Teoria del calore - Scienza a Scuola

A B C D

A B C D

A B
B C B C
E A B B
C C D D E

A B
B C B C
E A B B
C C D D E

A B
B C B C
E A B B
C C D D E

100 0

0 4

10

100
100
121, 1
100

1 1.3665 0 100 30 cm 3 0
41 cm 3 100
v p vp
p v 1 1, 3665 0 100
vp
vp
1 1, 3665 0 100
0
100

1 1.3665 0 100 30 cm 3 0
41 cm 3 100
v p vp
p v 1 1, 3665 0 100
vp
vp
1 1, 3665 0 100
0
100

1 1.3665 0 100 30 cm 3 0
41 cm 3 100
v p vp
p v 1 1, 3665 0 100
vp
vp
1 1, 3665 0 100
0
100

1 1.3665 0 100 30 cm 3 0
41 cm 3 100
v p vp
p v 1 1, 3665 0 100
vp
vp
1 1, 3665 0 100
0
100

760 mm 0
0
100
100
32 212
180 32
0
0

1/10000
142
0 32 4 9
0 80
5
9

03 05
22 1870

180
300 480 244 =
32 + 212

760 mm

1 1, 3665
32
212 −459, 15
100 272, 85
−272, 85
1, 3665 1, 366 −460 −273 1
3
460
273 1
3
v, p, t v0 p0
t0
vp
t
= v0p0
t0
v0 = v pt0
p0t
p0 t0 vp
t0
t
p0
0 100

t1 t2
A (t1 − T ) T − 1
2 (t1
+ t2)
A T
T T
T T 204
R = α √ T + βT + γ
R T α, β, γ α
βT

1 1
1
5 2
6 7
5 6
1
0
39 4
62 15

0
0
0

T
0
0 4
0
0
0
C
0 0
0
0
0
500 grammi
500 grammi

57 F
62 F
1 60
212 F
150 F 5
212 62 5
500 57 62 62 212 500
5
5
30
1/30
1/30
1
1 1

1 2 3
500
1/30
500 150 F
55 F
55 62 F
117 57 F

5000
5000
5100
100
55 F
77 F
22 F
5000
56 55 176
76
6000 1000 100
20 F
1 100000
22 20
22 20
1
110000
100 212 F 135
1 13500 110000
1 96500 = 110000−13500
1 F 965 1
536
965 F
300
80

5000
5000
5100
100
55 F
77 F
22 F
5000
56 55 176
76
6000 1000 100
20 F
1 100000
22 20
22 20
1
110000
100 212 F 135
1 13500 110000
1 96500 = 110000−13500
1 F 965 1
536
965 F
300
80

5000
5000
5100
100
55 F
77 F
22 F
5000
56 55 176
76
6000 1000 100
20 F
1 100000
22 20
22 20
1
110000
100 212 F 135
1 13500 110000
1 96500 = 110000−13500
1 F 965 1
536
965 F
300
80

62 F
1795.
39 37043
1844 1 lb
7000 − esima
5760
4
1/5000000
4
1826 62 F
252.458

252.5 1000
15432.34874
277, 274
62 F
62.5

13, 5
32, 1889 32, 1889
980, 868
980, 868
g g
g g
g
g
g
g = G (1) − 0, 0025659 cos 2λ 1 − 2 − 3 ρ
2
′
z
ρ r
G 45 G = 32, 1703
9, 80533
λ
ρ
5, 5 ρ ′
dv
m
dt
g

2, 5
2 − 3 ρ
= 1, 32
2 ρ ′
z r
r = 20886852 piedi o 6366198 metri
32, 2
980
10 m 20 kg

M M M
v F
T s v
F
Mv Mv ′ F
T Mv ′ − Mv
F F F T F T
F T = M (v ′ − v)
s T
1
2 (v + v′ )
s = 1
2 (v + v′ ) T
T
F T s = 1
2
v ′ 2 − v 2
T
F s = 1
2 Mv′ 2 1
−
2 Mv2
F s F s
F
1
2 Mv2 F
s 1
2 Mv′ 2
F
F = mg F dT = mdv

1
2 Mv2
F dT = Mdv
ds = vdT
F ds = vdv
R s
1
0 F ds = 2
“
Mv ′ 2 − Mv 2
”

1
2 Mv2
F dT = Mdv
ds = vdT
F ds = vdv
R s
1
0 F ds = 2
“
Mv ′ 2 − Mv 2
”

P Q
R R P Q
P Q

4 101
0 13, 596 4
13 6/10
760 mmHg 0 9, 80868 1 k. 033
1013237
dP P S
dS

29, 905
32 F 32, 1889
14 3/4 0, 99968
α : 1 1 : α

A p
Ap P
P = Ap
x
V = Ax
P P
L = P x
P p
L = Apx
Ax V
L = V p
A = 1
P = p V = x

Ov Op Ov
Oa, Ob, Oc a, b, c
aA, bB, cC
Oa Ob
aA = bB
ab aA bB
ab aA
AabB
AB
1000 chilogrammetri
bB cC Ob Oc bc
(Bb + Cc) bc
1
2
1
(Bb + Cc) bc
2
BCcb BC
BC
Ov
P
Op
Ov
P Ov
P
P
P
P P

Ov
v p
P OL v LP p
OF OG
OL OM OGQM
P Q
P Q
P QML
P Q
P F QM R P R RQ
F P
P R/F P

P Q
E Op F E
P
P Q
F E RQ P F P R
F E = RQ
P R
P F
= aumento di pressione
= elasticità
contrazione di volume
P
P P E P P F EF
Op
P F QG

P
OL OF
F P LP
P P
P P
P
P

OL LP P
LP
OF OF
P F P
OLP F P
Ov Op
Op
Op
p Ov
Ov
P E E
F E = OF
F E OF
46
OL
OF
OF

100
100 m 3
100 175 kg/m 2
100 ab

1 mc 650 10323 kg
17500 17050
b
10323 kg/m 2
bc
100
100
V
V P = 17500
V V
1 mc 650
V P = 17050
bc
P 10323 kg V = 1 mc 650 V = 0 mc 001
cp
bc
cp
100
abcp 150 depf
150
48634 kg/m 2
0 mc 485 e 18724
19821
150
1, 036 l 100
op

1 mc 650 10323 kg
17500 17050
b
10323 kg/m 2
bc
100
100
V
V P = 17500
V V
1 mc 650
V P = 17050
bc
P 10323 kg V = 1 mc 650 V = 0 mc 001
cp
bc
cp
100
abcp 150 depf
150
48634 kg/m 2
0 mc 485 e 18724
19821
150
1, 036 l 100
op

110 0
47
13 C
47
13 100
3/5
1600−sima
100
100
−112 −146
−174

215
60
3092 73 75
31
73 atm
73 75 atm
73 atm
325 355
48
481
48, 1
10
31
100 atm
100 atm 10
10
100 atm 10
187, 5 37, 5 atm
258, 5 119, 0 atm
262, 5 66, 5 atm
411, 5

ABCDEF GHK
BF DH
CEG
C G
E
C G
CG
ABC CG GK
C
C
C D
K
G
F
DEF

ABCDEF GHK
BF DH
CEG
C G
E
C G
CG
ABC CG GK
C
C
C D
K
G
F
DEF

ABCDEF GHK
BF DH
CEG
C G
E
C G
CG
ABC CG GK
C
C
C D
K
G
F
DEF

ABCDEF GHK
BF DH
CEG
C G
E
C G
CG
ABC CG GK
C
C
C D
K
G
F
DEF

vv ′

18

0.5 9
−18 0 0 0.91674
0 1.0908
0
79.25 79.25
0
0 1.000127
4
0 100 104 100
4 1
100
1.04315
1/536
1700
536
3, 25 m
1700
85 m 100
208
0, 4805
−272

B C
Ob Oc Bb Cc
BcCb
D
A B A
T B T0 T C

T0 B
Oa aA A
T0
AB
T
A
ABba
A
A
T
T BC
T
BCcb
Q A
A
CD
T0 D
T0
CDdc
B B
B T0
DA
DAad
Q0
B

DABbd BCDdb
ABCD
Q A
T
Q0 B T0
Q A T
ABCD
Q0 B T0
1840

Q T
ABCD
Q0 T0
Q T
Q0 T0 ABCD
Q Q0
Q Q0
Q0 Q
Q Q0
ABCD
Q ′
0
Q
Q ′
0
Q Q0 Q0 + Q ′
0
Q
Q Q0
Q
4 5 430
4 5 10
300

4 5 5
430 kgm
4 5
Q0 Q
Q Q0
ABCD
Q Q0
Q T Q0
T0
ABCD
A B
Oa
Oa Od
Q0 Oc T

Ob
Q
Ob
A
B
Q0 B
Q A ABCD
T T0 Q
T L
Q L
L
Q
M N
T T0 M
N N
B Q0 L A Q
M B
N
M N M
B
N
B

A B
1/1000
C
C = 1 dL
Q dT

T ABC T
A
T Q
B Q
C
Q
AA ′ A ′′ , BB ′ B ′′ , CC ′ C ′′ A, B, C
A ′ B ′ C ′ , A ′′ B ′′ C ′′ T ′
T ′′
T
T ′
L
T T ′
AB BC
ABB ′
A ′
BCC ′
B ′
AA ′
A ′′
T
T ′
A ′
B ′
B ′′
A ′′
T ′
T ′′
T T ′′
ABB ′′
A ′′

T
Q
AA ′
A ′′
BB ′
B ′′
ABB ′
A ′
, A ′
B ′
B ′′
A ′′
T Q
T ′′
Q ABB ′′
A ′′
QC
Q QC T − T ′′
C
T
T ′′
T
A ′
B ′
T ′
Q ′
T ′
T ′′
L = QC
T ′
− T ′′
Q ′
= Q
L
= C
Q
T ′
− T ′′
C
Q ′
= Q − ABB ′
A ′
Q ′
= Q − QC
T − T ′
T ′
T ′′
L
Q ′
QC T − T
=
′′
Q − QC (T − T ′′ ′
T − T
=
) ′′
1
C + T ′ − T
dT = 1

Q
T ′′
L Q
T ′′
L = Q
′′
T ′′
= T − 1
C
T = 1
C
C
T T0 Q
L
L
= T − T0
Q
Q0
Q
T
= Q0
T0
Q − L = Q T0
T
oppure Q
Q0
= T
T0

T
Q Q
T
S
T S1 S2
T (S2 − S1)
Q T1 T2
Q
Q
T1 T2
Q T1−T2
T1T2
T1 > T2
T (S2 − S1) T
S1 S2 S1 S2
T0
T T0
(T − T0) (S2 − S1)
T 0
T (S2 − S1)
dQ
dQ
dS = T
T
dQ = T dS

T
ZZ ′ S1 S2
T T (S2 − S1) ZZ ′
T Z
T ′
T
T ′
− T (S2 − S1)
T (S2 − S1) T ′
(S2 − S1)
T ′
S1 S2
A B
AB AB
AB
AB A B

T1T1 T2T2 C1C1
C2C2 ABCD
A D K Q BC
ABCD AKQD
Ak KP QD AKP k
AKQD AKP k
ABCD A AK
T2 Ak D
AK · Ak = ABCD
A L S2
D B m n
A T2 M S2 N B l
ABCD
ABCD = AK · Ak = AL · Al = AM · Am = AN · An = 1

T
AK 1
α
AK V α
Ak
T
T
Ak
Ak · AK = 1
T
= T · AK
Ak
1
AL
T Al 1
T
AL
1
AM 1
Am
T
T
Am
AM · Am = 1
T
Am = T · AM
AN T
An
1
1
An
AN
T
AK · Ak

1
dP
dT
(V cost) = −
dS dV
(S cost)
V P T S
KV
AMN AM
1 AN
T KV
AM
AN
AM
= T
KV
KV = T AM
AN
KP ALK
AK AL
T
KP
AK
AL
AK
= T
KP
KP = T AK
AL
dV
(P costante)
dT
=
dS
(T costante)
dP
dV
(P costante)
dS
=
dT
(S costante)
dP
dP
(V costante)
dT
=
dS
(T costante)
dV
dP
(V costante)
dS
=
dT
− (S costante)
dV
V P T S

Et
DA
kA mA V
Et = V · Ak
Am
AM
= V ·
AK
Es
AB
Al An
Es = V · Al
An
AN
= V ·
AL
KP
KV
= T · AK
AL
T · AM
AN
= V · AN
AL
V · AM
AK
= Es
Et
KP KV ES Et γ
KP = γKV e ES = γEt
Al · Am − An · Ak
ES − Et = V ·
Am · An
ABCD KV
KV (Es − Et) = T V · AM ABCD AM
· = T V ·
Am AN · An Am
An · AN = ABCD
KV ES = KP Et
Et (KP − KV ) = T V · AM
Am
AM · Am = 1
T V · AM 2
AM
KV (ES − ET ) = T V · AM 2 = Et (KP − KV )

V1 V2
L
V1 V2
P
P T
P T
P0T0 P0 T0
BA CD A, B, C, D
T P B P C
L BC
V2 − V1
L T
P0D P0A T0
L AD
V ′ ′
− V
2
T0
ABCD
T T0
AB CD
1
(BC + AD) P P0
2
P P0 BC AD
BC (P − P0)
L BC
×
V2 − V1
T − T0
T
1

P − P0
L = (V2 − V1) T ·
T − T0
P − P0
T − T0
P Q T T0
dP
dT
L
V1 −V2
T
35 220
−273
V1 V2
O V1 V2 T
P T0 P0
T − T0
= (V2 − V1)
P − P0
T
L
P = h T = 0 P0
T0 = − (V1 − V2) (P0 − h) T
L
0 0mc , 0010908 = V1
0, 001000127 = V2 0 273
L 79
33576 T
P0 kg/m2
T = −0, 00000073 (P0 − h)
n 10330 kg/m2
T = −0, 0075 (n − 1)
135 a

v p t
vp
t
t
T
vp
t
P1 V T

P
t
T P2
t
P
P2
= t
T
P T
t =
P1 P
V P2 T
P1 T
V1 = V P2
P1
P2 P P1
P P2 P
V + V1
2
P1 − P
V − V1
oppure
P2
1
2 (P1 + P2) P1 − P
P1 + P2
P1 P
γ
γ = P1 − P
P1 − P2
γ = log P1 − log P
log P1 − log P2
γ = 1.408
Et (Kp − KV ) = T V · AM 2
AM = P
t
Et = P

Kp − KV = pv
= R
t
R
273, 6 pv = 7990 kgm
R 29 km 20
1
KV 1 1 kg
Kp
Kp − KV
Kp KV 1.408
KV = 29.20
= 71.56
0.408
Kp = KV + 29.20 = 100.76
425.56 Cp
= 0.2378
E
Cp = Kp
Cp = 0.2379

A B
AB
A
B AB
AB Bb ba aA
A B AB Bβ
αβ 0 αA
AB
A B
aAαβBba
A B
AαZaA BβZbB
0
βZ
A A
B
AαZaA BβbZB
A B
AαZaA

A B
A B
T ′
T
A ′ T ′
T
Aα A
T ′
T

AT T B
U A S U0 S0
B
A B
U − U0
AT B
(S − S0) T0
T0
U − U0 − (S − S0) T0
T0 P0
n
m1.... mn
v1..... vn
s1.... sn
u1.... un
p1.... pn
θ1.... θn
m1v1 + ... + mnvn = mv
V
mv = V
m1s1 + ... + mnsn = ms = S
S
S
p1 = p2 = ... = pn = P
θ1 = θ2 = ... = θn = T

n − 1 n − 1
2n n
n
mu = U
U U ′
U − U ′
Q θ1
θ2
1
Q −
θ2
1
θ1
1
S = S + Q
T S − S ′
1
= QT −
θ2
1
θ1
Q
θ1 θ2
Q
θ1 θ2
1
Q
θ2
θ2
− 1
θ1
− 1
θ1
1
QT −
θ2
1
θ1
T T
T

p v v ′
p v ′
− v = L
t s s ′
t s − s ′
= Q
u
u ′
u − u ′
= Q − L = t s ′
− s − p v ′
− v
L −v −p
Q −s −t

p v v ′
p v ′
− v = L
t s s ′
t s − s ′
= Q
u
u ′
u − u ′
= Q − L = t s ′
− s − p v ′
− v
L −v −p
Q −s −t

A, B, C
Aaα A
A B
A B
A B
B
a B A
aB Ba
AK KB Ka
Ba B
A
B
A
B
A B B
A
A B
AB
Aa ′
a ′
a
aa ′
A B

A
A
B
C
c A
A C
C A
A
C C
A
S L V
S, L, V

SLV
SLV
AD
ABCD AD
ABCD
B C AD BC

O
Ov
Os
Ou
P1...P6
T1...T6
P1
T 3 T 4
F GHC
F G GHC
CKLMN
LKC LMN
QRSE
SRQ SE

F G, GHCKL, LMN, QRS, SE XCX V V
SLG
SG EF
GL KH
SG, RM, QN
SLG

P V A
p v B
A P V
B pv
P V − pv
U A u
B
u − U = P V − pv
U + P V = u + pv
Aα
Aa 0 abv P V ApOa
αApOv Aα Ov
apqR
BR Rα Bβ
P
p P p
AC A qB C
A B AC
C B AB
A B

A C θ P p
(P − p) V θα
α
C B θ θ + τ
Kpτ
Kp
A B
(P − p) V θα + Kpτ
AB Aα Bβ
ApqB
(P − p) V
Kp = (P − p) V (1 − θα)
Kp
τ
P − p
V P − p
θ
α
V
α θα
θ

H
h
(P − p) = (H − h) ρg
ρ g
V ρ = 1
Kpτ = g (H − h) (1 − θα)
Kp τ H − h
α θ
τ
Kp
4
g
g
Cp
Kp
E = Kp
Cp
E
425 kgm
E
425 m
425 m
J
14 m 1 C
θ
t
vp = v0p0 (1 + α0t)
v0, p0 α0
α t
Kpτ
α = α0
1 + α0t
P − p
Kpτ = v0p0 (1 + α0t − α0θ)
p
P p
772
423.55 kg 425 kg

2.3026 log P
p
P −p
p log P
p
θ = t + 1
−
α0
Kpτ 0.4343
·
α0v0p0 log P − log p
θ t
τ
2737 100
−2737 −46066
22

760 mm 30
h h
ρ ρh
g
h
gρh
h ρ g
45
D
p
D σ gσD.
h
gρh ρ
gσD = gρh
D = ρ
h = Sh
σ
S = ρ densità del mercurio
=
σ densità dell ′ acqua = peso specifico del mercurio

σ
H h
ρ
p = gρh
H σ
p = gσH
H = h ρ
σ
p = gσH
H = pv
g
σ
H pv
g 9.81
H = pv
= 9079 metri
g
H
H
1/1.000.000
H
p
1/1.000.000
p1 = (1, 000.001) p
1/1.000.000 H
1/1.000.000
H
p2
p2 = (1, 000.001) p1
H2

n pn
pn = (1, 000.001) pn−1
= (1, 000.001) 2 pn−2
... ... ........................
= (1, 000.001) n p
h = H1 + H2 + .... + Hn
1.000.000
H1 = H2 = ... = Hn = H
nH
h =
1.000.000
n
n
pn P
P = (1, 000.001) n p
log P = n log (1, 000.001) + log p
log P − log p
n =
log (1000.001)
log 1.000.001 = 0.000 000 434 294 2648
h
H P
h = log
0, 434294 p
h = 2, 302585 H log P
p
H 7990m
h = log P
× [18397 × 46.74 × θ]
p
h θ
18000

u
u
u
Q v
Qv u
U
u u − U
Q
Qv = U − u
U U
u
A u1 A v1 p1
Q1v1 = U − u1
B Q2, u2, v2, p2
Q2v2 = U − u2
B A

A B
Q1 = Q2 = Q
u1 = U − Qv1
u2 = U − Qv2
U Q u1 u2
A B p1
A1 p2 B
p2 − p1
A B
A B Q A
Q B
Q A u1 Qu1
B u2 Qu2
Q (u1 − u2)
p1 p2
p1 − p2 = Q (u1 − u2)
u1 u2
p1 − p2 = Q 2 (v2 − v1)
p1 + Q 2 v1 = p2 + Q 2 v2
B
A
p + Q 2 v
P
p = P − Q 2 v
P v
E
E = v p2 − p1
v1 − v
= vQ2
v v1 v2
v v
u = 0
U = Qv
U 2 = Q 2 v 2 = Ev

γ
Es = γp
U
U 2 = γpv
pv
H
H m
H = mv
p = mg
g
pv = gH
U 2 = gγH
V s
U = V
V 2 = 2gs
S = 1
2 γH
H 7990 m 9.81
332 m/s
110.254
78.381 γ γ
1.408
γ
p + Q 2 v
Q
p v Q
p
v
p v
p v
Q

γ
Es = γp
U
U 2 = γpv
pv
H
H m
H = mv
p = mg
g
pv = gH
U 2 = gγH
V s
U = V
V 2 = 2gs
S = 1
2 γH
H 7990 m 9.81
332 m/s
110.254
78.381 γ γ
1.408
γ
p + Q 2 v
Q
p v Q
p
v
p v
p v
Q

290000 305900 km/s
900000

290000 305900 km/s
900000

1 1 1
2 , 1 2 , 2 2
1
1
2 1 2

812
650
500
400
200

90%
100

0 mm , 000.590.53 0 mm , 000.589.89
R = maθ
R
θ m a
1.0077 θ
t
r = ma t
R − r = maθ − ma t
100 90 90 80

100 90
100 90
100 90
1/40

4
4
4
1 m 35 0 m 15

39

c T
S
a
b c
S T
a, b, c T S
k k
Q t
1
c (T − S)
k
(T − S)
c
ab t
Q = abtk
(T − S)
c
ab c t T − S
k
k
cH
k =
abt (T − S)

[L] [T ] [Q] [Θ]
k
[Q]
[LT Θ]
k
[M]
2 L M
T 2
k
LM
T 3
Θ
Q
[MΘ]
k
M
LT
Q
3
L Θ
k 2 L
T
T T
T T
1
c
1
c
k
c
k
mge
m g e
t
t d2e dt2
[L] [M] [T ]

t
k
kt = α 2
α
Q r P θ
Q
r2 −
exp 4kt
θ exp − r2
4kt
P t
P t
P
P
P
Q P

P Q
0 m 10
0 m 15 5
0 m 20 4 5 0 m 30
k
t
t

P Q
0 m 10
0 m 15 5
0 m 20 4 5 0 m 30
k
t
t

t
t
1
23
7 8
2 8
15
15
0, 05
1 31 m

200.000.000

1
1

1
1

c A
B
A B
d d

t
k
d = k t
c
k = cd
t
k

t
k
d = k t
c
k = cd
t
k

5, 6
2, 8
Energia
area = L2M T 2
1 M
=
L2 T 2

P Q ABDC F
P Q T
F = T × P Q
AB CD
CD AB F
AB BC
ABCD
S
S × AB × AC
F AB CD
F × AC
F T
S × AB × AC = T × P Q × AC
= T × AB × AC
S = T
Tab a b

a, b, c, a b
b c O
Tab, Tbc, Tca
ABC
Tbc
sin A
= Tca
sin B =
Tab
sin C
a b c P OQ
P O = Tab
OQ = Tbc − Tac

a c r
2πr Tab
α
2πrTab cos α
h
XY Z
πρgr 2 h
h = 2 Tab cos α
ρgr
d
l

T l α
2T l cos α
ρghld
T cos α
h = 2
ρgd
d
r
A B
A B
B A
AB
A B
A
A
r r ′
π
p
T σ 1 1
p = π − +
ρ − σ r r ′
σ ρ
h
H
p = π 1 − H
h
13 m

180
10 atm 10 k 33
r
p = π + T τ 2
ρ − σ r
π
p
20

1.0 8.253 0 42.58
13.5432 55.03 42.58 0
1.2687 3.274 4.256 37.97
1.4878 3.120 3.010 20.71
0.7906 2.599 − 40.71
0.9136 3.760 2.096 34.19
0.8867 3.030 1.177 25.54
0.7977 3.233 2.834 28.94
1.1 7.15 − 38.41
1.1248 7.903 − 45.11
2, 6 2, 6 8, 25

1.0 8.253 0 42.58
13.5432 55.03 42.58 0
1.2687 3.274 4.256 37.97
1.4878 3.120 3.010 20.71
0.7906 2.599 − 40.71
0.9136 3.760 2.096 34.19
0.8867 3.030 1.177 25.54
0.7977 3.233 2.834 28.94
1.1 7.15 − 38.41
1.1248 7.903 − 45.11
2, 6 2, 6 8, 25

c AB
CD C D V
CD V
AB
V c V
c
F
A B D C
µ
F = µ V
c
R a b
R = ab F = µ ab
c V
µ = Rc
V ab
v, a, b, c
µ = R
µ R
v u t
R = Mv
t

µ = Mvc
tV ab
a, b, c, V v µ ML −1 T −1 M, L, T
ρ ν
µ
µ = νρ
ν L 2 T −1
µ 0
µ = 0.000 1878 (1 + 0.00366 θ)
µ = 0.000 179 (461 + θ)
µ
50 cm
µ
µ
1/40

µ = Mvc
tV ab
a, b, c, V v µ ML −1 T −1 M, L, T
ρ ν
µ
µ = νρ
ν L 2 T −1
µ 0
µ = 0.000 1878 (1 + 0.00366 θ)
µ = 0.000 179 (461 + θ)
µ
50 cm
µ
µ
1/40

µ = Mvc
tV ab
a, b, c, V v µ ML −1 T −1 M, L, T
ρ ν
µ
µ = νρ
ν L 2 T −1
µ 0
µ = 0.000 1878 (1 + 0.00366 θ)
µ = 0.000 179 (461 + θ)
µ
50 cm
µ
µ
1/40

µ = Mvc
tV ab
a, b, c, V v µ ML −1 T −1 M, L, T
ρ ν
µ
µ = νρ
ν L 2 T −1
µ 0
µ = 0.000 1878 (1 + 0.00366 θ)
µ = 0.000 179 (461 + θ)
µ
50 cm
µ
µ
1/40

M1 M2 V1 V2
M1V 2
1 = M2V 2
2
1
2
M1V 2
1

A B
B
B
c
u A B v w
N
M
A B
AB
B
Nu
Mu
MNu 2
B
MNu 2
A
A MNu 2
AB A B
MNu 2 N u
AB
MNu 2
p = MNu 2
N u 2 u 2
V 2
V 2 = u 2 + v 2 + w 2
u, v, w u 2 , v 2 , w 2
V 2
V 2 = u 2 + v 2 + w 2
u 2 = v 2 = w 2

v 2 = 3u 2
p = 1
MNV 2
3
M N V 2
p = 1
ρV 2
3
ρ
V 2 = 3 p
ρ
p ρ
103k36
0, 08957 g/l p
ρ 1.153.600
9.8096
V 2 = 33.947.000
V = 1842 m/s
0
A
B
p = 1
3 ρV 2 V 2
ρ p
v
pv = 1
V 2
3
pv
V 2
M1 M2
V1 V2
M1V 2
1
= M2V 2
2
p1 p2 N1 N2
p1 = 1
M1N1V 2
1
3
p2 = 1
M2N2V 2
2
3

M1N1V 2
1
M1V 2
1
= M2N2V 2
2
= M2V 2
2
N1 = N2
ρ1 = M1N1 e ρ2 = M2N2
ρ1, ρ2 N1 N2
ρ1
ρ2
= M1
M1
M1V 2
1
= M2V 2
2
V 2
1
V 2
2 V 2
1 V 2
2
1
MV 2
2
1
βMV 2
2
β 1, 634
2, 19
T = 1
βMNV 2
2

TV = 3
2 βp
3
2 β
v
Tm = 3
2 βpv
pv
1
KV = 3 pv
β
2 θ
E
pv
θ
β
β
β
γ
pv
θ
γ = 2
2
+ 1 da cui β =
3β 3
V
V 2 = γpv
V 2 = 3pv
γ
V =
3
γ = 1, 408
V = 0, 6858 V
V = 1, 458 U
1
γ − 1
γ = 1, 408

s
γ−1
γ 0.234
D ν
ν = 0, 6479 D
D = 1, 5485 ν
k
ν
k = 5
3γ ν

D ν k

760 mm 76 km
10 mm
76 km

A B
A B B A
B
A

A B
A B B A
B
A

0.1423
0.5614
0.1409
0.1586
0.1406
0.0982
0.7214
0.1802
0.6422
0.4800
k 0.256
k = 0.183 k = 1.077
k 0.0000558 20000
3360
0.000054

0.1423
0.5614
0.1409
0.1586
0.1406
0.0982
0.7214
0.1802
0.6422
0.4800
k 0.256
k = 0.183 k = 1.077
k 0.0000558 20000
3360
0.000054

0.1423
0.5614
0.1409
0.1586
0.1406
0.0982
0.7214
0.1802
0.6422
0.4800
k 0.256
k = 0.183 k = 1.077
k 0.0000558 20000
3360
0.000054