Scanlon's Latin Grammar - Essan.org

SECOND LATIN
s
WORD STUDY
I. Ratio. The first meaning of this word is account or reckoning,
a business transaction: for example, rationem ducere, to compute;
rationes subducere, to close accounts. From this there develops a
figurative meaning, such as rationem habere, to make a calculation
(of any kind, not merely financial). From this is derived other similar
meanings, such as plan, mode, method of procedure, nature, kind. The
word then comes to be applied to that faculty of the mind which calculates
and plans, namely, the reason. From this it is applied to certain
properties of the reason, such as reasonableness, order, method.
From being applied to the reason itself, it is used to indicate some
product of the reason, such as theory, doctrine, system, or the operation
itself of the reason, namely, an adducing of proof or reasoning.
Adverbs.
GRAMMAR
a) Adverbs are formed from adjectives of the first and second
declensions by adding e to the stem: clarus, clare; distinctus, distincte;
merus, mere.
b) Adverbs are formed from adjectives of the third declension by
adding iter to the stem (stems in -nt lose the -it) : fortis, fortiter; prodens,
prudenter; naturalis, naturaliter.
c) The ablative singular neuter or feminine of adjectives, pronouns,
and nouns may be used adverbially: falso, falJely; recta, straightway;
vulgo, commonly; crebro, frequently.
d) The words of a phrase or short sentence have sometimes united
to form an adverb: postmodo, presently; videlicet, to wit; nihilominus,
nevertheless; scilicet (usually abbreviated to scil.) , that is to say.
e) A common adverbial ending in Latin is -tim: partim, partly;
statim, on the spot; saltim (or saltern), at least; separatim, separately,·
generatim, in general; divisim, separately, individually; vicissim, in
turn; singillatim, singly; gradatim, step by step, gradually, by degrees.