long-term means and with<br />
lack of rains in April and July. Regardless of those differences, both years can be<br />
considered favourable for pea cultivation.<br />
The last year of the trial (2006) was completely different. Early spring was<br />
rather cold, whereas June and July were extremely hot with very little and sporadically<br />
occurring rainfall. It should be stressed that July in 2006 was the hottest month<br />
in this part of Poland during the past 200 years – the average temperature reached<br />
more than 23.5°C.<br />
Fig. 2. Monthly temperatures during vegetation. Long-term: average in the period of<br />
1961–1990<br />
2 pav. Mënesio temperatûrø vidurkis per vegetacijà. Daugiameèiai – vidutiniðkai per<br />
1961–1990 metus<br />
324
Results. The results of the experiments show clearly what effect weather conditions<br />
produced on the yield of protein obtained from each pea cultivar tested. Let<br />
us not forget that the volume of protein yields was a product of two traits, i.e. seed<br />
yield volume and per cent concentration of protein in seeds, both under the d<strong>ir</strong>ect<br />
influence of weather conditions, rather than an intrinsic characteristic. Those two<br />
traits significantly varied between the years of the trial, showing a diverse d<strong>ir</strong>ection<br />
of modification. On the one hand, the mean seed yield volume for all the four pea<br />
cultivars was higher in the f<strong>ir</strong>st two years (4.38 and 4.32 dt/ha, respectively), decreasing<br />
considerably in the th<strong>ir</strong>d year (down to 3.11 dt/ha). On the other hand, the<br />
relative protein content in pea seeds was the highest in the last year of the trial<br />
(<strong>25</strong>.3%), which was considerably higher than in the f<strong>ir</strong>st two years (20.9 and 23.9%,<br />
respectively) (Tables 1 and 2). This means that the less favourable weather inhibited<br />
synthesis of non-protein compounds in pea seeds to a slightly larger extent than that<br />
of protein.<br />
Year<br />
Metai<br />
Table 1. Yield of pea seeds. Baùcyny, 2004–2006<br />
1 lentelë. Þ<strong>ir</strong>niø sëklø derlius. Baùcyny, 2004–2006 m.<br />
Cultivar<br />
Veislë<br />
‘Brylant’ ‘Wenus’ ‘Marych’ ‘Eurika’<br />
t ha -1<br />
Mean of<br />
cultivars<br />
Veislës vidurkis<br />
2004 4.48 4.61 3.49 4.95 4.38<br />
2005 4.52 4.39 3.50 4.87 4.32<br />
2006 3.35 3.21 2.83 3.03 3.11<br />
LSD (p = 0.05) for: cultivar – n.s. (not significant differences); years – 0.34; interaction of cultivar<br />
and years – n.s. / R 05<br />
: sk<strong>ir</strong>tumai tarp veisliø neesminiai, tarp metø – 0,34; veisliø <strong>ir</strong> metø –<br />
neesminiai.<br />
Table 2. Content of total protein in pea seed. Baùcyny, 2004–2006<br />
2 lentelë. Suminis baltymø kiekis þ<strong>ir</strong>niø sëklose. Baùcyny, 2004–2006 m.<br />
Cultivar<br />
Veislë<br />
Mean of<br />
cultivars<br />
Veislës vidurkis<br />
Year<br />
Metai ‘Brylant’ ‘Wenus’ ‘Marych’ ‘Eurika’<br />
%<br />
2004 20.5 20.5 21.3 21.3 20.9<br />
2005 22.5 22.8 <strong>25</strong>.5 24.8 23.9<br />
2006 23.7 23.5 27.5 26.5 <strong>25</strong>.3<br />
LSD (p = 0.05) for: cultivar – n.s. (not significant differences); years – 0.09; interaction of<br />
cultivar and years – n.s. / R 05<br />
: sk<strong>ir</strong>tumai tarp veisliø neesminiai, tarp metø – 0,09; veisliø <strong>ir</strong><br />
metø – neesminiai.<br />
3<strong>25</strong>
The variability in the seed yields obtained in the consecutive years of the experiment<br />
was significantly higher than that of the relative protein content in seed mass,<br />
which meant that the protein yield was positively correlated with the yield of seeds,<br />
depending on the changeable weather conditions. In other words, higher seed yield<br />
well compensated for the depressed relative protein yield (Table 3).<br />
Table 3. Total protein yield in pea seed. Baùcyny, 2004–2006<br />
3 lentelë. Suminis baltymø þ<strong>ir</strong>niø sëklose derlius. Baùcyny, 2004–2006 m.<br />
Cultivar<br />
Veislë<br />
Mean of<br />
Year<br />
cultivars<br />
Metai ‘Brylant’ ‘Wenus’ ‘Marych’ ‘Eurika’<br />
t ha -1<br />
Veislës vidurkis<br />
2004 0.918 0.945 0.743 1.054 0.915<br />
2005 1.017 1.001 0.893 1.208 1.032<br />
2006 0.794 0.754 0.778 0.803 0.787<br />
LSD (p = 0.05) for: cultivar – n.s. (not significant differences); years – 0.23; interaction of cultivar<br />
and years – n.s. / R 05<br />
: sk<strong>ir</strong>tumai tarp veisliø neesminiai, tarp metø – 0,23; veisliø <strong>ir</strong> metø –<br />
neesminiai.<br />
Comparing the cultivars, it needs to be said that the highest relative decline in<br />
yields in the th<strong>ir</strong>d year of the experiment was recorded for cv. ‘Eurika’ and ‘Wenus’<br />
(Fig. 3), although the increase in the relative content of protein compensated this<br />
loss, especially in the case of cv. ‘Eurika’, whose relative protein yield in the th<strong>ir</strong>d<br />
year of the experiment was the highest among all the cultivars tested (Table 3).<br />
Fig. 3. Variation of yield of the pea seed (yield in 2004 = 100%)<br />
3 pav. Þ<strong>ir</strong>niø sëklø derliaus kintamumas (2004 m. derlius = 100%)<br />
The application of seed dressing chemicals was an experimental variable, which<br />
was independent from weather conditions. The response of pea seed yielding to the<br />
preparations used was clearly evident and statistically significant in years. Versus the<br />
control plots, where no seed dressing treatments were conducted, the protein yield<br />
obtained was much higher. Such correlation occurred <strong>ir</strong>respective of weather conditions,<br />
in all the years of the trial and for all the cultivars. The increased seed mass<br />
attributed to the application of the seed dressing chemicals was caused by the pro-<br />
326
tective action of the latter, which inhibited the development of pathogenic organisms<br />
and pests. Three preparations, which offered complex protection of the crops, were<br />
tested in the present study: Sarfun and Funaben to control plant diseases and Super<br />
Homai to control diseases and pests. In comparison with the control plots, the plots<br />
where the above preparations had been applied revealed much weaker negative effects<br />
on the growth and development of pea plants caused mainly by such diseases<br />
as cochyta blight (Ascochita pinodest) and fungal diseases evoked by Fusarium spp.<br />
Less severe damage was caused by plant pests, including pea moth (Laspeyresia<br />
nigricana Steph), pea beetle (Bruchus pisorum L.), weevils (Sitona L.) and pea<br />
aphid (Acyrthosiphon pisum Harris).<br />
As mentioned before, the volume of protein yield depended on the seed yield<br />
mass and its relative protein content. The effect of the seed dressing preparations<br />
consisted mainly in raising the seed yield, whereas the modification of the relative<br />
protein content in seeds, albeit unid<strong>ir</strong>ectional (the largest change occurred when<br />
Super Homai had been applied) was statistically non-significant.<br />
While analysing the potential capability of the cultivars to accumulate protein in<br />
seeds, it appeared to be the highest for the field cultivar ‘Eurika’, followed by two<br />
edible varieties ‘Brylant’ and ‘Wenus’. The lowest protein mass per plot area unit<br />
was determined for the field cultivar ‘Marych’, which was attributed to the lowest<br />
total yield of seeds, as the relative protein content in the seeds of this cultivar was the<br />
highest among the four pea varieties (Tables 4, 5).<br />
Table 4 Yield of pea seed in relationship to the seed dressing chemicals. Baùcyny,<br />
2004–2006<br />
4 lentelë. Þ<strong>ir</strong>niø sëklø apdorojimo cheminiais preparatais poveikis sëklø derliui.<br />
Baùcyny, 2004–2006 m.<br />
Seed dressing chemicals<br />
Sëklø apdorojimas cheminiais<br />
preparatais<br />
No seed dressing chemicals<br />
Cultivar<br />
Veislë<br />
‘Brylant’ ‘Wenus’ ‘Marych’ ‘Eurika’<br />
t ha -1<br />
Mean<br />
Vidurkis<br />
Sëklos neapdorotos 3.51 3.35 2.87 3.73 3.36<br />
Sarfun / Funaben 4.18 4.<strong>25</strong> 3.30 4.39 4.03<br />
Super Homai 4.59 4.57 3.64 4.73 4.38<br />
Mean / Vidurkis 4.09 4.06 3.27 4.28<br />
LSD (p = 0.05) for: cultivar – n.s. (not significant differences); seed dressing chemicals – n.s.;<br />
interaction of cultivar and seed dressing chemicals – n.s. / R 05<br />
: sk<strong>ir</strong>tumai tarp veisliø,<br />
tarp sëklø apdorojimo cheminiais preparatais, tarp veisliø <strong>ir</strong> apdorojimo cheminiais<br />
preparatais sàveikos neesminiai.<br />
327
Table 5 Contents of total protein in pea seed in relationship to the seed dressing<br />
chemicals<br />
5 lentelë. Bendrøjø baltymø koncentracijos þ<strong>ir</strong>niø sëklose priklausomumas nuo sëklø<br />
apdorojimo cheminiais preparatais<br />
Seed dressing chemicals<br />
Sëklø apdorojimas cheminiais<br />
preparatais<br />
Cultivar<br />
Veislë<br />
‘Brylant’ ‘Wenus’ ‘Marych’ ‘Eurika’<br />
Mean<br />
Vidurkis<br />
%<br />
No seed dressing chemicals<br />
Sëklos neapdorotos 21.6 21.9 24.4 23.8 22.9<br />
Sarfun / Funaben 22.5 22.4 24.8 24.4 23.5<br />
Super Homai 22.6 22.7 <strong>25</strong>.2 24.5 23.7<br />
Mean / Vidurkis 22.2 22.3 24.8 24.2<br />
LSD (p = 0.05) for: cultivar – n.s. (not significant differences); seed dressing chemicals – n.s.;<br />
interaction of cultivar and seed dressing chemicals – n.s. / R 05<br />
: sk<strong>ir</strong>tumai tarp veisliø,<br />
tarp sëklø apdorojimo cheminiais preparatais, tarp veisliø <strong>ir</strong> apdorojimo cheminiais<br />
preparatais sàveikos neesminiai.<br />
Discussion. The main source of plant protein, which is a staple nutrient in<br />
foodstuffs, is found in leguminous plants, including pea, which are cultivated all<br />
over the world. At present, it is recommended to increase the share of plant protein<br />
in human diets. The content of this nutrient in leguminous plants is diverse and<br />
depends on a plant species, genetic traits of cultivars and the course of the weather<br />
conditions during the vegetative season. Such a strong response of pea to changeable<br />
weather conditions has negative consequences for farmers. It is perceived as a<br />
problem in many countries (Alvino and Leone, 1993; Martin et al., 1994; Fougereus<br />
and Dore, 1997). In Poland, Jasiñska and Kotecki (1994), Kotecki (1990), Pisulewska<br />
(1993) conf<strong>ir</strong>m that both seed yield and protein content in seeds, apart from<br />
genetic traits of crops, also depend on climatic conditions, which prevail during the<br />
growth and development of plants. The present study has clearly verified this hypothesis.<br />
Slightly different moisture and temperature conditions, which occurred in<br />
each year of the experiment, caused a significant difference in the content of protein<br />
in the seeds of four seed pea cultivars. The trial has also demonstrated a positive<br />
correlation between the yield of seeds and the protein yield, which is in accord with<br />
other researches (Úwiêcicki and Úwiêcicki, 1981). The lowest total protein content<br />
in the seeds of all the four pea cultivars was determined in 2004; it was 3% lower<br />
than in 2005 and 4.2% lower than in 2006. Jasiñska and Kotecki (1994) show that<br />
differences in the content of protein caused by climatic factors can range within<br />
4.5%. The differences recorded hereby in the content of total protein in pea seeds<br />
were caused, apart from genetic traits, by an immediate influence of weather conditions<br />
as well as an ind<strong>ir</strong>ect influence of seed dressing chemicals applied. The difference<br />
to the advantage of seed dressing preparations, in relative values, was ca 2%,<br />
but turned out to be statistically non-significant. The results reported by Kolasiñski<br />
and Grzelak (1993) and Kolasiñski (1997) show that while selecting and applying<br />
328
seed dressing chemicals it is necessary to know what response they can cause in<br />
seeds of various crops. This study did not reveal any negative impact of the chemicals<br />
applied on seed quality, vigour or emergence.<br />
Conclusions. 1. The analysis of the climatic conditions and seed dressing chemicals<br />
contained in the present study, on the content and yield of total protein in<br />
seeds of several pea cultivars enables us to draw the following conclusions:<br />
2. Changeable weather conditions significantly influenced the content and yield<br />
of total protein in seed of four pea cultivars examined. The accumulation of protein<br />
in seeds and increase in the seed mass obtained per surface area unit were favoured<br />
by higher temperature during the vegetative season, moderate rainfall and, as a result,<br />
more sunlight.<br />
3. Inhibition of fungal diseases and infestation by plant pests caused by the<br />
application of seed dressing resulted mainly in a considerable increase in the seed<br />
mass per surface area unit. This fact, along with the statistically non-significant<br />
effect of the seed dressing chemicals applied on the relative protein content, meant<br />
that a considerable increase in the mass of protein per surface area unit was obtained<br />
versus the control plots.<br />
4. Four pea cultivars tested showed statistically conf<strong>ir</strong>med variation in the capability<br />
to accumulate protein. Two field cultivars, ‘Eurika’ and ‘Marych’, showed<br />
particularly high potential for protein accumulation, although in the former cultivar it<br />
consisted mainly of its ability to accumulate relatively high quantities of protein in<br />
seed mass.<br />
Gauta 2006-11-09<br />
Parengta spausdinti 2006-12-11<br />
References<br />
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SODININKYSTË IR DARÞININKYSTË. MOKSLO DARBAI. 2006. <strong>25</strong>(4).<br />
METEOROLOGINIØ SÀLYGØ IR SËKLØ APDOROJIMO<br />
CHEMINIAIS PREPARATAIS ÁTAKA ÞIRNIØ DERLIUI IR<br />
BALTYMØ KIEKIUI<br />
B. Szwejkowska, P. Duchovskis<br />
Santrauka<br />
2004–2006 metais atlikti lauko bandymai, siekiant nustatyti meteorologiniø sàlygø<br />
<strong>ir</strong> sëklø apdorojimo cheminiais preparatais átakà áva<strong>ir</strong>iø veisliø þ<strong>ir</strong>niø derliui <strong>ir</strong><br />
baltymø kaupimuisi. Nustatyta, kad þ<strong>ir</strong>niø derlius <strong>ir</strong> baltymø kiekis jø sëklose ið esmës<br />
priklausë nuo veislës genotipo <strong>ir</strong> atsk<strong>ir</strong>ø metø meteorologiniø sàlygø, ypaè nuo<br />
aukðtesnës temperatûros bei optimalaus apðvietimo. Sëklø apdorojimas áva<strong>ir</strong>iais cheminiais<br />
preparatais ið esmës nedarë átakos þ<strong>ir</strong>niø derliui bei baltymø kiekiui sëklose.<br />
Reikðminiai þodþiai: suminis baltymø kiekis, sëklø apdorojimas cheminiais preparatais,<br />
veislë, þ<strong>ir</strong>niai.<br />
330
LIETUVOS SODININKYSTËS IR DARÞININKYSTËS INSTITUTO IR<br />
LIETUVOS ÞEMËS ÛKIO UNIVERSITETO MOKSLO DARBAI.<br />
SODININKYSTË IR DARÞININKYSTË. 2006. <strong>25</strong>(4).<br />
ÞEMOS TEMPERATÛROS POVEIKIS SUPEROKSIDO<br />
DISMUTAZËS AKTYVUMUI ATSPARIUOSE ÐALNOMS<br />
BULVIØ HIBRIDUOSE<br />
Regina VYÐNIAUSKIENË, Zenonas JANÈYS, Rapolas SPALINSKAS<br />
Botanikos institutas, Þaliøjø eþerø g. 49, LT-08406 Vilnius.<br />
El. paðtas regina.v@botanika.lt<br />
Buvo iðt<strong>ir</strong>ti atspariø ðalnoms Solanum tuberosum L. <strong>ir</strong> S. commersonii Dun. hibridø,<br />
augintø in vitro kultûroje, superoksido dismutazës (SOD) <strong>ir</strong> fotosintetiniø pigmentø<br />
pokyèiai po adaptacijos þema (+6°C) temperatûra. Nustatyti tëviniø formø –<br />
S. commersonii <strong>ir</strong> S. tuberosum – tarprûðiniai SOD izofermentinio spektro sk<strong>ir</strong>tumai.<br />
Hibridai paveldëjo ið recipiento S. tuberosum veislës ‘Matilda’ SOD spektro tipà su 6<br />
izoformomis <strong>ir</strong> ið donoro S. commersonii adaptacijos metu indukuojamà SOD-1 izoformà.<br />
Tarprûðiniø hibridø SOD aktyvumas yra didesnis nei jautrios ðalnoms recipientinës<br />
rûðies S. tuberosum veislës ‘Matilda’, taèiau maþesnis nei S. commersonii<br />
Dun. Po 14 <strong>ir</strong> 21 dienos adaptacijos þema temperatûra visuose augaluose sumaþëjo<br />
fotosintezës pigmentø kiekis, taèiau padidëjo SOD aktyvumas <strong>ir</strong> tik hibride H323<br />
SOD aktyvumas ðiek tiek maþëjo. Galbût hibrido H323 izofermentinio SOD aktyvumo<br />
sumaþëjimas yra ne visai susijæs su ið S. commersonii paveldëtu atsparumu þemai<br />
temperatûrai. Aukðtas H188 hibrido SOD aktyvumo lygis leidþia tikëtis, kad SOD<br />
izofermentai dalyvauja bulviø atsparumo ðalèiui formavimosi procese.<br />
Reikðminiai þodþiai: SOD – superoksido dismutazë, S. commersonii Dun.,<br />
S. tuberosum veislë ‘Matilda’, tarprûðiniai hibridai.<br />
Ávadas. Þemos temperatûros sukeliami augalø paþeidimai daþniausiai pas<strong>ir</strong>eiðkia<br />
laikinais metabolizmo sutrikimais, o minusinës temperatûros sukelia <strong>ir</strong> negráþtamus<br />
pakitimus. Taèiau atsparûs ðalèiui augalai gali atsigauti po p<strong>ir</strong>miniø paþeidimø. Nustatyta,<br />
kad vienø ðalèio indukuojamø Cor (cold regulated) genø grupës koduojami baltymai<br />
apsaugo làstelës membranines struktûras nuo dehidratacijos <strong>ir</strong> t<strong>ir</strong>piø toksinø,<br />
kitos genø grupës koduojami baltymai reaguoja netiesiogiai á ðalèio stresà <strong>ir</strong> tarpininkauja<br />
biocheminiuose <strong>ir</strong> fiziologiniuose procesuose adaptacijos ðalèiui metu (Steponkus,<br />
1998; Shinozaki, Yamaguchi-Shinozaki, 1997). Atsparumas þemai temperatûrai<br />
yra genetiðkai kontroliuojamas procesas, sietinas <strong>ir</strong> su metabolizmo persitvarkymu,<br />
<strong>ir</strong> genø raiðka augalo làstelëse.<br />
Be atsako á ðaltá, augalø genø apsauginëse reakcijose svarbûs <strong>ir</strong> antioksidacinio<br />
streso fermentai. Oksidaciniai paþeidimai, ats<strong>ir</strong>andantys dël neigiamø temperatûrø,<br />
331
daþniausiai susijæs su superoksido radikalø pertekliumi. Superoksido dismutazës (SOD)<br />
izofermentas (EC 1.15.1.1) svarbiausias augalø antioksidacinëse reakcijose, nes paðalina<br />
superoksido radikalus (O 2-<br />
) dismutazës reakcijos metu. Ðiai reakcijai vykstant<br />
susidaro vandenilio peroksidas <strong>ir</strong> deguonis. Vandenilio peroksido perteklius detoksikuojamas<br />
kitø antioksidaciniø fermentø – katalazës <strong>ir</strong> peroksidazës. Antioksidaciniø<br />
izofermentø aktyvumo padidëjimas daþniausiai siejamas su antioksidaciniu augalo<br />
atsaku á sukeltà stresà (Blokhina <strong>ir</strong> kt, 2003). Augalo atsako intensyvumà á oksidaciná<br />
stresà galima nustatyti pagal padidëjusá antioksidaciniø fermentø aktyvumà adaptacijos<br />
metu. Yra duomenø, kad pakankamai didelis antioksidacinis fermentinis aktyvumas<br />
gali apsaugoti augalà nuo oksidacijos paþaidø, tuo padidindamas augalo tolerantiðkumà<br />
stresiniams veiksniams (Foyer, 1994).<br />
Darbo tikslas – iðt<strong>ir</strong>ti tarprûðiniø atspariø ðalnoms bulviø hibridø adaptaciná<br />
þemos temperatûros poveiká antioksidaciniø fermentø aktyvumui. Pagrindiniai uþdaviniai<br />
– nustatyti atspariø ðalnoms somatiniø bulviø hibridø SOD elektroforezinius<br />
spektrus, SOD aktyvumà, palyginti su tëvinëmis formomis <strong>ir</strong> ávertinti galimà SOD<br />
izofermentø dalyvavimà adaptacijos þemai temperatûrai procese.<br />
Tyrimo objektas <strong>ir</strong> metodai. Somatiniai bulviø hibridai yra paveldëjæ ið donoro –<br />
laukinës rûðies Solanum commersonii Dun. genominës DNR fragmentus <strong>ir</strong> ágavæ<br />
atsparumà ðalèiui (Proscevièius, 1987). Atsparios ðalèiui Solanum commersonii Dun.<br />
rûðies <strong>ir</strong> kultûrinës veislës S. tuberosum veislës ‘Matilda’ somatiniai bulviø hibridai<br />
(H188, H323, H269) auginami in vitro sàlygomis. Adaptacijos bandymai atliekami su<br />
trijø savaièiø amþiaus kultûromis: kontroliniai augalai (K) auginami +22°C temperatûroje,<br />
adaptacija (Ad) vyksta +6°C temperatûroje, esant 16/8 val. fotoperiodui.<br />
SOD izofermentiniams tyrimams lapø auginiai imami po 7, 14 <strong>ir</strong> 21 dienø adaptacijos.<br />
SOD iðsk<strong>ir</strong>iamas lapus homogenizuojant Na-K fosfatiniu buferiu, pH 7,8. SOD<br />
elektroforetiðkai frakcionuojamas 4–10% PAAG pagal V. K. Laemmlá (1970). Bendras<br />
SOD aktyvumas buvo nustatomas spektrofotometru. Metodas paremtas SOD<br />
savybe inhibuoti NBT fotocheminæ reakcijà (Beyer, Fridovich 1987).<br />
Baltymo koncentracija apskaièiuojama pagal BSA kalibracinæ kreivæ<br />
(Bradford, 1976). Fotosintetiniai pigmentai nustatomi spektofotometru 100% acetone.<br />
Statistinë analizë atlikta naudojant MS („Microsoft Corporation“) „Exel 2003“<br />
statistinës analizës programiniø priedø paketà.<br />
Rezultatai. T<strong>ir</strong>iant natyviø baltymø elektroforegramas, buvo nustatyti bulviø<br />
superoksido dismutazës (SOD) izofermentiniai profiliai: atsparaus ðalèiui S. commersonii<br />
Dun., jautrios ðalèiui Solanum tuberosum L. veislës ‘Matilda’ <strong>ir</strong> atspariø ðalnoms<br />
H323, H188 hibridø SOD profiliai. Laukinës rûðies S. commersonii SOD spektras<br />
susideda ið keturiø izoformø, kurios buvo paþymëtos SOD-1, SOD-2, SOD-3,<br />
SOD-4 pagal elektroforeziná paslankumà (R f<br />
). Numeracija pradedama anodo link nuo<br />
lëèiausiai judanèios izoformos, kuriø R f<br />
atitinkamai yra 0,30; 0,38; 0,42; 0,48.<br />
Kultûrinës S. tuberosum veislës ‘Matilda’ spektrà sudaro ðeðios SOD izoformos,<br />
paþymëtos SOD-2, SOD-3a, SOD-4, SOD-5, SOD-6, SOD-7, kuriø R f<br />
yra<br />
atitinkamai 0,38; 0,45; 0,48; 0,51; 0,56 <strong>ir</strong> 0,67. Lyginant tëvines formas tarpusavyje,<br />
buvo nustatyta, kad dvi juostos – SOD-2 <strong>ir</strong> SOD-4 – aptinkamos <strong>ir</strong> laukinëje S. commersonii<br />
rûðyje, <strong>ir</strong> kultûrinës rûðies S. tuberosum veislëje ‘Matilda’. Taèiau S. commersonii<br />
spektrui bûdinga SOD-1 izoforma neaptinkama veislës ‘Matilda’ kontrolëje.<br />
332
Pastarojoje aptinkamos, be jau minëtø, dar 3 izoformos: SOD-5, SOD-6 <strong>ir</strong> SOD-7,<br />
kuriø neturi laukinë rûðis S. commersonii. Taigi, elektroforetiðkai buvo nustatyta, kad<br />
ðalnoms atsparûs hibridai H188 <strong>ir</strong> H323 paveldëjo kultûrinës rûðies SOD izoformø<br />
profilá, kuris susideda ið 6 izoformø. Schematiðkai pavaizduota 1 pav., A.<br />
1 pav. Bulviø Solanum commersonii <strong>ir</strong> S. tuberosum <strong>ir</strong> atspariø ðalnoms hibridø SOD<br />
izoformø profiliø schema. A – kontroliniai augalai, B – po 14 dienø adaptacijos (+6°C)<br />
Þymëjimai: S. com. – (S. commersonii), S. tuberosum veislë ‘Matilda’, hibridai: H188 <strong>ir</strong><br />
H323. Panaudotas 10% PAAG.<br />
Fig. 1. SOD isozyme profiles from hybrids of potato Solanum commersonii and S. tuberosum.<br />
SOD izoforms elektoforetic profiles: A – control plants, B – after 14 day adaptation (+6°C)<br />
Designations: S. commersonii- S. com., S. tuberosum cv. ‘Matilda’, hybrids: H188 and H323.<br />
Po 14 dienø adaptacijos indukuojama SOD-1 izoforma hibriduose H188, H323<br />
<strong>ir</strong> tëvinëse formose, taèiau ðios izoformos SOD aktyvumas intensyvesnis S. commersonii<br />
po adaptacijos.<br />
2 pav. SOD izofermentinio aktyvumo pokyèiai po 14 dienø adapacijos bulviø<br />
Solanum tuberosum <strong>ir</strong> S. commersonii hibriduose: takeliai: 1, 2 – S. commersonii;<br />
3, 4 – S. tuberosum v. ‘Matilda’; 5, 6 – H188; 7, 8 – H323; kontrolës – 1, 3, 5, 7;<br />
adaptacija (+ 6°C) – 2, 4, 6, 8. Naudotas 10% PAAG. Vaizdas revertuotas.<br />
Fig. 2. Changes of SOD isozyme activity from Solanum tuberosum and S. commersonii<br />
hybrids of potato after 14 days after adaptation: Lanes: 1, 2 – S. commersonii;<br />
3, 4 – S. tuberosum cv. ‘Matilda’; 5, 6 – H188; 7, 8 – H323. Control – 1, 3, 5, 7;<br />
adaptation (+ 6°C)- 2, 4, 6, 8. 10% PAG. Image reversed.<br />
333
Taèiau po 21 dienos adaptacijos SOD-1 izoforma ats<strong>ir</strong>anda <strong>ir</strong> visuose kontroliniuose<br />
augaluose. (3 pav.). Po 21 dienos adaptacijos S. commersonii padidëja SOD-5<br />
izoformos aktyvumas. Tikriausiai izoformos SOD-1 sintezë susijusi ne tik su adaptacijos<br />
procesais, bet <strong>ir</strong> su augalo senëjimu.<br />
3 pav. SOD izofermentinio aktyvumo pokyèiai po 21 dienos adaptacijos Solanum<br />
tuberosum <strong>ir</strong> S. commersonii hibriduose: takeliai: 1, 2 – S. commersonii;<br />
3, 4 – S. tuberosum v. ‘Matilda’; 5, 6 – H323; 7, 8 – H188; 9, 10 – H269;<br />
11, 12 – H545; 13, 14 – H515; kontrolës – 1, 3, 5, 7, 9, 11, 13;<br />
adaptacija (+ 6°C) – 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12. Vaizdas revertuotas.<br />
Fig. 3. Changes of SOD isozyme activity from Solanum tuberosum and S. commersonii<br />
hybrids after 21 days after adaptation: Lanes: 1, 2 – S. commersonii; 3, 4 – S. tuberosum cv.<br />
‘Matilda’; 5, 6 – H188; 7, 8 – H323;. Control – 1, 3, 5, 7 9, 11, 13, 15; adaptation (+ 6°C) –<br />
2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 14. Image reversed.<br />
T<strong>ir</strong>dami bendràjá SOD aktyvumà, nustatëme, kad po 14 <strong>ir</strong> 21 dienø adaptacijos<br />
jis padidëja, palyginti su kontrole. Pateiktame 4 pav. matyti, kad SOD aktyvumas<br />
S.commersonii 7 kartus v<strong>ir</strong>ðija kultûrinës S. tuberosum veislës ‘Matilda’ SOD<br />
lygá, o po adaptacijos padidëja net iki 8,5 karto. SOD aktyvumas S. tuberosum<br />
veislës ‘Matilda’ po adaptacijos pakyla beveik dvigubai, bet yra þymiai maþesnis,<br />
palyginti su laukinës S.commersonii SOD aktyvumu. Hibrido H188 po adaptacijos<br />
SOD aktyvumas padidëja, taèiau jo kontrolinis SOD lygis yra beveik 3 kartus didesnis<br />
negu kultûrinës S. tuberosum veislës ‘Matilda’, todël absoliutus atsparaus<br />
hibrido SOD aktyvumo padidëjimas yra triskart didesnis. Kiek netikëtas hibrido<br />
H323 bendro SOD aktyvumo sumaþëjimas po adaptacijos, bet vis tiek hibrido H323<br />
bendras SOD aktyvumo lygis lieka 1,5 karto didesnis negu jautrios S. tuberosum<br />
veislës ‘Matilda’ po adaptacijos <strong>ir</strong> prilygsta atsparaus ðalnoms hibrido H188 kontroliniam<br />
lygiui.<br />
Po 14 dienø poveikio þema temperatûra baltymø kiekis sumaþëjo visuose t<strong>ir</strong>tuose<br />
augaluose. Þymûs yra baltymø kiekio svyravimai tarp rûðiø. Ypaè jautriai reagavo<br />
á temperatûros sumaþëjimà S. commersonii augalai – baltymø kiekis sumaþëjo 2,5<br />
karto, o hibridø adaptacijos poveikis nebuvo toks ryðkus.<br />
334
4 pav. SOD aktyvumo <strong>ir</strong> baltymø kiekio pokyèiai po 14 dienø adapacijos Solanum<br />
tuberosum <strong>ir</strong> S. commersonii <strong>ir</strong> atspariuose ðalnoms hibriduose<br />
Þymëjimai: kontrolës: S. com. K – S. commersonii; S. tub. – S. tuberosum ‘Matilda’ K;<br />
hibridai – H323 K, H188 K; adaptacija: S. com. Ad – S. commersonii, S.tub. ‘Matilda’<br />
Ad S tuberosum; hibridai: H323 Ad, H188 Ad; SOD aktyvumas, nM min - ¹ g - ¹<br />
þalios biomasës. Baltymø kiekis, mg g -1 þalios biomasës.<br />
Fig. 4. Changes of SOD isozyme activity from Solanum tuberosum and S. commersonii<br />
hybrids after 14 days after adaptation. Designation: control - S. commersonii- S. com. K,<br />
S. tuberosum – S. tub. ‘Matilda’ K, hybrids - H323 K, H188 K; adaptacion - S. commersonii –<br />
S. com. Ad, S. tuberosum – S. tub. ‘Matilda’ Ad; hybrids – H323 Ad, H188 Ad. SOD activity,<br />
nM min - ¹ g - ¹ f.wt. Protein, mg g -1 f.w.; f.w. – fresh weight.<br />
Taigi, bendras SOD aktyvumo tyrimas rodo, kad laukinës S. commersonii <strong>ir</strong> kultûrinës<br />
S. tuberosum veislës ‘Matilda’ <strong>ir</strong> jø atsparaus hibrido H188 fermentinës sistemos<br />
aktyvumo padidëjimas, indukuojamas þema teigiama temperatûra, yra proporcingas, o<br />
sk<strong>ir</strong>tumai kiekybiniai, taèiau H323 hibrido SOD aktyvumas adaptacijos metu maþëja.<br />
T<strong>ir</strong>iant fotosintezës pigmentø pokyèius adaptacijos metu, nustatyta, kad jø kiekis<br />
visø variantø bulvëse maþëja, iðskyrus hibrido H 323 chlorofilà b (1 lentelë).<br />
1 lentelë. Bulviø Solanum tuberosum <strong>ir</strong> S. commersonii atspariø ðalnoms hibridø<br />
adaptacijos þema temperatûra poveikis fotosintetiniø pigmentø kiekiui augalø lapuose<br />
Table 1. Low temperature influence on pigments concentration in the leaves of potato<br />
S. tuberosum and S. commersonii hybrids<br />
Pavadinimas<br />
Nomination<br />
Pigmentai, mg g - ¹ þ. m<br />
Pigments, mg g - ¹f. w<br />
karotinai<br />
ChA<br />
ChB<br />
carotines<br />
S. com 0,505 ± 0,024 0,176 ± 0,014 0,226 ± 0,013<br />
S. com ad 0,<strong>25</strong>3 ± 0,007 0,089 ± 0,008 0,120 ± 0,001<br />
‘Matilda’ 0,341 ± 0,119 0,1<strong>25</strong> ± 0,042 0,152 ± 0,056<br />
‘Matilda’ ad 0,244 ± 0,005 0,108 ± 0,010 0,116 ± 0,002<br />
H 323 0,284 ± 0,022 0,086 ± 0,013 0,121 ± 0,009<br />
H 323 ad 0,265 ± 0,027 0,112 ± 0,011 0,110 ± 0,015<br />
H 188 0,577 ± 0,053 0,176 ± 0,0<strong>25</strong> 0,239 ± 0,021<br />
H 188 ad 0,388 ± 0,018 0,146 ± 0,014 0,174 ± 0,002<br />
Paaiðkinimai: ChA – chlorofilas a, ChB – chlorofilas b / Designation. Chlorophyll – ChA,<br />
chlorophyll b – Ch<br />
335
Pateikti duomenys rodo, kad S. commersonii jautriausiai reaguoja á þemas teigiamas<br />
temperatûras visais t<strong>ir</strong>tais rodikliais <strong>ir</strong> ChA, ChB beveik siekia 50 proc. Tas<br />
pats pasakytina apie atsparø hibridà H188. Taèiau H323 ChA <strong>ir</strong> karotino kiekio sumaþëjimas<br />
neþymus (nesiekë 10 proc.), nors ChB kiekis padidëjo net 30 proc. Taèiau<br />
H188 ChA, ChB <strong>ir</strong> karotinø kiekis prilygsta laukinës rûðies S. comersonii pigmentø<br />
kiekiui <strong>ir</strong> net didesnis uþ já.<br />
Aptarimas. T<strong>ir</strong>dami bulviø Solanum commersonii <strong>ir</strong> S. tuberosum SOD izoformø<br />
spektrus, aptikome, kad jie yra sk<strong>ir</strong>tingø tipø, o atsparûs ðalnoms hibridai visiðkai<br />
paveldëjo kultûrinës veislës SOD izofermentiná spektro tipà.<br />
Adaptacijos (+6°) metu S. commersonii <strong>ir</strong> atspariuose ðalnoms hibriduose H323<br />
<strong>ir</strong> H188 indukuojamos SOD-1 <strong>ir</strong> SOD-5 izoformos. Pastaroji konstitutyvi – randama<br />
<strong>ir</strong> jautrioje S. tuberosum veislëje ‘Matilda’, <strong>ir</strong> hibridø H323, H188 kontrolëje bei po<br />
adaptacijos. Matyt, SOD-1 izoforma yra paveldëta ið donoro <strong>ir</strong> yra specifinë laukinei<br />
rûðiai. Ðalèio adaptacijos metu indukuojama <strong>ir</strong> SOD-5 izoforma, kurios aktyvumas<br />
labai ryðkus veikiant ðalèiu S. commersonii. Ðià izoformà turi <strong>ir</strong> jautri ðalnoms S. tuberosum<br />
veislë ‘Matilda’, taip pat atsparûs ðalnoms hibridai <strong>ir</strong> kontrolëje, <strong>ir</strong> adaptacijos<br />
þema teigiama temperatûra metu.<br />
Adaptacija suaktyvina augalo apsauginæ sistemà, nes padidëja atsk<strong>ir</strong>ø SOD izoformø<br />
aktyvumas <strong>ir</strong> tëvinëse formose, <strong>ir</strong> hibride H188. Taip pat adaptacija sukelia<br />
fotosintetiniø pigmentø – chlorofilø a, b <strong>ir</strong> karotinoidø kiekio sumaþëjimà. Kitø autoriø<br />
duomenimis, þemos teigiamos temperatros kukurûzuose <strong>ir</strong> ðpinatuose sukelia fotosintezës<br />
pigmentø kiekio sumaþëjimà, kuris tiesiogiai koreliuoja su antioksidaciniø<br />
fermentø aktyvumo padidëjimu. Tai pagrindþia prielaidà, kad pakankamai didelis antioksidacinis<br />
aktyvumas gali apsaugoti augalà nuo oksidacijos paþaidø, esant stresams,<br />
todël <strong>ir</strong> padidëja tolerantiðkumas tam veiksniui.<br />
Atspariame ðalèiui hibride H323 (kitaip negu H188) antioksidacinis SOD aktyvumas<br />
maþëja, nors iðlieka aukðtesnis negu jautrios ðalnoms kultûrinës veislës ‘Matilda’.<br />
Þema temperatûra slopina fotosintezës procesà, tuo maþindama <strong>ir</strong> chlorofilo a,<br />
<strong>ir</strong> karotinoidø kieká. Taèiau staigmenà pateikia hibridas H323 – chlorofilo b sintezë<br />
þymiai padidëja. Taigi, apibendrinant SOD aktyvumo <strong>ir</strong> fotosintetiniø pigmentø tyrimø<br />
duomenis adaptacijos metu, galima teigti, kad chlorofilo b sintezë atv<strong>ir</strong>kðèiai susijusi<br />
su SOD sinteze atspariame H323 hibride. Taèiau, kaip matyti ið ankstesniø<br />
tyrimø, abiejø ðiø hibridø atsparumo ðalèiui lygis aukðtas <strong>ir</strong> jie pakelia po adaptacijos<br />
net iki -5°C ðalnas (Proscevièius <strong>ir</strong> kt., 1998). Galbût hibrido H323 antioksidacinis<br />
SOD aktyvumas yra nevisiðkai susijæs su adaptacija. Manytume, kad tai nulemta<br />
hibrido H323 sk<strong>ir</strong>tingos atsparumo ðalèiui reguliacijos. Aukðtas abiejø H188 <strong>ir</strong> H323<br />
hibridø SOD aktyvumo lygis leidþia tikëtis, kad SOD izofermentai dalyvauja bulviø<br />
atsparumo ðalèiui formavimosi procese.<br />
Iðvados. SOD elektroforeziniais tyrimais nustatyti S. commersonii <strong>ir</strong> S. tuberosum<br />
tarprûðiniai SOD izofermentinio profilio sk<strong>ir</strong>tumai. Atsparûs ðalnoms hibridai<br />
paveldëjo ið recipiento S. tuberosum veislës ‘Matilda’ SOD spektro tipà, o ið<br />
donoro – indukuojamà SOD-1 izoformà, priklausanèià indukuojamam atsparumui.<br />
Aukðtas SOD aktyvumo lygis kontroliniuose augaluose <strong>ir</strong> hibride H188 po adaptacijos<br />
leidþia teigti, kad SOD izofermentai dalyvauja bulviø atsparumo formavimosi<br />
ðalèiui procese.<br />
336
Padëka. Ðis darbas buvo remiamas pagal Lietuvos valstybinio mokslo <strong>ir</strong> studijø<br />
fondo ABIOTECHA programà.<br />
Gauta 2006-11-14<br />
Parengta spausdinti 2006-12-11<br />
Literatûra<br />
1. Beauchamp C. O, Fridovich I. Superoxide dismutase: improved assays and an<br />
assay applicable to acrylamide gels // Anal. Biochem. 1971. Vol. 44. P. 276–287.<br />
2. Blokhina O., V<strong>ir</strong>olainen E., Fagerstedt K. V. Antioksidants, Oxidative damage and<br />
oxygen deprivation stress: a review // Annals of Botany. 2003. Vol. 91. P. 179–194.<br />
3. Bradford M. N. A rapid and sensitive method for the quantification of microgram<br />
quantities of protein utilizing the principle of protein–dye binding // Analytical Biochemistry.<br />
1976. Vol. 72. P. 248–<strong>25</strong>7.<br />
4. Foyer C. H., Descourviêres P., Kunert K. J. Protection against oxygen radicals: an<br />
important defence mechanism studied in transgenic plants // Plant Cell Env<strong>ir</strong>on. 1994.<br />
Vol. 17. P. 507–523.<br />
5. Laemmli V. K. Cleavage of structural proteins during the assembly of the head of<br />
bacteriophage T4 // Nature. 1970. Vol. 227. P. 680–685.<br />
6. Levitt J. Responses of plants to env<strong>ir</strong>onmental stress. Chilling, freezing, and high<br />
temperature stresses // Ed 2. Academic Press, New York, 1980. P. 497.<br />
7. Perl A., Perl–Treves R., Galili S., Aviv D., Shalgi E., Malkin S. & Galun E. Enhanced<br />
oxidative–stress defense in transgenic potato expressing tomato Cu,Zn superoxide dismutases<br />
// The Appl. Genet. 1993. Vol. 85. P. 568–576.<br />
8. Proscevièius J., Staðevski Z., Tiunaitienë N., Ganusauskienë R. Interspecific somatic<br />
hybridization between potato Solanum tuberosum L. and S. commersonii Dun.<br />
Biologija. 1998. Vol. 1. P. 68–71.<br />
9. Shinozaki K., Yamaguchi–Shinozaki K. Gene expression and signal transduction in<br />
waterstress response. Plant Physiol. 1997. Vol. 115. P. 327–334.<br />
10. Steponkus P. L., Uemura M., Joseph R. A., Gilmour S. J., Thomoshow M. F. Mode<br />
of action the COR15a gene of the freezing tolerance of Arabidopsis thaliana. // PNAS.<br />
1998. Vol. 95. P. 14570–14575.<br />
SODININKYSTË IR DARÞININKYSTË. SCIENTIFIC ARTICLES. 2006. <strong>25</strong>(4).<br />
IMPACT OF LOW TEMPERATURE ON SUPEROXIDE<br />
DISMUTASE (SOD) ACTIVITY OF FROST RESISTANT<br />
HYBRIDS OF POTATOES<br />
R. Vyðniauskienë, Z. Janèys, R. Spalinskas<br />
Summary<br />
The isoenzymes changes of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and photosynthetic<br />
pigments in frost resistant somatic hybrids of Solanum tuberosum L. and S. com-<br />
337
mersonii Dun. in vitro culture after low (+6°C) temperature adaptation were investigated.<br />
There have discovered interspecific differences of SOD isoenzyme profiles<br />
in paternal forms – S. commersonii, S. tuberosum. The hybrids inherited the SOD<br />
profiles with 6 isoforms from the recipient S. tuberosum cv. ‘Matilda’, while from<br />
donor, a wild species S. commersonii, SOD-1 isoenzymes were inherited. However,<br />
the SOD activity studies showed that SOD activity of the interspecific hybrids was<br />
higher than of S. tuberosum cv. ‘Matilda’, but lower than of S. commersonii Dun.<br />
species. After 14 and 21 days of adaptation in all plants the reduction of photosynthetic<br />
pigments and increase in the SOD activity were observed, but in the hybrid<br />
H323 SOD activity was slightly decreasing. Probably, the reduction of isoenzymatic<br />
SOD activity in the hybrid H323 is not completely related with the adaptation to low<br />
temperature inherited from S. commersonii. High level of SOD activity in the hybrid<br />
H188 allow the statement that, perhaps, SOD isoenzymes participated in the process<br />
of plant adaptation to low temperature.<br />
Key words: SOD – superoxide dismutase, S. commersonii Dun., S. tuberosum<br />
c. ‚Matilda’, interspecific hybrids.<br />
338
LIETUVOS SODININKYSTËS IR DARÞININKYSTËS INSTITUTO IR<br />
LIETUVOS ÞEMËS ÛKIO UNIVERSITETO MOKSLO DARBAI.<br />
SODININKYSTË IR DARÞININKYSTË. 2006. <strong>25</strong>(4).<br />
PRANEÐIMAS SPAUDAI<br />
2006 10 16<br />
VILNIUS<br />
ES LËÐOS INVESTUOJAMOS Á ÞEMËS IR MIÐKØ ÛKIO<br />
STUDENTUS, MOKSLININKUS BEI TYRËJUS<br />
Þemës <strong>ir</strong> miðkø ûkio studentø, mokslininkø bei tyrëjø augalø genø inþinerijos <strong>ir</strong><br />
biotechnologijos srities kvalifikacija keliama investuojant Europos Sàjungos sk<strong>ir</strong>iamos<br />
paramos lëðas. Taip didinamas þemës <strong>ir</strong> miðkø ûkio specialistø konkurencingumas<br />
Europos Sàjungoje bei gebëjimas prisitaikyti d<strong>ir</strong>bti þiniø ekonomikos sàlygomis,<br />
stabdoma potencialiø mokslininkø emigracija <strong>ir</strong> protø nutekëjimas.<br />
Biotechnologijos mokslo þinovø teigimu, ðiuolaikiniams biotechnologiniams augalø<br />
tyrimams vykdyti reikia daug þiniø, kurios savo prigimtimi bûtø keliø biotechnologijos<br />
mokslo ðakø sintezë. Todël savo pajëgas suvienijæ 4 mokslo tyrimo ástaigos –<br />
Biotechnologijos institutas, Lietuvos sodininkystës <strong>ir</strong> darþininkystës institutas, Lietuvos<br />
miðkø institutas bei Lietuvos þemd<strong>ir</strong>bystës institutas – vykdo iki 2-jø metø trunkanèius<br />
Europos Sàjungos paramos lëðomis finansuojamus projektus, sk<strong>ir</strong>tus þemës<br />
<strong>ir</strong> miðkø ûkio specialistø kompetencijai didinti biotechnologijos srityje. Tobulinant<br />
aukðèiausios pakopos studentø rengimà þemës <strong>ir</strong> miðkø ûkyje prisideda <strong>ir</strong> Lietuvos<br />
þemës ûkio universitetas.<br />
Jau baigta surengti didþioji dalis augalø genø inþinerijos <strong>ir</strong> biotechnologijos teoriniø<br />
bei praktiniø mokymo kursø, vykdant projektus „Þmoniø iðtekliø kokybës gerinimas<br />
þemës <strong>ir</strong> miðkø ûkio biotechnologiniø tyrimø srityje“ bei „Aukðèiausios studijø<br />
pakopos – magistrantø <strong>ir</strong> doktorantø – rengimas þemës <strong>ir</strong> miðkø ûkio augalø biotechnologijø<br />
srityje“, kuriø kiekvienam ágyvendinti numatyta sk<strong>ir</strong>ti po 1,9 mln. Lt ið Europos<br />
socialinio fondo. Numatyta, kad ðiuos kursus iðklausys po 20 magistrantø <strong>ir</strong><br />
doktorantø bei 40 mokslininkø <strong>ir</strong> kitø tyrëjø, tarp kuriø bûtø tiek pat vyrø <strong>ir</strong> moterø.<br />
Mokymø rengimas sudarë puikias galimybes specialistams artimiau bendrauti, keistis<br />
sukaupta pat<strong>ir</strong>timi <strong>ir</strong> þiniomis, papildyti þinias, susipaþinti su naujausiais tyrimø metodais<br />
bei literatûra. Be to, laukiami rezultatai yra moksliniø tyrimø skaièiaus padidëjimas,<br />
iðvestos naujos augalø veislës.<br />
Projektus ágyvendinant praktiðkai, iðryðkëjo didþiulis aukðtesniosios studijø pakopos<br />
studentø bei mokslininkø <strong>ir</strong> kitø tyrëjø susidomëjimas rengiamais augalø biotechnologijos<br />
mokymais. Iðleistø mokomøjø leidinukø paklausa þymiai v<strong>ir</strong>ðijo ið anksto<br />
planuotà, todël dabar mëginama padidinti jø t<strong>ir</strong>aþà. Rengiamus mokymus aktualiais<br />
339
klausimais lankë ne tik projektus ágyvendinanèiø institucijø atstovai, bet <strong>ir</strong> klausytojai<br />
ið kitø institucijø: Vytauto Didþiojo, Kauno technologijos, Kauno medicinos, Vilniaus<br />
universitetø, Kauno miðkø <strong>ir</strong> aplinkos inþinerijos kolegijos (KMAIK), Miðko genetiniø<br />
iðtekliø, sëklø <strong>ir</strong> sodmenø tarnybos, Augalø genø banko, VÁ „Dubravos eksperimentinë<br />
mokomoji miðkø urëdija“.<br />
Lietuvoje, ágyvendinant 2004-2006 m. BPD 2.5 priemonæ „Þmoniðkøjø iðtekliø<br />
kokybës gerinimas moksliniø tyrimø <strong>ir</strong> inovacijø srityje“, 2005–2007 metø laikotarpiu<br />
vykdomi vienas kità papildantys Europos socialinio fondo finansuojami projektai:<br />
„Þmoniø iðtekliø kokybës gerinimas þemës <strong>ir</strong> miðkø ûkio biotechnologiniø tyrimø<br />
srityje“ <strong>ir</strong> „Aukðèiausios studijø pakopos – magistrantø <strong>ir</strong> doktorantø – rengimas<br />
þemës <strong>ir</strong> miðkø ûkio augalø biotechnologijø srityje“.<br />
Daugiau informacijos: R. Abraitis, projekto vadovas, tel. (8~5) 269 1883,<br />
mob. tel. (8~650) 22895, el.p. Abraitis@ibt.lt;<br />
http://agrobiotech-vs06.ibt.lt, http://agrobiotech-vs05.ibt.lt.<br />
Gauta 2006-11-13<br />
Parengta spausdinti 2006-12-11<br />
340
LIETUVOS SODININKYSTËS IR DARÞININKYSTËS INSTITUTO IR<br />
LIETUVOS ÞEMËS ÛKIO UNIVERSITETO MOKSLO DARBAI.<br />
SODININKYSTË IR DARÞININKYSTË. 2006. <strong>25</strong>(4).<br />
IÐKILUS MOKSLININKAS SODININKAS<br />
ALGIMANTAS KVIKLYS<br />
KRONIKA<br />
2006 m. lapkrièio 23 d. sukanka 70 metø kaip<br />
gimë iðkilus sodininkas <strong>ir</strong> þymus mokslininkas Algimantas<br />
Kviklys, kuris visas savo þinias <strong>ir</strong> jëgas atidavë<br />
Lietuvos sodininkystës mokslo <strong>ir</strong> verslo plëtrai.<br />
Algimantas Kviklys gimë 1936 m. lapkrièio 23 d.<br />
Rokiðkyje, mokytojø ðeimoje. Vëliau su tëvais gyveno<br />
Kaune. 1941 m. ðeima buvo iðtremta á Altajaus<br />
kraðtà, po karo nelegaliai gráþo á Lietuvà. Algimantas<br />
Kviklys 1951–1955 m. mokësi Vilniaus þemës ûkio<br />
technikume <strong>ir</strong> baigë já, o po to vienerius metus studijavo<br />
Lietuvos þemës ûkio akademijoje. Taèiau jausdamas<br />
didelá potrauká sodininkystei, iðvaþiavo á Mièiûrinskà<br />
<strong>ir</strong> ástojo á visasàjunginá Mièiûrinsko sodininkystës<br />
institutà. Baigæs studijas, gráþo á Lietuvà <strong>ir</strong><br />
pradëjo d<strong>ir</strong>bti Vilniaus vaismedþiø veisliø tyrimo<br />
punkto vedëju, kartu dëstë Vilniaus pedagoginiame Algimantas Kviklys<br />
institute.<br />
1963 m. Algimantas Kviklys buvo pakviestas d<strong>ir</strong>bti á Vytënø sodininkystës <strong>ir</strong> darþininkystës<br />
bandymø stotá. Pradþioje bandymø stotyje d<strong>ir</strong>bo jaunesniuoju, vëliau – vyresniuoju<br />
moksliniu bendradarbiu. 1971 m. Algimantas Kviklys visasàjunginiame Mièiûrinsko<br />
sodininkystës institute apgynë þemës ûkio mokslø kandidato disertacijà<br />
tema „Vegetatyviniai poskiepiai <strong>ir</strong> jø dauginimas Lietuvos TSR“. Kaip gabus <strong>ir</strong> energingas<br />
darbuotojas 1972 m. buvo pask<strong>ir</strong>tas vadovauti Sodø agrotechnikos skyriui,<br />
kuriam sëkmingai vadovavo dvideðimt metø. Jo vadovavimo dëka Sodininkystës technologijø<br />
skyrius tapo vienu aktyviausiø skyriø tuometinëje bandymø stotyje, o vëliau –<br />
<strong>ir</strong> institute. Skyrius iðsiplëtë iki 12 mokslo darbuotojø. Skyriaus mokslininkai ne tik<br />
tradiciðkai tyrë sëklavaisiø <strong>ir</strong> kaulavaisiø sodø veisimo <strong>ir</strong> prieþiûros technologijas, bet<br />
kûrë <strong>ir</strong> uoginiø augalø verslinio auginimo technologijas. Skyriaus vedëjo Algimanto<br />
Kviklio didelës kompetencijos sodininkystës mokslo <strong>ir</strong> verslo srityje bei plaèiø paþiûrø<br />
<strong>ir</strong> nenuilstamos energijos dëka jo vadovaujamo skyriaus mokslininkø kolektyvas<br />
visada sprendë tuo laikotarpiu labai svarbius sodininkystës <strong>ir</strong> uogininkystës technologinius<br />
klausimus. Tyrimø rezultatai buvo reikalingi <strong>ir</strong> sparèiai besipleèianèiai mëgëjiðkai<br />
sodininkystei, <strong>ir</strong> verslinei sodininkystei, kuri buvo plëtojama tuo laikotarpiu gan<br />
paþangiuose specializuotuose sodininkystës ûkiuose.<br />
341
Algimanto Kviklio mokslinë t<strong>ir</strong>iamoji veikla prasidëjo dar studijuojant visasàjunginiame<br />
Mièiûrinsko sodininkystës institute. P<strong>ir</strong>mieji moksliniai tyrimai <strong>ir</strong> p<strong>ir</strong>mosios<br />
mokslinës publikacijos, paskelbtos 1960–1961 m. Mièiûrinske <strong>ir</strong> Maskvoje, buvo ið<br />
darþininkystës srities. Buvo t<strong>ir</strong>ta pomidorø auginimo galimybës elektros lauke bei<br />
pomidorø generatyviniø <strong>ir</strong> vegetatyviniø hibridø paveldëjimas <strong>ir</strong> kintamumas. Nors<br />
studijø metais p<strong>ir</strong>muosius tyrimus Algimantas Kviklys atliko darþininkystës srityje,<br />
taèiau jau tuo metu jis buvo susiþavëjæs þemaûge sodininkyste (tuo metu Mièiûrinske<br />
buvo stipri <strong>ir</strong> átakinga prof. Budagovskio þemaûgës sodininkystës mokykla) <strong>ir</strong> ateityje<br />
daugelá savo moksliniø darbø skyrë svarbiausioms mokslinëms problemoms þemaûgës<br />
sodininkystës srityje spræsti bei ðiems sodams propaguoti. Dar d<strong>ir</strong>bdamas<br />
Vilniaus vaismedþiø veisliø tyrimo punkte surinko obelø vegetatyviniø poskiepiø kolekcijà<br />
<strong>ir</strong> 1963 m. jà persikëlë á Vytënø sodininkystës <strong>ir</strong> darþininkystës bandymø stotá.<br />
P<strong>ir</strong>miausia vegetatyviniai obelø poskiepiai buvo t<strong>ir</strong>iami medelyne, daugiausia dëmesio<br />
sk<strong>ir</strong>iant poskiepiø atsparumui ðalèiams bei iðtvermingumui nepalankiomis þiemojimo<br />
sàlygomis. Jau po 1965–1966 m. nepalankios þiemos buvo nustatyta, kad tuo metu<br />
plaèiai plintantis þemaûgis poskiepis B.396 buvo iðtvermingas nepalankioms þiemojimo<br />
sàlygoms, o dauguma MM <strong>ir</strong> M serijos poskiepiø buvo nepakankamai iðtvermingi<br />
ar visai neiðtvermingi. Buvo ieðkoma gerai besiðaknijanèiø poskiepiø <strong>ir</strong> t<strong>ir</strong>iamos jø<br />
ásiðaknijimà gerinanèios priemonës. Iðtyrus sodinukø su vegetatyviniais poskiepiais<br />
augimà medelyne, nustatyta, kad sodinukø kokybë labai priklauso nuo poskiepio augumo.<br />
Baigus tyrimus, patikslinti sodinukø kokybës reikalavimai, atsiþvelgiant á poskiepiø<br />
augumà.<br />
Nuo 1969 m. pradëtas naujas <strong>ir</strong> pats svarbiausias tyrimø etapas – áva<strong>ir</strong>aus augumo<br />
vegetatyviniø poskiepiø tyrimas sode. Ið 17 t<strong>ir</strong>tø áva<strong>ir</strong>aus augumo poskiepiø tuometinës<br />
intensyvios sodininkystës reikalavimus, kai vaismedþiai buvo auginami be<br />
atramø <strong>ir</strong> formuojami aukðtiniais retaðakiais ar artimais natûraliems vainikais, labiausiai<br />
atitiko MM.106 poskiepis. Nustatyta, kad p<strong>ir</strong>maisiais derëjimo metais vaismedþiai<br />
su M.9, B.9 <strong>ir</strong> MM.106 poskiepiais dera 3–5 kartus gausiau negu su sëkliniais<br />
poskiepiais, o septintaisiais–aðtuntaisiais metais – gausiai.<br />
1971–1988 m. buvo t<strong>ir</strong>ta dar 33 vegetatyviniø poskiepiø grupë. Atliekant ðá tyrimà,<br />
1978–1979 m. þiema buvo labai ðalta <strong>ir</strong> besniegë, todël buvo galima ávertinti<br />
vaismedþiø su sk<strong>ir</strong>tingais poskiepiais atsparumà ðalèiui. Po ðaltos þiemos derëjimo<br />
gausumu iðsiskyrë vaismedþiai su tokiais iðtvermingais poskiepiais kaip B.118 <strong>ir</strong> B.545,<br />
nors iki tol gausiau derëjo vaismedþiai su kitais poskiepiais. Vaismedþiai su minëtais<br />
poskiepiais buvo panaðaus augumo kaip <strong>ir</strong> su MM.106, bet po ðaltos þiemos vaismedþiai<br />
su B.118, B.545 poskiepiais derëjo daug gausiau negu su MM.106 poskiepiu:<br />
pastarieji buvo stipriai paðalæ. Ðiø tyrimø rezultatai labai aktualûs <strong>ir</strong> ðiuo metu, nes<br />
veisiant sodus prastesnëse d<strong>ir</strong>vose, derinant poskiepius su silpnesnio augumo veislëmis<br />
ar veisiant þaliavinius sodus, iðtvermingas <strong>ir</strong> produktyvus B.118 poskiepis galëtø<br />
bûti sëkmingai naudojamas <strong>ir</strong> ðiuo metu.<br />
Atliekant poskiepiø tyrimus, visada buvo ieðkoma tokiø poskiepiø, kurie turëtø<br />
pakankamai stiprià ðaknø sistemà <strong>ir</strong> vaismedþiai iðlaikytø gausø derliø be papildomø<br />
atramø. Tai buvo viena ið prieþasèiø, dël kurios neiðplito labai þemi, su silpna ðaknø<br />
sistema poskiepiai, su kuriais vaismedþiams reikia atramø, o plito vidutinio augumo<br />
poskiepiai, su kuriais vaismedþiai galëjo augti <strong>ir</strong> be papildomø atramø. Neatsitiktinai<br />
342
uvo pradëti plaèiai t<strong>ir</strong>ti þemaûgiai tarpininkai. Vyravo nuomonë, kad á ‘Paprastojo<br />
antaninio’ poskiepá áskiepijus þemaûgá tarpininkà, o á já – norimà veislæ, vaismedþiai<br />
bus þemaûgiai, bet turës tv<strong>ir</strong>tà ðaknø sistemà <strong>ir</strong> nereikës palaikomøjø kuolø. Buvo<br />
nustatyta, kad obelims geriausi buvo 10–15 cm ilgio B.9 <strong>ir</strong> 3-3-72 intarpai.<br />
Algimantas Kviklys d<strong>ir</strong>bo ne tik su obelø, bet <strong>ir</strong> su kitø sodo augalø poskiepiais.<br />
Geriausi rezultatai gauti d<strong>ir</strong>bant su svarainiais (Cidonija oblonga) kaip kriauðiø poskiepiais.<br />
Tyrimø pradþioje (1963–1973 m.) buvo t<strong>ir</strong>tos aðtuonios vegetatyviðkai dauginamos<br />
svarainiø formos kaip kriauðiø poskiepiai. Svarbiausias ið jø buvo svarainis A.<br />
T<strong>ir</strong>iant svarainius kaip kriauðiø poskiepius, daug dëmesio buvo sk<strong>ir</strong>iama kriauðiø veisliø<br />
suaugimo su svarainiais anatomijai. Nustatyta, kad ið t<strong>ir</strong>tø gausybës veisliø geriausiai<br />
su svarainiais suaugo ‘Jûratë’, ‘Sonata’ <strong>ir</strong> Nr. 31. Vëliau jos buvo pradëtos naudoti<br />
kaip tarpininkës dauginant þemaûges kriauðes su svarainio poskiepiu. Deja, po 1978–<br />
1979 m. ðaltos þiemos svarainiø kolekcija <strong>ir</strong> kriauðiø su svarainio poskiepiu sodas<br />
iððalo.<br />
Siekiant sukurti þemaûgius <strong>ir</strong> iðtvermingus þiemà kriauðiø poskiepius ið treèiosios<br />
Lietuvoje iðaugusiø svarainiø kartos, kurie sëkmingai perþiemojo 1955–1956 m.<br />
ðaltà þiemà, kai temperatûra buvo nukritusi iki -38°C, buvo atrinkti atsk<strong>ir</strong>i sëkliniai<br />
augalai <strong>ir</strong> padauginti sëklomis kaip kriauðiø poskiepiai. Ðiuo metu ið minëtø sëjinukø<br />
yra atrinkti <strong>ir</strong> registruoti trys K serijos sëkliniai svarainiø poskiepiai, su kuriais Lietuvos<br />
sàlygomis kriauðës gausiai dera <strong>ir</strong> iðaugina geros kokybës vaisius. Taèiau svarbiausia,<br />
kad kriauðës su ðiais registruotais svarainiø poskiepiais yra pakankamai iðtvermingos<br />
þiemà. To negalima pasakyti apie daugumà kitø Europoje plaèiai paplitusiø<br />
svarainiø poskiepiø. Algimantas Kviklys taip pat ieðkojo þemaûgiø poskiepiø ar<br />
vaismedþius þeminanèiø tarpininkø <strong>ir</strong> slyvoms bei treðnëms. Ðiuos darbus perëmë <strong>ir</strong><br />
baigë kiti tyrëjai.<br />
Nors Algimantas Kviklys atliko daug tyrimø, paraðë knygà „Þemaûgiai vaismedþiai“<br />
(1977 m.) <strong>ir</strong> dëjo daug pastangø, kad Lietuvoje iðplistø þemaûgë sodininkystë,<br />
taèiau tuometinës ûkinës <strong>ir</strong> ekonominës sàlygos bei konservatyvus valdþios poþiûris<br />
neleido to padaryti plaèiai. Tarybiniais metais daþni buvo verslinës sodininkystës plëtros<br />
vajai. Kartais bûdavo suplanuojama atsk<strong>ir</strong>uose ûkiuose per metus pasodinti net iki<br />
100 ha naujø sodø. Sparèiai veisiant sodus, daþnai pritrûkdavo sodinukø <strong>ir</strong>, siekiant<br />
vykdyti planus, vaismedþius tekdavo sodinti retai. Tuo laiku kuras buvo pigus, pesticidai<br />
nebrangûs, konkurencija vaisiø rinkoje buvo maþa, todël verslinë sodininkystë<br />
buvo plëtojama labai neintensyviai. Daþnai net <strong>ir</strong> kà tik pasodinti versliniai sodai buvo<br />
prastai priþiûrimi, menkai genimi, neformuojami. Esant tokiai situacijai sodininkystës<br />
versle, daug kapitaliniø ádëjimø <strong>ir</strong> specialiø þiniø reikalaujantys versliniai þemaûgiai<br />
sodai nepaplito. Neatsitiktinai, matydamas esamà sodininkystës verslo padëtá ðalyje <strong>ir</strong><br />
siekdamas paskatinti þemaûgës sodininkystës plëtrà Lietuvoje, Algimantas Kviklys<br />
ëmësi dar vieno þingsnio – iðvertë <strong>ir</strong> pritaikë Lietuvos sàlygoms þymaus Lenkijos<br />
sodininkystës mokslininko A. Mikos knygà „Vaismedþiø <strong>ir</strong> vaiskrûmiø genëjimas“(1987<br />
m.). Tuo laikotarpiu Lenkija, prieðingai negu Tarybø Sàjunga, pradëjo sekti ne Amerikos,<br />
o Vakarø Europos pavyzdþiu – veisë nedidelius, bet labai intensyvius, tankius<br />
þemaûgius sodus, kurie greitai pradëdavo gausiai derëti <strong>ir</strong> pat<strong>ir</strong>tos sodo áveisimo <strong>ir</strong><br />
prieþiûros iðlaidos greitai sugráþdavo. Deja, tik po Algimanto Kviklio m<strong>ir</strong>ties nepriklausomoje<br />
Lietuvoje buvo ryþtingai pasukta þemaûgës sodininkystës plëtros krypti-<br />
343
mi. Lietuvai rengiantis stoti á Europos Sàjungà, ðalies verslinë sodininkystë <strong>ir</strong> sodininkystës<br />
mokslas taip pat buvo pertvarkomi ES pavyzdþiu. Buvo toliau tæsiami <strong>ir</strong> pleèiami<br />
Algimanto Kviklio pradëti þemaûgiø poskiepiø tyrimai (juos atlieka sûnus Darius<br />
Kviklys), árengti nauji labai intensyviø þemaûgiø sodø konstrukcijø, vaismedþiø<br />
vainikø formø, vaisiø kokybës gerinimo bei prameèiavimo maþinimo <strong>ir</strong> kiti su intensyvios<br />
sodininkystës verslu susijæ bandymai.<br />
Algimantas Kviklys, bûdamas vienas þymiausiø medelynø specialistø tuometinëje<br />
Sàjungoje, p<strong>ir</strong>masis praktiðkai pritaikë <strong>ir</strong> iðpopuliarino vaismedþiø akiavimà ne<br />
kaip áprasta, uþkiðant akutæ po þieve, o akutæ priglaudþiant. Akiuojant priglaudimu,<br />
galima akiuoti <strong>ir</strong> plonesnius poskiepius arba kai prastai atðoka poskiepio þievë. Vis tik<br />
svarbiausia, kad akiuojant ðiuo metodu, darbo naðumas padidëja du <strong>ir</strong> daugiau kartø.<br />
Akiavimas priglaudimu buvo pademonstruotas 1976 m. p<strong>ir</strong>majame akiavimo konkurse<br />
Lietuvoje. Vëlesniuose konkursuose ðá akiavimo metodà naudojo jau <strong>ir</strong> kitø medelynø<br />
akiuotojos. Nors visasàjunginiame akiavimo konkurse Lietuvos delegacija áspûdingai<br />
pademonstravo naujàjá akiavimo bûdà <strong>ir</strong> didelá tokio darbo naðumà, taèiau tuometiniai<br />
þymiausi Sàjungos medelynø specialistai nenorëjo to pripaþinti. Vis tik Algimanto<br />
Kviklio pasiûlytas akiavimo bûdas plito <strong>ir</strong> po 10 metø visoje Tarybø Sàjungoje<br />
vaismedþiai buvo akiuojami priglaudþiant akutæ, o ne uþkiðant jà. Tai leido þymiai<br />
padidinti svarbiausio medelyne darbo – akiavimo naðumà.<br />
Algimantas Kviklys buvo didelës erudicijos mokslininkas <strong>ir</strong> vadovaudamas skyriui,<br />
kuriame buvo kuriamos sodininkystës technologijos, jis ne tik tyrinëjo poskiepius<br />
medelyne bei sode, bet domëjosi <strong>ir</strong> visais kitais aktualiausiais sodininkystës klausimais.<br />
Praëjus labai ðaltai <strong>ir</strong> besniegei 1978–1979 m. þiemai, jo iniciatyva Lietuvoje<br />
buvo suorganizuota visasàjunginë mokslinë konferencija, sk<strong>ir</strong>ta sodø paðalimo klausimams<br />
aptarti. Po jos, be kitø moksliniø <strong>ir</strong> populiariø straipsniø, buvo iðleista broðiûra<br />
„Lietuvos sodø paðalimas 1978–1979 metø þiemà <strong>ir</strong> priemonës jø iðtvermingumui<br />
padidinti“ (1982 m.), kurios pagrindinis autorius buvo A. Kviklys.<br />
Kurdami tuometines sodø veisimo <strong>ir</strong> prieþiûros technologijas, A. Kviklys kartu<br />
su kitais skyriaus darbuotojais iðtyrë <strong>ir</strong> sudarë versliniams sodams <strong>ir</strong> uogynams tinkamø<br />
herbicidø naudojimo sistemà. Ðio darbo rezultatas – kartu su L. Kulikausku<br />
paraðyta broðiûra „Herbicidai sodininkystëje“ (1979 m.).<br />
Kilus poreikiui tiksliau ávertinti versliniø sodø mitybà, A. Kviklys kartu su<br />
S. Ðvagþdþiu ádiegë Lietuvoje vaismedþiø mitybos vertinimo ne tik pagal d<strong>ir</strong>vos, bet<br />
<strong>ir</strong> pagal lapø cheminës analizës duomenis sistemà. A. Kviklio pasiûlymu versliniuose<br />
soduose buvo ádiegta srovinë derliaus dorojimo technologija. Kartu su A. Lokcikaite<br />
buvo pradëti labai aktualûs obelø uþuomazgø retinimo, derëjimo optimizavimo bei<br />
vaisiø kokybës gerinimo darbai.<br />
Aðtuntajame praëjusio ðimtmeèio deðimtmetyje buvo atkreiptas dëmesys á uogininkystës<br />
plëtrà specializuotuose versliniuose soduose bei uogynuose. Todël A. Kviklio<br />
iniciatyva, bendradarbiaujant su S. Kutkevièiumi, buvo sukurta <strong>ir</strong> plaèiai versliniuose<br />
uogynuose ádiegta mechanizuota serbentø auginimo <strong>ir</strong> derliaus nuëmimo technologija.<br />
Ði technologija buvo pristatyta mûsø institute suorganizuotoje visasàjunginëje konferencijoje.<br />
Mokslinis ðios technologijos pagrindimas pateiktas S. Kutkevièiaus disertacijoje.<br />
Ði technologija versliniuose serbentynuose plaèiai taikoma <strong>ir</strong> dabar.<br />
344
Kilus avieèiø poreikiui, buvo sukurta mechanizuoto avieèiø dauginimo technologija<br />
<strong>ir</strong> iðplësti avieèiø veisliø bei auginimo technologijos tobulinimo tyrimai, kuriuos<br />
A. Kviklio vadovaujama atliko L. Ðvitraitë-Buskienë.<br />
Buvo pradëti platûs braðkiø auginimo <strong>ir</strong> dauginimo technologijø tobulinimo tyrimai,<br />
ið kuriø rezultatø A. Kviklio vadovaujamas asp<strong>ir</strong>antas N. Uselis paraðë <strong>ir</strong> sëkmingai<br />
apgynë disertacijà tema „Braðkiø dauginimo <strong>ir</strong> auginimo ypatumai Lietuvos TSR“<br />
(1990 m).<br />
A. Kviklio iniciatyva buvo pradëti sodininkystës ekonominiai tyrimai. L. Braþukienë<br />
tyrë pagrindiniø fondø reikðmæ <strong>ir</strong> jø efektyvumo didinimo bûdus specializuotuose<br />
sodininkystës ûkiuose, rengë kapitaliniø iðlaidø normatyvus intensyviems sodams<br />
<strong>ir</strong> uogynams áveisti <strong>ir</strong> priþiûrëti.<br />
Algimantas Kviklys yra paraðæs kelias knygas <strong>ir</strong> iðspausdinæs daugiau kaip 180<br />
moksliniø <strong>ir</strong> populiariø straipsniø. Vieni reikðmingiausiø leidiniø, sk<strong>ir</strong>tø sodininkystës<br />
specialistams, yra knygos „Intensyvios sodø <strong>ir</strong> uogynø auginimo technologijos“<br />
(1986 m.) <strong>ir</strong> „Intensyvus obelø sodas“ (1988 m.). Algimantas Kviklys buvo ðiø<br />
knygø sudarytojas <strong>ir</strong> bendraautorius. Knygoje „Intensyvios sodø <strong>ir</strong> uogynø auginimo<br />
technologijos“ aptarti visi vaisiø <strong>ir</strong> uogø verslinio auginimo aspektai, leidþiantys tuometinëmis<br />
ekonominëmis <strong>ir</strong> organizacinëmis sàlygomis gauti didelius derlius <strong>ir</strong> iðauginti<br />
konkurencingà pagrindiniø Lietuvoje auginamø vaisiø <strong>ir</strong> uogø produkcijà. Knygoje<br />
„Intensyvus obelø sodas“, remiantis ilgameèiais Vytënø bandymø stoties bei<br />
kitø ðaliø mokslo ástaigø tyrimø duomenimis bei patyrimu, apibendrinti intensyviø<br />
sodø áveisimo <strong>ir</strong> prieþiûros pagrindai Lietuvoje. Ðios knygos pradþioje pateiktas intensyvaus<br />
sodo apibûdinimas: intensyvus sodas – tai optimalus ekologiniø sàlygø <strong>ir</strong><br />
veisliø biologinio potencialo panaudojimas parinkus tokias agrotechnines priemones,<br />
kurios padëtø gauti didþiausià <strong>ir</strong> geros kokybës derliø ið ploto vieneto pat<strong>ir</strong>iant<br />
maþiausias (arba racionaliausias) energijos <strong>ir</strong> darbo sànaudos produkcijos vienetui.<br />
Ðis teiginys dar aktualesnis ðiais laikais, praëjus 20 metø, kai labai sumaþëjo darbingø<br />
þmoniø, iðaugo energijos <strong>ir</strong> kitø iðtekliø kainos bei þymiai padidëjo konkurencija<br />
vaisiø rinkoje. Minëta knyga turëjo didelæ reikðmæ tuometinei versliniø sodø plëtrai<br />
ðalyje.<br />
Algimantas Kviklys ne tik d<strong>ir</strong>bo t<strong>ir</strong>iamàjá darbà <strong>ir</strong> vadovavo Sodø agrotechnikos<br />
skyriui, bet <strong>ir</strong> buvo instituto tarybos p<strong>ir</strong>mininkas, metodinës komisijos p<strong>ir</strong>mininkas.<br />
A. Kviklys, kaip mokslininkas, buvo gerai þinomas <strong>ir</strong> Tarybø Sàjungoje. Jis buvo<br />
Visasàjunginës þemës ûkio mokslø akademijos Vakarø skyriaus biuro, Visasàjunginio<br />
sodininkystës instituto metodinës komisijos, Visasàjunginës sodininkystës enciklopedijos<br />
redaktoriø komisijos, Lietuvos sodininkystës draugijos centro valdybos bei<br />
kitø organizacijø narys. Mokëjo rusø, anglø, vokieèiø, lenkø, latviø, ukrainieèiø, bulgarø,<br />
èekø <strong>ir</strong> esperanto kalbas<br />
Algimantas Kviklys buvo didelës erudicijos þymus mokslininkas, visà savo gyvenimà<br />
paðventæs sodininkystës mokslo <strong>ir</strong> verslo plëtrai. Deja, klastinga liga pak<strong>ir</strong>to<br />
mokslininkà paèiame kûrybiniø jëgø þydëjime. Liko neiðspræsta dar daug moksliniø<br />
problemø, neparaðyta daug knygø.<br />
Nobertas USELIS<br />
345<br />
Gauta 2006-10-16<br />
Parengta spausdinti 2006-12-11
ATMINTINË AUTORIAMS, RAÐANTIEMS Á MOKSLO DARBUS<br />
„SODININKYSTË IR DARÞININKYSTË“<br />
Straipsnio rankraðèio pateikimo–priëmimo procedûra<br />
Straipsnius redakcijai gali pateikti bet kurie Lietuvos ar uþsienio ðalies mokslo<br />
darbuotojai bei asmenys, d<strong>ir</strong>bantys moksliná darbà. Ne mokslo darbuotojo<br />
straipsnis turi bûti paraðytas kartu su mokslo darbuotoju.<br />
Rankraðtis redakcijai siunèiamas paðtu dviem egzemplioriais, atspausdintas<br />
kompiuteriu popieriuje, laikantis toliau tekste nurodytø reikalavimø. Pateiktas<br />
straipsnio rankraðtis uþregistruojamas <strong>ir</strong> perduodamas redkolegijos nariui,<br />
kuruojanèiam ðià sritá. Jis ávertina, ar rankraðèio turinys <strong>ir</strong> forma atitinka<br />
svarbiausius periodiniams straipsniams keliamus reikalavimus. Rankraðèiai, kurie<br />
buvo atmesti p<strong>ir</strong>mojo vertinimo metu, su aiðkinamuoju raðtu gràþinami autoriui.<br />
Jeigu straipsnio tinkamumas nekelia abejoniø, redkolegijos narys sk<strong>ir</strong>ia du<br />
recenzentus.<br />
Pataisytà rankraðtá autorius per deðimt dienø turi atsiøsti el. paðtu<br />
arba paðtu redakcijai kartu su elektronine laikmena (diskeliu).<br />
Koks turi bûti rankraðtis:<br />
Struktûra <strong>ir</strong> apimtis<br />
Rankraðèio forma turi atitikti periodiniams moksliniams straipsniams keliamus<br />
reikalavimus. Teksto <strong>ir</strong> jo sudedamøjø daliø seka tokia:<br />
- Straipsnio pavadinimas (ne daugiau kaip 10 þodþiø);<br />
- Autoriaus vardas, pavardë<br />
Vardas raðomas maþosiomis, pavardë – didþiosiomis raidëmis. Jeigu yra<br />
keli autoriai, raðoma maþëjanèia jø autorystës indëlio tvarka.<br />
- Institucija, adresas, elektroninis paðtas<br />
Pagrindinis tekstas<br />
- Santrauka (iki 1400 raðybos þenklø arba <strong>25</strong>0 þodþiø);<br />
Labai glaustai pateikiami tikslai, sàlygos, svarbiausieji rezultatai.<br />
- Reikðminiai þodþiai (ne daugiau kaip 10 þodþiø abëcëlës tvarka);<br />
- Ávadas<br />
Trumpai iðdëstoma nagrinëjama problema, ankstesnieji kitø panaðiø tyrimø<br />
rezultatai, darbo reikalingumas, originalumas. Nurodomas darbo tikslas.<br />
- Tyrimo objektas <strong>ir</strong> metodai<br />
- Rezultatai<br />
Trumpai iðdëstomi tyrimø metu surinkti duomenys, dokumentai (lentelës,<br />
grafikai).<br />
- Aptarimas<br />
346
Aptariami, bet ne kartojami „Rezultatø“ skyrelyje pateikti duomenys,<br />
palyginami su kitø autoriø duomenimis, aiðkinamos t<strong>ir</strong>tø reiðkiniø prieþastys,<br />
keliamos naujos idëjos, hipotezës.<br />
- Iðvados;<br />
- Literatûra<br />
Rekomenduojama skelbti ne maþiau kaip 10 naujausiø raðoma tema<br />
literatûros ðaltiniø.<br />
- Santrauka anglø kalba (600–1400 sp. þenklø)<br />
- Padëka (neprivaloma)<br />
Straipsnio pabaigoje turi bûti autoriaus (-iø) ar kitø uþ straipsná atsakingø<br />
asmenø paraðas (-ai) bei pas<strong>ir</strong>aðymo data.<br />
Straipsniø, paraðytø remiantis netradiciniais bandymø duomenimis <strong>ir</strong> rezultatais<br />
struktûros dalys gali bûti <strong>ir</strong> kitokios.<br />
Straipsnis turi bûti ne daugiau kaip 10–15 puslapiø apimties, áskaitant<br />
lenteles <strong>ir</strong> paveikslus (didesnës apimties straipsniai derinami su redkolegijos<br />
p<strong>ir</strong>mininku).<br />
Teksto parengimas<br />
Straipsnis raðomas lietuviø, anglø ar rusø kalba IBM tipo kompiuteriu,<br />
spausdinamas MO Microsoft WORD for Windows 95; 98; 2000 teksto<br />
redaktoriais TIMES NEW ROMAN 12 dydþio ðriftu, vienoje A 4<br />
formato<br />
(210 x 297 mm) lapo pusëje, atstumas tarp rankraðèio eiluèiø – 1 (single),<br />
teksto po recenzijø – 1,5 (1,5 lines), iðlyginamas ið abiejø pusiø, pateikiamas<br />
elektroninëje laikmenoje – 1,44 MB diskelyje. Paraðèiø plotis v<strong>ir</strong>ðuje <strong>ir</strong><br />
apaèioje – 2 cm, deðinëje – 1,5 cm, ka<strong>ir</strong>ëje – 3 cm.<br />
Paryðkintai (Bold) raðoma straipsnio pavadinimas visomis kalbomis, antraðtës<br />
bei svarbiausieji struktûriniai elementai (santrauka, ávadas, metodai, sàlygos,<br />
rezultatai, diskusija, iðvados, literatûra). Kursyvu (Italic) raðomi lotyniðki<br />
augalø rûðiø, genèiø, ligø, kenkëjø <strong>ir</strong> mikroorganizmø pavadinimai. Augalø veisliø<br />
pavadinimai raðomi viengubose kabutëse.<br />
Cituojamas ðaltinis tekste nurodomas lenktiniuose skliaustuose (autoriaus<br />
pavardë, metai).<br />
Lentelës<br />
Lentelëse neturëtø bûti kartojami paveiksluose ar kitose iliustracijose pateikti<br />
duomenys.<br />
Lenteliø tekstas raðomas lietuviø <strong>ir</strong> anglø kalbomis. Jeigu straipsnis paraðytas<br />
rusø kalba – rusø <strong>ir</strong> anglø. Jei lietuviðkas <strong>ir</strong> angliðkas tekstas talpinamas<br />
vienoje eilutëje, tarp jø dedamas þenklas /. Lentelës teksto dalys vertikaliomis <strong>ir</strong><br />
347
horizontaliomis linijomis neatsk<strong>ir</strong>iamos. Horizontaliomis linijomis atsk<strong>ir</strong>iamos tik<br />
lentelës metrikos dalys bei lentelës pabaiga. Lentelës padëtis puslapyje tik vertikali<br />
(Portrait).<br />
Bandymø variantai lentelëse neturi bûti þymimi skaièiais, sudëtingomis<br />
santrumpomis, o pateikiami visa arba suprantamai sutrumpinta apraðo forma.<br />
Statistiniai duomenys, skaièiai <strong>ir</strong> skaitmenys<br />
Pageidautina detaliai apraðyti taikytus tyrimø metodus <strong>ir</strong> nurodyti jø originalius<br />
ðaltinius. Labai svarbi informacija apie lauko, vegetaciniø <strong>ir</strong> kt. bandymø iðdëstymo<br />
schemà <strong>ir</strong> jos pas<strong>ir</strong>inkimo motyvus. Lentelëse <strong>ir</strong> paveiksluose pateikiami duomenys<br />
privalo bûti statistiðkai apdoroti: apskaièiuoti vidurkiai, jø kitimo paklaidos,<br />
ryðio <strong>ir</strong> jo tikslumo koeficientai, esminio sk<strong>ir</strong>tumo ribos (priimtiniausia apskaièiuoti<br />
95% arba <strong>ir</strong> – 90,99% tikimybës lygiu) <strong>ir</strong> pan. Rodikliø þymëjimo santrumpos<br />
turi bûti paaiðkintos, jeigu jos neatitinka tarptautiniø ISO standartø [13].<br />
Reikðminiø skaièiø turi bûti ne daugiau negu leidþia bandymo metodas. Variantø<br />
vidurkiai turi bûti suapvalinti iki 1/10, apskaièiuotos jø standartinës paklaidos.<br />
Kieká þymintys skaièiai raðomi arabiðkais skaitmenimis, pvz.: 15 tonø, o eilæ<br />
þymintys gali bûti raðomi <strong>ir</strong> romëniðkai, <strong>ir</strong> arabiðkai, pvz.: XX amþius, 2 pavyzdys.<br />
Skaièiai nuo vieneto iki devyniø raðomi þodþiu, iðskyrus, kai jie reiðkia<br />
matavimo vienetø dydá (pvz.: 5 km, bet „trys variantai“) arba yra prasminë skaièiø<br />
seka (pvz.: 6, 9, 12 tarpsnis). Tarp daugiaþenkliø skaièiø klasiø paliekamas tarpelis,<br />
pvz., 42 351. Procentai þymimi %, kai reiðkia konkretø skaièiø, taèiau „procentiniai<br />
vienetai“ raðomi tik þodþiu. Deðimtainës trupmenos dalys nuo sveikøjø skaièiø<br />
atsk<strong>ir</strong>iamos kableliu.<br />
Paveikslai<br />
Visa iliustracinë medþiaga - brëþiniai, grafikai, diagramos, fotografijos, pieðiniai<br />
<strong>ir</strong> kt. – vadinami bendru paveikslø vardu. Tekstas juose raðomas lietuviø <strong>ir</strong> anglø<br />
kalbomis.<br />
Paveikslai turi bûti nespalvoti, padaryti Microsoft Office 95, 98, 2000<br />
paketo elektroninëje lentelëje EXCEL arba naudojantis kitomis ðio paketo<br />
programomis <strong>ir</strong> pateikiami straipsnio tekste bei atsk<strong>ir</strong>a EXCEL byla<br />
diskelyje. Ranka pieðti, braiþyti, kopijuoti paveikslai nepriimami arba jie<br />
perdaromi pagal galiojanèius maketavimo ákainius. Redakcija pasilieka teisæ keisti<br />
jø formatà pagal straipsnio ar viso leidinio dizainà.<br />
Áraðai <strong>ir</strong> simboliai paveiksluose turi bûti paraðyti ne maþesniu kaip 10 ðrifto<br />
dydþiu. Paveikslø blokø dalys turi bûti suþymëtos raidëmis a, b, c <strong>ir</strong> t.t.<br />
Literatûros sàraðas<br />
Á literatûros sàraðà gali bûti átraukiama:<br />
- straipsniai, atspausdinti moksliniuose periodiniuose þurnaluose,<br />
moksliniuose recenzuotuose leidiniuose ( knygose, monografijose), moksliniø<br />
348
konferencijø, simpoziumø, kuriø medþiaga buvo recenzuota arba struktûros <strong>ir</strong><br />
apimties poþiûriu atitinka moksliniø periodiniø leidiniø straipsniø reikalavimus,<br />
straipsniø rinkiniuose;<br />
- mokslinës knygos, monografijos, maþesnës apimties recenzuoti <strong>ir</strong><br />
tik iðimtinai mokslinës pask<strong>ir</strong>ties leidiniai (t. y. disertacijø mokslo laipsniui<br />
ágyti santraukos) arba jø dalys.<br />
Á sàraðà rekomenduojama átraukti ne maþiau kaip deðimt literatûros ðaltiniø.<br />
Visi jie turi bûti cituojami tekste. Du treèdaliai ðaltiniø turëtø bûti ne senesni kaip<br />
ketveriø–ðeðeriø metø, o senesni – tik ypatingai reikðmingi <strong>ir</strong> svarbûs. Autoriaus<br />
cituotini tik tie darbai, kurie tiesiogiai susijæ su nagrinëjama tema.<br />
Mokslinës ataskaitos, rankraðtinë medþiaga, vadovëliai, þinynai, konferencijø<br />
medþiaga (tezës ar trumpi praneðimai), rekomendacijos, reklaminiai lankstinukai<br />
bei laikraðèiai literatûros ðaltiniais nelaikomi <strong>ir</strong> á sàraðà neátraukiami. Nuorodos á<br />
standartus, þinynus <strong>ir</strong> kitus normatyvinius teisinius dokumentus nurodomos puslapiø<br />
iðnaðose.<br />
Uþsienyje leistø þurnalø, konferencijø rinkiniø <strong>ir</strong> kt. pavadinimai netrumpinami.<br />
Literatûra sàraðe suraðoma abëcëlës tvarka.<br />
Knygos<br />
Bulavas J. Augalø selekcija. V.: Mintis, 1963. P. 2–15.<br />
Straipsniai ið moksliniø þurnalø <strong>ir</strong> periodiniø leidiniø<br />
Juozaitis J. Pomidorø auginimas // Sodininkystë <strong>ir</strong> darþininkystë. Babtai,<br />
2000. T. 20. P. 4–9.<br />
Koch J. Plough depth // Soil Science. 1998. Vol. 15. N 2. P. 12–15.<br />
Disertacijø santraukos<br />
Simonaitis J. Þ<strong>ir</strong>niø agrotechnika: daktaro disertacijos santrauka. Kaunas,<br />
1988. <strong>25</strong> p.<br />
349
GUIDELINES FOR THE PREPARATION AND SUBMISSION OF ARTICLES<br />
TO THE VOLUMES OF SCIENTIFIC WORKS „SODININKYSTË IR<br />
DARÞININKYSTË“<br />
Rules for Submission – Acceptance of Papers.<br />
Papers can be contributed by Lithuanian and foreign researchers or persons<br />
carrying out scientific research. The latter’s paper will be accepted only when the<br />
coauthor is an investigator.<br />
Manuscripts should be sent by mail printed out in two copies taking in account<br />
following instructions. The manuscript will be registered and submitted to the member<br />
of the Editorial Board in charge. He(she) will evaluate if the contents and the form<br />
conf<strong>ir</strong>m with the main requ<strong>ir</strong>ements for periodical articles. Manuscripts rejected<br />
during the f<strong>ir</strong>st evaluation will be returned to the author with explanatory remarks. If<br />
the article is approved the member of the Editorial Board appoints two reviewers.<br />
The author must return the corrected manuscript to the Editorial Board<br />
in ten days by email or by mail in a diskette.<br />
Standard Manuscript<br />
Structure and length<br />
The form of a manuscript has to conf<strong>ir</strong>m with requ<strong>ir</strong>ements for periodical<br />
scientific articles. The paper should be organized in the following order:<br />
-Title (should not exceed 10 words);<br />
-Author(s)’ names<br />
The name should be written in small letters, the surname – in capital letters. If<br />
there is more than one author they are listed according to the<strong>ir</strong> input to the paper.<br />
-Institution(s), address, email address;<br />
-Research report:<br />
-Abstract (should not exceed 1400 characters or <strong>25</strong>0 words);<br />
Should contain the statement of the aims, methods and main results in short.<br />
-Key words (should not exceed 10 words in alphabetical order);<br />
-Introduction<br />
Should present the investigated subject, results of earlier related research, reasons<br />
of the study, innovation.<br />
-Materials and methods;<br />
-Results<br />
Should present concisely the collected data during investigation, documentation<br />
(tables, figures).<br />
-Discussion<br />
Should not repeat results presented in “Results” but should interpret them<br />
with reference to the results obtained by other authors, explain the reasons of the<br />
investigated phenomena, raise new ideas, hypotheses.<br />
-Conclusions;<br />
-References<br />
Should be kept to a minimum of 10 latest references on this theme.<br />
-Summary in English (up to 2000 characters or 350 words);<br />
-Acknowledgements (not compulsory);<br />
350
The paper should be ended by a signature of the author(s) or other persons<br />
responsible for the article and the date.<br />
Articles written based on non-traditional trial data and the obtained results may<br />
have other than traditional structural parts of a paper.<br />
The article should not exceed 10-15 pages, tables and figures included (longer<br />
articles are agreed with the cha<strong>ir</strong>man of the Editorial Board).<br />
Text preparation<br />
The manuscripts should be submitted in Lithuanian, English or Russian, typed<br />
by IBM type computer, used MO Microsoft WORD for Windows 95; 98; 2000<br />
word-processor format, the font to be typed - TIMES NEW ROMAN size 12, on<br />
A 4 paper (210 x 297 mm) one side, for a manuscript – single spaced, for the text<br />
after reviews - 1,5 lines, justified, in a 1,44 MB diskette. Margins: top - 2 cm,<br />
bottom - 2 cm, right -1.5 cm, left - 3 cm.<br />
In bold are written the title of the paper in all languages, headings and all main<br />
structural elements (abstract, introduction, materials, methods, results,<br />
discussion, conclusions, references). In Italic are written Latin names of species,<br />
genera, diseases, pests and microorganisms. Cultivar is it be placed within single<br />
quatation marks.<br />
Tables<br />
If results are already given in figures, tables should not be used. Double<br />
documentation is not acceptable.<br />
Text in tables is written in Lithuanian and English languages. If the text is written<br />
in Russian – in Russian and English. If Lithuanian and English texts are in one line<br />
they are separated by /. Do not use vertical and horizontal lines to separate parts of<br />
the text. A horizontal line separates only headings of columns and the end of the<br />
table. Orientation in a page only vertical (Portrait).<br />
Trial variants in tables should not be numbered or submitted in complicated<br />
abbreviations. Tables should be self explanatory, and if there are abbreviations, they<br />
should be understandable.<br />
Statistical data, figures, numerals<br />
It is des<strong>ir</strong>able to describe in detail the applied research methods and indicate<br />
references. The information on the scheme (design) of field, vegetative and other<br />
trials and motivation of the<strong>ir</strong> choice are very important. Data presented in tables and<br />
figures must be statistically processed: means, standard errors, correlation<br />
coefficients, significance of differences, (most acceptable at 95% or and – 90.99%<br />
level), etc. calculated. Abbreviations of parameters should be explained if they are<br />
not international standard abbreviations (ISO) [13].<br />
Value figures should not be more than the trial method allows. Means of values<br />
should be rounded off to 1/10, the<strong>ir</strong> standard errors calculated.<br />
For figures indicating quantity should be used Arabic numerals, e.g.: 15 tons,<br />
and for consecutive numbering can be used both Roman and Arabic numerals, e.g.:<br />
XX century, 2nd sample.<br />
Numbers from one to nine are written in words, except when they mean<br />
measurement size (e.g.: 5 km, but “three variants”) or numbered consecutively (e.g.:<br />
phase 6, 9, 12). In many-figured numbers between classes an interval is made, e.g.,<br />
42 351. Percent is noted as %, when a specific number is implied, though „percent<br />
unit“ is written in words. In decimals use the decimal point.<br />
351
Figures<br />
All illustrations – drawings, graphs, diagrams, photographs are considered as<br />
figures. The text in them is written in Lithuanian and English.<br />
Figures must be drafted in black color in Microsoft Office 95, 98, 2000 packet<br />
EXCEL or other programs of this packet and included into the text and submitted<br />
as a separate EXCEL file in a diskette. Drawings must be professionally drafted<br />
or they can be redrafted by a professional and the work will be paid by the author<br />
according to the price list. Notice that the Editorial Board has the right to change<br />
the<strong>ir</strong> format according to the design of the article or the whole publication.<br />
Letters and symbols in figures are recommended not smaller than size 10. Block<br />
parts of figures should be numbered consecutively by letters a, b, c, etc.<br />
References<br />
Into references can be included:<br />
-articles, published in scientific periodical journals, scientific reviewed<br />
publications (books, monographs), article collections of scientific conferences and<br />
symposiums whose papers were reviewed or they meet the requ<strong>ir</strong>ements of scientific<br />
periodical publications with reference to the structure and the length of the article;<br />
-scientific books, monographs, reviewed publications of smaller volume<br />
and exclusively for scientific purpose (i.e. abstracts of theses to obtain a<br />
scientific degree) or the<strong>ir</strong> parts;<br />
It is recommended to include a minimum of 10 references. All of them must be<br />
cited in the text. Two th<strong>ir</strong>ds of references should be not older than four-six years,<br />
and if older – only very significant. Cited are only these works, which are d<strong>ir</strong>ectly<br />
related to the investigated theme.<br />
Scientific reports, manuscripts, textbooks, reference books, conference<br />
proceedings (theses or short presentations), recommendations, pamphlets, articles<br />
in newspapers are not considered as references and are not included into references<br />
list. References to standards, reference books or other regulations and rules are<br />
indicated in footnotes.<br />
Names of journals, volumes of conference articles, etc, are not abbreviated.<br />
The reference list should be arranged in alphabetical order.<br />
Book:<br />
Wertheim S.J. Rootstock guide. Wilhelminadorp. 1998. 144 p.<br />
Journal article<br />
Johnson D.S. Controlled atmosphere storage of apples in UK // Acta horticulturae.<br />
1999. Vol. 485. P.187-193.<br />
Koch J. Plough depth // Soil Science. 1998. Vol. 15. N 2. P. 12-15.<br />
Thesis abstract<br />
Karkleliene R. Inheritance of quantitative characters and estimation of combining<br />
ability in carrots: summary of doctoral dissertation. Babtai, 2001. 43 p.<br />
352
TURINYS<br />
A.Sasnauskas, D. Gelvonauskienë, B. Gelvonauskis,<br />
J. B. Ðikðnianienë, G. Ðabajevienë, P. Duchovskis.<br />
Introdukuotø obelø veisliø biologiniø savybiø tyrimas ........................................ 3<br />
A. Sasnauskas, D. Gelvonauskienë, B. Gelvonauskis,<br />
P. Viðkelis. Introdukuotø obelø veisliø produktyvumo <strong>ir</strong> vaisiø<br />
kokybës tyrimas ...................................................................................................... 12<br />
D.Gelvonauskienë, A. Sasnauskas, B. Gelvonauskis,<br />
J. B. Ðikðnianienë, G. Ðabajevienë, P. Duchovskis.<br />
Obelø selekciniø numeriø biologiniø savybiø tyrimas ........................................ 20<br />
D.Gelvonauskienë, A. Sasnauskas, B. Gelvonauskis,<br />
P. V i ð k e l i s . Obelø selekciniø numeriø produktyvumo <strong>ir</strong> vaisiø kokybës<br />
tyrimas ...................................................................................................................... 32<br />
R. Rugienius, A. Sasnauskas. Braðkiø veisliø tyrimas Lietuvoje<br />
pagal tarptautinæ COST 863 programà ..................................................................... 43<br />
P. Banach, M. Gàstoù . Obelø veislës ‘Jonica’ su sk<strong>ir</strong>tingais poskiepiais<br />
augimas <strong>ir</strong> derëjimas ................................................................................................. 54<br />
D.Kviklys, J. Stankienë, H. Kemp. Sodinamosios medþiagos<br />
sveikumo átaka obelø augimui <strong>ir</strong> derliui ................................................................ 62<br />
S. Nominaitis, V. M. Rutkovienë, P. Viškelis. Agrotechniniø<br />
(ûkininkavimo) sistemø átaka ‘Elise’ veislës obelø derliui, produkcijos<br />
kokybei <strong>ir</strong> d<strong>ir</strong>voþemio sudëèiai ............................................................................... 72<br />
G. Ðabajevienë, D. Kviklys, N. Kviklienë,<br />
A.Kasiulevièiûtë, P. Duchovskis. Poskiepiø átaka obelø<br />
vaismedþiø fotosintezës sistemos veiklai .............................................................. 79<br />
J. Skrzyñski, M. Gàstoù. ‘Jonica’ veislës obelø vaisiø kokybës<br />
priklausomumas nuo poskiepiø ............................................................................... 88<br />
J. P. Privé. Obelø poskiepiø atsparumo ðalèiui tyrimai ......................................... 95<br />
R. Petrokas, P. Duchovskis. Miðkinës obels (Malus sylvestris Mill.)<br />
sk<strong>ir</strong>iamieji ypatumai ............................................................................................... 104<br />
L. Duchovskienë, J. Sakalauskaitë, D. Kviklys,<br />
J. B. Ðikðnianienë, E. Kupèinskienë. Obelø ligø <strong>ir</strong> kenkëjø<br />
plitimo ávertinimas sk<strong>ir</strong>tingos pramoninës tarðos rajonuose ............................. 114<br />
L. Taparauskienë. Drëkinimo átaka ‘Senga Sengana’ braðkëms .................. 124<br />
L. Buskienë, N. Uselis, J. Lanauskas. Geleþies tràðø átaka<br />
‘Bogota’ veislës braðkiø mitybai, iðsivystymui <strong>ir</strong> derliui ................................. 137<br />
A.Urbonavièiûtë, G. Samuolienë, J. Sakalauskaitë,<br />
P. Duchovskis, A. Brazaitytë, J. B. Ðikðnianienë,<br />
G. Ðabajevienë, K. Baranauskis, S. Sakalauskienë,<br />
N. Uselis, B. Gelvonauskis. Kompleksinis UV-B spinduliuotës <strong>ir</strong><br />
temperatûros poveikis braðkiø fiziologiniams rodikliams ................................... 146<br />
L. Raudonis. Abamectino poveikis þemuoginëms erkëms Tarsonemus pallidus<br />
(Acari: Tarsonemidae) braðkëse ............................................................................ 153<br />
L. Raudonis. Abemectino toksiðkumas raudonosioms sodinëms erkëms<br />
Panonychus ulmi (Acari: Tetranychidae) obelyse ............................................... 162<br />
353
J. Lanauskas, D. Kviklys. Kaulavaisiø poskiepiø tyrimai Lietuvoje ......... 170<br />
M.Meland, O. Fr∅ ynes. Slyvø veisliø ‘Opal’ <strong>ir</strong> ‘Reine Claude de GF 1119’,<br />
auginamø Norvegijoje, penkiø poskiepiø charakteristika ...................................... 179<br />
K.Baranauskis, J. Sakalauskaitë, A. Brazaitytë,<br />
A. Urbonavièiûtë, G. Samuolienë, G. Ðabajevienë,<br />
S. Sakalauskienë, J. B. Ðikðnianienë, P. Duchovskis.<br />
UV sugerianèiø pigmentø pokyèiai augalø lapuose veikiant UV-B spinduliuotei . 187<br />
R. Karklelienë. Morkø <strong>ir</strong> burokëliø lietuviðkø veisliø bei hibridø ypatumai<br />
ekologinëje <strong>ir</strong> intensyvioje darþininkystëje ............................................................ 193<br />
V. Zalatorius, A. Zalatoriûtë, P. Viðkelis. Optimalaus sëjos <strong>ir</strong><br />
nuëmimo laiko átaka morkø ‘Svalia’ F 1<br />
derliui <strong>ir</strong> kokybei ................................ 201<br />
O.Bundinienë, È. Bobinas, P. Duchovskis. Áva<strong>ir</strong>iø azoto<br />
tràðø <strong>ir</strong> ceolito átaka valgomosios morkos produktyvumui <strong>ir</strong><br />
morfometriniams rodikliams .................................................................................. 211<br />
S. Sakalauskienë, A. Brazaitytë, J. Sakalauskaitë,<br />
J. B. Ðikðnianienë, G. Samuolienë, P. Duchovskis.<br />
UV-B spinduliuotës poveikis morkø biometriniams rodikliams ........................ 223<br />
I. Zitikaitë, E. Survilienë, G. Bûtaitë. Pomidorø (Lycopersicon<br />
esculentum Mill.) v<strong>ir</strong>usø diagnostika elektronomikroskopiniu <strong>ir</strong> molekuliniu<br />
metodais ................................................................................................................. 230<br />
R. Vyðniauskienë, V. Ranèelienë, D. Raklevièienë,<br />
D. Ðvegþdienë, Z. Janèys, K. Ðlekytë, P. Duchovskis,<br />
A. Brazaitytë, J. Ðikðnianienë. Pomidorø (Lycopersicon<br />
esculentum Mill.) augimo bei biocheminiø rodikliø priklausomumas<br />
nuo UV-B spinduliuotës........................................................................................ 240<br />
J. B. Ðikðnianienë, P. Duchovskis, P. Viðkelis,<br />
O. D. Petronienë. Raudonøjø burokëliø ‘Kamuoliai’ kai kuriø<br />
organiniø medþiagø dinamika þydëjimo indukcijos <strong>ir</strong> evokacijos tarpsniais .... <strong>25</strong>1<br />
R. Starkutë, L. Duchovskienë, V. Zalatorius. Augalø, auginamø<br />
þaliajai tràðai, agrobiologinis ávertinimas <strong>ir</strong> átaka svogûnø derliui ................... 261<br />
D.Kavaliauskaitë. Herbicido Boxer 800 EC (v. m. Prosulfocarb 800 g l -1 )<br />
átaka valgomøjø svogûnø pasëlio derlingumui <strong>ir</strong> piktþolëtumui ...................... 270<br />
G. Samuolienë, P. Duchovskis. Fitohormonø dinamika <strong>ir</strong> vaidmuo<br />
po paprastojo kmyno þydëjimo indukcijos ......................................................... 278<br />
J. Jankauskienë, A. Brazaitytë. Sodinimo tankumo átaka<br />
pavasariniø agurkø produktyvumui ....................................................................... 286<br />
B. Szwejkowska, P. Duchovskis. Áva<strong>ir</strong>iø veisliø þ<strong>ir</strong>niø reakcija á<br />
beicavimà fungicidais <strong>ir</strong> insekticidais bei á herbicidus ........................................... 295<br />
V. A. Ð lapakauskas, E. Kazlauskas, S. Glioþ eris.<br />
Karboks<strong>ir</strong>ûgðèiø hidrazidø dariniø átaka pupeliø pridëtiniø ðaknø<br />
formavimuisi <strong>ir</strong> fotosintetiniam elektronø judëjimui ............................................... 305<br />
E. Dambrauskienë. Rausvaþiedës eþiuolës (Echinacea purpurea (L.)<br />
Moench) produktyvumas, taikant intensyvias auginimo technologijas ............. 316<br />
B. Szwejkowska, P. Duchovskis. Meteorologiniø sàlygø <strong>ir</strong> sëklø<br />
apdorojimo cheminiais preparatais átaka þ<strong>ir</strong>niø derliui <strong>ir</strong> baltymø kiekiui ............... 322<br />
354
R. Vyðniauskienë, Z. Janèys, R. Spalinskas. Þemos<br />
temperatûros poveikis superoksido dismutazës aktyvumui atspariuose<br />
ðalnoms bulviø hibriduose ................................................................................... 331<br />
P ranešimas spaudai. ES lëðos investuojamos á þemës <strong>ir</strong> miðkø ûkio<br />
studentus, mokslininkus bei tyrëjus ...................................................................... 339<br />
Kronika. Iškilus mokslininkas sodininkas Algimantas Kviklys ......................... 341<br />
Atmintinë autoriams, raðantiems á mokslo darbus „Sodininkystë <strong>ir</strong> darþininkystë“ ... 346<br />
355
CONTENTS<br />
A.Sasnauskas, D. Gelvonauskienë, B. Gelvonauskis,<br />
J. B. Ðikðnianienë, G. Ðabajevienë, P. Duchovskis.<br />
Investigation of biological traits of apple cultivars .................................................... 3<br />
A.Sasnauskas, D. Gelvonauskienë, B. Gelvonauskis,<br />
P. Viðkelis. Productivity, fruit quality and chemical characteristic of<br />
introduced apple cultivars ...................................................................................... 12<br />
D.Gelvonauskienë, A. Sasnauskas, B. Gelvonauskis,<br />
J. B. Ðikðnianienë, G. Ðabajevienë, P. Duchovskis.<br />
Investigation of biological important traits of apple selections ......................... 20<br />
D.Gelvonauskienë, A. Sasnauskas, B. Gelvonauskis,<br />
P. Viðkelis. Productivity and fruit quality of apple selections .................... 32<br />
R. Rugienius, A. Sasnauskas. Investigation of strawberry cultivars<br />
according to international COST 863 programme in Lithuania ............................ 43<br />
P. Banach, M. Gàstoù. Growth and fruiting of apple tree cv. ‘Jonica’<br />
on different rootstocks ............................................................................................. 54<br />
D.Kviklys, J. Stankienë, H. Kemp. Effect of health status of<br />
planting material on apple tree growth and yield ............................................... 62<br />
S. Nominaitis, V. M. Rutkovienë, P. Viðkelis. Influence of<br />
different agrotechnical measures on apple-tree ‘Elisa’ yield, production<br />
quality and composition of soil ............................................................................ 72<br />
G. Ðabajevienë, D. Kviklys, N. Kviklienë,<br />
A. Kasiulevièiûtë, P. Duchovskis. Rootstock effect on<br />
photosynthetic pigment system formation in apple tree leaves .......................... 79<br />
J. Skrzyñski, M. Gàstoù. Quality of ‘Jonica’ apple fruit as influenced by<br />
rootstocks ................................................................................................................ 88<br />
J . P. P r i v é . Techniques for cold hardiness research for apple rootstocks. ............ 95<br />
R. Petrokas, P. Duchovskis. Distinctive characteristics of Malus<br />
sylvestris Mill ......................................................................................................... 104<br />
L. Duchovskienë, J. Sakalauskaitë, D. Kviklys,<br />
J. B. Ðikðnianienë, E. Kupèinskienë. Evaluation of apple<br />
diseases and pest spread in different regions of industrial emission ............. 114<br />
L. Taparauskienë. Influence of <strong>ir</strong>rigation on strawberries<br />
‘Senga Sengana’.................................................................................................... 124<br />
L. Buskienë, N. Uselis, J. Lanauskas. Effect of foliar applied <strong>ir</strong>on<br />
fertilizers on nutrition, development and yield of strawberry cv. ‘Bogota’ .... 137<br />
A.Urbonavièiûtë, G. Samuolienë, J. Sakalauskaitë,<br />
P. Duchovskis, A. Brazaitytë, J. B. Ðikðnianienë,<br />
G. Ðabajevienë, K. Baranauskis, S. Sakalauskienë.<br />
The complex exposure of temperature and UV-B <strong>ir</strong>radiation on<br />
physiological indices in strawberry ..................................................................... 146<br />
L. Raudonis. The effect of abamectin on strawberry mite Tarsonemus<br />
pallidus (Acari: Tarsonemidae) in strawberries ..................................................... 153<br />
356
L. Raudonis. Toxicity of abamectin to fruit tree red spider mite, Panonychus<br />
ulmi (Acari: Tetranychidae) in apple tree site ........................................................ 162<br />
J. Lanauskas, D. Kviklys. Stone fruit rootstok research in Lithuania....... 170<br />
M.Meland, O. Fr∅ynes. Performance of five plum rootstocks to<br />
the plum cultivars ‘Opal’ and ‘Reine Claude GF 1119’ growing in Norway ............ 179<br />
K.Baranauskis, J. Sakalauskaitë, A. Brazaitytë,<br />
A. Urbonavièiûtë, G. Samuolienë, G. Ðabajevienë,<br />
S. Sakalauskaitë, J. B. Ðikðnianienë, P. Duchovskis.<br />
Variability of UV-absorbing compounds in plant leaves under UV-B exposure ..... 187<br />
R. Karklelienë. Features of Lithuanian carrot and red beet varieties and<br />
hybrids in ecological and intensive vegetable growing ......................................... 193<br />
V. Zalatorius, A. Zalatoriûtë, P. Viðkelis. Influence of the optimal<br />
sowing and harvesting time on the yield and quality of carrot ‘Svalia’ F 1<br />
........................ 201<br />
O.Bundinienë, È. Bobinas, P. Duchovskis. Influence efficacy<br />
of different nitrogen fertilizers and zeolite on productivity and<br />
morphometrics indices of carrot .......................................................................... 211<br />
S. Sakalauskienë, A. Brazaitytë, J. Sakalauskaitë,<br />
J. B. Ðikðnianienë, G. Samuolienë, P. Duchovskis.<br />
Biometric indexes of carrot in response to different UV-B radiation .............. 223<br />
I. Zitikaitë, E. Survilienë, G. Bûtaitë. The diagnostic of<br />
v<strong>ir</strong>uses in tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.)<br />
by electronmicroscopic and molecular methods ................................................. 230<br />
R. Vyðniauskienë, V. Ranèelienë, D. Raklevièienë,<br />
D. Ðvegþdienë, Z. Janèys, K. Ðlekytë, P. Duchovskis,<br />
A. Brazaitytë, J. Ðikðnianienë. Growth parameters dependence<br />
of tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) from UV-B <strong>ir</strong>radiation................... 240<br />
J. B. Ðikðnianienë, P. Duchovskis, P. Viðkelis,<br />
O. D. Petronienë. The dynamics of some organic substances of<br />
red beet ‘Kamuoliai’ at flowering induction and evocation stages .................. <strong>25</strong>1<br />
R. Starkutë, L. Duchovskienë, V. Zalatorius. Agrobiological<br />
evaluation of plants for green manure and it’s inffluence on yield ............... 261<br />
D. Kavaliauskaitë. Influence of herbicide Boxer 800 EC<br />
(Prosulfocarb 800 gl -1 ) on edible onion crop weeding and harvest ............... 270<br />
G. Samuolienë, P. Duchovskis. Dynamics and role of<br />
phytohormones in common caraway after flowering induction ........................ 278<br />
J. Jankauskienë, A. Brazaitytë. Physiological aspects of<br />
cucumber crop density ......................................................................................... 286<br />
B. Szwejkowska, P. Duchovskis. Response of several cultivars<br />
of sowing pea to fungicide-insecticide dressings and herbicides .......................... 295<br />
V. A. Ðlapakauskas, E. Kazlauskas <strong>ir</strong> S. Glioþeris.<br />
Effect of carboxylic acid hydrazid derivatives on the adventitious roots<br />
formation and photosynthetic electron transport in Phaseolus vulgaris .............. 305<br />
E. Dambrauskienë. Productivity of eastern purple coneflower<br />
(Echinacea purpurea L. moench) applying intensive growing technologies ..... 316<br />
357
B. Szwejkowska, P. Duchovskis. Effect of climatic conditions and<br />
seed dressing on the yield and protein content in seeds of pea ............................ 322<br />
R. Vyðniauskienë, Z. Janèys, R. Spalinskas. Impact of low<br />
temperature on superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity of frost resistant<br />
hybrids of potatoes .............................................................................................. 331<br />
Guidelines for the preparation and submission of articles to the volumes of<br />
scientific works „Sodininkystë <strong>ir</strong> darþininkystë“ .................................................... 350<br />
358
359
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Mokslinis leidinys<br />
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SODININKYSTË IR DARÞININKYSTË. T.<strong>25</strong>(4). 1-384.<br />
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