mariam didebuliZe yincvisis wm. nikolozis taZris moxatuloba ...

mariam didebuliZe 

g. CubinaSvilis saxelobis qarTuli xelovnebis 

istoriisa da ZeglTa dacvis kvlevis 

erovnuli centri 

yincvisis wm. nikolozis taZris 

moxatuloba Tanadrouli 

bizantiuri mxatvrobis 

konteqstSi 

Sua saukuneebis qarTuli xelovnebis mimarTeba 

bizantiurTan didi xnis manZilze 

sakmaod erTmniSvnelovnad ganisazRvreboda 

– igi ganixileboda rogorc misi provinciuli, 

magram ganuyofeli nawili. mxolod 

g. CubinaSvilisa da misi mimdevrebis fuZemdebluri 

naSromebis Semdeg qarTul xelovnebas, 

metadre ki xuroTmoZRvrebas mieCina 

jerovani adgili, aRiarebul iqna misi TviTmyofadi, 

damoukidebeli SemoqmedebiTi 

saxe da ganviTarebis miseuli gza. saxviTi 

xelovnebis sxva dargebis ganviTarebaSi es 

TviTmyofadoba aseve uciloblad aRiarebuli 

ar aris da jerac sakmaod xSirad Sua 

saukuneebis qarTuli mxatvrobis nawarmoebebi 

`bizantiuri mxatvrobis~ nimuSebad ganixileba 

da mas aris xolme mikuTvnebuli. 

mxatvrobis SemTxvevaSi msgavseba da siaxlove 

(rogorc stilis, aseve ikonografiis 

TvalsazrisiT) marTlac gacilebiT metia, 

vidre xuroTmoZRvrebaSi 1 , magram qarTuli 

ferwera mainc sxva, damoukidebeli mxatvruli 

movlenaa, rac dabejiTebiT daasabu- 

Tes qarTvelma mkvlevarebma 2 . 

1 V. Djurić, La peinture murale byzamtine: XII e et XIII e siècles, 

XV Congreses internationale d’etudes byzantines, Athens, 

1976, Rapports and co-rapports, III, Athens, 1979, gv. 159- 

247; Е. Привалова, Некоторые особенности грузинских 

росписей рубежа XII-XIII веков, qarTuli xelovneba, 

seria A, 10, Tb., 1991, gv. 151 

2 Н. Аладашвили, Г. Алибегашвили, А. Вольская, 

miuxedavad amisa, dResac Sua saukuneebis 

mxatvrobis nimuSebs advilad aerTianeben 

`bizantiuri mxatvrobis~ cnebiT da amas 

imiT xsnian, rom es aris zogadi termini Sua 

saukuneebis marTlmadidebluri an, ufro 

farTod, aRmosavleTqristianuli mxatvrobis 

aRsaniSnavad 3 . 

TumcaRa bizantia sruliad konkretuli 

saxelmwifo iyo, konkretuli istoriiT, 

teritoriiT, sazRvrebiT da a. S. 4 amitom 

sxva qveynis (am SemTxvevaSi, saqarTvelos) 

xelovnebis nawarmoebs `bizantiurad~ rom 

ganvsazRvravT, TiTqos vgulixmobT, rom es 

nawarmoebi uSualod bizantieli ostatis 

Росписи художника Тевдоре в Верхней Сванетии. Тб., 

1966; Г. Алибегашвили, Светский портрет в грузинской 

средневековой монументальной живописи, Тб., 1979; 

Ш. Амиранашвили, История Грузинского искусства, 

М., 1963; Т. Вирсаладзе, Фрескавая роспись художника 

Микаела Маглакели в Мацхвариши, Ars Georgica, 4, Tb., 

1963, gv. 169-233; Т. Вирсаладзе, Фрагменты фресковой 

росписи главного Гелатского храма, Ars Georgica, 5, 

Tb., 1959, gv. 163-204; Т. Вирсаладзе, Основные этапы 

развития грузинской монументальной живописи, II 

Международный симпозиум по грузинскому искусству, 

Тб., 1977; Т. . Вирсаладзе, Избранные Труды, Тб., 2007; 

А. Вольская, Росписи средневековых трапезных Грузии, 

Тб., 1974; И. Лордкипанидзе, Роспись в Цаленджиха, Тб., 

1992; Е. Привалова, Некоторые особенности грузинских 


seria A, 10, Tb., 1991, gv. 143 –158; Е. Л. Привалова, 

Роспись Тимотесубани, Тб., 1980 

3 xelovnebis istoriaSi, iseve rogorc humanitaruli 

mecnierebis sxva dargebSi, pirobiTi terminebis 

gamoyeneba miRebuli da Cveulebrivi ram 

aris, magram zogjer, amgvari terminebi garkveul 

azrobriv da arsebiT areulobas da gaugebrobas, 

xSirad ki mcdar daskvnebs iwvevs. marTlac, roca 

XII-XIII ss-Si TiTqmis mTels evropaSi gavrcelebul 

xuroTmoZRvrebis mxatvrul stils `goTuri stilis~ 

terminiT aRniSnaven, es, rafaelis mier mogonili, 

sruliad pirobiTi dasaxeleba raimenair 

uxerxulobas ar qmnis, vTqvaT inglisuri goTikis 

gamijvnisaTvis frangulisgan an germanulisgan. 

magram am stilisTvis `franguli~ rom daerqvaT, 

raxan mas mainc safrangeTSi Caeyara safuZveli, 

vgoneb es bevr gaugebrobas (da, albaT, wyenasa da 

protestebsac) gamoiwvevda. 

4 Tumca es saxelwodeba mxolod XVI s-Si Cndeba 

da gareSenica da TviT `bizantielni~ Tavis Tavs 

romeebs uwodebdnen, saxelmwifos ki romis imperias. 

àr arsebobs iseTi movlena rogorc bizantiuri 

imperia, es mxolod mosaxerxebeli ìarliyia~. 

ix. C. Mango, Byzantium, The Empire of the New 

Rome, London, 1998, gv. 1. 

69

70 


Sesrulebulia, amiT ki erTgvarad vakninebT 

am qveynis, am eris SemoqmedebiT potencials 

da mis wvlils msoflio xelovnebis 

saganZurSi. 

ufro metic, TviT bizantiuri saxelmwifos 

SigniT mxatvruli enis TvalsazrisiT 

imdenad gansxvavebuli mxatvruli movlenebi 

arsebobda (mag., konstantinopoluri da 

kapadokiuri mxatvrobis skolebi 5 ), rom mis 

mimarTac, rogorc erTiani saxis da erTiani 

ganviTarebis mqone homogenur mxatvrul 

fenomenze, romelic erTi terminiT SeiZleba 

ganisazRvros, saubari Znelia. miTumetes 

rTulia es bizantiis sazRvrebs gareT arsebuli 

qveynebis SemTxvevaSi. 

ra Tqma unda, bizantiis, da, kerZod, 

konstantinopolis roli ferweris rogorc 

mxatvruli enis, aseve ikonografiis 

formirebaSi, uaRresad didi iyo da igi yovelTvis 

nimuSisa da avtoritetis Rirsebas 

inarCuneba 6 . 

garda amisa, mxedvelobaSi misaRebia 

isic, rom TiTqmis ar arsebobs sruliad `Caketili~ 

kulturebi (rogorc, mag., iaponia 

XVII-XVIII ss-Si) da rom sxvadasxva qveynebis, 

erebisa Tu xalxebis xelovnebebi aqtiurad 

urTierTqmedeben, maSinac ki, roca es qveynebi 

politikurad mtrul damokidebulebaSi 

imyofebian. qarTuli kultura amgvari 

`gaxsnilobis~ mSvenier magaliTs iZleva 

mTeli Tavisi mravalsaukunovani istoriis 

manZilze, Tanac, miuxedavad amisa, mas arasdros 

daukargavs Tavisi individualuri saxe, 

rac SemoqmedebiTi potencialis did Zalas 

gulisxmobs. èrovnuli gansxvavebebi, Taviseburebani~ 

(araviTar SemTxvevaSi, upiratesobani) 

konkretuli formebis saxes ar 

Rebulobs, magram saxviTi xelovnebis bunebidan 

gamomdinare, swored formis gadawyveta-gaazrebis 

Tavisebur princips gulisxmobs. 

Tu es principebi sakmaod ucvlelia 

5 A. J. Wharton, Art of Empire, Painting and Architecture 

of Byzantine Periphery, The Pennsylvania State University, 

1988, gv. 1-3. 

6 V. Djurić, “ La peinture murale byzamtine: XII e et XIII e siècles~, 

XV Congreses internationale d’etudes byzantines, 194. 

drois did manZilze da eris istoriis sxvadasxva 

etapze, maSin, SeiZleba vilaparakoT 

erovnul Taviseburebaze. `...raimsis XIII s-is 

qandakebebs, n. pusenis suraTebsa da J. brakis 

tiloebs, yvelas `franguli~, iolad aRqmadi 

logikuroba da sikoxtave amCneviaT, 

xolo, davuSvaT, XIII saukunisave naumburgis 

reliefebs, hans holbain-umcrosis portretebsa 

da XX saukunis dasawyisis eqspresionistTa 

namuSevrebSi ukiduresobisadmi 

erTi da igive `germanuli~ miswrafeba cnaurdeba 

– dramatizmSi iqneba, zedmiwevniTobaindividualizebaSi 

Tu Sinagan-mSvinvieris 

gaSiSvlebaSi~ 7 . rogorc individualuri, 

ase ve erovnuli da, sxvaTa Soris, epoqaluri 

stilis niSnebi ufro metad vlindeba mxatvruli 

nawarmoebis im elementebSi, romelTa 

xasiaTi garkveulad aracnobierTan aris dakavSirebuli, 

romelTa Sesruleba spontanurad, 

intuiciurad xdeba da TiTqos gonebas 

arc ukavSiredeba. Sesadareblad SeiZleba 

adamianis xelwera gamogvadges, romelic, 

maSinac, roca adamiani cdilobs mis Secvlas, 

mainc avlens mxolod misTvis damaxasiaTebel 

raRac niSnebs. saxviT xelovnebaSi, 

àracnobier~ doneze arsebuli niSnebi iseTi 

saxviTi saSualebebis xasiaTSi vlindeba, rogoricaa 

nawarmoebis kompoziciuri agebis 

struqtura, xazi, koloriti, sivrcis ageba, 

ritmi, proporcia da sxv. rodesac garkveuli 

maxasiaTebeli met-naklebad mudmivad 

iCens Tavs ama Tu im eris (an ufro farTod, 

kulturuli wris) xelovnebaSi mravali saukunis 

ganmavlobaSi da ewinaaRmdegeba cvlilebebs, 

maSin is SeiZleba miviCnioT erovnuli 

formaTgancdis niSnad 8 . 

garda amisa, Sua saukuneebis ostatebs 

(sxvaTa Soris, saerTod yvela WeSmarit Semoqmeds) 

sulac ar ainteresebdaT, qarTul 

mxatvrobas qmnidnen Tu berZnuls. es namdvilad 

ar iyo gacnobierebuli Semoqmedebi- 

7 d. TumaniSvili, erovnulobis Sesaxeb xelovnebaSi, 

werilebi, narkvevebi, Tb., 2000, gv. 289. 

8 Г. Вельфлин, Основные понятия истории искусств. 

Проблема эволюции стиля в новом искусстве, Москва- 

Ленинград, 1930, gv. 9.

Ti amocana (da arc rodis yofila msoflio 

xelovnebis istoriis manZilze). magram 

ama Tu im geografiul-istoriul-kulturul 

wreSi, konkretuli, mravalsaukunovan 

mxatvrul tradiciebze dafuZnebuli 

nawarmoebi yovelTvis atarebs yvela am faqtoris 

zemoqmedebis niSnebs, rac, sxvaTa Soris, 

aris kidevac safuZveli e. w. èrovnul 

mxatvrul skolebze~ saubrisas – gavixsenoT 

Tundac italiuri da germanuli renesansis 

sayovelTaod aRiarebuli gansxvaveba 

`Схемы видения видоизменяются в зависимости 

от национальности. Существуют итальянский 

и немецкий способы представления, которые 

остаются одинаковыми в течении веков. Разумеется, 

это не постоянные величины в математическом 

смысле, но установление национального типа 

фантазии является необходимой вспомогательной 

конструкцией для историка~ 9 . 

bolo dros CvenSi gaismis mosazreba, 

rom qristianul xelovnebas ar gaCnia èrovnuloba~, 

rom ar arsebobs `qarTuli~ qristianuli 

xuroTmoZRvreba, aramed mxolod 

bizantiuri da misi myofoba saqarTveloSi 

da a. S. 10 rac principulad arasworia 11 . 

9 Г. Вельфлин, Основные понятия истории искусств. 

Проблема эволюции стиля в новом искусстве, Москва- 

Ленинград, 1930, gv. 279. 

10 z. kiknaZe, vin aris pavle, vin aris apolo?, 

`literaturuli saqarTvelo~, 1996, 14-21 ivnisi, 

gv. 4. 

cota xnis win saqarTveloSi gamovida berZnul 

saeklesio sagalobelTa kaseta, romlis 

ydaze gamosaxulia mcxeTis wm. jvris taZari, 

miTiTebulia misi agebis TariRi da xazgasmulad 

ganmartebulia, rom es aris `bizantiuri (sic!) 

xuroTmoZRvrebis nawarmoebi~. am ganmartebis 

`konceptualuri~ azri sruliad naTelia da 

exmianeba zemomoyvanil pozicias. Tumca misi 

momxreebi, etyoba, ver xvdebian, rom nawarmoebi 

erTi erovnuli konteqstidan ubralod sxva 

erovnul konteqstSi gadaaqvT da ara zeerovnulSi. 

11 Sua saukuneebis qarTuli xelovnebis specifika 

da Taviseburebani bizantiisa Tu sxva qristianuli 

qveynebis xelovnebasTan mimarTebaSi 

qarTvel mecnierTa TiTqmis uklebliv yvela 

gamokvlevaSi aris ganxiluli, zogierTi samecniero 

naSromi ki uSualod am sakiTxs exeba. davasaxelebT 

mxolod ramdenimes: Г. Чубинашвили, К 

вопросу о национальной форме в архитектуре прощлого, 


erovnuli aspeqtebis kvleva, zogjer 

garkveuli tabuebis, xSirad ki cnebebisa da 

terminebis daudgenlobis da bundovanebis 

gamo sakmao siZneleebTan aris dakavSirebuli. 

mag., ras niSnavs `bizantiuri xelovneba~? 

am gansazRvrebis misadagebiT iseTi 

gansxvavebuli mxatvruli movlenebisadmi, 

rogoricaa, mag., konstantinopolis aia sofia 

da misi mozaikebi, kalaT-semanis taZari 

siriaSi, mcxeTis wm. jvris taZari, el nazaris 

kedlis ferwera kapadokiaSi, Zveli 

ladogis moxatuloba ruseTSi, oSkis taZari 

taoSi, vladimiris miZinebis taZari da 

mxatvroba ruseTSi, bauitis freskebi egvipteSi, 

da sxv., am movlenebis xelovnur, `ZaldatanebiT~ 

unificirebas vaxdenT. 

`bizantiuri xelovnebis~ raobasa da mis 

droiT-geografiul arealze axlac bevrs 

kamaToben, Tumca umetesoba mainc am terminiT 

konstantinopolisa da masTan mWidrod 

dakavSirebuli mxatvruli centrebis 

xelovnebas gansazRvravs 12 , Tanac mkafiod 

Вопросы истории искусства, т. 1, Тб., 1970, gv. 289-302; 

В. Беридзе, Некоторые аспекты грузинской купольной 

архитектуры, Тб., 1976; R. Mepisaschvili, “Uber einige 

kompositionalle Besondeheiten von Kreuzkuppelkirchen Georgiens 

des XI Jahrhuderts. L’Arte georgiene dal IX- al XIV 

seclo. Atti del Terzo Simposio internationale sull’arte georgiana, 

vol. I, Galatina, 1986; Г. Алибегашвили, Византия, 

Христианский Восток и формирование художественных 

традиций в миниатюрной живописи Грузии и Армении, 

II международный симпозиум по армянскому искусству, 

Ереван, 1978;Е. Привалова, Некоторые особенности 

грузинских росписей рубежа XII-XIII веков, qarTuli 

xelovneba, seria A, 10, Tb., 1991, gv. 143 –158; 

Н. Аладашвили, Монументальная скульптура Грузии 

(фигурные рельефы V-XI веков), М., 1977; Л. Хускивадзе, 

Грузинские эмали, Тб. 1981; k. maCabeli, saqarTvelo 

da bizantiuri samyaro (saxelovnebaTmcodneo 

aspeqti), S. amiranaSvilis sax. saqarTvelos saxelmwifo 

xelovnebis muzeumis narkvevebi, VI, 

Tb., 2000, gv. 154-163; d. TumaniSvili, Sua saukuneebis 

qarTuli xuroTmoZRvrebis erovnuli er- 

Tianobis Sesaxeb, werilebi, narkvevebi, Tb., 2001; 

d. TumaniSvili, qarTuli taZris gare saxis erTi 

Taviseburebis gamo, iqve, gv. 82-90; D. Khoshtaria, 

Byzantine Masonry Technique and Georgian Architecture, 

XX e Congrès international des Études byzantines. Prè-actes, 

vol. III: communications libres, Paris, 2001; m. didebuliZe, 

erovnuli formis sakiTxi qristianul xelovnebaSi, 

saqarTvelos siZveleni, #7-8, 2005, 

gv. 211-238 da mravali sxva. 

12 R. Cormack, Byzantine Art, Oxford, 2000, gv. 2-5 

71

72 


gamokveTili aqsiologiuri SeferilobiT: 

rac maRali donisaa _ dedaqalaquria, dabali 

mxatvruli donisa ki – provinciuli 13 . 

v. juriCi Tvlis, rom bizantiuri xelovneba 

aris konstantinopolis sapatriarqos 

gavlenis sferoSo myofi yvela 

arealis xelovneba da rom igi erTiandeba 

ufro stiluri niSniT, vidre ikonografiuliT 

– `bizantiuri xelovneba aris stili 

an gamosaxvis forma~ 14 , daaxloebiT aseTive 

gansazRvrebas aZlevs l. Safrani: `marTlmadidebluri 

rwmeniT da saidumloebiT miRebuli 

erToba ganisazRvreba rogorc bizantiuri, 

da es erToba igrZnoboda iqac, sadac 

amis istoriuli winapirobebi da tradicia 

ar iyo, mag., ruseTSi~ 15 ; v. lazarevis azriT, 

cnebam `bizantiuri xelovneba~ imdenad far- 

To interpretacia miiRo, rom yovelgvari 

konkretuli Sinaarsi dakarga. igi ganasxvavebs 

bizantias mkacri gagebiT, qristianul 

aRmosavleTs, romanul dasavleTsa da 

calkeul erovnul skolebs 16 . Tumca wminda 

bizantiurs, aRmosavleT-qristianulsa da 

`calkeul erovnul skolebs~ Tavis fundamentur 

naSromSi mainc erTi saTauris qveS 

aerTianebs –`История Византийской Живописи~. 

a. grabari miiCnevs, rom bizantiuri xelovnebis 

Seqmnis centri konstantino polia, 

saidanac igi vrceldeba sxva qveynebSi da mibaZvis 

sagani xdeba, maSin roca dasavleTevropuli 

xelovnebis SeqmnaSi yvela erovnuli 

skola Tanabrad monawileobda 17 . o. demusi 

saubrobs `permamnetul renesansebze~ bizantiur 

xelov ne baSi, rac, TavisTavad, konstantinopolis 

prioritets gulisxmobs 18 . 

13 A. J. Wharton, Art of Empire, Painting and Architecture 

of Byzantine Periphery, The Pennsylvania State University, 

1988, gv. 1. 

14 V. Djurić, “ La peinture murale byzantine: XII e et XIII e 

siècles~, XV Congreses internationale d’etudes Byzantines, 

Atens, 1979, gv. 160-161. 

15 L. Safran, Heaven on Earth. Art and Church in Byzantium, 

Pennsylvania, 1998, gv. 2-3. 

16 В. Н. Лазарев, История Византийской живописи, М., 

1986, gv. 7. 

17 A Grabar, Bizantium. Byzantine art in the middle ages, 

London, 1966, gv. 26. 

18 O. Demus, Byzantine Art and the West, New York University 

a. epSteini ki, piriqiT, Tvlis, rom bizantiuri 

xelovneba aris ara konstantinopolis, 

aramed mTlianad imperiis xelovneba 19 . 

am mxriv sagulisxmoa im naSromebis sa- 

Taurebi, romlebic bizantiur xelovnebas 

eZRvneba: d. Talbot raisi Tavis wigns arqmevs 

Àrt of the Byzantine Era~ 20 _`bizantiuri 

epoqis xelovneba~, T. meTiuzi _ `The Art of 

Byzantium~ 21 – `bizantiis xelovneba~, r. kormaki 

ki _ `Byzantine Art~ 22 – `bizantiuri xelovneba~. 

midgomaTa da amosaval wertilTa 

Soris gansxvaveba naTlad igrZnoba. interpretaciaTa 

variaciebis rigi SeiZleba usasrulod 

gavagrZeloT, Tumca konstantinopoluris 

da bizantiuris gaigivebis tendencia 

umetesad mainc naTlad gamoikveTeba. 

marTlac, r. kormaki Tavis naSromSi Tavs 

uyris am mosazrebebs, gamokveTs ZiriTad 

tendenciebs da sabolood mainc askvnis, rom 

bizantiuri xelovneba aris konstantinopolis 

xelovneba 330-1453 wlebs Soris 23 . 

ismis kiTxva, ramdenad `bizantiuria~ 

yincvisis moxatuloba da ramdenad sinqronulia 

bizantiurisa da qarTuli mxatvrobis 

ganviTareba da stiluri etapebi? 

v. lazarevi varZias da Tamaris epoqis 

sxva Zeglebs faqtiurad `bizantiur nawarmoebebad~ 

miiCnevs, rodesac acxadebs 

rom: `Вардзия открывает круг византийских 

памятников….~ 24 , Tumca TviTve aRniSnavs 

xazobriv-grafikul sawyiss, rogorc qar- 

Tuli mxatvrobisaTvis damaxasiaTebel specifikur 

niSans 25 . garda amisa, CvenTvis saintereso 

periodSi erovnuli skolebis mniSvnelobis 

gazrdasac miuTiTebs `Открытия 

Press, 1970, gv. 3. 

19 A. J. Wharton Epstein, Art of Empire, Painting and 

Architecture of Byzantine Periphery, The Pennsylvania State 

University, 1988 , gv. 164. 

20 D. Talbot Rice, Art of the Byzantine Era, London, 1963. 

21 Th. F. Mathews, The Art of Byzantium, London, 1998. 

22 R. Cormack, Byzantine Art, Oxford, 2000. 

23 R. Cormack, Byzantine Art, Oxford, 2000, gv. 3. 

24 В. Лазарев, История византийской живописи, М., 1986, 

gv. 183-184. 

25 В. Лазарев, История византийской живописи, М., 1986, 

gv. 249.

последних десятилетии... ... наглядно показали, что 

рядом с константинопольской школой существовали 

и местные провинциальные школы, а главное – 

многочисленные национальные школы, каждая из 

которых обладала своим собственным лицом. В 

настоящее время уже невозможна такая постановка 

вопроса, при которой искусство Древней Руси, 

Сербии и Болгарии подводятся под рубрику “l’art 

byzantin chez les slaves~, а все византинизирующее 

искусство Италии приравнивается к “L’art Byzantin 

en Italie~ 26 . 

amasve wers v. juriCic Tavis cnobil 

statiaSi 27 . aq wamoiWreba sakiTxi terminisa 

`provinciuli~, romelic aqtiurad 

gamoiyeneba, roca laparakia ara-konstantinopolur 

mxatvrobebze (mag., o. demusi 

gelaTis mozaikas gansazRvravs rogorc 

provinciuls) 28 . 

meore mxriv, v. lazarevi Tvlis, rom yincvisis 

mxatvroba yvelaze Zlierad aris bi- 

26 В. Лазарев, Константинополь и национальные школы в 

свете новых открытий, Византийская живопись, М., 1971, 

gv. 137-146. 



gv. 160-161. 

28 O. Demus, The Mosaics of Norman Sicily, London, 1949, 

gv. 391. es termini calke ganxilvis sagani unda 

gaxdes. wminda geografiul-administraciul-politikuri 

TvalsazriT igi marTebulia, magram 

xelovnebaTmcodneobaSi am termins, rogorc 

wesi, aqsiologiuri gagebiT xmaroben, anu rogorc 

`damcrobils~ konstantinopoluris mimarT. 

ufro konkretulad, ki igulisxmeba iseTi 

mxatvruli ena, romelic, martivad rom vTqvaT, 

konstantinopoluri nimuSebis `klasicisturelinisturi~ 

xasiaTisagan gansxvavebul, ufro 

sibrtyovan da xazobriv sawyisebs efuZneba. zogadad, 

provinciulis cneba marTlac atarebs Tavis 

TavSi erTgvar kninobiT elfers da, martivad rom 

vTqvaT, gulisxmobs, rom viRac an raRac cdilobs 

iyos iseTi, rogorc ar aris Tavisi bunebiT da genezisiT, 

anu gulisxmobs warumatebeli ara-organuli 

mibaZvis mcdelobas. amis kargi magaliTia 

kapadokiis didi, svetebiani eklesiebis mxatvrobebi, 

sadac ostatebi uars amboben gamomsaxvelobis 

maTTvis organul formebze (xazobrioba da 

sibrtyovaneba) da cdiloben gaimeoron konstantinopoluri 

nimuSebi, rac Zalian aramxatvrul 

Sedegs iZleva. yincvissa, da saerTod Tamaris 

epoqis mowinave ZeglebSi amgvari araorganuli 

mibaZvis raime niSani ar Cans. 


zantiuri gavlenis qveS 29 . g. babiCi da t. velmansic 

Tvlian, rom Tamaris epoqaSi Zalian 

Zlierdeba bizantiuris gavlena qarTul 

ferweraze 30 . v. juriCic amasve gulisxmobs, 

roca amtkicebs, rom komnenosTa epoqaSi 

`stiluri universaloba~ gaZlierda da rom 

erovnulma skolebma dakarges TviTmyofadoba 

31 . imave azrisaa e. bakalovac 32 . 

yincvisis moxatuloba ki sxva rames 

gvaCvenebs – sworedac rom Zlierad gamovlenil 

TviTmyofadobas mxatvrul formaSic 

da programaSic. aq ZiriTadad mainc 

mxatvruli enis Taviseburebebze visaubrebT 

33 (sur. 1). 

msjelobis amosaval wertilad SeiZleba 

aviRoT d. murikis mosazreba yincvisis 

moxatulobis Sesaxeb _ igi yincviss XIII s-is 

bizantiuri mxatvrobis neoplastikuri stilis 

pirvel nimuSad miiCnevs 34 , anu mas bizantiuri 

mxatvrobis ganviTarebis nakadSi ganixilavs. 

qarTuli mxatvrobis ganviTarebis 

konteqstSi ki yincvisis monumenturoba da 

plastikuroba swored rom wina epoqis `naS- 

Tebia~ da Semdgomi periodis qarTul mxatv- 

29 В. Н. Лазарев, История византийской живописи, М., 

1986, gv. 143-144. 

30 G. Babič, “Les programmes absidaux en Géorgie et 

dans les Balkans entre le XIe et XIIIe siècle~, qarTuli 

xelovnebis III saerTaSoriso simpoziumis masalebi, 

bari-leCe, 1986, gv. 122; T. Velmans, A. 

Alpago Novello, Miroir de L’Invisible, Peintures Murales 

et architecture de la Géorgie (VIe –XVe S.) Zodiaque, MC- 

MXCVI, gv. 148 

31 e e 

V. Djurić, “ La peinture murale byzantine: XII et XIII 


gv. 194 

32 Е. Бакалова, Бачковската костница, София, 1977, gv. 

134. 

33 qarTveli mkvlevarebis T. virsalaZis, g. alibe 

gaSvilis, e. privalovas, a. volskaias, n. alada 

Svilis, i. lorTqifaniZis, S. amiranaSvilisa 

da sxva Ta naSromebSi sakamod amomwuravad 

aris ganxiluli bizantiurTan mimarTebiT 

qarTuli mxatvrobis, rogorc stiluri, ase ve 

ikonografiuli da programuli Tavi seburebebi 

(ix. SeniSvna 2). 

34 D. Mouriki, “The Formative Role of Byzantine Art on the 

Artistic Styles of the Cultural Neighbours of Byzantium. 

Reflections of Constantinopolitan Styles in Georgian 

Monumental Painting~. Jahrbuch der österreichischen 

Byzantinistik 31/2 Wien, 1981, gv. 730. 

73

74 


robaSi swored monumenturobis daklebas 

da plastikurobis Sesustebas vxedavT (mag., 

SeiZleba SevadaroT TviT yincvisis monastris 

wm. Nnikolozisa da RmrTismSoblis 

eklesiebis moxatulobebi). 

cxadia, aris mTeli rigi niSnebisa, romelic 

saziaroa mTeli marTlmadidebluri 

da zogadad qristianuli aRmosavleTis (e.Nw. 

`bizantiuri kulturuli wris~) ferweruli 

nawarmoebebisTvis, (mag., emociurobis gaZliereba, 

figuraTa proporciebis dagrZeleba, 

dinamikuri da rTuli pozebi, formaTa 

simsubuqe, xazobrivobis, rogorc gamomsaxvelobis 

saSualebis mniSvnelobis gaZliereba, 

monumenturobis kleba da sxv.) 35 . magram am 

saerTo mxatvrul fonze mainc mkafiod Cans 

gansxvaveba qarTulsa da bizantiur nawarmoebebs 

Soris. 

ra xdeba am dros bizantiur mxatvroba- 

Si? XII s-is miwurulis da XIII s-is dasawyisis 

bizantiuri ferwera sakmaod rTul suraTs 

warmogvidgens. erTi mxriv, jer kidev aqtualuria 

komnenosTa stili (monreale, la doga, 

miroJi, baCkovo, vladimiris wm. dimitris 

taZari, studenica); balkanur saberZneTsa 

da kviprosze `mZvinvarebs~ komnenosTa 

manierizmi (kastoriis moxatulobebi, kurbinovo, 

lagudera) (sur. 2) xolo serbul 

mxatvrobaSi XIII s-is II meoTxedisTvis e. w. 

`neo-plasticizmi~ ikidebs fexs (studenica 

mileSeva, sopoCana) 36 . 

o. demusi axasiaTebs am periods rogorc 

neo-klasicizmis gadasvlas elinistur ilu- 


siècles~, XV Congreses internationale d’etudes byzantines; 

O. Demus, The Mosaics of Norman Sicily, London, 1949, 

gv. 418-436. 


siècles~, XV Congreses internationale d’etudes Byzantines~; 

L. Hadermann-Misguich, ~Le peinture monumentale 

tardo-commnène et ses prolongements au XIII e 

siècle~, XV Congres international d’etides Byzantines. 

Athens, 1976, Rapports et co-reports, II, Athens, 1979, 

gv. 97-128; K. Skawran, The development of the Middle 

Byzantine Fresco Painting in Greece, Pretoria, 1992; S. 

Tomeković, Le “manierisme~ dans l’art mural à Byzance 

(1164-1204), Paris, 1984; R. Cormack, Byzantine Art, 

Oxford, 2000 da sxv. 

zionizmze 37 . v. juriCi XII s-is II nax. da XIII s-is 

mxatvrobaSi gamoyofs 5 stilistur jgufs, 

romlebic mxatvruli midgomebiT gansxvavdeba 

erTmaneTisagan 38 . Tu kargad davakvirdebiT, 

yincvisis moxatuloba organulad 

verc erT am jgufSi ver `Caewereba~ da arc 

o. demusis gansazRvrebas miesadageba. 

yincvisis ferwerul ansambls axasiaTebs, 

erTi mxriv, moxatulobis sistemisa 

da kompoziciaTa agebis Zalian monumenturi 

gadawyveta, riTac is wina periodis qarTuli 

kedlis mxatvrobis Zeglebs ukavSirdeba. 

meore mxriv ki, kompoziciebs SigniT figuraTa 

agebis, xazis xasiaTis, formis modelirebis 

axal, dekoratiul-dinamikur stil- 

Tan Sesatyvisoba. yincvisSi Zalian Txeli da 

viwro xazia, konturis SemTxvevaSic ki _ es 

ki sulac ar `Seefereba~ monumentur-plastikur 

stils. calkeuli detalebi, garegnulad 

TiTqos misadagebuli am stils, sinamdvileSi 

mxolod motivis an detalis doneze 

isaxeba da ara formaTqmnadobis koncefciisa. 

mag, `jvarcmaSi~ jvris vertikaluri 

mklavis samferad damuSaveba-CaCrdilva, 

romelic TiTqos erTgvar materialur sagnobriobas 

aniWebs mas, sruliad ar aris asaxuli 

jvarze gakruli qristes sxeulis gadawyvetaSi: 

misi formebic ukiduresad Txeli 

da uwonadia, SemomsazRvreli konturic 

Txeli da dekoratiuli, damuSavebac (ramdenadac 

axla Cans) Zalian msubuqi, tonebis 

rbil gradaciebze agebuli. 

erTi yvelaze ukeT SemorCenili figuris 

damuSaveba (mociquli `sulTmofenoba- 

Si~) aseve ar qmnis im simkvrivisa da statuarulobis 

SegrZnebas, romelic xsenebul 

neo-plasticizms Seesabameba, saerTo STabeWdileba 

aqac simsubuqisa da uwonadobisaa. 

`sveli nakecebis stili~, romelic XI s-is 

miwurulisa da XII s-is komnenosTa stilis 

37 O. Demus, The Mosaics of Norman Sicily, London, 1949, 

gv. 425. 

38 e e V. Djurić, “ La peinture murale byzantine: XII et XIII siè- 

cles, gv. 176-184.

erT-erTi `qve-mimarTulebaa~ da garkveulad 

swored formis plastikuri gamomsaxvelobis 

xazgasmas gulisxmobs, yincvisSi 

mxolod ramdenime adgilas SeiniSneba (mag., 

gumbaTSi, winaswarmetyvelTa figurebSi), 

ufro motivis saxiT, vidre stilis maxasiaTeblad. 

kidev ufro sagulisxmoa bizantiurisagan, 

juriCiseuli TiTqmis eqvsive jgufis 

gadawyvetisagan gansxvavebuli saxeTa weris 

manera. yincvisis moxatulobis Sesrulebis 

stilSi ar Cans arc feradi modelireba (vladimiri), 

arc faqturuli monasmebi (baCkovo, 

mileSeva), arc formis `Zerwva~ kontrastuli 

Suq-CrdiliT (studenica); arc ladogisa da 

miroJis eklesiaTa komnenosuri xazobrioba 

mkveTri gamonaTebebis mkacri, rigoristuli 

struqturiT, komnenosTa stilis erTgvar 

kvintesenciad rom gvevlineba (sur. 5). 

cxadia, sxvadasxva personaJis saxeze ikonografiiT 

gansazRvrulsa da asakiT, xasiaTiT, 

funqciiTa da sxva motivebiT ganpirobebul, 

gansxvavebul damuSavebas vxedavT 39 (mag., 

wm. simeon mesvetis mkacr saxeze samxreT 

sarkmelSi TeTri gamonaTebebis grafikuli 

simkveTre gansxvavdeba CrdiloeT kedelze 

gamosaxuli angelozis saxis nazi da TiTqos 

erTmaneTs SeRvenTili Crdilebisa da gamonaTebebiT 

Seqmnili modelirebisgan). (sur. 

3) magram esoden rbili, gamWvirvale modelireba 

am periodis bizantiur mxatvrobaSi 

ar Cans. ar Cans studenicaSic ki, romelic, 

rogorc mravalgzis aRiniSna, yvelaze axlos 

aris yincvisTan. 

yincvisis ferwera saxelganTqmulia 

saxeTa SeRvenTil-Serwymuli Suq-CrdiliT 

rbili ZerwviT, TiTqmis SeumCneveli gradaciebiT. 

amavdroulad, aq TiTqmis sruliad 

ar gamoiyeneba mkveTri TeTri gamonaTebebi, 

romlebic esoden tipuria, rogorc dedaqalaquri 

rigis (aia sofia, studenica, 

nerezi, vladimiri, monreale) Tanadrouli 

bizantiuri ZeglebisaTvis, aseve provinciulisTvis 

(lagudera, kurbinovo, kastoria 

39 H. Maguire, The Icons of their Bodies, Princeton, New 

Jersey, 1996, gv. 48-99. 


da sxv) 40 . 

vladimiris wm. dimitris taZris 1195 

wlis freskebSi, romelTa saxeebi, erTi SexedviT, 

qarTul tipaJs mogvagonebs (dabali 

Subli, kexiani cxvirebi da didroni Tvalebi), 

saxeTa damuSaveba ufro danawevrebulia, 

Tvalis upeebis CaCrdilva ufro Rrma 

da muqi, gamonaTebebis xazobrivi sawyisi 

ufro mkafiod gamovlenili, Sesrulebis 

manera ki, imavdroulad, ufro ferwerulcxovelxatuli. 

(sur. 6) 

studenicaSi ramdenime, gansxvavebuli 

midgoma vlindeba – qalebisa da axalgazrda- 

Ta saxeebze ufro gluvi, rbili damuSavebaa, 

xolo sxva saxeebze ufro mkveTri, xazobrivi 

gamoTeTrebebi da muqi Crdilebi. saxeTa 

damuSavebaSi aseTi mkafio xazobrioba 

yincvisSi ar aris (mag., SevadaroT yincvisis 

wm. mesvetes saxe da studenicas wm. barlaami). 

studenicas saxeebi Zalian dagrZelebulia, 

viwro, grZeli ovaliT. figurebic aseTive 

viwro da simaRleSi gawelilia. yincvisSi 

mainc meti `pirsavseobaa~, momrgvalebuloba 

da meti sirbile tonebis gadasvlaSi. Tumca 

aqac, rogorc aRniSnuli iyo, sxvadasxva ostati 

sxvadasxva personaJisTvis sxvadasxva 

maneras iyenebs 41 . 

40 В. Лазарев, Приемы линейной стилизации в византийской 

живописи X-XII веков и их истоки, Византийская 

живопись, М., 1971, gv. 157-164; V. Djurić, “ La peinture 

murale byzamtine: XII e et XIII e siècles~, XV Congreses 

internationale d’etudes Byzantines, gv. 273; L. Hadermann- 

Misguich, ~Le peinture monumentale tardo-commnène et ses 

prolongements au XIII e siècle~, XV Congres international 

d’etides Byzantines, Athens, 1976, Rapports et co-reports, II, 

Athens, 1979, gv. 258-259; 356; S. Tomeković, “L’esthetique 

aux environs de 1200 et la peinture de Studenica~, krebulSi 

Studenica et l’art byzantin autour de l’anee 1200, Београд, 

1988, gv. 233-242; K. Skawran, The development of the 

Middle Byzantine Fresco Painting in Greece, Pretoria, 1992, 

gv. 82; L. Haderman-Misguich, Kurbinovo. Les Fresques 

de Saint Georges et le peinture byzantine du XII e siècle~, 

Brussels, 1975; O. Demus, The Mosaics of Norman Sicily, 

London, 1949 da sxv. 

41 H. Maguire, The Icons of their Bodies, Princeton, New Jersey, 

1996, gv. 48-99; a. oqropiriZe, beTaniis mxatvroba 

da marTlmadidebluri ferweris zogierTi 

aspeqti, speqtri, 2005, gv. 23-29; a. oqropiriZe, 

qristianuli saxismetyvelebisaTvis, speqtri, 

#1, 1998, gv. 44-51. 

75

76 


principulad gansxvavebulia yincvisis 

saxeTa weris manera XII s-is miwurulis bizantiuri 

nimuSebis mkafio xazobrivi, TiTqmis 

ornamentuli gamonaTebebiT werisagan 

(sxva TaSoris, am mxriv mefis mxatvris Tevdores 

XI-XII ss-Ta mijnis moxatulobaTa mane ra 

TiTqos win uswrebs bizantiur mxatvrobas). 

vladimiris freskebis èlinisturi~ 

modelirebac gacilebiT ufro plastikur 

da gamokveTil moculobiTobis SegrZnebas 

qmnis. yincvisis ferweras arc `komnenosTa 

manÁerizmis~ ukiduresad kontrastuli da 

ornamentulobamde misuli xazobrioba axasiaTebs, 

TiTqmis daukavSirebel elementebad 

rom anawevrebs kurbinovosa da misi rigis 

freskebis saxeebs. 

mileSevas xazgasmuli ferwerul-cxovelxatuli, 

mravalSriani, mravalferiani, 

msuye da faqturuli gamonaTebebiT modelireba 

aseve sruliad warmoudgenelia yincvisSi, 

da, rac mTavaria, es arc Semdgomi 

xanis qarTul moxatulobebs axasiaTebs – 

mag., ufro mogviano yincvisis mcire eklesiisa 

da udabnos xarebis eklesiis moxatulobebs. 

yincvisSi arc figurebze vxedavT vladimiris 

freskebis msgavs moculobiT-plastikur 

modelirebas, sadac Suqis aTinaTebi 

srialebs formaze swored rogorc garedan 

mosuli Suqis moZraobis anarekli da ara 

formis `Sinagani naTebis~ gamoxatuleba42 . 

miTumetes araferi aqvs mas saerTo komnenosTa 

manÁerizmis aJitirebul da mZafrad 

kontrastul xazobriobasTan43 kurbinovosa da laguderas mxatvrobeb- 

Tan misi Sedarebac ki ar Rirs, imdenad gansxvavebulia 

maTi konceptualuri midgomebi. 

Tumca yincvisSic SeiZleba SevniSnoT `susti~ 

manÁeristuli motivebi (mag., angelozis 

Tavis gadaxra, xelis `gadanazebuli~ Jesti 

da sxv.), magram esec mxolod motivisa da to- 

42 В. Лазарев, Древнерусские мозаики и фрески, М., 1973, 

gv. 157-171. 

43 S. Tomeković, Le “manierisme~ dans l’art mural à Byzance 

(1164-1204), Paris, 1984. 

nalobis donezea, ar arRvevs saerTo harmoniulobasa 

da klasikur simSvides. sxva mxriv 

ki komnenosTa manÁerizmi am moxatulobaSi 

namdvilad ar aisaxa, iseve rogorc saerTod 

qarTul mxatvrobaSi 44 . es manÁeristuli eqspresia 

Sinaganad ucxoa qarTuli xelovnebis 

gawonasworebuli, zomierebisaken mswrafi 

xasiaTisaTvis. 

meore mxriv, Tanadroul bizantiur 

nawarmoebebSi TiTqmis ver vnaxavT yincvisisdar 

darkalul xazTa usasrulo srbola-srialsa 

da musikalur denadobas. Tumca, 

Tu yincvisis moxatulobas unda movu- 

ZebnoT stiluri gansazRvreba bizantiuri 

mxatvrobis konteqstSi, mas mainc ufro komnenosTa 

stils mivakuTvnebT, vidre axal, 

moculobiT-plastikurs. 

bizantiur mxatvrobaSi xazi an ufro 

plastikur-struqturulia, mag., monreales 

mozaikebi, vladimiris wm. dimitris 

taZris freskebi, studenicas RmrTismSoblis 

taZris moxatuloba, an ufro pirobiTabstraqtuli 

da aJitirebul-ornamentuli 

– mag., kurbinovos wm. giorgis eklesiis 

freskebi; parahorios Lda laguderas eklesiebis 

moxatulobebi kviprosze, (sur. 2) 

wm. mkurnalTa eklesiis kedlis mxatvroba 

kastoriaSi. yvelaze metad, albaT, san-anjelo-in-formisis 

`naxevrad-bizantiuri~ 

freskebi uaxlovdeba. 

erTi SexedviT, sakmaod `plastikuri~ 

naxatis mqone ZeglebSic ki xazis rkaliseburoba 

da simrgvale sinamdvileSi ramdenime 

texili xaziT aris Sedgenili da Tanac Zalian 

mkveTr modelirebasTanaa Serwymuli 

(monreale), an ufro metad vertikaluri da 

mkveTrad ritmuli xazobrivi struqturisken 

ixreba (nerezi, stud enica), an imdenad 

eqvemdebareba formis plastikis erTdrou- 

44 met-naklebad, iqneb, Sio mRvimis jvris amaRlebis 

eklesiisa da axtalis sakurTxevlis moxatulobebSi. 

es ukanaskneli ki, vgoneb, sworedac 

rom berZeni ostatis naxelavi unda iyos. 

Е. Привалова, Некоторые особенности грузинских 


seria A, #10, Tb., 1991, gv. 154.

lad modelirebiT da xaziT gadmocemis amocanas, 

rom ufro saxviT xasiaTs iRebs (vladimiri); 

an sruliad ìsteriul~ dagrexilagznebul 

xlarTebSi iqsaqseba (kurbinovo) 

da sxv. yincvisisdari dekoratiuloba da 

xazis sinarnariT `TviTkmari~ tkboba aq Znelad 

Tu moiZebneba. nereziSic ki ufro `stakatoebTan~ 

gvaqvs saqme, vidre `ligatureb- 

Tan~. nerezis `datirebaSi~, sadac v. juriCi 

aRniSnavs figuraTa pozebis Sida RerZebis 

rkalurobas, yincvisTan SedarebiT ufro 

elifsebsa da wawvetebul samkuTxedebs vxedavT, 

vidre wriul rkalebs, Tanac figurebic 

bevrad ufro dagrZelebuli da `wawvetebulia~. 

studenicaSi figuraTa proporciebi 

ufro dagrZelebulia da formis komnenosuri 

`wabasreba~ ufro sagrZnobia. 

yincvisSi aseve ar Cans Tanadrouli bizantiuri 

nawarmoebebisTvis saxasiaTo nakecebis 

daxvaveba, maTi `mRelvareba~ da 

mudmivi moZraobac (mag., monreale) sakmaod 

sustad aris gamovlenili. Aar aris samoselisa 

da saxeebis xSiri xazebis badiT dafarva, 

ise rom ZiriTadi toni TiTqmis ar Cans, iseve 

rogorc TeTri xazebiT aqtiuri dublireba. 

Zalze iSviaTia aseve yincvisSi amoburculi 

nawilebis aRniSvna mkveTri òvalebiT~ da 

`diskebiT~, romelTa garSemo xazTa `morevebi~ 

trialdeba. maT sust analogs angelozis 

mxarze vxedavT, Tumca mxatvrulad sruliad 

gansxvavebuli efeqtia. 

nerezis moxatulobas Tu SevadarebT, 

yincvisis xazi ufro plastikuri Cans, magram, 

mag., mileSevasTan SedarebiT _ ufro 

pirobiTia da dekoratiuli. Tavis yvelaze 

Tanadroul ZeglTan – studenicasTan – Sedarebisas 

kvlav xazis gansxvavebuli xasia- 

Ti Cans – studenicaSi xazis dekoratiuli 

JReradoba gacilebiT naklebia, saxviToba 

da plastikuroba ki meti. studenica swored 

rom moicavs Tavis TavSi momavali mileSevasa 

da sopoCanis stilis ganviTarebis SesaZ- 


leblobas 45 , yincvisis moxatulobis Semdgom 

qarTuli mxatvrobis ganviTareba ki sxva xaziT 

midis. amrigad, yincvisis ferweruli ansamblis 

mxatvruli forma, misi Sesrulebis 

manera Tanadrouli bizantiuri nawarmoebebisagan 

gansxvavebul mxatvrul principebs 

emyareba. 

garkveuli msgavsebebis miuxedavad, 

gansakuTrebiT studenicasTan, Tundac feradovnebis 

mxriv, formaTqmnadobis konceptualuri 

gansxvaveba gacilebiT metia, 

msgavseba ki ufro motivebis da detalebis 

doneze vlindeba _ CvenTan yvelaferSi sxva 

mxatvruli ènaa~. 

amasTan erTad, sopoCanas cxovelxatuli, 

ferweruli, pastozuri modelireba 

Rrma CrdilebiT da Zalian danawevrebuli 

nakvTebiT, yincvisSi saerTod ar Cans, arc 

ki isaxeba. sopoCanas ufro maarqaizebel 

figurebSic ki (mag., winaswarmetyvelis figura 

gumbaTis yelSi), romelic jer kidev 

mkafiod gamoxatul komnenosTa stils misdevs, 

gamoTeTrebebis kontrasti ZiriTadi 

tonis mimarT samoszec da saxezec gacilebiT 

ufro mkveTria, vidre yincvisSi. 

rodesac mecnierebi saubroben imis Sesaxeb, 

rom yincvisis mxatvroba `moculobiT-plastikuri 

stilis pirveli Zeglia~ 46 

monumenturobis cnebis erTgvari aRreva 

xdeba moculobiTobasa da statuarobas- 

Tan. yincvisis moxatuloba marTlac Zalian 

monumenturia, rac misi sistemis xasiaTSi 

gamoikveTa, magram ramdenad SeiZleba misi 

figurebi davaxasiaToT, rogorc statuaruli, 

moculobiT-plastikuri? erTi mxriv, 

aq sakmaod plastikuri naxatia, meore mxriv, 

45 В. Джурич, Византийские фрески, Средневековая 

Сербия, Дальмация, славянская Македония, М., 2000, 

gv. 90. 

46 V. Djurić, “La peinture murale byzantine: XII e et XIII e 

siècles~, XV Congreses internationale d’etudes byzantines, 

Athens, 1976, Rapports and co-rapports, III, Athens, 1979, 

gv. 236; D. Mouriki, “The Formative Role of Byzantine 

Art on the Artistic Styles of the Cultural Neighbours of 

Byzantium. Reflections of Constantinopolitan Styles in 

Georgian Monumental Painting~, Jahrbuch der österreichischen 

Byzantinistik 31/2 Wien, 1981, gv. 742. 

77

78 


formebi mainc sakmaod brtyelia, minimalurad 

miniSnebuli `modelirebiT~ 47 , yincvisis 

ferweris aRqmisas ZiriTadad mainc feradovan 

sibrtyeebs vxedavT da ara plastikur 

formebs. 

ase rom, ar SeiZleba saubari erTgvarovan 

da sinqronul mxatvrul-stilistur tendenciaze. 

kvlav vxedavT calkeuli garegnuli 

niSnebis msgavsebidan msgavsi ganvi Tarebis 

tendenciis gamoyvanis cdas, rac arsebiTad da 

meTodologiurad arasworia. 

magaliTad, ikorTis XII s-is 70-iani wlebis 

moxatuloba, sadac gacilebiT ufro 

didroni da msxvili figurebia, ufro SeiZleba 

ganvsazRvroT rogorc `statuaruli 

da moculobiTi~, magram igi gacilebiT adreuli 

TariRisaa, ufro nerezis moxatulobis 

droindelia, Tumca isic naklebad 

emsgavseba TiTqmis Tanadroul 1164 wlis 

nerezis moxatulobis maRal, Txel da uwonad 

figurebs. 

ase rom, qarTul mxatvrobaSi monumenturoba 

da plastikuroba yincvisis mxatvrobis 

winare etapze ufro Cans, vidre mis 

Semdeg. studenicas stilma ganviTareba 

pova moraCas, JiCas, mileSevas, sopoCanis 

moxatulobebis stilSi, anu monumenturplastikur, 

statuarul stilSi, ferweruli 

damuSavebiT da realurs miaxloebuli 

modelirebiT. 48 yincvisis Semdeg Seqmnili 

Zeglebi ki am ganviTarebis xazs ar aCvenebs, 

swored rom piriqiT. amitomac gvgonia, rom 

yincvisis monumenturoba qarTuli mxatvrobis 

ganviTarebis wina etapis `gadmonaS- 

Tia~ da ara axali bizantiuri stilis damwyebi 

nawarmoebis Tviseba. 

marTlac, yincvisis Semdeg qarTuli 

mxat vrobis ganviTareba midis ara `neo- 

47 Т. Вирсаладзе, Фрескавая роспись художника Микаела 

Маглакели в Мацхвариши, Ars Georgica, 4, Tb., 1963, gv. 

255. 

48 Sua saukuneebis xelovnebisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli 

pirobiTobis farglebSi, bizantiuri (konstantinopoluri) 

nawarmoebebi met-naklebad yovelTvis 

avlens tendencias garkveuli `siRrmisa 

da moculobis~ gadmocemisaken, rasac naxatis 

plastikurobac erwymis xolme. 

plas tikuri~, `monumentur-moculobiTi~ 

sti lis mimarTulebiT, aramed kidev ufro 

meti simsubuqis, uwonadobis, dekoratiuldinamikuri, 

ateqtonikuri mimarTulebiT 

(mag., yincvisis RmrTismSoblis eklesia, xarebis 

eklesia garejis ùdabnoSi~ 49 , amave 

namonastralis amaRlebis eklesia da sxv.). 

ufro metic, roca XIII s-is bolo meoTxedSi 

dasavleT saqarTvelos eklesiebis moxatulobebSi 

(mag., aWis wm. giorgis eklesia 50 an 

gelaTis daviT narinis egvteri) 51 paleologosTa 

stilis niSnebi Cndeba, is sakmaod 

Tavisebur saxes Rebulobs da `plastikurmoculobiT~ 

efeqts mainc ar qmnis, Tundac 

im farglebSi, rac bizantiur nawarmoebebSi 

aris xolme gamovlenili 52 . 

meore mxriv, yincvisis `rkalur xazTa 

dineba~ Zalian dinamikur efeqts qmnis, Tvali 

sul moZraobs, formidan formaze, kompoziciidan 

kompoziciaze. dinamikurobis 

es tendencia jer kidev XII s-is pirvel naxevarSi 

Caisaxa, mag., Tevdore `mefis mxatvris~ 

ferweraSi da Tamaris epoqis ZeglebSi hpova 

ganviTareba. imavdroulad, es saerTod 

qristianuli aRmosavleTis XII s-is da XIII 

s-is damdegis mxatvrobis erTi ZiriTadi maxasiaTebelicaa. 

rogorc vnaxeT, am saerTo 

mxatvruli suliskveTebis farglebSi arsebobs 

formaTgancdis sakmaod didi gansxvaveba, 

rac, cxadia, adgilobrivi mxatvruli 

tradiciebiT aris ganpirobebuli 53 . 

mraval sxva, wminda formalur gansxvavebas 

Soris erTi umTavresi, albaT, aris 

feris gaazreba, rogorc erTiani daunawevrebeli 

laqis, rac bizantiur (anu konstan- 

49 m. bulia, daviT garejis udabnos monastris xarebis 

eklesiis moxatuloba, avtoreferati, Tb., 1993. 

50 Дж. Иосебидзе, Роспись Ачи, Тб., 1989, gv. 79-82. 

51 q. miqelaZe, daviT narinis egvteris moxatuloba 

gelaTis monastris mTavar taZarSi, disertacia, 

xelnaweri, Tb., 2001. 

52 И. Лордкипанидзе, Роспись в Цаленджиха, Тб., 1992; 

q. miqelaZe, daviT narinis egvteris moxatuloba 

gelaTis monastris mTavar taZarSi, gv. 153-154. 

53 k. maCabeli, saqarTvelo da bizantiuri samyaro, 

gv. 156.

tinopolur) nawarmoebebSi naklebia. 54 

`Как бы ни разнились по тональности грузи 

нские росписи рассматриваемого периода, 

для всех них характерным является относи 

тельная сдержанность красочной гаммы, и ее 

сгармонированность, при линейной манере. Будет 

ли это теплая гамма Земо-Крихи или холодная 

гамма Гелати, она строится из немногих тонов и 

относительно мало раздробленных светами и тенями 

цветовых пятен~ 55 . 

aseve SeiZleba iTqvas naxatzec, rom Sua 

saukuneebis qarTuli ferweris nawarmoebebSi 

umetesad xazis TavisTavadi dekoratiuli 

JReradoba mis saxviTobaze aranakleb 

faseulia, Tu metad ara. `Линия, являющаяся 

вместе с колоритом и композицион ными 

особенностями одним из художественных средств, 

составляющих выразительность произведения, 

наделялась грузинским мастером особенной силой, 

жизненостью и, главное, динамикой, т. е. всем тем, 

что делает эту линию средоточием максимальной 

выразительности и эмоциональности образа~ 56 . 

yincvisis moxatulobis erTi mTavari 

maxasiaTebeli da misi gamomsaxvelobis 

erTi mTavari elementi misi feradovnebaa57 , 

kerZod ki uxvad da STambeWdavad gamoyenebuli 

laJvardis feri. sainteresoa, misi am 

aspeqtis Sedareba bizantiur mxatvrobis 

nimuSebTan. laJvardi mniSvnelovan rols 

TamaSobs bizantiur da axlo aRmosavleTis 

sxva qveynebis mxatvrobaSic (tokali kilises 

axali eklesia kapadokiaSi, studenica 

serbiaSi, lagudera kviprosze, san anJelo 

in formis italiaSi da sxv.); Tumca swored 

yincvisSi aris miRweuli am Zvirfasi Suqmna- 

Ti saRebavis maqsimaluri feradovnuli gamomsaxveloba. 

faqtiurad, igi gansazRvravs 

am ferweruli ansamblis mxatvrul saxes, da 


Маглакели в Мацхвариши, gv. 208. 



56 Г. Алибегашвили, Светский портрет в грузинской 

средневековой монументальной живописи, Тб., 1979, 

gv. 78. 

57 m. didebuliZe, yincvisis wm. nikolozis taZris 

XIII s-is damdegis moxatulobis feradovneba, saqar 

Tvelos siZveleni, #11, 2007, gv. 78-104. 


ara mxolod mxatvruls. 

upirveles yovlisa, sayuradReboa, rom 

laJvardi eqspresiulobisaTvis dadebulia 

ara muq (nacrisfer Tu Sav) sarCulze, rogorc 

es umetesad keTdeboda, mag., sabereeb- 

Si, boWormaSi, beTaniaSi da sxva, aramed sagangebo 

nivTierebiT gapoxil baTqaSze 58 . 

feradovnuli gamomsaxvelobisaTvis 

mniSvnelovania lurji laqebis daunawev rebloba. 

mag., studenicaSi, romelsac samarTlianad 

adareben yincviss, fonis didi lurji 

sibrtyeebi xan mozaikis imitaciiT aris 

dafaruli, xan oqros `badeebiT~ warwerebi, 

ornamenetebi da a. S.), rac sakuTriv lurjis 

JReradobas sakmaod amcirebs. 

sxva ZeglebSi, sadac laJvardis fonebia, 

es saRebavi Sesamoselsa da sxva elementebze 

arc ise didi raodenobiT gamoiyeneba, anu 

xazgasmulia misi `fonoba~. magaliTad, tokali 

kiliseSi lurji Zalian intensiuria, 

magram TiTqmis ar aris gamoyenebuli samosebze, 

yovel SemTxvevaSi aseTive intensivobiT, 

niadagis zoli ki sulac mwvanea. Aamitom 

feradovnuli efeqtic sul sxvaa. Llurjs 

faqtiurad mxolod fonis funqcia rCeba, is 

sxva ferebis gamomsaxvelobis gazrdasa da 

Semcirebaze muSaobs da yincvisis dari yovlismomcveloba 

ara aqvs. asevea laguderaSi, 

studenicaSi da sxvagan. 

studenicaSi, romelic koloritis mxriv 

Tanadrouli bizantiuri nawarmoebebidan 

yincvisTan, albaT, yvelaze axlos aris, ramdenime 

ganmasxvavebeli niSania: lurjs muqi 

sarCuli aqvs; masze uxvad aris naxmari oqro 

da, rogorc g. babiCi aRniSnavs, laJvardi da 

58 es nivTiereba webovani bunebisa unda yofiliyo 

da TiTqmis uferuli, odnav moyviTalo elferis 

mqone. misi qimiuri Semadgenlobis identifikacia 

jer–jerobiT ver moxerxda. magram rac unda 

iyos es, CvenTvis am SemTxvevaSi mniSvnelovania, 

rom es sarCuli (etyoba webovani nivTiereba 

Znelad dasamagrebeli mineraluri saRebavis 

baTqaSze ukeT SesaWideblad moiSvelies), 

faqtiurad uferulia da laJvardis JReradobas 

ar cvlis. aseve unda iyos gamoyenebuli igi 

mag., berTubanSi, kumurdoSi, `naTlismcemelSi~ 

(vizualuri dakvirvebiT). 

79

80 


oqro erTad minanqris efeqts qmniano 59 yincvisSi 

ki SuqiT gaJRenTili, TiTqmis dematerializebuli 

zedapiris _ naTelis efeqti 

miiReba. 

studenicaSi samosebze da sxva elementebze 

lurji ise Warbad ar aris dadebuli, 

rogorc yincvisSi, da Tu aris, erTi toniT 

mainc ufro Riaa fonze 60 . am dros ki, yincvis- 

Si gansakuTrebuli mniSvnelobis figurebze 

gansakuTrebiT Rrma lurjia (mag., mariamis 

samosi jvarcmasa da konqSi, ) Tanac aseT adgilebSi 

lurjis simuqe da siRrme gaZlierebulia 

imiT, rom is mxolod muqi lurjive 

xazebiT aris damuSavebuli, Tanac sakmaod 

meCxerad, yovelgvari gaRiadebebisa da gamonaTebebis 

gareSe. Na. volskaia aRniSnavs, 

rom berTubanSi mTavari figurebi swored 

lurjiT gamoiyofa. Aasevea yincvisSi. mTavar 

figurebs _ qristes da mariams arc singurisferi 

samosebi acviaT da arc TeTri. 

Llurji aq sulieri ierarqiis uaRresobas 

Seesatyviseba – ùpatiosnessa qerubimTa da 

aRmatebiT uzesTaessa serafimTasa~. 

studenicas msgavsad, laguderas TiTqmis 

Tanadroul moxatulobaSic fonis lurji 

toni figurebsa da sagnebze zustad TiTqmis 

ar meordeba. Tanac iq Zlieria lurjis 

dramatuli kontrasti wiTlis did sibrtyeebTan. 

61 baCkovos saZvlis moxatulobaSi ki 

lurji saerTodac ìkargeba~ wiTlis, mwvanisa 

da Tbili oqrosferi oqris garemoSi, 62 

xolo intensiuri modelireba ki erTgvarad 

anelebs qromatul eqspresias. Aaseve àraaqtualuria~ 

lurji feri vladimiris wm. 

dimitris taZris moxatulobaSi, romelic 

bevri TvalsazrisiT garegnulad `hgavs~ 

qarTul mxatvrobebs, Tumca misi ferweruli 

èna~ mainc sul sxvaa. aq kolorituli 

efeqti daqvemdebarebulia modelirebas, 

59 S. Ćirković, V. Korać, G. Babić, Le Monastère de Studenica, 

Belgrade, 1986, gv. 70. 

60 S. Ćirković, V. Korać, G. Babić, Le Monastère de Studenica, 

ill. 59, 60, 64-67. 

61 Medieval Cyprus, Studies in Art, Architecture and History 

in memory of Doula Mouriki, Princeton, 1999, il. 3-6. 

62 Е. Бакалова, Бачковската костница, София, 1977. 

Tanac swored rom lurjis minimaluri monawileobiT. 

Llurjis gamoyenebis mxriv rusuli 

nimuSebidan, albaT, bevrad ufro gviani 

( XV s.) ferapontes taZris moxatuloba SeiZleba 

gavixsenoT, sadac lurjis JReradobac 

da mwvanesTan dawyvilebac TiTqmis iseTive 

eqspresiulia, rogorc yincvisSi. 

am mxriv ki qarTuli mxatvrobisaTvis 

damaxasiaTebeli niSania feradovnul SexamebaTa 

TavdaWeriloba da harmoniuloba, ma- 

Sinac ki, roca maRali JReradobis da intensivobis 

ferebia gamoyenebuli 63 . 

`Современные им византийские мозаики, 

также следующие различным колористическим 

традициям, в целом более полихромны. Будь 

то холодная зеленоватая гамма мозаики Луки 

Фокидского, или более теплая гамма Дафни – 

и в тех и в других обильно применены яркие 

в несколько сил света и тени, иногда данные 

контрастирующим, т. н. дополнительным тоном, 

создают большую раздробленность цветового пятна, 

создают переходную тональность, меняющею 

основной локальный тон, а вместе с ним и гамму 

росписи. В этой манере сказываются переживания 

«живописной», иллюзионистической традиции 

позднеантичного искусства эллинистического 

периода, которую византийское искусство сохранила 

в более чистом виде~ 64 . 

Tanadroul bizantiur mxatvrobas- 

Tan Sedarebisas yincvisSi TvalSi gvxvdeba 

didi, qromatulad daunawevrebeli feradovani 

laqebis eqspresiuli ritmi da did 

intervalebze agebuli feradovnuli rigebi, 

ferTa TiTqmis Tanabari gajerebulobiTa 

da sinaTliT. aq Aar aris kontrastuli 

ferebiT damuSaveba; ar aris tendencia tonaluri 

gaerTianebisa, rogorc, mag., imave 

vladimirSi, an baCkovoSi, an laguderaSi. 

63 Т. Вирсаладзе, Фрагменты фресковой росписи главного 

Гелатского храма, Ars Georgica, 5, Tб., 1959, gv. 195;. Т 

. Вирсаладзе, Фрескавая роспись художника Микаела 

Маглакели… , gv. 202, 204; А. Вольская, Росписи 

средневековых трапезных Грузии, Тб., 1974, gv. 128. 


Маглакели в Мацхвариши, Ars Georgica, 4, Tb., 1963, 

gv. 202.

studencaSic ki modelireba da feradovani 

laqis danawevreba mainc sakmaod Zlieria. 

gansxvavebuli midgoma Cans formis 

ferweruli damuSavebis, modelirebis mxrivac, 

raSic orive zemomoyvanili niSani – feradovani 

laqis lokaluri JReradoba da 

xazis dekoratiuli gamomsaxveloba gaiazreba 

rogorc umaRlesi faseuloba, Sesabamisad, 

minimalurad xdeba maTi danawevreba 

da `gasaxviToeba~. `В своей линейной экспресии 

и сдержанной, ограниченной красочной гамме, 

грузинские росписи не только безконечно далеки от 

эллинистического иллюзионозма, но существенно 

разнятся и от современных им памятников 

византийской живописи, в которых реминисцениции 

иллюзионизма сохранились в более чистом виде. 

Разнятся они и от восточно-христианских, в 

частности, каппадокийских памятников, линейность 

которых никогда не достигала той ритмической 

завершенности и выразительности, которая была 

выработана в грузинской живописи~ 65 . 

komnenosTa stilSi da mis Semdgom xanaSi 

qristianuli mxatvrobisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli 

gamZafrebuli emociurobac ki 

qarTul nawarmoebebSi sxva xasiaTisaa, sxva 

`gemovnebis~, ufro maJoruli da imavdroulad 

lirikuli. 66 

emociurobis TvalsazrisiT komnenos- 

Ta xanis bizantiur xelovnebaSi yvelaze 

mkafio da Tanac erT uadres nimuSad iTvleba 

nerezis moxatuloba serbeTSi, romelic 

am mxriv erTgvari `klasika~ gaxda67 . yincvisi 

masze ormociode wliT ufro gvian aris Sesrulebuli, 

magram Tavisi xasiaTiT ar iCens 

tendencias emociebis `MmZafri~, nerezismsgavsi 

gamoxatvisaken. am mxriv Tevdores XII 

s-is dasawyisis moxatulobebSi marTlac gacilebiT 

meti dramatizmi da emociurobaa, 

vidre yincvisSi. 



66 Е. Привалова, Роспись Тимотесубани, Тб., 1980, 

gv. 144. 

67 В. Джурич, Византийские фрески, Средневековая 

Сербия, Дальмация, славянская Македония, М., 2000, 

gv. 36-41. 


formaTgancdis gansxvavebuloba zogjer 

konkretul detalebSi ukeTesadac 

vlindeba, vidre mTlianobaSi. qarTul da 

bizantiur formaTgancdas Soris mniSvnelovani 

stiluri gansxvaveba vlindeba nakecebis 

gamosaxvisas maTi modelirebis mxatvrul 

gaazrebaSi. mozaikur nawarmoebebSi 

es ufro mkafiod Cans, Tumca aranaklebad 

saRebaviT Sesrulebul mxatvrobaSic. ker- 

Zod, bizantiur nimuSebSi miRebulia nakecebis, 

Rrma CrdilebiT da mkafio gamoTeTrebebiT 

mkveTri `CakveTa~, rac, saboloo 

jamSi mkvrivi zedapiris datexilobis, wiboianobis 

STabeWdilebas qmnis (mag., nerezi, 

monreale). qarTul nawarmoebebSi ki Crdilebis 

gamoyeneba, ar iwvevs ferweruli 

zedapiris siRrmeSi `CaWras~, xdeba ZiriTadi 

tonis gaRiaveba – zogjer siTeTremdec 

ki, magram ara sasuraTo zedapirs `SigniT~ 

Sesvla. forma igeba zedapiridan zemoT, 

Cvensken. yincvisSic asea _ marTlac, Tu 

aviRebT ramdenime yvelaze `plastikurad~ 

damuSavebul figuras (mag., marjvena mociquli 

`sulTmofenobaSi~), vnaxavT, rom gamosaxulebis 

sayrdeni mainc mTliani feradovani 

sibrtyea da feradovani Sreebi masze 

`zemodan~ aris dadebuli. 

Crdilebis gamoyenebis Sedegad miRebuli 

`reliefi~ bizantiur da qarTul nawarmoebebSi 

arsebiTadaa gansxvavebuli. mag., 

imave vladimiris wm. dimitris taZris moxatuloba 

rom aviRoT – mociqulTa figurebis 

farTod gaSlil muxlebs Soris qsovili 

marTlac `Cafenilia~, TiTqmis iluzorulad 

Cakecili. aq CrdiliT Camuqeba sakmaod reliefur 

cvlilebas qmnis sibrtyeebis done- 

Si. yincvisSi, kerZod, da qarTul mxatvroba- 

Si sazogadod, amgvari `CakveTili reliefi~ 

ar keTdeba, rac unda plastikuri iyos naxati 

da muqi Crdili. qarTul ferweraSi forma 

sasuraTo sibrtyis `SigniT~, siRrmeSi ar 

viTardeba. sibrtye Cvens ZeglebSi Zalian 

mdgradi da `Seuvalia~, msubuqi reliefu- 

81

82 


roba am sibrtyis `zemoT~ viTardeba, mas ar 

laxavs, ar `SeiWreba~ masSi 68 . 

didi gansxvavebaa moxatulobis sistemis 

TvalsazrisiTac. yincvisisdari monumen 

turoba Tanadroul bizantiur nawarmoebebSi 

naklebad igrZnoba. Tumca es is 

maxa siaTebelia, romelzec msjeloba mxolod 

Zeglebis uSualod in situ Seswavlisas 

aris SesaZlebeli da ara ilustraciebiT. 

mag., Tesalonikis taZrebis moxatulobebi 

sakmaod ara monumentur STabeWdilebas tovebs. 

`medalionebis sistemac~, esoden `popularuli~ 

bizantiur mxatvrobebSi, aseve 

ara-monumenturia. SesaZloa gadaWarbebuli 

da dausa buTebuli Sefasebaa, magram qarTuli 

nawarmoebebi zogadad mainc ufro monumenturi 

Cans, vidre berZnuli. mag., laguderaSi, 

Sida sivrce gadatvirTulia mravali, 

Tanac sxvadasxva masStabis mqone gamosaxulebiT 

69 , asevea monrealeSic. 

ramdenadac ilustraciebiT da aRwerebiT 

SeiZleba vimsjeloT, am epoqis sxva 

bizantiur nawarmoebebSic taZris xuroTmoZRvrebasTan 

mxatvrobis mimarTeba monumentur 

da teqtonikur midgomas gacilebiT 

naklebad avlens, vidre es CvenSia. rogorc 

Cans, iq moxatulobis sistemis ufro dekoratiuli 

gadawyvetaa (asea, mag., studenicaSic). 

iqmneba STabeWdileba, rom qarTuli 

kedlis mxatvroba zogadad bevrad ufro 

monumenturia, vidre is, rasac bizantiurs 

uwodeben. TviT XIII s-is `moculobiT-plastikuri~ 

stilis ZeglebSi (mag., sopoCana) moxatulobis 

sistemis saerTo gadawyveta arc 

ise monumenturia, rogorc es mosalodnelia 

am moxatulobis figurebis xasiaTidan 

gamomdinare. 

cxadia, XI s-is didi mozaikuri ansamblebi 

(mag., nea-monisa an dafnis taZarTa moxatulobebi) 

am mxriv gamoirCeva. isini ufro monumenturi 

da arqiteqtonikuria (Tumca iqac 


Маглакели. ., gv. 211. 

69 A. P. Kazhdan, A. Wharton Epstein, Change in Byzantine 

culture in the Eleventh and Twefth Centuries, Los Angeles- 

London, 1985 ill. 41. 

gamosaxulebebi sivrceSi `Cakargul~ xatebad 

ufro Cans). magram sxva, miTumetes XII s-is 

miwurulisa da XIII s-is damdegis, metadre ki 

freskuli nawarmoebebi, romelSiac kedlebi 

mTlianad ifareba gamosaxulebiT, nakleb 

monumenturad aRiqmeba. 

amasTan dakavSirebiT yuradRebas ipyrobs 

qarTuli kedlis mxatvrobis erTi 

Tavisebureba – medalionebSi Caxatuli wmnidanebis 

gamosaxulebaTa mwkrivebi, mZivebiviT 

rom amkoben bizantiuri taZrebis 

TaRebs, pilastrebs, wirTxlebs (mag., kievis 

sofio, lagudera da asinu kviprosze, nea 

moni da sxv.), CvenSi nesgunis adreuli moxatulobis 

(satriumfo TaRi) da wirqolis 

garda, paleologosTa epoqamde TiTqmis 

arsad gvxvdeba. Tamaris epoqaSi wmindanTa 

dasebs mTeli taniT an naxevarfigurebis 

saxiT warmodgenili figurebi qmnis, yvela 

Tav-Tavis arqiteqturul monakveTSi gamosaxuli: 

sarkmlebisa da TaRebis wirTxlebze, 

burjebis waxnagebze, pilastrebze. es 

erTgvarad qarTuli kedlis mxatvrobis ganmasxvavebel 

niSnadac SeiZleba miviCnioT. 

mxatvruli midgomis garkveuli Tavisebureba 

SeiZleba SevniSnoT qtitorTa gamosaxvis, 

bizantiurisagan gansxvavebul, 

qarTul tradiciaSi. 70 jer erTi, qarTul 

eklesiebSi ufro metad aris miRebuli mefeTa 

da sxva istoriul pirTa gamosaxulebebis 

ganTavseba ZiriTad sivrceSi, 71 bizantiurSi 

ki isini ufro egvterebsa da saZvaleebSi 

ixatebian, Tumca, arc aia sofias samxreTi 

galereis saimperatoro saqtitoro 

kompozicia unda daviviwyoT. garda amisa, 

bizantiur tradiciaSi (ra Tqma unda, aris 

gamonaklisebic) qtitoris figura umetesad 

zomiT pataraa, xolo macxovris, mariamis 


средневековой монументальной живописи, Тб., 1979; 

q. miqelaZe, daviT narinis egvteris moxatuloba 

gelaTis monastris mTavar taZarSi, disertacia, 

xelnaweri, Tb., 2001, gv. 56-60. 


средневековой монументальной живописи, Тб., 1979, 

gv. 25

an wmindanis figura an ufro didia, an misi 

toli (mag., serbeTSi). qarTul mxatvroba- 

Si ki swored qtitoris figuraa, rogorc 

wesi, sagrZnoblad didi, xolo uflisa an 

wmindanis – patara. cxadia, gamonaklisebi 

am mxri vac aris (mag., zemo-krixi, an varZia). 

amiT TiTqos xazi esmeba adamianisa da uflis 

gansxvavebul sulier ganzomilebaSi yofnas, 

uflis transcendenturobas, misi adamianis 

sivrcidan xedvas, RmerTis `sxvaganyofnas~. 

yincvisSi, morTul TaRedSi warmodgenili 

mefeebi TiTqos am da im qveynis zRvarze 

arian gamosaxulni, TiTqos samoTxis zRurblze 

dganan. 

gansxvaveba naTlad Cans fonis elementebis 

_ peizaJis da arqiteqturuli anturaJis, 

_ gadmocemis principebSi. miuxedavad 

dinamikurobisa da calkeuli motivebis 

garTuleba–gamravlebisa, yincvisSi dominirebs 

figura, xolo arqiteqtura, iseve 

rogorc, mag., berTubanSi, 72 mxolod kompoziciur 

aqcentebs qmnis, Semofarglavs figurebs, 

magram maSinac fonis statuss inar- 

Cunebs. am periodis bizantiur mxatvrobaSi 

ki (monreale, studenica, lagudera da sxv.), 

fonis elementebi da anturaJi mniSvnelovan 

poziciebs ikavebs. 

rogorc zeviTac vnaxeT, v. juriCi Tvlis, 

rom bizantiuri mxatvroba ganisazRvreba 

ara imdenad ikonografiuli erTobiT, 

romelic sworedac Zalian gansxvavebuliao 

sxvadasxva qveynebSi, aramed stilis erTobiT 

73 . es sakmaod sakamaToa, msgavseba-gansxvaveba 

orive am aspeqtSi vlindeba, magram, 

vfiqrob, ikonografiuli erToba ufro 

Zlieri aris, miuxedavad mkafiod gamovlenili 

erovnuli Tematikisa (mag., qarTul 

taZrebSi jvris didebis gamosaxva gumbaT- 

Si). cxadia, ferweris mxatvruli enis safuZveli 

diaxac saerToa mTels saqristianoSi, 

magram mxatvruli stili _ Tu mas formaT- 

72 А. Вольская, Росписи средневековых трапезных Грузии, 

Тб., 1974, gv. 144. 

73 e e 

V. Djurić, La peinture murale byzamtine: XII et XIII 

siecles, gv. 162. 


gancdis fizikur gamosaxulebad, mxatvruli 

gemovnebis, prioritetebis, xerxebis da 

sxva morfologiuri Tu sintaqsuri elementebis 

erTobliobad miviCnevT, romelic 

sakmaod mdgradia drois did manZilze _ 

swored met gansxvavebas da TviTmyofadobas 

avlens. marTlac, ar aris saWiro Rrma 

saxelovnebaTmcodneo analizis Catareba, 

raTa kapadokiuri moxatulobebi konstantinopolurisagan 

gaimijnos swored rom 

formaTgancdis da ara mxatvruli donis an 

Tundac ikonografiis TvalsazrisiT. 

asevea qarTuli mxatvroba, romlis SigniTac, 

Tavis mxriv, mravali mimarTulebac 

arsebobs 74 , Sesrulebis gansxvavebuli donec 

da ganviTarebis gansxvavebuli etapebic 

75 . magram mTels am mravalferovnebas 

aqvs garkveuli gamaerTianebeli, mdgradi 

tradiciis niSnebi. swored es niSnebi ganasxvavebs 

mas imisgan, rasac zogadad bizantiurs 

uwodeben, anu umetes SemTxveva- 

Si, swored konstantinopolurisgan 76 . es 

ki, rogorc wesi, elinisturi sawyisebis da 

tradiciis sicocxlisunarianobas gulisxmobs. 

aki o. de musis azriT, bizantiuri xelovnebis 

udidesi Rvawli swored imaSia, 

rom cocxlad Semoinaxa da mere dasavleT 

evropas gadasca antikuri elinizmis mxatvruli 

tradiciebi da amiT uzrunvelyo renesansis 

dabadeba evropaSi 77 . cxadia, o. demusi 

sruliadac ar ugulvebelyofda bizantiuri 

xelovnebis TavisTavad mniSvnelobas 

da faseulobas, magram am gancxadebaSi naTlad 

Cans, igi masSi ra Rirebulebebs afasebs. 

swored aq aris gansxvavebis Ziric – qar- 

Tuli xelovneba `Tavisufalia~ am elinisturi 

warsulisagan 78 . da mxolod garkveul 

74 А. Вольская, Живописные школы средневековой 

Грузии, qarTuli xelovnebisadmi miZRvnili II 

saerTaSoriso simpoziumi, Tb., 1977. 

75 Т. Вирсаладзе, Основные этапы развития грузинской 

монументальной живописи, II Международный симпозиум 

по грузинскому искусству, Тб., 1977. 

76 R. Cormack, Byzantine Art, gv. 2-5. 

77 O. Demus, Byzantine Art and the West, New York University 

Press, 1970, gv. 239. 

78 k. maCabeli, `saqarTvelo da bizantiuri 

83

84 


donemde, imdenad ramdenadac es Cadebulia 

TviT mis tradiciebSi, aviTarebs plastikur 

formas (gavixsenoT winaqristianuli 

warsulis mdidari plastika, TumcaRa statuaruli 

mrgvali qandakebis gareSe). 

rogorc vxedavT, garda saerTo qristianuli 

mxatvruli enisa, romelic aerTianebs 

yvela droisa da qveynis mxatvrobebs, 

yincvisis wm. nikolozis taZris ferwe ruli 

ansambli Tavisi Tanadrouli bizantiuri 

(farTo gagebiT) mxatvrobis ganviTa rebis 

xazSi pirdapir ver Tavsdeba da zogi msgavseba 

ufro garegnuli xasiaTisaa, vidre sinqronul-paraleluri 

ganviTarebis Sedegi. 

yincvisis moxatulobis plastikuroba 

ki, romelic safuZvels aZlevs ucxoel 

mkvlevarebs is `sivrciT-moculobiT-plastikur~ 

stils miakuTvnon, anu mileSevasa 

da sopoCanas winamorbedad ganixilon, sul 

sxva bunebisaa. 

qarTul saxviT xelovnebaSi moculobiT-plastikuri 

gamomsaxveloba gacilebiT 

adre vlindeba da ìfurCqneba~, kerZod, 

XI s-is I naxevarSi da ara Tamaris dros. Ees 

naTlad Cans qvis reliefSic da Weduroba- 

Sic. sxvaTaSoris, mxatvrobaSic, gansakuTrebiT 

tao-klarjeTis moxatulobebSi, mag., 

iSxnis gumbaTis ferweraSi, atenSi da Semdgom 

ganviTarebas mefis mxatvar Tevdores 

SemoqmedebaSi poulobs 79 . 

Tumca mocemuli naSromi ZiriTadad 

mxatvruli formis aspeqtebiT Semoifargla, 

mainc unda iTqvas zogi ram moxatulobaTa 

programebis da ikonografiis Sesaxeb. 

samyaro~, gv. 156. 

79 Н. Аладашвили, Г. Алибегашвили, А Вольская, Росписи 

художника Тевдоре в Верхней Сванетии, Тб., 1966, gv. 63- 

65. am periodSi plastikurobis gancda sakmaod 

Zlieria da Tanac yvela elementSi vlindeba – 

xazSic da modelirebaSic. e. privalova Tvlis, 

rom iSxnisa da oTxTa eklesiis moxatulobaTa 

naxati imdenad bizantiuri gavleniT elinisturi 

nimuSebis mimsgavseba ki ar aris, ramdenadac kacxis 

da nikorwmindis reliefebis xazobriobis, SiomRvimisa 

da safaris kankelebis plastikurobis 

gamoZaxilia. Е. Привалова, Некоторые особенности 

грузинских росписей рубежа XII-XIII веков, gv. 151 . 

sayovelTaod aRiarebulia qarTul 

taZarTa kedlis mxatvrobis programebis 

midrekileba Zveli tradiciuli Temebisadmi. 

aseTia mag., jvris dideba (svadasxva saxiT), 

riTac qarTuli programebi marTlac 

naTlad gansxvavdeba bizantiurisgan. am mxrivac 

yincvisis moxatuloba qarTuli tradiciis 

erTgulia – aqac gumbaTSi jvris didebaa 

vedrebis rigiT, winaswarmetyvelTa 

da mowameTa figurebiT gumbaTis yelSi da 

sakmaod Taviseburad interpretirebuli 

maxarebelTa portretebiT afrebSi. am sqemas 

pirdapiri analogi Znelad Tu SeiZleba 

movuZebnoT. marTalia, saqarTveloSi jvris 

didebis garSemo ganTavsebul, medalioneb- 

Si Caweril maxarebelTa naxevarfigurebis 

gamosaxulebaTa sakmaod bevri nimuSi arsebobs: 

mowameTas eklesia udabnoSi, udabnos 

didi eklesiis CrdiloeTi egvteri, ozaani, 

safara, Wule, axtala, magram afrebze medalionebSi 

Caxatuli maxareblebis gamosaxva 

Tanmxlebi angelozebiT, sakmaod `qarTuli~ 

versia Cans (mag., timoTesubani, ozaani). 

Tumca aseTive redaqciiT gvxvdeba es Tema 

zogan kapadokiasa da egvipteSi 80 ; rac Seexeba 

angelozebis wyvilebs, isini antikuri da 

adre qristianuli repertuaris mfrinavi 

viqtoriebis motivs mogvagonebs 81 da mozeime 

eklesiis – qristianobis triumfis Temas 

aZlierebs. 

qarTuli taZrebis gumbaTebSi jvris 

gamosaxva (reliefurisa Tu ferwerulis) 

safuZvlianad aris Seswavlili qarTvel da 

ucxoel mkvlevarTa mier 82 . jvris didebis 

80 Е. Привалова, Роспись Тимотесубани, gv. 7, 17, 173. 

81 Е. Привалова, Роспись Тимотесубани, gv. 170. 

82 Т. Вирсаладзе, Фрагменты фресковой росписи главного 

Гелатского храма, gv. 169-170; Т. Вирсаладзе, Грузинские 

купольные схемы зрелого средневековья, Избранные 

Труды, Тб., 2007, gv. 225-261; Е. Привалова, Роспись 

Тимотесубани, Тб., 1980, gv. 15-17; Н. Аладашвили 

Тема «Вознесения креста» В Грузинском искусстве, Zeglis 

megobari, 17, Tb., 1969, gv. 129; Н. Аладашвили 

Особенности декора купола грузинских церквей, iv. javaxiSvilis 

sax. Tbilisis saxelmwifo universitetis 

xelovnebis istoriisa da Teoriis kaTedris 

samecniero Sromebis krebuli, #6, 2005, gv. 5-20; 

А. Вольская, Росписи средневековых трапезных Грузии,

gamosaxvas qarTul taZarTa gumbaTebSi ierusalimuri 

tradiciis mdgradobas ukav- 

Sireben 83 , Tumca, garda amisa, es tradicia 

unda efuZnebodes sakuTriv saqarTveloSi 

qristianobis istorias, kerZod ki `moqcevaÁ 

qarTlisaÁ~-Si aRweril jvris gamoCinebas 

mcxeTis Tavze, martvilis dResaswaulis 

dRes 84 . 

gumbaTSi jvris didebis Tema (jvris 

amaRlebisa an Zlevis jvris saxiT) qarTuli 

kedlis mxatvrobis gamorCeul niSnad aris 

miRebuli da misi uamravi variacia arsebobs 

jer kidev Telovanidan da sabereebidan 

moyolebuli, ufro Camoyalibebuli saxiT 

iSxansa da xaxulSi, Semdgom Tamaris epoqis 

ZeglebSi da a. S. 

sakurTxevlis konqSi mariamis gamosaxulebac 

ki, romelic swored bizantiuri 

gavlenebis gaZlirebis niSnadaa miCneuli, 

(Tumca XI s-dan sakmaod mdgradad ikidebs 

fexs saqarTveloSi), sinamdvileSi swored 

am periodSi saqarTvelos RmrTismSoblis 

wilxvedrobis Temis gaZlierebasa da gaaqtiurebasTan 

unda iyos dakavSirebuli da 

ganpirobebuli. 

principSi, yincvisis moxatulobis programa 

iziarebs Tanadroul bizantiur saxviT 

xelovnebaSi aqtualur Temebs (mag., mwvaleblobasTan 

dapirispireba, liturgikuli 

Тб., 1974, gv. 135-136; Z, Skhirtladze, “Under the sign of 

the Triumph of Holy Cross: Telovani church original decoration 

and its Iconographic programme~, Cahiers Archeologique, 

#47, 1999, gv. 101-118; T. Velmans, A. Alpago Novello 

, Miroir de L’Invisible, Peintures Murales et architecture de la 

Géorgie (VI e –XV e S.) Zodiaque, MCMXCVI, 43-52; J. Lafontaine 

–Dosogne “L’évolution du programme décoratif des 

églises de 1071 a 1261~, XV Congres International d’Etudes 

Byzantines, Athèns, 1976, Rapports et co-reports, v. III, Athèns, 

1981, gv. 131; N. et M. Thierry “Peintures du X e siècle 

en Géorgie méridionale et leurs rapports avec la peinture byzantine 

d’Asie Mineure~, Cahiers Archéologiques, XXIV, Paris, 

1975, gv. 94. da sxv. 

83 Е. Привалова, Роспись Тимотесубани, gv. 15-17; T. mgalobliSvili, 

klarjuli mravalTavi, Tb., 1991, 

gv. 180-182; J. Lafontaine –Dosogne, “L’évolution du programme 

decorative…, gv. 129-159; N. et M. Thierry, “Peintures 

du X e siècle en Géorgie méridionale et leurs rapports avec 

la peinture Byzantine, gv. 94. 

84 a. oqropiriZe, `mcxeTis jvris taZris SinaarsisaTvis~, 

rwmena da codna, #1(11), 2003, gv. 34-37. 


Temebis momZlavreba, evqaristiasTan dakavSirebuli 

Temebis xazgasma, vnebis ciklis 

gaaqtiureba, qristes ori bunebis gamokveTa, 

wmindanTa figurebis momravleba da sxv. 85 ), 

gansakuTrebiT ki programis agebas ara dodekaortonis 

an Tundac wliuri kalendaris 

mixeviT, aramed liturgikul teqstebsa da 

sakiTxavebze dafuZnebiT 86 . 

g. babiCi miiCnevs, rom qarTul mxatvrobaSi 

liturgikuli Temebis da liturgiis 

komentarebis zegavlena mxatvrobis programaze 

ar aris mainc da mainc SesamCnevi da 

Tamaris epoqaSi am tendenciis arsebobas bizantiuri 

xelovnebis gaZlierebiT xsnis da 

yincvisis magaliTi swored amasTan dakavSirebiT 

mohyavs 87 . Tumca es tendencia mTels 

samarTlmadidebloSi iCens Tavs swored 

am periodSi da erTgvarad, saerTo suliskveTebis 

gamoxatuleba unda iyos, saerTo 

saRvTismetyvelo da saeklesio problematikis 

anarekli 88 . 

marTlac, XI s-dan moxatulobis programebSi 

SeiniSneba aqcentebis erTgvari 

gadaadgileba saxarebis teqstidan liturgikul 

msaxurebaze. àxali~ programebi STagonebuli 

iyo im teqstebiT, romlebic Jamiswirvis 

dros ikiTxeboda an igalobeboda 89 . 

XII s-mde yovelive qristologiur dogmatebze 

iyo koncentrirebuli 90 , Semdgom 

ki evqaristiul da zogadad liturgikul 

85 Sh. E. J. Gerstel, Beholding the sacred mysteries. Programs 

of the Byzantine Sanctuary, Seattle and London, 1999. 

86 m. didebuliZe, saRvTismetyvelo polemikis asaxvisaTvis 

yincvisis wm. nikolozis taZris moxatulobaSi, 

saqarTvelos siZveleni, 6, 2004, gv. 116- 

146. 

87 G. Babič, “Les programmes absidaux en Géorgie et dans les 

Balkans entre le XI e et XIII e siècle~, qarTuli xelovnebis 

III saerTaSoriso simpoziumis masalebi, barileCe, 

198, gv. 120 

88 m. didebuliZe, saRvTismetyvelo polemikis 

asaxvisaTvis, gv. 116-146 

89 H. Maguire, Art and Eloquence in Byzantium, Princeton, 

1981; Sh. E. J. Gerstel, Beholding the sacred mysteries. Programs 

of the Byzantine Sanctuary, Seattle and London, , 1999, 

gv. 2, 48. 

90 S. Dufrenne, “L’Enrichessement du programme 

iconographique dans les eglises byzantines du XIII e siècle~, 

krebulSi: L’art byzantine du XIII e siecle, Beograde, 1967, 

gv. 35-36. 

85

86 


Temebsa da siuJetebze. xatmebrZoleobis 

damarcxebis Semdeg, marTlmadidebelma 

eklesiam, amowura ra qristologiuri dogmatebis 

ganxilva Svid msoflio saeklesio 

krebaze, liturgiis sakiTxebze gaamaxvila 

yuradReba, rac, cxadia, xelovnebaSic maSinaTve 

aisaxa, gansakuTrebiT TvalnaTliv ki 

kedlis mxatvrobis programebSi 91 . 

am saerTo suliskveTebisas yincvisis 

moxatulobis programa mainc gamoirCeva 

TavisTavadobiTa da ganumeoreblobiT. moxatulobaSi 

aris ramdenime Tema, romelic 

an sul ar gvxvdeba bizantiur mxatvroba- 

Si (mag., wm. nikolozisa da wm. silibistros 

wyvi ladi portreti sakurTxevelSi 92 ), anda 

am etapze jer TiTqmis ar gvxvdeba sxva qveynebis 

xelovnebaSi (mag., `Ziri iesesi~ aris 

faqtobrivad erT-erTi uadresi nimuSi am 

Temis gamosaxvisa samarTlmadideblos kedlis 

mxatvrobaSi 93 ). igive SeiZleba iTqvas 

wm. nikolozis egzom gavrcobili (TiTqmis 

20 scena!) cxovrebis ciklis Taobaze 94 , da, 

91 J. Lafontaine –Dosogne, “L’évolution du programme 

décoratif des églises de 1071 a 1261~, XV Congres 

International d’Etudes Byzantines. Athèns, 1976. Rapports et 

co-reports, v. III, Athèns, 1981, gv. 129-5; A. P. Kazhdan, A. 

Wharton Epstein, Change in Byzantine culture in the Eleventh 

and Twefth Centuries, Los Angeles-Lonson, 1985, gv. 97- 

98; G. Babić, “Les discussions christologiques et le décor 

des églises byzantinies au XII e siècle~, Früh~mittelalteriche 

Studien, Band 2, Berlin, 1968, gv. 368-386; Sh. E. J. Gerstel, 

Beholding the sacred mysteries. Programs of the Byzantine 

Sanctuary, Seattle and London, 1999. 

92 M. Didebulidze, St. Nicholas in the 13 th century mural painting 

of Kintsvisi Church, Iconographica, VI Firenze, 2007, 

gv . 61-77. 

93 m. didebuliZe, Ziri iesesi yincvisis wm. Nnikolozis 

taZarSi, ACADEMIA, t. 6-7, gv. 41-49. 

94 M. Didebulidze, St. Nicholas in the 13 th century mural painting 

of Kintsvisi Church, gv. 66. 

cxadia, qarTvel wmindanTa gamosaxulebebze 

(wm. asurel mamaTa oTxi figura dasavleT 

kedelze), maT Soris ki, Tavisi samociqulo 

RirsebiT gamorCeulad xazgasmul qarTvelTa 

ganmanaTlebel wm. ninoze 95 . 

rogorc vxedavT, yincvisis moxatulobis 

magaliTze naTlad Cans, rom saerToqristianuli 

mxatvruli principebisa da suliskveTebis 

farglebSi, qarTul ferweras 

sakmaod Taviseburi ganviTarebis gza aqvs, 

romelic e. w. bizantiuri mxatvrobis (gnebavT, 

farTo gagebiT) ganviTarebis absoluturad 

sinqronuli ar aris. arc mibaZvasa da 

epigonobazea marTebuli saubari – es erTi 

saerTo qristianuli, marTlmadidebluri 

mxatvruli azrovnebisa da Semoqmedebis 

ori gansxvavebuli, TavisTavadi `xmaa~. 

95 m. didebuliZe, axali monacemebi yincvisis 

wm. ni kolozis taZris XIII s-is moxatulobis 

Sesaxeb, saqarTvelos siZveleni, 1, 2002, 

gv. 85-100.

sur. 1. yincvisi. wm. nikolozis taZari, 

interieri, XIII s-is damdegi 

sur. 2. lagudera (kviprosi). panagia to 

arakus eklesia, xedi gumbaTze, 1192 w. 

sur. 3. yincvisi. wm. nikolozis taZari, 

menelsacxeble dedani qristes saflavTan, 

angelozi, XIII s-is damdegi 


87

88 


sur. 5. patmosi. wm. ioane 

RvTismetyvelis monastris 

satrapezo; wm. beri, XII s-is 

miwuruli 

sur. 4. yincvisi. wm. nikolozis 

taZari, mociqulTa ziareba, 

wm. andria pirvelwodebuli, 

XIII s-is damdegi 

sur. 6. vladimiri. wm. demetres taZari, 

gankiTxvis dRe, mociqulebi. 1195 w.

mariam didebuliZe yincvisis wm. nikolozis taZris moxatuloba ...

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