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ﻋ ﺑو<br />
ﻰﻟإ<br />
. ﺎﻬﻟ<br />
هأ<br />
ﺎﻳﻣو<br />
ﻣ ﺗ ﺎﺑ ﻳﻟا دراﻟا<br />
ﺎﺗاﺳا<br />
ﻗﺗ ﻲﻟا ﻳﻟا تﺎﻟﺎﻌﻟاو<br />
ةرادﺑ ﺎﻬﻗﻼﻋو<br />
ارﺎﺧ<br />
ﻌﺗ<br />
تارﻟا<br />
ﻐﻟا تﺎﻋ ﻳ ﺎﻓ<br />
ثﻟاو تﺎﺳارﻟا ﻣ ﻳﻟ ﻳﻟا ﻣ<br />
سﺎﺳأ ﻰﻋ مﺗ ﻋ"<br />
9<br />
ﺳارﻟ ﻲﻬﻣ ﺧﻣ : لوﻷا ﻟا<br />
ةرادإ<br />
ﺑ ﺎﻬﺑر<br />
ﻲﻟا ﻟا ﻲﻓ ﻐﻟا<br />
هﻷ<br />
ةرﺎﺷإ ﺎﻬﻀﺗ<br />
ﺻﺎﺧ عﻟا<br />
اه<br />
. ﻳﻟا دراﻟا<br />
ﺎﻋﻧ<br />
ﺳارﻟا هه ﺗ<br />
. اﺟ ﻊﺳاﻟاو مﺎﻬﻟا عﻟا اه لﺣ<br />
ﺎﻬﻧﺄﺑ ةرادا<br />
:<br />
هﺎﻟا<br />
-<br />
-<br />
-<br />
ﻳﺗ.<br />
6<br />
: ةرادا.<br />
1.6<br />
" درﺎﻧﻼﺑ آو ﻲﺳرﺎه"<br />
فﻌﻳ<br />
فاهﻷا زﺎﻧﻻ ﻳﺧﻵاو دراﻟاو تﺎﻋﺎﻟاو ةرادا ﺑو ﻊﻣ ﻌﻟا<br />
هﺟ ﻰﻟإ قﻟا ﻋ ﺎﻣ ﺎﻋﻧ ﻌﻳ ﺣﻼﻧ ﺎآ ﻳﻌﻟا اهو<br />
ﻳﻌﺗ<br />
ﻲﻓ<br />
" ﻓ نﺎﻓ"<br />
1<br />
" ﻟا<br />
ﻟذ ﻰﻟإ رﺎﺷأ ﺎآ او فه ﻟ ﻣ نﺎآ ةرادا<br />
دراﻟ ﺛﻟاو لﺎﻌﻟا ماﺳﻻا ﺟﺗ ﻲﻟا ﻧﻷا ﻣ ﻋﻣ"<br />
ﺎﻬﻧﺄﺑ ةرادﻟ<br />
،ﻳﻟا ﻲﻌﻣﺎﻟا ﻟا ،ﻳرﺳا ،ﻳﺎﻋﻟا تﺎﻋوﻣ ﻳﺗو ﻋﺎﺟﻻا تﺎﻟا ﻲﻓ ةرادا ﻬﺑ ﻣ<br />
35ص<br />
،1982<br />
-<br />
1
ﻋ ﺑو ﻰﻟإ . ﺎﻬﻟ هأ ﺎﻳﻣو ﻣ ﺗ ﺎﺑ ﻳﻟا دراﻟا ﺎﺗاﺳا ﻗﺗ ﻲﻟا ﻳﻟا تﺎﻟﺎﻌﻟاو ةرادﺑ ﺎﻬﻗﻼﻋو ارﺎﺧ ﻌﺗ تارﻟا ﻐﻟا تﺎﻋ ﻳ ﺎﻓ ثﻟاو تﺎﺳارﻟا ﻣ ﻳﻟ ﻳﻟا ﻣ سﺎﺳأ ﻰﻋ مﺗ ﻋ" 9 ﺳارﻟ ﻲﻬﻣ ﺧﻣ : لوﻷا ﻟا ةرادإ ﺑ ﺎﻬﺑر ﻲﻟا ﻟا ﻲﻓ ﻐﻟا هﻷ ةرﺎﺷإ ﺎﻬﻀﺗ ﺻﺎﺧ عﻟا اه . ﻳﻟا دراﻟا ﺎﻋﻧ ﺳارﻟا هه ﺗ . اﺟ ﻊﺳاﻟاو مﺎﻬﻟا عﻟا اه لﺣ ﺎﻬﻧﺄﺑ ةرادا : هﺎﻟا - - - ﻳﺗ. 6 : ةرادا. 1.6 " درﺎﻧﻼﺑ آو ﻲﺳرﺎه" فﻌﻳ فاهﻷا زﺎﻧﻻ ﻳﺧﻵاو دراﻟاو تﺎﻋﺎﻟاو ةرادا ﺑو ﻊﻣ ﻌﻟا هﺟ ﻰﻟإ قﻟا ﻋ ﺎﻣ ﺎﻋﻧ ﻌﻳ ﺣﻼﻧ ﺎآ ﻳﻌﻟا اهو ﻳﻌﺗ ﻲﻓ " ﻓ نﺎﻓ" 1 " ﻟا ﻟذ ﻰﻟإ رﺎﺷأ ﺎآ او فه ﻟ ﻣ نﺎآ ةرادا دراﻟ ﺛﻟاو لﺎﻌﻟا ماﺳﻻا ﺟﺗ ﻲﻟا ﻧﻷا ﻣ ﻋﻣ" ﺎﻬﻧﺄﺑ ةرادﻟ ،ﻳﻟا ﻲﻌﻣﺎﻟا ﻟا ،ﻳرﺳا ،ﻳﺎﻋﻟا تﺎﻋوﻣ ﻳﺗو ﻋﺎﺟﻻا تﺎﻟا ﻲﻓ ةرادا ﻬﺑ ﻣ 35ص ،1982 - 1
ﺎﻀﻳأ قﺎﻟا اه ﻲﻓو ﺣﺎﻟا دراﻟ ﻣﻷا ماﺳﻻا 10 ﺳارﻟ ﻲﻬﻣ ﺧﻣ : لوﻷا ﻟا 1 " فه ﻣ آأ وأ فه ﺗ ﻧ ﻲﻌﻟا لﻼﺧ ﻟا ﻣﻷا ماﺳﻻا ﻧﺎﺟ ﻰﻋ ناآﻳ ﻳﻌﻟا " ﺎﻬﻧﺄﺑ ةرادﻟ ﻲﻟﺎﻟا ﻳﻌﻟا جرﻧ نأ ﻳ ﻳهو 2 " ﻌﻣ فاهأ ﻟ ﻋ دﻣ ﻲه ةرادا نﺄﺑ ﻲﺣﻳ ﺎﻣ اهو آ ﺑ ﺣﺎﻟا دراﻟ لﺎﻌﻟاو ةرادﻟ ﺧ ﻌﺑ ﻲﻌﻳ ةرادﻟ ﻳﻌﺗ ﻲﻓ " آ ﻟﺎﻧود" فه ﺗ ﻧ سﺎﻟا ﻣ ﻋﺎﺟ ﻧأ ﺟﺗو ةدﺎﻗ ﻓ ﺗ تاراﻗ ذﺎﺗا ﻋ " : ﺎﻬﻧﺄﺑ " هﺟ ﻳﻟا حﻼﺻ" ﻟ ،ﺟﺗو فاﺷإ " ﺎﻬﻧﺄﺑ ﺎﻬﻓﻌﻳ ﺣ ﺎﻬﻓﻌﻳو 3 " كﻣ ﻰﻋ ةدﻣ فاهأ ﻟ ﺣﺎﻟا ﻳﻟا دراﻟا ﻬﻣاﺳا ﻲﻓ داﻓﻷا كﺳ ذﺎﺗاو ةدﺎﻟا ﻧﺎﺟ ﻰﻋ آﻳ ﻳﻌﻟا ﻳه ﻣ آو" ﻣ ﺟو ﺣأ ﻲﻬﻓ ﻟ ﻲﻬﻟا ءﺎﻟا ﻗ ﻲه ةرادا نﺄﺑ ﻲﺣﺗ ﺎﻣ رﺑ ﻲﻟا و تاراﻟا مﻧ نأ نود ؟ﻓ مأ ﻋ ﻲه ه ةرادا ﻌ ﻋ يﻟا لؤﺎﻟا ﺎﻳﻟ ﺗ " ﻧﺟ ﻟوأ" . ﺎﻌ ﺑﺎﺟﺎﺑ فﻌﻳ ﻟﻟاو ﻟا ﻣ ﺎﻋﻧ ﻀﻳ ﺧأ ﻳﻌﺗ ﻲﻓو زﺎﻬﺟ ﺳاﺑ ﻌﻣ ﻣﺎﻧﺑ ﺗ نﺎﻓﻬﻳ ﻋ بﺳأو ﻋ" ﺗو نوﺎﻌﻟا ﻰﻋ ﺎﻟا ﻓاﻟا ﻣ ﺟ ﺧ ﻳ ﻋ ﻌﻣ ﺗ يذ ﺎﻬﻧﺄﺑ ةرادا يرادإ 4 . " ﻋﻟا ﺗ ﻧ تﺎﺳﻟﺎﺑ ﻟ دﻬﻟا ﻰﻟإ ﻰﻌﺗ ةرادا نأ ﻰﻟإ ةرﺎﺷا ﻲﻓ كﺗ وﻳ ﺎآ تﺎﻳﻌﻟا هه آ نإ ﻳﺗ لﺣ اﻟا فﻼﺧﻻا ﻏر مﺎﻋ ﺑ ﻟا فاهأ ﺗ نﺎ نوﺎﻌﻟا سﺎﺳأ ﻰﻋ نﻳ ه ،ﻟذ ﻟ ةرادا ﺎهﻌﺗ ﻲﻟا ﻟاو قﻟا ﻲﻌﻣﺎﻟا ﻟا ،ﻳﺎﻋﻟ تﺎﻋوﻣ ﻳﺗو ﻋﺎﺟﻻا تﺎﻟا ةرادإ ،آ ﻬﺑ ﻣ ،ﺎﺧ ﻰﻣ ﺣا - 8-4ص،1999 ،ﻳرﺳا،ﻳﻟا 2 20 ص ،1982 ،ﻳﻟا ،ﻓﻌﻟا بﺎآ ﺳ ،ﻟا ﻀﻌﻣو ﻟا اﻗوﻟا ،ﺣﻟا ﻋ ﻣﺎﺳأ- 3 9ص ،2004 ،ﻗ ، يرﻣ ﻌﻣﺎﺟ تارﻣ ،ﻳﻟا دراﻟا ﺗ ،ﻲﺑﻏ ﻲﻋ- 4 ﻲﻌﻣﺎﻟا ﻟا ،ﻋﺎﺟﻻا ﻳﺎﻋﻟا تﺎﻣ ﻲﻓ ﻳرادا تاﻐﻟا ،دﺟﻟا ﻋ ﻟا ﺑأ ﺳ ضﻋ ﺑﺎﺟ - 9ص ،2004، ﻳرﺳا ،ﻳﻟا 1
Page 1 and 2: : دﺎﺳا ﻲﻌﻟا ﻟا و Page 3 and 4: : ﻣﻣ ﻣ ﻳ ﺎﻟ اآ ﺎﻳ Page 5 and 6: " اﻟا ﻲﻓ ﻐﻟاو داﻓ Page 7 and 8: 4 ﺳارﻟ ﻲﻬﻣ ﺧﻣ : ل Page 9 and 10: يﻟا درﻟا تاﻣ ﻲﻓ Page 11: دراﻟا تﺎﻧﺎهﻟا ﻲ Page 15 and 16: 12 ﺳارﻟ ﻲﻬﻣ ﺧﻣ : ل Page 17 and 18: 14 ﺳارﻟ ﻲﻬﻣ ﺧﻣ : ل Page 19 and 20: 16 ﺳارﻟ ﻲﻬﻣ ﺧﻣ : ل Page 21 and 22: 18 ﺳارﻟ ﻲﻬﻣ ﺧﻣ : ل Page 23 and 24: لﻓ ﻌﺑرا ﻰﻟا ﺎﻬﺑ Page 25 and 26: 22 ﺳارﻟ ﻲﻬﻣ ﺧﻣ : ل Page 27 and 28: 24 ﺳارﻟ ﻲﻬﻣ ﺧﻣ : ل Page 29 and 30: 26 ﺳارﻟ ﻲﻬﻣ ﺧﻣ : ل Page 31 and 32: ﺎﻬﻟﺎﺷأ وأ 27 ﺎﻬﻋ Page 33 and 34: ﺑ ﻟا ﻲﻓ طﺎﻟا ءاﺟ Page 35 and 36: ﻋ داﻓﻸﻟ ،ﻲﺳﺎﺳأ Page 37 and 38: ﻟﺎﻟا ﻟا ــــــــ Page 39 and 40: ةﻟا تﺎﻳﻻﻟا ﻲﻓ ة Page 41 and 42: ه ﻟذ ﻣ هﻷاو ﻲﺟﺎﻧ Page 43 and 44: ﻣ ﺑ ءﺟ اﻳ ﻲﻟا ﻣﺎ Page 45 and 46: 40 ﻳﻟا دراﻟا ةرادإ Page 47 and 48: ﻗو ﻲﻟا ﺧاد ﻲﻓو ، Page 49 and 50: لﻼﺧ ﻣ ﺎﻬﺣ ﻲﻟا : Page 51 and 52: 46 ﻳﻟا دراﻟا ةرادإ Page 53 and 54: داﻓﻷا ﻋﺎﺑ دراﻟا Page 55 and 56: ةرادإ تﺎﻳﻧ هﺄﺑ و Page 57 and 58: دراﻟا ﺗ ق ﻟﻬﺑ ﻼﺗ Page 59 and 60: ﺎهﻳﺗ ﻳ ﻲﻟا ةردﺎ Page 61 and 62: ةﻋ ﻓو ﻳﻟا دراﻟا ة Page 63 and 64: : ﻳﻟا دراﻟا دراﻟا
Page 65 and 66: تﺎﻟاو ﺎﻟاو هزﺎﻧ
Page 67 and 68: ﻣﺎﻌﻟا ﻟد ﻊو ﺣاﻣ
Page 69 and 70: لﺎﺳأر . داﻓﻷا ﺑ ﺎ
Page 71 and 72: ﻲﻓ دﻟا نأ ﻰر رﺎﻋ
Page 73 and 74: ﻬﻣأ . . داﻓﻸﻟ . دا
Page 75 and 76: . ﻟا ﻲﻓ . ﻟا ﻲﻓ . ﺎ
Page 77 and 78: 72 ﻳﻟا دراﻟا ةرادإ
Page 79 and 80: 74 ﻳﻟا دراﻟا ةرادإ
Page 81 and 82: دراﻟا ﻟ ﻲﺳﻼﻟا ﺧ
Page 83 and 84: ،ﻳﻟا دراﻟا ﺗﺎﺑ ل
Page 85 and 86: ﻊﺑاﻟا ﻟا ـــــــ
Page 87 and 88: ﻟوﺎﻣ تﺎﻟا ﻲﻓ ﻐ
Page 89 and 90: ،ﺎﻬﻣ ﺑﺎﻳا ﺟﻳ هه
Page 91 and 92: ﺎﻬﺎﺗرﻻ اﻧ ﺎه ﺎ
Page 93 and 94: ﻳآ" ﻣ آ ﺑ ﻟا ﻟوﺎﻣ
Page 95 and 96: 89 ﻟا ﻲﻓ ﻐﻟا : ﻊﺑا
Page 97 and 98: مﺎﻗﻷا ﻣ ﺗ ﻲﻟاو ه
Page 99 and 100: ةءﺎﻟا ﻰﻟإ ةدﺎﻳز
Page 101 and 102: ﺗ ﺑ ﺑ وأ ﺎﻣ بﻗأ ﻟ
Page 103 and 104: ﻋ ﻰﻟإ ﻗﺗ ﻣ تﺎﻣ
Page 105 and 106: ﻳﻟا ﻳ يﻟاو تاءاﺟ
Page 107 and 108: ﺳﺎﻣ ةﺣاو ﻳ كﺎه ﻧ
Page 109 and 110: كﺎه ﻟ هأ ﻧ ﻻ يﻟا ئ
Page 111 and 112: 105 ﻟا ﻲﻓ ﻐﻟا : ﻊﺑ
Page 113 and 114: ةدﺎﻋإو ﺻﺎﺧ ﺎﻣ ا
Page 115 and 116: ﻰﻟإ ﺎهروﺑ ﻐﻟا ﺗ
Page 117 and 118: ﻟ ،ﻧاﻟا ﻌﺑ ﻲﻓ ﻀ
Page 119 and 120: تاراﻗ فﻌﻳو ، ﻰﻋ
Page 121 and 122: آﻷا ﻌﺗ ﻲﻟاو . ﺗا
Page 123 and 124: ﻟ ﺎﻬﻧأ ﻣ ﻏﻟﺎﺑ "
Page 125 and 126: ﻰﻋ . ﺑ لﻟا نوﻳﻳو
Page 127 and 128: ﻣ ﻳﺧﻶﻟ ﻣاوﻷا را
Page 129 and 130: ﻣﺎﻟا ــــﻟا ﻳاﻟ
Page 131 and 132: ﺣﻣ ﻲه ﻰﻟوﻷا ﻳاﻟ
Page 133 and 134: ءﺳ ﻰﻟإ ( ﻣﻗ ﻳاﻟا
Page 135 and 136: تﺎﺳﻟا ةرﻟا ،ﻓﺎﺗ
Page 137 and 138: ﻳاﻟا ﺳﻟا ﻲﻓ ﻐﻟا
Page 139 and 140: ﻳاﻟا ﺳﻟا ﻲﻓ ﻐﻟا
Page 141 and 142: ﻣﺎﻟا ﻟا : ﻳاﻟا ﺳ
Page 143 and 144: ﻳاﻟا ﺳﻟا ﻲﻓ ﻐﻟا
Page 145 and 146: يرﺎﺟا ﻳﻌﻟا يدﺎﻗ
Page 147 and 148: ﻋاﺑ ﺗ ﻟﻼﺳﻻا نأ
Page 149 and 150: ﻣﺎﻟا ﻟا : ﻳاﻟا ﺳ
Page 151 and 152: ﻏ طﺎﻟا رﻬو ،ﻧﺎﻟ
Page 153 and 154: ىدأ ﻳاﻟا ﺳﻟا ﻲﻓ
Page 155 and 156: سدﺎﻟا ــــﻟا ﻐﻟا
Page 157 and 158: . ﻐﻟا ﻋو ﻳﻟا دراﻟ
Page 159 and 160: : ﻐﻟا . ﻐﻟا ﻋو ﻳﻟ
Page 161 and 162: ﻲﻟا ﻟا ﻣ جوﻟا تﺎ
Page 163 and 164: ةرﺎﻌﺑ وأ ،ﺎﻬﺗار
Page 165 and 166: جذﻟا لﻼﺧ ﻣ ﻊﻟا ا
Page 167 and 168: هأ ﻣ ﻲﻟا " ﻌﻟ ﻲﻌ
Page 169 and 170: " يرﻐﻳﻏ كﺎﻟ one best "
Page 171 and 172: هو ،ﻲﻟا مﻬﻟا ﻗ ﻣ
Page 173 and 174: ، ﻌﻟا قﻓ ءادﺄﺑ ت
Page 175 and 176: ﻊﺑﺎﻟا ــــﻟا : ﻧ
Page 177 and 178: ﺳﻟا هه ﺗ ﻳاﻟا تﺎ
Page 179 and 180: ﻳرادا ﻟا ﻲﺳﺎﺳأ
Page 181 and 182: دراﻟا ةرادﺑ ﺎﻬﻗ
Page 183 and 184: ﺎﻟا ﺣ ﻌﻟا داﻓأ ﻊ
Page 185 and 186: 176 تﺎﻧﺎﻟا ﺗو ﺗو ض
Page 187 and 188: اﻟا: ،ﻗ ﻟﺎﻟا ﺎﻟا
Page 189 and 190: ﻣ ﻓ ، ب يأ ﻲﻧﺎﻟا
Page 191 and 192: 18 ﺻأ ﻣ 14 ﺗﻟا ﻲﻓ ا
Page 193 and 194: -ﺎﻬﻓ نﻟﻟا ﻟﻳ ﺎﻣ
Page 195 and 196: ك ق ب -ب م ق ،ب م م -ﺗ
Page 197 and 198: اهو ،ﻣﺎﺷ تاذ ﻌﺗ 18
Page 199 and 200: ﻳدﻟا-ةﻟا بﺎﺑ-ب م
Page 201 and 202: 192 تﺎﻧﺎﻟا ﺗو ﺗو ض
Page 203 and 204: ﻣ ﻲﻓ تارﺎا ءﺎﻧإ
Page 205 and 206: زﺎﻐﻟا ﺳﻣ ﻲﻓ ﻐﻟ
Page 207 and 208: ﻳﻳﻣ ﺗ ةرادآ ﺻأ ﻳ
Page 209 and 210: ﻲﻓ ﻟا ﻟا ﻟا تﺎﺗو
Page 211 and 212: ﺷﺎﻟا ﻟا اه ﺣ ﺣﻼ
Page 213 and 214: ةﻐﻟا ﺻﺎﻌﻟا رﺎإ (
Page 215 and 216: ﻬﻟا ﻋﺎﺻ ﺳﻟ ﻲﻟا
Page 217 and 218: ﻲﻓ هﺎﺗ ﻟ ﻐﻟا ﻌﻓ
Page 219 and 220: 210 تﺎﻧﺎﻟا ﺗو ﺗو ض
Page 221 and 222: ﺎﻬﻳﺗ ﻲﻟا ﻐﻟا ت
Page 223 and 224: ﺗﺎﻟا
Page 225 and 226: ﺧ ﻲﻟﺎﻟﺎﺑو ،ﻐﻟا
Page 227 and 228: سﻬﻟا 216 مﺎﻌﻟا سﻬ
Page 229 and 230: 218 : لواﻟا مﺎﻌﻟا س
Page 231 and 232: ﺣﻼﻟا
Page 233 and 234: 220 : ﺑﺎﻟا تﻼﺑﺎﻟا
Page 235 and 236: 221 ﻊﺟاﻟا ﻊﺟاﻟا ﺎ
Page 237 and 238: 223 ﻊﺟاﻟا راد ،ﻳﻟا
Page 239 and 240: 225 ﻊﺟاﻟا قﻟا آ ،ﻗ
Page 241 and 242: 227 ﻊﺟاﻟا 4. French,W. BELL
Page 243 and 244: 229 ﻊﺟاﻟا 2. Nadège GUNIA,
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