Nr. 1 - Lietuvos sporto informacijos centras

44
SPORTO MOKSLAS
The deviation of the centre of gravity from the
vertical line coincide with the point (Васильева
1996), the trochanter. Normally the body centre
of gravity is in the lower part of the pelvis. If the
deviation of the centre of gravity is equal to the
hip deviation, it can be said that it is in its place, if
not, then there will be asymmetric deviations in the
shoulder, chest and pelvic area.
Muscle functional condition (ice-hockey
players = group A, swimmers = group B and
basketball players = group C)
Analyzing muscles according to their tone
development, they can be divided into two groups:
posturally and phasically contracting muscles. The
postural muscles that form posture have rather high
tone, but if these muscles are overloaded, the tone
pathologically increases and the muscle cannot contract
nor relax effectively enough to allow the antagonist
to work. Phasically contracting muscles that provide
movements have lower tone than postural muscles. If
they are overloaded, their effective activity decreases,
they lengthen and cannot contract effectively.
Balanced work of the phasic and postural muscles
is one of the preconditions to form a correct posture.
The muscles are in definite strength relations
providing typical or correct stereotype, thus every
movement is executed with optimal strength.
Muscle testing results indicate that the greatest
changes were found in the postural muscles m. rectus
femoris – in all 20 ice-hockey players (100%), in
basketball players (84.2%) and swimmers (41%).
It can be concluded that the tone pathologically
increases and the muscle cannot contract nor relax
enough to allow the antagonist to work. So, we
stated the higher tone of the hamstring muscles in
the groups of ice-hockey players, swimmers and
basketball players correspondingly 64, 60 and 57.9%.
The greatest changes of m. triceps surae were in the
swimmers group (41%), then in the ice-hockey group
(22.3%) and the basketball group (21.1%).
Athletes in all groups have short pelvic muscles
(77.2%, 84% and 73% in group A, B and C) and
hamstring muscles. If the leg and pelvic muscles are
shorter, the lordosis of the lower back increases, the
function of the spine amortisation decreases, as well
as equal load division. If the body adaptation ability is
low, it can cause pain in the lower back and knee joints.
Basketball players’ hamstring muscles have significantly
higher tone than those of swimmers. The changes of
the shoulder girdle muscle tone were as follows: m.
pectoralis major 21% in 4 swimmers, 5% in 2 basketball
players, the ice-hockey players do not have any changes
(Fig. 2). Basketball players have the greatest number
of changes in m. pectoralis major - 63.2%, swimmers
have the smallest – 49%. The shortened muscles of
the shoulder girdle in group B – m.m. erector cervicis,
m. pectoralis major and m.pectoralis minor testify that
these muscles are overloaded.
M.triceps surae
M.quadriceps femoris
M.hamstrings
M.iliopsoas
M.pectorales major
(upper part)
M.pectorales major
M.m.erector cervicis
Swimmers Hockey players Basketball players
5
0
21,1
22,3
21
41
41
57,9
64
60
63,2
54,4
49
73,7
77,2
70
84,2
84
95
88,9
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110
Fig. 2. Results of swimmer, ice-hockey and basketball player
postural muscle length, % of total number
Having the results of muscle testing we can
see the changes in the phasic muscles when their
effectiveness decreases, that is, they extend and are
not able to contract effectively: m. rectus abdominis –
47% of swimmers and 77% of ice-hockey players,
47% of basketball players. Swimmers have the lowest
tone of the shoulder blade fixators – 70%, basketball
players – 42% (Fig. 3).
M.gluteus medium
M.trapec (lower part)
M.rectus abdominis
Swimmers Hockey players Basketball players
26,3
42,1
54,4
54,4
47
57,9
70
70
77,8
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90
Fig. 3. Results of swimmer, ice-hockey and basketball player
phasic muscle strength, % of total number
The upper cross syndrome is characteristic for
athletes of the cyclic sports as swimming, and rowing
(Коган и др. 1986; Иваничев 1999). Loading of
the sport on the shoulder girdle, we have shown that
the spine hyperkyphosis of the chest part and the
100