NAUJA ŽVĖRUNOS-MEDEINOS PERSPEKTYVA

OXOTHHKaM, CKOpee HM MeiUaeT. JJ,aHHHX jsm peKOHCT"
pyKUHH ee Ky/nvra HeflocTaTOHHO, ojiHaKO ecn> ocHOBaHiie
npejrnojiaraTb, HTO yKnepyHe-MefleHHe KKero^HO nocBHmajiacb
nepBan oxoTHHHbH ;ro6biHa H npHHOCHJincb
noxepTBOBaHHH c uejibio oxpaiibi CKOTa OT BOJIKOB. C ee
KyjibTOM Taoce
pHTyajibHan
MoaceT 6brrb CBH3aHa po)KjiecTBeHCKaH
oxoTa Ha 3aiiueB.
B CTaTte Taoce iunpoKO npejjcTaBJieHbi JiHTOBCKHe
CBflmeHHbie MecTa flByx BIUIOB: 5 3aaHbHX KOCT&HOB
(Kiškio bažnyčios) H 10 «BOJiHbHX cjieflOB» (vilkpėdžiai),
3a(pHKCiipoBaHHbix B BOCTOHHOH JIiiTBe. Hyn> aanbuie
OT HX apeana Haxo,mrrc5i jjepeBiui BiuiKnejpKHH (riojibiiia)
H KaMenb B XypaBeue (Bejiapycb) co cjiejjaMH Jian 3aHua,
BOJiKa, MeflBeflH H JIHCM (pnc. 4). JIJIK 3aOTbHX KOCTCJIOB
(K3MHH, XOJIMH, jieca) (pnc. 5-8) H «Boji i ibHX cjieflOB»
(K3MHH C BbieMKaMH, Ha3bIBaeMbIMH BOJIHblf cjieau)
(pnc. 9-11) xapaKrepHO TO, HTO GoJibiiiHHCTBO 3Tiix MecT
pacnojio)KeHo Ha paccTOHHHii no 10 KM OT ABOPOB
rocy^apn XrV-XV BB., rocynapcTBeHHbix 33MKOB, a Taicsce
OT BJiaaeHHH H BOTHTIH M3raaT0B. 3TO B nepByio onepeflb
OTHOCHTCH K peraoHy, pacnojioxeHHOMy Mexay peKaMH
HeM3H H Hepuc (pnc. 12), B KOTOPOM jioKanH3HpoBaHa
3eMJiH JIHTBH (B y3K0M cMbicjie) H flOMeH nepBoro
H3BecrHoro KOPOJIH MHHjjayraca (OK. 1236-1263).
Ha Haui B3rjuw, MHfpojiorHHecKiie, pejiHni03Hbie H
3TH0JI0niHeCKHe
HCTOHHHKH n03BOJIHK)T yrBep)KiiaTb, HTO
CBHmeHHbie MecTa, Ha3HBaeMbie 3anHbHMH KOCTejiaMH,
6bum MecTaMH KyjibTa /KBepyHbi-MeaeHHbi, npaKTH-
KyeMoro BOHH3MH-oxoTHHKaMH. To, HTO xapaKTepnbiM
noBTopniomHMCJi 3JieMeHT0M KyjibTypiiOH cpe^bi
«BOJIMbHX CJie,ITOB» HBJIfleTCH JJBOp roCVflapH XIV-XV BB.,
rocynspcTBeHHbie 33MKH H na3BanHH MecTHOCTeii,
BepOHTHO, CBH33HHbie C BJiajTeHHflMH MamaTOB, n03BO"
jiiieT yTBepxnaTb, TTO KaMHH C «BOJIHBHMH arie,a;aMH»
03H3 i iajin npHHafljie^HocTb K BJiafleiiHHM 6OTHHH
)KBepyHH-MefleHHbi. C apyron CTopoiibi, nocpejjcTBOM
MHfpHHeCKOrO KOfla T3K MOTJIH 6bITb «0603HaM3eMH»
HSCTOfllUHe BJiafleHHH BejIHKOrO KHH3H H ManiaTOB — JIHH,
o6jiaaaroiUHX CTaTycoM
BOHHOB-OXOTHHKOB.
HTaK, )KBepyna-MeaeHH3, npejjcTaBJtfiiomafl oxoTy
(BOHHy), T.e. npHopiiTeTHyio oGjiacTb jreHTejibHOCTH
npaBamei! Boennoli sairrbi, necoMiieimo cooTBeTCTBOB3Ji3
p3Hry rocyfl3pcTneHHbix GoroB-cynepenoB H no3TOMy
0K33aii3Cb cpejur HHX. 3Ta opuniHanbuafl
OCOGCHHOCTB
JIHTOBCKOH pejiHiriH MoaceT 6brrb oGiHCHena H TCM, HTO:
1) )KBepyHa-MefleHHa o6jiaaajia 6ojibuiHM MHOJHi
iecKHM H pejinrH03HbiM 3Ha i ieinieM JŲM Boeimoro CJIOJI.
CymecTByeT Miiemie, HTO ero I UICHH oaiioBpeMeiiiio
HRUJUiHCb apy3bHMH-n«ieaoBoaaMH (bičiulis), pa3B0flH"
miiMH B jiecax mieji (bičiulystė - jroeBHHH
JIHTOBCKHH
HHCTHTVT BCTyiUieHHH B pOflCTBO nyTCM B33HMHOro OGMC"
na nnejiaMH).
2) OcoGoe BHHMamie /KBepyne-McflCHiie H ee Kyjibiy
yaejuuiocb yxe B pejnini03H0H TpammnH pojia Mumayraca,
co3jiaBaBuiero rocyaspcTBo: OCHOBIIOH apcaji
Dr. Vykintas Vaitkevičius
Lietuvos istorijos institutas,
Kražių g. 5, LT-2001, Vilnius, tcl. 261 49 35,
cl. paštas: vikivait@takas.lt
CBHiiieHHbix MecT )KBepyHbi-Me,iieHHH, na3HBaeMbix
33HHbHMH KOCTejiaMH H «BOOTbHMH cjiejiaMH», B MesarypenbH
HeMaH3 H Hepnc coBnaaaeT c npeanoaaraeMOH
TeppHTopHeii 3eMJiH JIHTBH (B y3KOM CMbicjie) H
KoppejinpyeT c reorpafpHeíi P3HHHX ^BopoB rocynapii H
rocy,zi3pcTBeHHbix 3aMKOB.
PHC. 1. Toraanfl.
CnHCOK HJIJIIOCTPAUHH
OparMeHTbi pucyHKOB Ha KaMHHX, H3o6paxaioinHX
BcaflHHKa c COKOJIOM H ncoM: 1. KjiHHTe; 2. Tapaa (GB,
1941, TaG. 55; 1942, c. 46,).
PHC. 2. Kypuiac, XI-XII BB.
HaBepuine H nepeKpecTne Mena, Ha KOTopoii
H3o6pa>KeHH pa36eraiomHecH 33HHM. MorHJibHHK
CujiMSHHHeMc, BeHTcnHJicKHíí p-H. (Lstvįjas archeologija,
1974, Ta6. 47:12).
PHC. 3. H3o6paxeHHe BOHHOB-BOJIKOB OflHHa na
KaMiie pyn B03Jie JlyHfla (UlBeųHH) (Roesdahl, 1987,
p. 77).
PHC. 4. XOJIMH (2, 5), KaMenb (10), nojie (30), nec
(40), Ha3HBaeMbie 3aHibHMH KOCTejiaMH (no aBTopy):
1. TeHHOHHc (BapeHCKHíí P-H); 2. TypoHHC (KanuinflopcKHH
p-H); 3. JÍHHHUiKeHaH (npeHancKHH p-H); 4,
MHHHOHHC
(AHHKIUHHCKIIH P-H); 5. nypBHjmii (AHHK-
IHHHCKHH p-H).
KaMHH C «BOJTTbHMH c^eflaMH» (3-9, 12) H MecTa,
Ha3biBaeMtie BOJTIHÍÍaiea(\, 2, 10, 11) (no aBTopy): 1 -
BojiocTb BeiiHKOHH (BopoHOBCKHH p-H, Bejiapycb); 2 -
CKHH p-H); 4 - IypoHHC (TpaKaiicKHH p-H); 5 - HKeHaii
(Bapenciarii p-H); 6 - KajiBHH (POKHUIKCKHH p-H); 7 -
KapeiiBoinic (KafiiiiHflopcKHH p-H); 8 - CaGajinuiKec
(npeimiicKHH p-H); 9 - BujiKne^e (BRUBUIOC); 10 -
BmiKancipKflH (Wilkopedze, CyBanKCKoe BoeBOflCTBO,
nojibCK3H Pecny6jiHKa); 11 - ^KocTayraH
CKHH p-H); 12 - )KypaBeH (OcHnoBHHCKHii p-H, Bejiapycb).
HrDKHiHKec (YTHHCKHH p-H); 3 - ryflHJiHíí (Mo^eT-
(Ksiiuiwop-
PHC. 5. IHHHOHHC, BapeHCKHii p-H. KaMenb, H33H-
BaeMbiii 3aHHbHM KOCTe^OM.
PHC. 6. Iyponnc, KaiimimopcKHHp-H. 3aOTHHKocTeJi
IUIH Morana nasn/Tbi.
PHC. 7. JlHUHUiKenaH, npenaiicKHH p-H. Topa rionuiaii
IUIH 3aíi i iHii KOCTCJI.
PHC. 8. FlypBaiwH, AHIIKIUHHCKHH p-n. CociioBbiH^ec
OKO^O p. LUBÍIHTOHH, Ha3bIBaeMbIH 3£lHHbHM KOCTeJIOM.
PHC. 9. Typonnc, TpaKancKHii p-H. KaMenb - «BOJI-
»iníl c^ea».
Pnc. 10. MecTO KaMiin «BOJI'IHÍÍ c^ea» B Biuibiiioce
(na BTopoM miaiie, P>WOM c sjieicrpocTojiGaMii).
PHC. 11. ^CocTayTaii, KailuisiflopcKnii p-H. MCCTO
GonoTHCToro ^ecKa «BOJI'IHÍÍ cnefl».
PHC. 12. PacnocTpaiieHHC 3a>i'ibnx KOCTCJIOB H
«BOJi'ibiix CJICJIOB» B Mcxnypc'ibii HeMaiia H Hepnc (no
airropy).
Gauta 2002 03 25