sabWoTa kavSiris daSla
sabWoTa kavSiris daSla sabWoTa kavSiris daSla
vaxtang guruli sabWoTa kavSiris daSla Tbilisi 2007
- Page 2 and 3: 2 sabWoTa kavSiris daSla (kanonzomi
- Page 4 and 5: 4 samxedro elitas sabWoTa kavSiris
- Page 6 and 7: 6 sabWoTa sistemis ngrevis gzaze um
- Page 8 and 9: 8 Semdeg daiwyo xelisuflebisaTvis b
- Page 10 and 11: 10 raionebsa da qalaqebSi). klanebi
- Page 12 and 13: 12 andropovs ukve didi avtoriteti h
- Page 14 and 15: 14 breJnevis (1964-1982 ww.) mmarTv
- Page 16 and 17: 16 1991 wlis agvistos putCis damarc
- Page 18: 18 saSualeba misca aemoqmedebina da
vaxtang guruli<br />
<strong>sabWoTa</strong> <strong>kavSiris</strong> <strong>daSla</strong><br />
Tbilisi<br />
2007
2<br />
<strong>sabWoTa</strong> <strong>kavSiris</strong> <strong>daSla</strong><br />
(kanonzomiereba Tu SeTqmuleba?)<br />
1991 wlis 8 dekembers msoflios istoriaSi umniSvnelovanesi movlena moxda:<br />
arseboba Sewyvita zesaxelmwifom – <strong>sabWoTa</strong> socialisturi respublikebis kavSirma.<br />
msoflios politikuri rukidan <strong>sabWoTa</strong> <strong>kavSiris</strong> gaqroba TavisTavad<br />
erTmniSvnelovan movlenas ar warmoadgenda. praqtikulad adgili hqonda or<br />
erTmaneTTan dakavSirebul, magram amave dros gansxvavebul movlenas: pirveli.<br />
<strong>sabWoTa</strong> politikuri, ekonomikuri, socialuri da ideologiuri sistemis msxvrevas;<br />
meore. <strong>sabWoTa</strong> <strong>kavSiris</strong> <strong>daSla</strong>s damoukidebel, suverenul saxelmwifoebad. orive<br />
movlena drosa da sivrceSi erTdroulad ganviTarda. swored amiT iyo<br />
gapirobebuli is, rom uzarmazari samxedro–ekonomikuri potencialis mqone da<br />
Tavisi hegemonisturi bunebiT cnobili zesaxelmwifo didi sisxlisRvrisa da<br />
omebis gareSe daiSala.<br />
dasavluri samyaros (dasavleT evropis qveynebis, amerikis SeerTebuli<br />
Statebis) brZola <strong>sabWoTa</strong> saxelmwifos (<strong>sabWoTa</strong> ruseTis, <strong>sabWoTa</strong> <strong>kavSiris</strong>)<br />
winaaRmdeg ramdenime periods moicavs:<br />
pirveli. 1917–1941 wlebSi dasavluri samyaro brZolis formebad iyenebda<br />
<strong>sabWoTa</strong> xelisuflebis arcnobas, qveynis SigniT anti<strong>sabWoTa</strong> Zalebis mxardaWerasa<br />
da samxedro intervencias, ekonomikur blokadas, danarCeni msofliosagan <strong>sabWoTa</strong><br />
<strong>kavSiris</strong> izolacias. es brZola uSedegod dasrulda. uTanxmoebam dasavlur<br />
samyaroSi <strong>sabWoTa</strong> kavSirs ekonomikuri blokadisa da politikuri izolaciis<br />
daZlevis saSualeba misca. bolomde principul pozicias <strong>sabWoTa</strong> <strong>kavSiris</strong> mimarT<br />
imxanad anti<strong>sabWoTa</strong> moZraobis medroSe inglisic ki ver inarCunebda xolme.<br />
meore. 1941–1945 wlebSi dasavluri samyaro, romlis liderobis SenarCunebas<br />
ukve uperspeqtivod cdilobda inglisi, ori miznis miRwevas eswrafoda: germaniisa<br />
da misi mokavSireebis damarcxeba da <strong>sabWoTa</strong> <strong>kavSiris</strong> maqsimalurad dasusteba.<br />
<strong>sabWoTa</strong> <strong>kavSiris</strong> dasusteba pirvel rigSi iTvaliswinebda qveynis ekonomikaSi<br />
krizisuli viTarebis Seqmnas. omisagan dangreuli ekonomikis aRdgenis procesSi<br />
Seqmnil sirTuleebs unda daeZaba socialuri viTareba, yovelive amas ki unda<br />
Seeferxebina mecnierul–teqnikuri progresi, axali teqnologiebis danergva, rac<br />
sul male uaryofiT gavlenas moaxdenda <strong>sabWoTa</strong> <strong>kavSiris</strong> samxedro–ekonomikuri<br />
potencialis zrdaze.<br />
mesame. 1945–1985 wlebSi dasavluri samyaros, romlis lideroba meore<br />
msoflio omis Semdgom upirobod igdo xelT amerikis SeerTebulma Statebma,<br />
strategia aseTi iyo: <strong>sabWoTa</strong> <strong>kavSiris</strong> <strong>daSla</strong> unda dawyebuliyo <strong>sabWoTa</strong><br />
politikuri, ekonomikuri, socialuri da ideologiuri sistemis msxvreviT.<br />
ekonomikis gaCanageba, mZime socialuri viTareba, adamianis uflebebisaTvis brZola,<br />
<strong>sabWoTa</strong> kavSirSi mcxovrebi erebis antirusuli da anti<strong>sabWoTa</strong> moZraoba, eTnikuri<br />
da religiuri konfliqtebi <strong>sabWoTa</strong> <strong>kavSiris</strong> politikur xelmZRvanelobas mZime<br />
mdgomareobaSi Caagdebda. <strong>sabWoTa</strong> kavSiri nel–nela dasustdeboda daDdasavluri<br />
samyarosaTvis advili samarTavi gaxdeboda.<br />
meoTxe. 1985–1991 wlebSi dasavlurma samyarom ukve mopovebuli warmatebebiT<br />
isargebla da <strong>sabWoTa</strong> sistemis likvidaciis, <strong>sabWoTa</strong> <strong>kavSiris</strong> daSlis kompleqsuri<br />
(sistemuri) programa aamoqmeda. ase daiwyo „gardaqmna“ – <strong>sabWoTa</strong> sistemis<br />
likvidacia da <strong>sabWoTa</strong> <strong>kavSiris</strong> <strong>daSla</strong>.
3<br />
X X X<br />
1985 wels dawyebuli „gardaqmna“ (<strong>sabWoTa</strong> sistemis likvidaciisa da <strong>sabWoTa</strong><br />
<strong>kavSiris</strong> daSlis programa), romlis formaluri ideologoba mixeil gorbaCovs<br />
xvda wilad, ar yofila <strong>sabWoTa</strong> <strong>kavSiris</strong> politikur xelmZRvanelobaSi, qveynis<br />
politikur elitaSi momwifebuli azris Sedegi. “gardaqmna” <strong>sabWoTa</strong> <strong>kavSiris</strong><br />
farglebs gareT (dasavlur samyaroSi) daigegma da mis mimdinareobaze kontroli<br />
qveynis garedanve xorcieldeboda. <strong>sabWoTa</strong> <strong>kavSiris</strong> politikuri da samxedro<br />
elita mTlianobaSi aRebuli imdenad uunaro aRmoCnda, rom „gardaqmnis“ saboloo<br />
mizani ver amoicno, mixeil gorbaCovis mier deklarirebuli „gardaqmna“ qveynis<br />
politikurma da samxedro elitam xruSCov–breJnevis epoqis cnobil populistur<br />
RonisZiebebs Seadara da garkveulwilad ironiiTac ki Sescqeroda emociebiT<br />
datvirTul mixeil gorbaCovis gamosvlebs. Tavdapirvelad ise Canda, rom am<br />
gamosvlebSi sagangaSoze bevrad meti saanekdoto masala iyo. Tumca ase mxolod<br />
erTi SexedviT Canda.<br />
„gardaqmnis“ gegma ar iTvaliswinebda saboloo miznebis (<strong>sabWoTa</strong> sistemis<br />
likvidaciisa da <strong>sabWoTa</strong> <strong>kavSiris</strong> daSlis) Tavidanve gacxadebas. „gardaqmna“<br />
daiwyo XX saukunis 20–30–ian wlebSi Camoyalibebuli „administraciul–<br />
brZanebluri sistemis“ kritikiT, politikuri represiebis dagmobiT (nikita<br />
xruSCovis sayvareli Temebi), ekonomikis ganviTarebis daCqarebis, xarisxobrivi<br />
maCveneblis gaumjobesebis, socialuri problemebis gadaWris, ganiaraRebis<br />
moTxovniT (leonid breJnevis sayvareli Temebi).<br />
Semdeg popularuli gaxda lozungi, romelic socializmisaTvis „adamianuri<br />
saxis“ micemas moiTxovda. am lozungis arsSi seriozulad garkveva arc aravis<br />
ucdia. politikuri da samxedro elitis mcire nawilma safrTxe maSin dainaxa, roca<br />
qveynis politikur cxovrebaSi <strong>sabWoTa</strong> <strong>kavSiris</strong> komunisturi partiis<br />
xelmZRvaneli rolis dakninda, ekonomikaSi saxelmwifo seqtoris monopoliis<br />
SezRudva da aRmosavleT evropasa da msoflios sxva regionebSi <strong>sabWoTa</strong> <strong>kavSiris</strong><br />
hegemonisturi politikis kritika daiwyo. am etapze gardaqmnas politikuri da<br />
gansakuTrebiT samxedro elitis mxridan SeiZleboda seriozuli winaaRmdegoba<br />
Sehqmnoda. gardaqmnis mamebs esec gaTvaliswinebuli hqondaT. daiwyo imisi<br />
ostaturi propaganda, rom kerZo seqtoris waxalisebis, mravalpartiulobis<br />
damkvidrebis, aRmosavleT evropis daTmobis, msoflios sxvadasxva qveynebis<br />
(magaliTad, avRaneTis) Sinaur saqmeebSi samxedro–politikuri Carevis Sewyvetis<br />
sanacvlod SenarCunebuli iqneboda zesaxelmwifo _ <strong>sabWoTa</strong> kavSiri. xruSCov–<br />
breJnevis epoqaSi aRzrdili <strong>sabWoTa</strong> politikuri da samxedro elita imdenad<br />
ususuri aRmoCnda, rom mosalodneli safrTxe ver SeniSna. ver gaacnobiera<br />
elementaruli WeSmariteba: <strong>sabWoTa</strong> sistemis likvidaciis SemTxvevaSi <strong>sabWoTa</strong><br />
<strong>kavSiris</strong> arsebobas seriozuli safrTxe emuqreboda. safrTxe kidec rom SeeniSna,<br />
<strong>sabWoTa</strong> elitas zesaxelmwifos krizisidan gamoyvanis gegmis monaxazic ki ar<br />
gaaCnda. „gardaqmnis“ mowinaaRmdege politikosebi da samxedroebi SeiZleba Tavsac<br />
ityuebdnen, roca <strong>sabWoTa</strong> <strong>kavSiris</strong> SenarCunebis Sesaxeb dapireba irwmunes. ase<br />
gaswira komunistur ideebze aRzrdilma politikurma da samxedro elitam<br />
„mSobliuri“ komunisturi partia – <strong>sabWoTa</strong> sistema, saSinao da sagareo politikis<br />
is principebi, <strong>sabWoTa</strong> ruseTsa da <strong>sabWoTa</strong> kavSirSi wmidaTawmidad rom iyo<br />
aRiarebuli 1917 wlidan. didi mixvedra ar undoda imas, rom „gardaqmnis“ gegmis<br />
realizebaSi didi Zala – mokavSire respublikebis erovnuli moZraoba– Caebmeboda.<br />
<strong>sabWoTa</strong> sistemis demontaJisa da <strong>sabWoTa</strong> <strong>kavSiris</strong> daSlis kargad gaazrebuli<br />
scenaris mixedviT <strong>sabWoTa</strong> <strong>kavSiris</strong> mesaflave swored erovnuli moZraoba unda<br />
yofiliyo. „gardaqmnis“ ideologebi, erTi mxriv, <strong>sabWoTa</strong> politikuri, ekonomikuri,<br />
socialuri da ideologiuri sistemis ngreviT SeSfoTebul politikur da
4<br />
samxedro elitas <strong>sabWoTa</strong> <strong>kavSiris</strong> SenarCunebis garantias aZlevdnen, xolo, meore<br />
mxriv, mokavSire respublikebSi sul ufro mzard erovnul moZraobas farulad<br />
„<strong>sabWoTa</strong> imperiis“ ngrevisaken mouwodebdnen.<br />
mixeil gorbaCovma erT–erT Tavis gamosvlaSi leonid breJnevis<br />
mmarTvelobis periods (1964–1982 ww.) „uZraobis“ wlebi uwoda. mixeil gorbaCovs<br />
politikuri mosazrebiT ar uTqvams, rom „uZraobis“ da Tanac „didi uZraobis“<br />
periodi daiwyo 1953 wlidan da igi erTnairad exeboda rogorc nikita xruSCovis<br />
(1953–1964 ww.), ise leonid breJnevis (1964–1982 ww.) mmarTvelobis periodebs.<br />
procesi Seuqcevadi iyo da igi gagrZelda 1982–1985 wlebSic (iuri andropovisa da<br />
konstantine Cernenkos mmarTvelobis periodSi) anu im periodSi, romelsac<br />
„katafalkebiT rbolas“ uwodeben.<br />
1953–1985 wlebi <strong>sabWoTa</strong> sistemis samocdaaTwlian istoriaSi Tavisi arsiT<br />
warmoadgenda „ukuqcevis gzas“. ekonomikis zrdisa da qveynis samxedro–politikuri<br />
siZlieris SenarCunebis fonze sul ufro aSkara xdeboda, rom <strong>sabWoTa</strong> kavSiri<br />
„ukuqcevis gzas“ daadga. aSkaraa, rom zesaxelmwifos istoria gaiyo or periodad:<br />
ioseb stalinisa da ioseb stalinis Semdgom periodebad. pirveli periodis finali<br />
socializmi iyo, meorisa – kapitalizmi.<br />
<strong>sabWoTa</strong> <strong>kavSiris</strong> istoriis meore anu ioseb stalinis Semdgomi periodi (1953–<br />
1991 ww.) Tavis xasiaTiT or etapad iyofa – evoluciur etapad (1953–1985 ww.) da<br />
revoluciur etapad (1985–1991 ww.). meore etapis saboloo Sedegi iyo <strong>sabWoTa</strong><br />
sistemis likvidacia da <strong>sabWoTa</strong> <strong>kavSiris</strong> <strong>daSla</strong>.<br />
<strong>sabWoTa</strong> sistemis ngrevisa da <strong>sabWoTa</strong> <strong>kavSiris</strong> daSlis tendenciebma Tavi<br />
iCines jer kidev ioseb stalinis mmarTvelobis periodSi. am tendenciebis Sesaxeb<br />
imxanad aravin saubrobda. aseTi ganwyobileba gagrZelda ioseb stalinis sikvdilis<br />
(1953 w.) Semdegac. ioseb stalinis mier Seqmnil sistemas stabilurobis ramdenime<br />
sartyeli hqonda, ris gamoc misi erTi SeteviT, erTbaSad mospoba warmoudgeneli<br />
iyo. stabilurobis TiToeuli sartyeli cal–calke unda daZleuliyo. es imas<br />
niSnavda, rom mTeli sistemis sabolood mospobas didi dro dasWirdeboda. ioseb<br />
stalinis mier Seqmnili sistemis stabilurobis ukanaskneli sartyeli moispo miwis<br />
gayidvis dakanonebiT. es ki ruseTSi XX da XXI saukuneTa mijnaze moxda, anu<br />
sistemis ngreva daaxloebiT 50 weli gagrZelda.<br />
<strong>sabWoTa</strong> sazogadoeba didi xnis manZilze ver amCnevda imas, rom nikita<br />
xruSCovis mmarTvelobis wlebSi momxdari didi Cavardnebi (magaliTad,soflis<br />
meurneobis produqciis Semcireba, puris krizisi da a.S.) nikita xruSCovis<br />
„subieqtivizmisa da voluntarizmis“ Sedegi ki ar iyo, aramed <strong>sabWoTa</strong> sistemis<br />
krizisis gamoxatulebas warmoadgenda. sazogadoeba aseve ver amCnevda imas, rom<br />
leonid breJnevis mmarTvelobis periodSi SemuSavebuli stereotipi – „generaluri<br />
mdivani Rupavs qveyanas“ – sistemis saZirkvelSi dawyebuli seriozuli krizisis<br />
miCqmalvis cda iyo. sazogadoebas arc is hqonda gacnobierebuli, rom, rac leonid<br />
breJnevis mmarTvelobis periodSi xdeboda, daiwyo nikita xruSCovis mmarTvelobis<br />
dros. swrafi tempiT mimdinareobda e.w. „dabali fenebis“ gaxrwna (saxelmwifo<br />
qonebis qurdoba, disciplinis moSla warmoebis sferosa da armiaSi, kriminogenuli<br />
viTarebis gauareseba), dasavluri moralis damkvidrebisaTvis xelis Sewyoba<br />
(milionobiT <strong>sabWoTa</strong> turistis mogzauroba dasavleT evropisa da amerikis<br />
qveynebSi, uamravi ansamblisa da Teatris gastrolebi dasavleTis qveynebSi,<br />
dasavluri filmebis demonstrireba kinoTeatrebSi da televiziiT). dasavluri<br />
moralis damkvidrebas xels uwyobda yovelgvari sabWouris mimarT cinizmis zrda,<br />
rac Zalze ostaturad keTdeboda. e.w. „maRali sazogadoeba“, romelic SesaniSnavad<br />
iyenebda privilegirebul mdgomareobas, aseve ixrwneboda. adamianTa es kategoria<br />
yvelafers iRebda xelisuflebisagan, magram arafers ar aZlevda saxelmwifos,
5<br />
araferi ar ainteresebda, garda Tavisi piradi keTildReobisa. cnobierad Tu<br />
aracnobierad isini imaze fiqrobdnen, Tu rogor ecxovraT „Semdeg“, roca sistemis<br />
aRsasruli dadgeboda.<br />
„dabali“ da „maRali“ sazogadoebis gaxrwnas xels uwyobda <strong>sabWoTa</strong><br />
<strong>kavSiris</strong> politikuri xelmZRvanelobis gaxrwna da is epoqa, romlis arsi<br />
gamoixateba Semdegi sityvebiT: „wavida geniosebis dro, dadga sulebis dro“ (ioseb<br />
stalini). nikita xruSCovi ioseb stalinis adgilze, leonid breJnevi ioseb<br />
stalinis adgilze – es ukve sistemis krizisis maCvenebeli iyo.<br />
„sulelebis“ epoqaSi moxda bevri iseTi ram, rasac sistema gardauvali<br />
krizisisaken mihyavda:<br />
1. ar SemuSavebula epoqis Sesabamisi da mecnierulad dasabuTebuli<br />
politikuri, ekonomikuri da socialuri ganviTarebis koncefcia. ioseb stalinis<br />
pirovnebis kultis kritikis periodSic ki xeluxlebeli darCa XX saukunis 20–30–<br />
ian wlebSi SemuSavebuli Sexedulebani, politikuri, ekonomikuri, socialuri da<br />
ideologiuri koncefcia;<br />
2. disciplinis moSla warmoebis sferosa da armiaSi;<br />
3. saxelmwifo da sakolmeurneo qonebis ganukiTxavi Zarcva mosaxleobis<br />
yvela fenis mier;<br />
4. mosaxleobis qonebrivi diferenciacia, ukanonod miRebuli SemosavlebiT<br />
sazogadoebis mcire nawilis gamdidreba;<br />
5. korufciis damkvidreba qveyanaSi – skkp centraluri komitetis generaluri<br />
mdivnis ojaxidan dawyebuli kolmeurneobis Tavmjdomaris ojaxiT damTavrebuli;<br />
6. sazogadoebis kriminalizacia, kriminaluri dajgufebebisa da klanebis<br />
batonoba;<br />
7. yvela donis arCevnebis maskaradad gadaqceva. maskarad iqca rogorc skkp<br />
centraluri komitetis generaluri mdivnis, ise kolmeurneobis Tavmjdomaris<br />
arCevnebi;<br />
8. mravalerovan saxelmwifoSi rusuli velikoderJavuli Sovinizmis parpaSi,<br />
erovnuli sakiTxis sruli ignorireba;<br />
9. dasavlur samyarosa da <strong>sabWoTa</strong> kavSirs Soris „rkinis fardis“<br />
ararsebobis, anu dasavluri samyaros Sesaxeb informaciis ganuxreli zrdis<br />
pirobebSi kapitalizmTan SedarebiT socializmis upiratesobaTa urcxvad<br />
mtkiceba.<br />
10. mosaxleobis ekonomikuri da socialuri mdgomareobis mudmivi<br />
gauaresebis pirobebSi presis, radiosa da televiziis mier imisi Tavxeduri<br />
mtkiceba, rom „cxovreba gaxda gacilebiT ukeTesi“.<br />
11. xelisuflebis (partiulis, <strong>sabWoTa</strong>) yvela rgolis gaxrwna, ufskrulis<br />
gaCena xalxsa da xelisuflebas Soris.<br />
12. <strong>sabWoTa</strong> xelisuflebis sruli TviTkomprometacia qveynis<br />
mosaxleobisa da saerTaSoriso sazogadoebis TvalSi.<br />
nikita xruSCovis moRvaweobis arsi gamoixateboda SemdegSi: sxvadasxva<br />
garemoebaTa gamo xelSi Cagdebuli Zalauflebisa da zesaxelmwifos mmarTvis<br />
sadaveebis SenarCuneba. yovelive es kargad sCans 1953–1956 wlebSi ganviTarebuli<br />
movlenebis Suqze: lavrenti berias sikvdiliT dasja, Sinagan saqmeTa saministrosa<br />
da saxelmwifo uSiSroebis saministros xelmZRvanel muSakTa (ministrebi,<br />
moadgileebi, sammarTveloebis ufrosebi) ganadgureba moskovsa da mokavSire<br />
respublikebSi; ioseb stalinis momxreebis e.w. „antipartiuli jgufis“ ganadgureba;<br />
mokavSire respublikebis politikuri xelmZRvanelobis Secvla; sakadro<br />
cvlilebebi armiasa da flotSi da sxv. yovelive amiT nikita xruSCovma nebsiT Tu<br />
uneblieT daiwyo <strong>sabWoTa</strong> sistemis ngreva.
6<br />
<strong>sabWoTa</strong> sistemis ngrevis gzaze umniSvnelovanes mijnas warmoadgenda nikita<br />
xruSCovis moxseneba skkp XX yrilobis daxurul sxdomaze (1956 w.) da skkp<br />
centraluri komitetis 1956 wlis 30 ivnisis dadgenileba ioseb stalinis<br />
pirovnebis kultisa da misi Sedegebis daZlevis Sesaxeb. nikita xruSCovi arc ise<br />
meamiti iyo, rom ar scodnoda: yvelaferi uaryofiTi, rasac igi ioseb stalins<br />
miawerda _ exeboda <strong>sabWoTa</strong> sistemas, <strong>sabWoTa</strong> saxelmwifos. nikita xruSCovma<br />
aqcenti politikur represiebze gadaitana da mizansac miaRwia: uamravi adamiani,<br />
romelTa axloblebi da naTesavebi politikur represiebs Seewira, nikita<br />
xruSCovis madlieri darCa. cxadia, imxanad yuradReba aravis miuqcevia imisaTvis Tu<br />
rodis daiwyo politikuri represiebi <strong>sabWoTa</strong> kavSirSi – ioseb stalinis qveynis<br />
xelisuflebis saTaveSi mosvlis Semdeg Tu gacilebiT adre. 1956 wlisaTvis<br />
gasaidumloebuli iyo is masala, romelic mxolod ramdenime aTeuli wlis Semdeg<br />
gaxda cnobili. 1917 wlis Teberval–martis revoluciis gamarjvebisa da monarqiis<br />
damxobis dRisaTvis petrogradis or cnobil sapyrobileSi politpatimarTa<br />
umniSvnelo raodenoba iyo: SliselburgSi – 63 kaci, kretSi – 50, irkutskis<br />
sapyrobileSi – 20. represiebisa masStabi da politpatimarTa raodenoba swrafi<br />
tempiT izrdeboda 1917 wlis oqtombris gadatrialebis Semdeg. 1920 wlis<br />
bolosaTvis <strong>sabWoTa</strong> ruseTis 43 guberniaSi 84 sakoncentracio banaki arsebobda. am<br />
banakebSi sasjels ixdida 25.336 kaci. maT garda banakebSi sasjels ixdida 24.000<br />
„samoqalaqo omis tyve“, ZiriTadad mefis armiisa da TeTri armiebis oficrebi da<br />
jariskacebi. sakoncentracio banakebis gantvirTvis mizniT aTasobiT<br />
politpatimars bornebze aTavsebdnen da Semdeg mdinareebSi axrCobdnen. 1923<br />
wlisaTvis <strong>sabWoTa</strong> <strong>kavSiris</strong> sapatimroTa mTavari sammarTvelos sistemis 335<br />
sakoncenetracio banakSi sasjels ixdida 68.297 kaci, yovelive es kargad uwyoda<br />
nikita xruSCovma, igi am represiebis TviTmxilveli da monawile iyo. 1956 wels<br />
nikita xruSCovs Wkua eyo da politikuri represiebi erTi adamianis – ioseb<br />
stalinis – nebis gamovlinebad warmoadgina. masam es daijera kidec. magram yoveli<br />
moazrovne adamianisaTvis, <strong>sabWoTa</strong> kavSirSic da sazRvargareTac, cxadi iyo:<br />
politikuri represiebi, XX saukunis 20–ian wlebSic, 30–ian wlebSic da 50–iani<br />
wlebis damdegsac, <strong>sabWoTa</strong> wyobilebis bunebidan gamomdinareobda da igi<br />
xelisuflebis SenarCunebisaTvis iyo aucilebeli. 20–ian wlebSi ioseb stalini,<br />
rom xelisuflebisaTvis CamoecilebinaT politikur represiebs gaatarebda is, vinc<br />
xelisuflebis saTaveSi aRmoCndeboda (lev trocki, grigol zinovievi, lev kamenevi,<br />
nikolai buxarini da sxv.). nikita xruSCovis ugunurma politikam kacobriobis<br />
winaSe <strong>sabWoTa</strong> sistemis fizionomia warmoaCina.<br />
riT iyo gapirobebuli nikita xruSCovis saSinao da sagareo politika,<br />
romelic Zirs uTxrida <strong>sabWoTa</strong> sistemas da e.w. socialistur banaks? meamiti<br />
adamianic ki ar daijerebs imas, rom 1953–1956 wlebSi da ufro mogvianebiTac<br />
(1964 wlamde) <strong>sabWoTa</strong> <strong>kavSiris</strong> politikuri xelmZRvaneloba an piradad nikita<br />
xruSCovi gadawyvetilebebs iRebda dasavluri samyaros specsamsaxurebis<br />
gavleniT. nikita xruSCovs namdvilad hqonda survili ioseb stalinis<br />
mmarTvelobis wlebSi SemuSavebuli saSinao da sagareo politikis principebis<br />
Secvlisa, politikuri da ekonomikuri reformebis gatarebisa, zogierTi<br />
ideologiuri dogmis uaryofisa. aseTi azri dasavluri samyaros<br />
specsamsaxurebis yovelgvari Carevis gareSe <strong>sabWoTa</strong> <strong>kavSiris</strong> politikur<br />
xelmZRvanelobaSi jer kidev ioseb stalinis sicocxlis bolo wlebSi<br />
momwifda. am azris matarebeli mxolod nikita xruSCovi ar yofila.<br />
mTlianobaSi aRebuli es iyo savsebiT kanonzomieri movlena. amasTan erTad<br />
nikita xruSCovi da im periodis politikuri elita mzad ar iyo am urTulesi<br />
amocanis gadasaWrelad. ar iyo is inteleqtualuri Zala, romelic <strong>sabWoTa</strong><br />
sistemis gardaqmnis mecnierulad gaazrebul, kompleqsur programas<br />
SeimuSavebda da misi realizaciis strategiasac dasaxavda. amitom iyo, rom
7<br />
nikita xruSCovis gauazrebeli reformebi absurdamde midioda. im periodis<br />
verc erTma reformam sasurveli Sedegi ver gamoiRo – zesaxelmwifo qaosma<br />
moicva. gansakuTrebiT savalalo mdgomareobaSi aRmoCnda ekonomika, socialuri<br />
sfero.<br />
nikita xruSCoviseulma „daTbobam“ niadagi moumzada mixeil gorbaCoviseul<br />
„gardaqmnas“, nikita xruSCovma Caatara eqsperimenti, romelmac pasuxi gasca<br />
kiTxvebs: 1) ramdeni weli SeiZleba gastinos zesaxelmwifoSi „mmarTvelobiTma<br />
absurdma“; 2) ramdeni weli SeiZleba takimasxaram iTamaSos idiotis roli da Tan<br />
gegmazomierad angrios zesaxelmwifo. dRes am kiTxvaze Cven SegviZlia zusti pasuxi<br />
gavceT: aTi weli.<br />
„daTbobisa“ da „gardaqmnis“ Sedarebisas yuradRebas ipyrobs erTi garemoeba:<br />
mixeil gorbaCovs gverdSi edga kargad organizebuli, udaod niWieri da<br />
ganaTlebuli adamianebis jgufi, nikita xruSCovi ki „mmarTvelobiT absurdSi“<br />
praqtikulad martodmarto moqmedebda.<br />
dRes Cven ver vupasuxebT metad mniSvnelovan kiTxvas: <strong>sabWoTa</strong> sistemis<br />
likvidaciasa da <strong>sabWoTa</strong> <strong>kavSiris</strong> <strong>daSla</strong>Si vis ekuTvnis pirveloba – mixeil<br />
gorbaCovs Tu nikita xruSCovs? Tumca am kiTxvas 1964 wels garkveulwilad<br />
upasuxa oTxmocdaaTi wlis uinston CerCilma: „samwuxarod amJamad cocxalia<br />
adamiani, romelmac <strong>sabWoTa</strong> qveyanas imaze 1000–jer meti ziani miayena, vidre me. esaa<br />
nikita xruSCovi. modiT, taSi davukraT mas!“<br />
nikita xruSCovis moRvaweobis Sefasebisas aucilebelia daisvas kiTxva: XX<br />
saukunis 50–iani wlebis damdegis politikurma da samxedro elitam rogor dauSva<br />
ioseb stalinis Semdeg zesaxelmwifos politikuri xelmZRvanelobis saTaveSi<br />
iseTi medrovis mosvla rogoric nikita xruSCovi iyo? nikita xruSCovi ar yofila<br />
ioseb stalinis politikuri memkvidre, yvelasaTvis cnobili iyo ioseb stalinis<br />
agdebuli damokidebuleba nikita xruSCovisadmi. maS ra moxda? imdroindeli<br />
politikuri elitis cnobilma warmomadgenlebma lavrenti beriam, viaCeslav<br />
molotovma, giorgi malenkovma da samxedro elitis aranakleb mniSvnelovanma<br />
figurebma rogor dauSves nikita xruSCovis gapirvelkaceba? cxadia, amaSic<br />
dasavleTis qveynebis specsamsaxurebs ver daadanaSauleben. mTeli pasuxismgebloba<br />
ekisreba politikur da samxedro elitas, im politikosebs da samxedroebs,<br />
romelTac 1953 wels nikita xruSCovi imave motiviT gaapirvelkaces, ra motiviTac<br />
1613 wels ruseTis saerobo krebam mefed airCia yvela kandidats Soris uaresi –<br />
axalgarda, magram ukve fizikurad dauZlurebuli (gadaadgileba uWirda) da<br />
gonebasusti mixeil romanovi. Tavis upiratesobaSi darwmunebuli saerobo krebis<br />
elita, ZirZveli boiarebi, ironiulad ambobdnen: „dae avirCioT...“ ufro metic, petre<br />
didis sikvdilis (1725 w.) Semdeg ruseTis imperiis taxtze zedized sami medrove<br />
(ekaterine I, petre II, ana) aRmoCnda. isini ruseTs sakmao didxans, 1725–1740 wlebSi,<br />
ganagebdnen. zustad igive moxda 1953 wels. yvelam raRac „gaTvala“, Tavisi<br />
araseriozulobiT cnobili nikita xruSCovis gapirvelkaceba yvelas „raRacis“<br />
gamo aZlevdla xels... saxelmwifos interesebi 1953 wels (iseve rogorc 1613 wels,<br />
1725 wels da Semdgomac mravalgzis) aravis gaxsenebia. nikita xruSCovis<br />
gapirvelkacebas SemTxveviTobas ver mivawerT. ioseb stalini ise gardaicvala, rom<br />
<strong>sabWoTa</strong> kavSirSi ar arsebula saxelmwifo xelisuflebis cvlis meqanizmi.<br />
konstitucia faratina qaRalds warmoadgenda; yvela donis arCevnebi (maT Soris<br />
umaRlesi sakanonmdeblo organosic) maskaradad iyo qceuli; zesaxelmwifo<br />
konstituciisa da kanonebis gverdiT avliT imarTeboda; umaRles sakanonmdeblo da<br />
aRmasrulebeli xelisuflebis organoebze, sasamarTloze maRla idga erTi<br />
adamianis neba. yovelive aman ganapiroba is, rom ioseb stalinis gardacvalebis
8<br />
Semdeg daiwyo xelisuflebisaTvis brZola, romelic arafriT ar iyo<br />
reglamentirebuli. es iyo „brZola wesebis gareSe“.<br />
ioseb stalinis gardacvalebis Semdeg xelisuflebisTvis dawyebuli<br />
“wesebis gareSe brZolaSi” nikita xruSCovs SemTxveviT ar gaumarjvia. jer<br />
kidev ioseb stalinis sicocxlis bolo wlebSi <strong>sabWoTa</strong> <strong>kavSiris</strong> politikur<br />
da samxedro elitaSi qveynis politikur xelmZRvanelobaSi momwifda azri,<br />
romelic SeiZleba Semdegi sityvebiT SeiZleba gamoixatos: “ioseb stalinis<br />
mmarTvelobis dasasruli ar unda gamxdariyo lavrenti berias mmarTvelobis<br />
dasawyisi.” <strong>sabWoTa</strong> <strong>kavSiris</strong> politikuri xelmZRvanelobis saTaveSi<br />
ormocdacameti wlis lavrenti berias mosvla imas niSnavda, rom kremlSi<br />
qarTvelTa batonoba kidev didxans gagrZeldeboda. amis garantias iZleoda<br />
lavrenti berias niWi, gamocdileba da asaki. nikita xruSCovi zesaxelmwifos<br />
politikuri xelmZRvanelobis saTaveSi im politikurma da samxedro elitam<br />
miiyvana, romelsac lavrenti berias gapirvelkaceba ar surda. cxadia, nikita<br />
xruSCovi “gardamavali periodis mmarTvelad” ganixileboda da imas veravin<br />
warmoidgenda, rom igi mTel aT wels dahyofda qveynis politikuri<br />
xelmZRvanelobis saTaveSi. cxadia, roca politikuri da samxedro elitis nebiT<br />
nikita xruSCovi lavrenti berias daupirispirda, igi did riskze wavida.<br />
lavrenti berias mkvlelobis Semdeg politikurma da samxedro elitam nikita<br />
xruSCovis gadayeneba scada magram uSedegod _ medrovem veragobiTa<br />
daundoblobiT yvelas ajoba.<br />
nikita xruSCovis „mmarTvelobiTi absurdis“ periodis (1953–1964 ww.) mTavari<br />
uaryofiTi Sedegi mainc is iyo, rom daiwyo <strong>sabWoTa</strong> sistemis, <strong>sabWoTa</strong> <strong>kavSiris</strong><br />
TviTkompromentaciis procesi. am procesis dawyeba umTavresad gapirobebuli iyo<br />
ara dasavluri samyaros specsamsaxurebis mizanswrafuli moRvaweobiT, aramed<br />
pirvel rigSi, piradad nikita xruSCovis, qveynis politikuri xelmZRvanelobis da<br />
imdroindeli politikuri elitis ugunuri, antisaxelmwifoebrivi moRvaweobiT.<br />
1964 wlis oqtomberSi ganxorcielebuli gadatrialebis Sedegad <strong>sabWoTa</strong><br />
<strong>kavSiris</strong> politikuri xelmZRvanelobis saTaveSi leonid breJnevi movida. iseve<br />
rogorc 1953 wels, 1964 welsac adgili hqonda “brZolas wesebis gareSe.”<br />
xelisuflebis gadacemis konstituciuri meqanizmi kvlavac ar arsebobda. nikita<br />
xruSCovis winaaRmdeg SeTqmulebaSi monawileoba leonid breJnevis mxridan Zalian<br />
gabedul nabijs warmoadgenda. manamde igi ar gamoirCeoda gansakuTrebuli<br />
aqtiurobiT, ar iyo gabeduli, riskiani adamiani.<br />
sruliad bunebrivad ismis kiTxva: saerTod ratom dadga leonid<br />
breJnevis gapirvelkacebis sakiTxi? nikita xruSCovis gadayenebas sakmaod<br />
Wkviani da gamocdili adamianebi amzadeben. maT kargad icodnen Tu ra<br />
araraobas warmoadgenda leonid breJnevi, Tumca arCevani mainc masze SeaCeres.<br />
es ganpirobebuli iyo ori mizeziT. pirveli. Tu nikita xruSCovis winaaRmdeg<br />
mowyobili SeTqmuleba gamJRavndeboda, SeTqmulebi yvelafers leonid breJnevs<br />
gadaabralebdnen; meore. SeTqmulebis warmatebis SemTxvevaSi ki<br />
gapirvelkacdeboda, magram, SeTqmulTa azriT, garkveuli periodis Semdeg misi<br />
Tavidan mocileba advili iqneboda.<br />
marTalia leonid breJnevi ar ganekuTvneboda Tanamdebobrivi<br />
dawinaurebisaTvis, xelisuflebisaTvis aqtiurad mebrZol adamianebs, magram es<br />
imas sulac ar niSnavda, rom igi zedmiwevniT kargad ar flobda<br />
xelisuflebisaTvis brZolis meTodebs. es codna leonid breJnevma SesaniSnavad<br />
gamoiyena – misave TanamebrZolebis qveynis politikuri xelmZRZvanelobidan<br />
gandevnis procesSi.<br />
leonid breJnevi niWiT, politikosisaTvis aucilebeli alRoTi,<br />
gamocdilebiT, mizandasaxulobiT, gabedulebiT bevrad Camouvardeboda nikita<br />
xruSCovs. leonid breJnevs ar hqonda arc politikosis, arc diplomatis, arc<br />
Teoretikosis, arc mxedarTmTavris niWi. es iyo gaunaTlebeli adamiani. Tu yvela
9<br />
monacems gavaanalizebT cxadi gaxdeba, rom leonid breJnevi SeiZleboda yofiliyo<br />
sameurneo xaziT – kolmeurneobis Tavmjdomare an qarxnis direqtori, partiuli<br />
xaziT – skkp saqalaqo an raionuli komitetis mdivani. am Tanamdebobebze muSaobaSic<br />
mas didad SeuSlida xels ori uaryofiTi Tviseba – sizarmace da loToba.<br />
Tu ioseb stalinis ocdaaTwliani mmarTvelobis Semdgom SesaZlebeli gaxda<br />
nikita xruSCovisTana uRirsis zesaxelmwifos politikuri xelmZRvanelobis<br />
saTaveSi mosvla, cxadia, araferia sakvirveli imaSi, rom nikita xruSCovis<br />
aTwliani „mmarTvelobiTi absurdis“ Semdeg <strong>sabWoTa</strong> kavSirSi xelisuflebis<br />
saTaveSi aRmoCnda kidev ufro uRirsi leonid breJnevi. nikita xruSCovma daamtkica,<br />
rom saxelmwifo SeiZleba sulelmac marTos, leonid breJnevma ki daamtkica, rom<br />
saxelmwifo SeiZleba saerTod ar marTo...<br />
leonid breJnevis mosvla qveynis politikuri xelmZRvanelobis saTaveSi imas<br />
niSnavda, rom <strong>sabWoTa</strong> wyobilebis, <strong>sabWoTa</strong> <strong>kavSiris</strong> TviTkomprometaciis procesi<br />
kidev ufro gaRrmavdeboda.<br />
leonid breJnevs ar SeumuSavebia politikuri, ekonomikuri da socialuri<br />
ganviTarebis axali strategia. ara da nikita xruSCovis gauazrebeli reformebis<br />
wyalobiT zesaxelmwifo ukiduresad mZime mdgomareobaSi iyo. aucilebeli iyo<br />
saswrafo RonisZiebebis gatareba, raTa ekonomikaSi krizisuli viTarebis daZleva<br />
dawyebuliyo. amis nacvlad zesaxelmwifos pirveli piri dakavebuli iyo partiul<br />
da saxelmwifo aparatSi ZalTa dabalansebiT, Tavisi momxreebis dawinaurebiT,<br />
arasasurvelTa mocilebiT. swored amitom „sakadro TamaSebiT“ garTul leonid<br />
breJnevs SeumCneveli darCa bevri politikuri intriga, romelic mas garSemo<br />
ixlarTeboda. man aitaca dasavlur samyaroSi SemuSavebuli da <strong>sabWoTa</strong><br />
<strong>kavSiris</strong>aTvis damRupveli bevri proeqti (ganiaraReba, navTobis eqsporti, adamianis<br />
uflebaTa dacva da a.S.). leonid breJnevs arc ki gauanalizebia ungreTSi <strong>sabWoTa</strong><br />
jarebis mier ajanyebis CaxSobis (1956 w.) didi uaryofiTi Sedegebi, ise miiRo<br />
gadawyvetileba CexoslovakiaSi jarebis Seyvanis Taobaze (1968 w.). ungreTsa da<br />
CexoslovakiaSi jarebis Seyvanas Sedegad mohyva <strong>sabWoTa</strong> <strong>kavSiris</strong> saerTaSoriso<br />
avtoritetis Selaxva. xsenebuli movlenebis uaryofiTi Sedegebis<br />
gauTvaliswinebloba leonid breJnevs meore did Secdomad daujda – <strong>sabWoTa</strong><br />
kavSiri poloneTis Sinaur saqmeebSi Caeria, riTac biZgi misca e.w. socialisturi<br />
banakis <strong>daSla</strong>s. leonid breJnevs warmodgenac ki ar hqonda meore msoflio omis<br />
damTavrebidan 20–30 wlis Semdeg aRmosavleT evropis e.w. socialisturi banakis<br />
qveynebSi patriotul, antikomunistur, anti<strong>sabWoTa</strong>, antirusul ZalTa siZliereze.<br />
igi 1975 wlis aRmosavleT evropasa da 1945 wlis aRmosavleT evropas Soris<br />
veraviTar gansxvavebas ver xedavda. leonid breJnevis, rogorc politikosisa da<br />
diplomatis, srul uvicobaze metyvelebs avRaneTSi <strong>sabWoTa</strong> jarebis Seyvanis<br />
Sesaxeb gadawyvetilebis miReba (1979 w.). am gadawyvetilebiT <strong>sabWoTa</strong> <strong>kavSiris</strong><br />
politikurma xelmZRvanelobam daadastura, rom <strong>sabWoTa</strong> kavSirs krizisidan<br />
gamosvlis aranairi Sansi ar hqonda – ngrevis procesi Seuqcevadi iyo.<br />
nikita xruSCovi garemocvisaTvis ase Tu ise umarTavi pirovneba iyo, misi<br />
moqmedebis prognozireba Zneli iyo. politikur da samxedro elitas,<br />
umniSvnelovanes saxelmwifo da partial Tanamdebobebze myof adamianebs<br />
garantirebuli araferi hqondaT. leonid breJnevs ki garemocva, ufro zustad<br />
klani, marTavda. klanSi Cven ar vgulisxmobT skkp centraluri komitetis<br />
politbiuros. klani warmoadgenda leonid breJnevis ojaxis wevrebs, naTesavebsa da<br />
megobrebs. medroveTa am xrovas arc morali hqonda da arc saxelmwifoebrivi<br />
azrovnebis niSanwyali etyoboda. klani qveyanas Zarcvavda da mxolod pirad<br />
keTildReobaze zrunavda. <strong>sabWoTa</strong> <strong>kavSiris</strong> umaRles politikur xelmZRvanelobaSi<br />
klanuri mmarTvelobis damyarebas mohyva klanuri mmarTvelobis damyareba<br />
mokavSire respublikebis xelmZRvanelobasa da ufro dabal rgolebSic (olqebSi,
10<br />
raionebsa da qalaqebSi). klanebis Zalaufleba SeuzRudavi iyo rogorc centrSi,<br />
ise adgilebze (respublikebSi, olqebSi). leonid breJnevis klanis neba kanonze da<br />
TviT konstituciaze maRla idga.<br />
ratom ar gauwia klanuri mmarTvelobis damyarebas winaaRmdegoba <strong>sabWoTa</strong><br />
<strong>kavSiris</strong> politikurma da samxedro elitam? nikita xruSCovis „mmarTvelobiTi<br />
qaosis“ aTwleulis Semdeg politikuri da samxedro elita mSvid cxovrebas<br />
eswrafoda, klanuri mmarTveloba ki swored mSvidi cxovrebis sawindari iyo.<br />
politikurma da samxedro elitam saxelmwifos interesebi ugulebelyo da uwyebriv<br />
an regionalur klanebSi moikalaTa da mSvidi cxovreba daiwyo. nikita<br />
xruSCoviseuli „mmarTvelobiTi qaosi“ leonid breJneviseulma „mSvidma<br />
mmarTvelobam“ Sescvala.<br />
leonid breJnevis „mSvidi mmarTvelobis“ periodSi (1964–1982 ww.)<br />
saxelmwifos biujetis Sevsebis mTavar wyaros navTobis eqsportidan miRebuli<br />
Semosavali warmoadgenda. leonid breJnevis klani arc ki fiqrobda ekonomikis<br />
gajansaRebaze, mTavari ekonomikuri strategia navTobis, gazis da sxva nedleulis<br />
eqsports gulisxmobda. dasavleTSi <strong>sabWoTa</strong> kavSirs aRiqvamdnen rogorc<br />
nedleulis mimwodebel qveyanas. 1964 wlisaTvis <strong>sabWoTa</strong> kavSiri industriuli<br />
ganviTarebis mesame stadiaSi imyofeboda da amerikis SeerTebul Statebs<br />
CamorCeboda ara produqciis raodenobiT, aramed xarisxiT. leonid breJnevis<br />
mmarTvelobis wlebSi aqcenti unda gakeTebuliyo xarisxobrivi maCveneblebis<br />
gaumjobesebaze. amis sanacvlod mrewvelobis produqciis raodenobrivi<br />
maCveneblebic Semcirda, xolo xarisxobrivi maCveneblebi kidev ufro gauaresda.<br />
navTobis eqsportiT miRebuli Semosavlis mcire nawilic ki ar moxmarebia<br />
samrewvelo simZlavreebis ganaxlebas, axali teqnologiebis danergvas. navTobis<br />
gayidviT miRebuli asobiT miliardi dolari ixarjeboda sakvebi produqtis,<br />
tansacmlis, medikamentebis da sxv. Sesyidvaze. didi raodenobiT fuls itacebda<br />
leonid breJnevis klani, uwyebrivi da regionaluri klanebi, danaSaulebrivi<br />
dajgufebani.<br />
leonid breJnevis klanma gansakuTrebiT didi raodenobiT fulis miTviseba<br />
XX saukunis 70–iani wlebis damdegidan daiwyo. ekonomikis ngrevac am periodidan<br />
gansakuTrebiT Zlierdeba. klanurma azrovnebam saerTod Cakla saxelmwifoebrivi<br />
azrovneba. <strong>sabWoTa</strong> kavSirSi Camoyalibeba daiwyo „Crdilovanma ekonomikam“.<br />
Crdilovani ekonomika nTqavda saxelmwifo ekonomikas, batonobda masze. leonid<br />
breJnevis klani iyo Crdilovani ekonomikis mTavari mfarveli. umZimesi mdgomareoba<br />
iyo regionebSi (mokavSire respublikebSi, olqebSi). regionaluri liderebi<br />
erTmaneTs ejibrebodnen saxelmwifo qonebis Zarcvasa da Crdilovani ekonomikis<br />
waxalisebaSi. regionebSi danaSaulebrivi gziT dagrovil did fuls mokavSire<br />
respublikebisa da olqebis xelmZRvanelebi moskovSi leonid breJnevis klanTan<br />
daaxloebisaTvis an sulac moskovSi gadabargebisaTvis iyenebdnen. Crdilovani<br />
ekonomikis Sesaxeb informacia vrceldeboda, magram klanebi mis SezRudvas aravis<br />
anebebdnen. sazogadoeba Crdilovani ekonomikis arsebobas „cexovikis“ moRvaweobis<br />
magaliTze grZnobda. Crdilovani ekonomikis pirmSos „cexovikis“ komerciuli „niWi“<br />
imaSi gamoixateboda rom Zlieri mfarveliT gaTamamebuli SeuzRudavad Zarcvavda<br />
saxelmwifo qonebas da miRebul Semosavals Tavis mfarvels abarebda (cxadia,<br />
„cexoviki“ Tavis Tavsac ar iviwyebda). ufro gasagebad rom vTqvaT „cexoviki“<br />
saxelmwifos kuTvnil (samamulo an importul) nedleuls ufasod iRebda,<br />
saxelmwifos kuTvnili teqnikis (manqana–danadgarebis) gamoyenebiT amzadebda<br />
produqcias, magram miRebuli Semosavali saxelmwifo xazinaSi ar Sehqonda.<br />
„cexovikebis“ perioduli darbevebi da dapatimrebebi mxolod sazogadoebis Tvalis<br />
axvevis mizniT xorcieldeboda. „cexoviki“ Crdilovani ekonomikis ganuyofeli<br />
nawili iyo, ris gamoc mis winaaRmdeg brZolas azri ar hqonda.
11<br />
Crilovan ekonomikas hqonda Tavis arsebobis wesi: finansireba, kontroli<br />
warmoebaze, miRebuli Semosavlebis ganawileba, ideologia, inteleqtualuri<br />
centrebi da bolos – „Crdilovani ministrTa sabWo“. erTi sityviT, es iyo<br />
„saxelmwifo saxelmwifoSi“.<br />
leonid breJnevis mmarTvelobis wlebSi korufciaSi Caeflo skkp<br />
centraluri da adgilobrivi (saqalaqo, raionuli) organoebi, sakanonmdeblo,<br />
aRmasrulebeli da sasamarTlo xelisufleba. korufciis gziT mniSvnelovan<br />
Tanamdebobebze mokalaTebuli moxeleebi Semosavlis wyarod saxelmwifo<br />
qonebis qurdobas aqcevdnen. yovelive es xdeboda miliciis, prokuraturisa da<br />
sasamarTlos organoebTan SeTanxmebiT. korufciam da saxelmwifo qonebis<br />
qurdobam fexi moikida armiaSi. armiaSi qurdoba mcire masStabidan (jariskacis<br />
ulufis moparvidan) daiwyo da male warmoudgenel masStabebs (samxedro<br />
teqnikisa da strategiuli nedleulis qurdoba) miaRwia. didi raodenobiT<br />
saxelmwifo qoneba niavdebida aRmosavleT evropis qveynebis teritoriaze<br />
ganlagebul <strong>sabWoTa</strong> jarSi. korufciis wyarod iyo qceuli sayovelTao<br />
savaldebulo samxedro samsaxurSi (jarSi) gawvevis mTeli sistema.<br />
“Crdilovanma ekonomikam” da saxelmwifo qonebis Zarcvam moSala <strong>sabWoTa</strong><br />
(saxelmwifo) ekonomika, korufciis damkvidrebam xelisuflebis yvela rgolSi<br />
(gansakuTrebiT Sinagan saqmeTa saministros, prokuraturasa da sasamarTlo<br />
sistemaSi) Ziri gamouTxara socialur da politikur sistemas.<br />
leonid breJnevis mmarTvelobis dasasrulisaTvis (XX saukunis 80–iani<br />
wlebis damdegs) <strong>sabWoTa</strong> kavSirSi fufunebiT cxovrobda daaxloebiT 600 aTasi<br />
ojaxi (2,5 – 3 milioni adamiani). yovelwliurad am ojaxebis mier moxmarebuli<br />
fulis saerTo raodenobaSi (100%) oficialuri SemosavliT (xelfasiT) miRebuli<br />
fuli mxolod 1–3%–s udrida. am 600 aTasi ojaxidan umravlesobas Seadgendnen e.w.<br />
nomenklaturuli muSakebi, romlebic „Crdilovani ekonomikidan“ iRebdnen ukanono<br />
Semosavals, an hqondaT sxva ukanono Semosavali.<br />
klanebis batonobis Sedegi iyo is, rom <strong>sabWoTa</strong> <strong>kavSiris</strong> ekonomika erTi<br />
centridan mxolod formalurad imarTeboda, yvela rgolSi gamefebuli iyo qaosi.<br />
magaliTad, <strong>sabWoTa</strong> kavSirSi yovelwliurad lpeboda moweuli xorblis 30% (ar<br />
kmaroda xorblis saSrobebi). amave dros didi raodenobiT fuli ixarjeboda<br />
xorblis mosavlianobis gaumjobesebisaTvis (e.i. kidev ufro didi raodenobiT<br />
xorbali rom dampaliyo), xolo xorblis saSrobebis aSenebaze aravin fiqrobda.<br />
didi raodenobiT fuli ixarjeboda axali, didi samrewvelo simZlavreebis<br />
mSeneblbaze, xolo axali teqnologiebis gareSe darCenili Zveli qarxnebi wagebaze<br />
muSaobdnen, uxarisxo prduqcias uSvebdnen. saboloo jamSi mixeil gorbaCovma<br />
Caibara saxelmwifo, romelsac gaaCnda didi samrewvelo simZlavreebi, romelTa<br />
erTi nawilis produqcias dasavluri samyaro moixmarda, xolo meore nawilis<br />
produqcia imdenad uxarisxo iyo, rom mas momxmarebeli ar hyavda. swored es iyo<br />
mizezi <strong>sabWoTa</strong> kavSirSi xarisxiani saqonlis mwvave deficitisa.<br />
cxadia, leonid breJnevi uZluri iyo Seeqmna xelisuflis Secvlis saimedo<br />
sistema. es sistema unda damyareboda <strong>sabWoTa</strong> <strong>kavSiris</strong> konstitucias.<br />
xelisuflebis Secvlis saimedo, konstituciuri meqanizmis ararseboba leonid<br />
breJnevis sicocxlis bolo wlebSi amwvavebda xelisuflebisaTvis brZolas. amis<br />
gamo leonid breJnevis gardacvalebac saidumloebiTaa moculi.<br />
leonid breJnevis politikuri memkvidre iuri andropovi (1982–1984 ww.)<br />
saidumloebiT mocul viTarebaSi movida <strong>sabWoTa</strong> <strong>kavSiris</strong> politikur<br />
xelmZRvanelobaSi. 1967 wels leonid breJnevma TviT skkp centraluri komitetis<br />
politbiuros wevrebisaTvis moulodnelad, saswrafod, SeTiTxnili braldebiT<br />
Tanamdebobidan gaaTavisufla <strong>sabWoTa</strong> <strong>kavSiris</strong> ministrTa sabWosTan arsebuli<br />
saxelmwifo uSiSroebis komitetis Tavmjdomare v. semiCastni da mis nacvlad iuri<br />
andropovi daniSna. leonid breJnevis gardacvalebis droisaTvis (1982 w.) iuri
12<br />
andropovs ukve didi avtoriteti hqonda. man dasZlia konkurenti konstantine<br />
Cernenkos winaaRmdegoba da <strong>sabWoTa</strong> <strong>kavSiris</strong> politikuri xelmZRvanelobis<br />
saTaveSi aRmoCnda. iuri andlropovi iyo adamiani, romelic kargad uTavsebda<br />
erTmaneTs garegnuli liberalizmsa da Sinagan sisastikes.<br />
1983 wlis ivnisSi skkp centraluri komitetis plenumze iuri andropovma<br />
ganacxada: 1) saTanado doneze ar iyo Seswavlili <strong>sabWoTa</strong> sazogadoeba, kerZod, am<br />
sazogadoebisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli kanonzomierebani, gansakuTrebiT<br />
ekonomikuri, 2) yovelive zemoT Tqmuli gaxda mizezi imisa, rom <strong>sabWoTa</strong> <strong>kavSiris</strong><br />
politikuri xelmZRvaneloba moqmedebda empiriulad, araracionalurad, cdebiTa<br />
da SecdomebiT.<br />
iuri andropovis es sityvebi maSinve sxvadasxvagvarad iqna gagebuli,<br />
eZebdnen qveteqsts. erT–erTi versiiT iuri andropovs undoda eTqva: <strong>sabWoTa</strong><br />
politikuri xelmZRvaneloba, <strong>sabWoTa</strong> ideologia mecnierebs ar aZlevda<br />
saSualebas realurad, obieqturad SeefasebinaT <strong>sabWoTa</strong> sistema, misi ganviTarebis<br />
kanonzomierebani da miRweuli Sedegebi.<br />
<strong>sabWoTa</strong> <strong>kavSiris</strong> politikuri xelmZRvanelobis saTaveSi mosuli iuri<br />
andropovi Tavisi xanmokle moRvaweobis manZilze erTaderT mizans isaxavda:<br />
zesaxelmwifos miyvana srul absurdamde. am miznis miRwevisaTvis brZolas igi<br />
ostaturad niRbavda, magaliTad, iseTi populisturi RonisZiebiT, rogorc iyo<br />
SromiTi disciplinis aRdgena warmoebebsa da dawesebulebebSi.<br />
iuri andropovs Zlieri mtrebi hyavda. 1983 wlis ivnisSi skkp centraluri<br />
komitetis plenumze mas zemoT xsenebuli sityva gaawyvetina skkp centraluri<br />
komitetis mdivanma konstantine Cernenkom da ganacxada: „sxvaTaSoris CemTvis<br />
cnobilia, rom am darbazSi arian adamianebi, romlebic Tavs uflebas aZleven<br />
ucxoelebTan saubrebSi gaavrcelon CvenTvis mavne informacia. me amjerad ar<br />
davasaxeleb gvarebs, amxanagebma TviTon ician vin myavs me mxedvelobaSi. dae maT<br />
daixsomon – es maTTvis ukanaskneli gafrTxilebaa“. skkp centraluri komitetis<br />
wevrebi kargad mixvdnen, rom es „ukanaskneli gafrTxileba“ pirvel rigSi iuri<br />
andropovs exeboda.<br />
iuri andropovi unda mixvedriliyo, rom misi mocileba undodaT. imasac unda<br />
mimxvdariyo, rom misi mocilebiT mixeil gorbaCovs ukvalavdnen gzas. albaT es iyo<br />
mizezi iuri andropovsa da mixeil gorbaCovs Soris urTierTobis gauaresebisa.<br />
sicocxlis bolo TveebSi iuri andropovi TavisTan xSirad iwvevda skkp<br />
centraluri komitetis politbiuros wevrebs, oRond ara mixeil gorbaCovs.<br />
mxolod uSualod sikvdilis win Sexvda iuri andropovi mixeil gorbaCovsa da egor<br />
ligaCovs.<br />
iuri andropovis sikvdili iseve saidumloebiTaa moculi, rogorc leonid<br />
breJnevisa. iuri andropovis politikuri memkvidre konstantine Cernenko (1984–1985),<br />
marTalia, ukve mZimed avadmyofi movida <strong>sabWoTa</strong> kavSiri politikuri<br />
xelmZRvanelobis saTaveSi, magram arsebobs versia, rom misi gardacvalebac<br />
xelovnurad daaCqares.<br />
ra iyo mizezi iuri andropovisa da konstantine Cernenkos mwvave<br />
dapirispirebisa? iyo Tu ara es politikur da samxedro elitaSi, <strong>sabWoTa</strong><br />
<strong>kavSiris</strong> politikur xelmZRvanelobaSi ori dajgufebis dapirispireba,<br />
romelTagan erTis mizani iyo <strong>sabWoTa</strong> sistemis likvidacia da <strong>sabWoTa</strong> <strong>kavSiris</strong><br />
dapirispireba (iuri andropovi), xolo meorisa <strong>sabWoTa</strong> sistemisa da <strong>sabWoTa</strong><br />
<strong>kavSiris</strong> SenarCuneba (konstantine Cernenko)? iuri andropovi <strong>sabWoTa</strong> sistemis<br />
likvidaciis kargad gaazrebuli gegmis ganxorcielebas cdilobda, mas mxars<br />
uWerda dasavluri samyaro. konstantine Cernenkos aranairi gegma ar gaaCnda,<br />
misi momxreebi mxolod arsebulis SenarCunebas _ leonid breJneviseuli epoqis<br />
gaxangrZlivebas cdilobdnen. maSin ratom dauSva dasavlurma samyarom iuri<br />
andropovis gardacvalebis Semdeg konstantine Cernenkos <strong>sabWoTa</strong> <strong>kavSiris</strong>
13<br />
politikuri cxovrebis saTaveSi mosvla? am movlenas erTaderTi axsna aqvs:<br />
konstantine Cernenkos mmarTvelobis periodSi <strong>sabWoTa</strong> sistemis, <strong>sabWoTa</strong><br />
<strong>kavSiris</strong> TviTkomprometaciis procesi bolomde unda misuliyo, rac<br />
mniSvnelovnad gaaadvilebda “gardaqmnis” dawyebas. avadmyofi konstantine<br />
Cernenko da misi momxreebi rRvevis procesis SeCerebas sul erTia mainc ver<br />
SeZlebdnen.<br />
leonid breJnevis gardacvalebis (1982 w.) Semdeg vinc ar unda mosuliyo<br />
<strong>sabWoTa</strong> <strong>kavSiris</strong> politikuri xelmZRvanelobis saTaveSi <strong>sabWoTa</strong> sistemis,<br />
<strong>sabWoTa</strong> <strong>kavSiris</strong> SenarCuneba SeuZlebeli iyo, dasavlur samyaros specsamsaxurebs<br />
imdenad Zlieri pozicia hqondaT, rom arasasurveli politikuri lideris Tavidan<br />
mocileba maTTvis did sirTules ar warmoadgenda, dasavluri samyaros<br />
specsamsaxurebis did gamarjvebas warmoadgenda is, rom <strong>sabWoTa</strong> politikur da<br />
samxedro elitas <strong>sabWoTa</strong> sistemis, <strong>sabWoTa</strong> <strong>kavSiris</strong> gadarCenis gegmis monaxazic ki<br />
ar gaaCnda, xolo dasavlur samyaros ki ukve mzad hqonda <strong>sabWoTa</strong> sistemis<br />
likvidaciisa da <strong>sabWoTa</strong> <strong>kavSiris</strong> daSlis kompleqsuri programa.<br />
ioseb stalinis gardacvalebiT axali epoqa daiwyo <strong>sabWoTa</strong> sistemis<br />
istoriaSi – daiwyo ngreva. ngrevis periodi sakmaod didxans gagrZelda. igi moicavs<br />
nikita xruSCovis „mmarTvelobiTi qaosis“ periods (1953–1964 ww.) leonid breJnevis<br />
„mSvidi mmarTvelobis“ periods (1964–1982 ww.), iuri andropovisa da konstantine<br />
Cernenkos mmarTelobis periods anu „katafalkebis rbolis“ periods (1982–1985 ww.).<br />
<strong>sabWoTa</strong> sistemis likvidacia da <strong>sabWoTa</strong> <strong>kavSiris</strong> <strong>daSla</strong> dasrulda mixeil<br />
gorbaCovis mmarTvelobis periodiT anu „gardaqmnis“ periodiT (1985–1991 ww.).<br />
„gardaqmnis“ periodSi (1985–1991 ww.) <strong>sabWoTa</strong> sistemis likvidacia da <strong>sabWoTa</strong><br />
<strong>kavSiris</strong> <strong>daSla</strong> meTodurad xorcieldeboda:<br />
pirveli. 1986 wlis 19 noembers miRebuli iqna kanoni individualuri SromiTi<br />
saqmianobis Sesaxeb.<br />
meore. 1988 wlis 26 maiss miRebuli iqna kanoni kooperaciis Sesaxeb. am ori<br />
kanoniT daiwyo <strong>sabWoTa</strong> sistemis ekonomikuri da socialuri safuZvlebis ngreva.<br />
mesame. 1988 wlis zafxulSi azerbaijanis SemadgenlobaSi arsebuli mTiani<br />
yarabaRis avtonomiuri olqis sakanonmdeblo organom miiRo dadgenileba<br />
somxeTTan SeerTebis Sesaxeb. amiT daiwyo <strong>sabWoTa</strong> <strong>kavSiris</strong> administraciul–<br />
teritoriuli sistemis ngreva.<br />
meoTxe. 1989 wels „gardaqmnis“ gegmis Tanaxmad <strong>sabWoTa</strong> <strong>kavSiris</strong> umaRles<br />
sakanonmdeblo organod gamocxadda „saxalxo deputatTa yriloba“. winaswarve iyo<br />
cnobili, rom yrilobaze centriskenuli da centridanuli Zalebis balansi am<br />
ukanasknelis sasargeblod iqneboda – mokavSire respublikebi suverenitets<br />
moiTxovdnen. Semdeg daiwyeboda mokavSire respublikebSi arsebuli avtonomiuri<br />
warmonaqmnebis mokavSire respublikebidan gasvlisaTvis moZraoba. moskovi am<br />
procesebis marTvas veRar SesZlebda.<br />
mexuTe. 1991 wlis moskovSi daiwyo winaswar dagegmili „putCi“. mixeil<br />
gorbaCovma „putCi“ SesaniSnavad gamoiyena „gardaqmnis“ mowinaaRmdege Zalebis<br />
gamoaSkaravebisa da ganadgurebisaTvis.<br />
meeqvse. 1990–1991 wlebSi saxelmwifoebrivi suverenitetis aRdgena da<br />
saxelmwifoebrivi damoukidebloba gamoacxades <strong>sabWoTa</strong> kavSirSi Semavalma<br />
mokavSire respublikebma.<br />
meSvide. 1991 wlis 8 dekembers ruseTs, ukrainasa da belorusias Soris<br />
dadebuli beloveJis SeTanxmebiT <strong>sabWoTa</strong> kavSirma, rogorc saxwelmwifom<br />
arseboba Sewyvita.<br />
<strong>sabWoTa</strong> sistemis ngreva da <strong>sabWoTa</strong> <strong>kavSiris</strong> daSlis pirvelma niSnebma,<br />
rogorc avRniSneT, jer kidev ioseb stalinis sikvdilis (1953 w.) Semdeg iCina Tavi.<br />
es procesi Seuqcevadad ganviTarda nikita xruSCovisa (1953–1964 ww.) da leonid
14<br />
breJnevis (1964–1982 ww.) mmarTvelobis wlebSi. <strong>sabWoTa</strong> sistemis likvidaciam da<br />
<strong>sabWoTa</strong> <strong>kavSiris</strong> <strong>daSla</strong>m sistemuri xasiaTi miiRo 1985 wlidan „gardaqmnis“<br />
dawyebiT.<br />
is, rac „gardaqmnis“ wlebSi daingra, or ierarqiul doned SeiZleba<br />
warmovidginoT: pirveli ierarqiuli done warmodgenili iyo: a) msoflios<br />
socialisturi sistemiT (politikuri TvalsazrisiT), b) ekonomikuri<br />
urTierTdaxmarebis sabWoTi (ekonomikuri TvalsazrisiT), g) varSavis<br />
xelSekrulebis organizaciiT (samxedro TvalsazrisiT). „gardaqmnis“ gegmiT<br />
Tanaxmad <strong>sabWoTa</strong> <strong>kavSiris</strong> <strong>daSla</strong>mde, 1989–1990 wlebSi, swored pirveli<br />
ierarqiuli done iqna likvidirebuli. meore ierarqiuli done warmodgenili iyo<br />
TxuTmeti mokavSire respublikiT. respublikebSi mudam SeimCneoda centriskenuli<br />
da centridanuli Zalebis dapirispireba. 1922–1953 wlebSi centridanuli Zalebis<br />
yovelgvari qmedeba sastikad isjeboda. amave dros 1922–1953 wlebSi yvela mokavSire<br />
respublika ganicdida gareSe Zalis gavlenas. magaliTad, litva, litvia da<br />
estoneTi dasavleT evropis civilizaciis gavlenas ganicdida, yazaxeTi, uzbekeTi,<br />
TurqmeneTi, yirgizeTi, tajikeTi da azerbaijani aRmosavluri anu islamuri<br />
civilizaciis gavlenis sferos warmoadgenda, saqarTvelo dasavluri samyaros<br />
Rirebulebebs miiCnevda idealad. <strong>sabWoTa</strong> <strong>kavSiris</strong> decentralizaciis procesi<br />
naTlad ikveTeboda nomenklaturuli klanebis Camoyalibebis fonze. aseT<br />
nomenklaturul klanebs ganekuTvnebodnen: dnepropetrovski – kievi (ukraina),<br />
sverdlovski – urali, Crdilo kavkasia, leningradi, moskovi (ruseTi).<br />
<strong>sabWoTa</strong> kavSiri mTlianobaSi aRebuli warmoadgenda mizanswraful sistemas,<br />
magram sistemis saboloo miznad komunizmis aSenebis gamocxadeba moklebuli iyo<br />
yovelgvar realobas.<br />
1985–1991 wlebSi <strong>sabWoTa</strong> sistemis ngreva amgvarad ganxorcielda:<br />
pirvel etapze arsebobda Zlieri da erTiani sakavSiro centri. mokavSire<br />
respublikebs mxolod am centrTan hqondaT kavSiri. sagareo kavSirurTierTobani<br />
saerTo iyo da imave centridan imarTeboda. arsebobda erTiani saxelmwifo<br />
sazRvari.<br />
<strong>sabWoTa</strong> sistemis ngrevis pirvel safexurze moxda sainformacio centris<br />
xelSi Cagdeba sainformacio centris mizans Seadgenda: Sinagani winaaRmdegobebis<br />
warmoCena da maTi gamwvaveba, centriskenuli Zalebisa da Zveli centris<br />
kamprometireba, centridanuli Zalebisa da axali centrebis waxaliseba.<br />
<strong>sabWoTa</strong> sistemis ngrevis meore safexurze ganxorcielda Zvel centrSi<br />
finansebisa da materialur faseulobaTa Sedinebis Sewyveta.<br />
<strong>sabWoTa</strong> sistemis ngrevis mesame safexurze axali kavSirebis jer de faqto,<br />
xolo Semdeg de iure damkvidrda.<br />
am sami etapis warmatebiT ganxorcielebiT Zveli (sakavSiro) centri<br />
dasustda da sabolood, mTlianad dahkarga funqcia.<br />
bunebrivad ismis kiTxva: ra roli Seasrula mixeil gorbaCovma „gardaqmnaSi“<br />
(<strong>sabWoTa</strong> sistemis likvidaciasa da <strong>sabWoTa</strong> <strong>kavSiris</strong> <strong>daSla</strong>Si)? eWvs ar unda<br />
iwvevdes is, rom mixeil gorbaCovs „gardaqmnis“ programis SemuSavebaSi<br />
monawileoba ar miuRia, igi am programas daeTanxma da „gardaqmnis“ formaluri<br />
liderobac ikisra. cxadia, mixeil gorbaCovma „gardaqmnis“ saboloo mizani ver<br />
amoicno. mTlad naTeli ar aris <strong>sabWoTa</strong> sistemis nacvlad romeli sistemis<br />
damkvidrebas isaxavda miznad mixeil gorbaCivi. arCevani albaT kapitalizmsa da<br />
Cinur models Soris unda gakeTebuliyo. samagierod cxadia, rom mixeil gorbaCovis<br />
gegma <strong>sabWoTa</strong> <strong>kavSiris</strong> <strong>daSla</strong>s ar iTvaliswisnebda da mas zesaxelmwifos<br />
modernizeba surda. am ideam gamoxatuleba hpova axali samokavSireo<br />
xelSekrulebis (novo ogarievos) proeqtSi. axali samokavSireo saxelmwifo ki
15<br />
miuRebeli iyo „gardaqmnis“ namdvili ideologebisaTvis. im etapze (1990–1991 ww.)<br />
axali samokavSireo saxelmwifos (da ara saxelmwifoTa Tanamegobrobis) Seqmnas<br />
SeiZleboda xeli SeeSala <strong>sabWoTa</strong> sistemas sruli ngrevisaTvis. garda amisa<br />
dasavluri samyarosaTvis miuRebeli iyo axali, Tundac ara<strong>sabWoTa</strong>, zesaxelmwifos<br />
SenarCuneba. mixeil gorbaCovi mixvda, rom axali samokavSireo saxelmwifos Seqmna<br />
dasavlurma samyarom CaSala, am ideas mokavSire da avtonomiuri respublikebi da<br />
pirvel rigSi ruseTis federacia daupirispira. mixeil gorbaCovis ganwiruli<br />
cdebi dasavlurma samyarom ruseTis federaciis politikuri xelmZRvanelobis<br />
mxardaWeriT gaaneitrala. dasavlurma samyarom orientacia ukve boris elcinze<br />
aiRo. mixeil gorbaCovi umniSvnelo figurad iqca.<br />
meore etapze Zlieri Zveli centris nacvlad Seiqmna ramdenime centri. am<br />
periodisaTvis aRar arsebobs erTiani saxelmwifo sazRvari, axali centrebi<br />
damoukidebel (suverenul) saxelmwifoTa TanamegobrobaSi gaerTiandnen (1991 w.).<br />
yoveli centri damoukideblad axorcielebda sagareo kavSirurTierTobebs.<br />
<strong>sabWoTa</strong> kaTvSiris <strong>daSla</strong>Si gadamwyveti roli Seasrules mokavSire<br />
respublikebma. mokavSire respublikebi samarTlebrivi TvalsazrvisiT<br />
damoukidebel saxelmwifoebs warmoadgendnen. amasTan erTad, ruseTi, ukraina da<br />
belorusia gaerTianebuli erebis organizaciis wevrebi iyvnen.<br />
1988–1991 wlebSi mokavSire respublikebSi mimdinareobda Tvisobrivad axali<br />
elitis Camoyalibeba. Camoyalibda axali regionalur–administraciuli,<br />
ideologiuri, ekonomikuri, Zalovani elitebi. isini legalurad moqmedebdnen.<br />
axali elitis dapirispirebas Zvel centrTan „gardaqmnis“faruli reJisori<br />
mxardaWeras ucxadebda da yovelmxriv axalisebda. litvaSi jer kidev<br />
damoukideblobis oficialurad gamocxadebamde Camoyalibda „qveynis dacvis<br />
departamenti“.<br />
moskovSi Camoyalibda Zveli (sakavSiro) centris paraleluri struqtura –<br />
marTvis damoukidebeli centri (ruseTis federaciis politikuri xelmZRvaneloba).<br />
axalma centrma miiTvisa Zveli centris saerTo–sakavSiro funqciebi. axali<br />
(ruseTis) centri Semdeg garigebaze wavida mokavSire respublikebis centrebTan da<br />
maTi daxmarebiT teritoriuli danakargebis safasurad Tavidan moicila Zveli<br />
(sakavSiro) centri. meTodurad, erTmaneTis miyolebiT ingreoda mokavSire<br />
respublikebis kavSirebi Zveli centrTan (informaciuli, finansuri da sxv.).<br />
baltiispireTis qveynebma sazRvarze aamoqmedes sabaJo. SemdegSi miaRwies imas, rom<br />
<strong>sabWoTa</strong> <strong>kavSiris</strong> deputatTa sabWoebis yrilobam ekonomikuri eqsperimentis Sesaxeb<br />
miRebuli dadgenilebiT daakanona am sabaJos moqmedeba. Zveli centris<br />
ugulebelyofis fonze mokavSire respublikebis centrebi cdilobdnen sakavSiro<br />
biujetidan mieRoT rac SeiZleba meti. mokavSire respublikebis axali elita amas<br />
Zalian advilad axerxebda, axerxebda ara diplomatiuri niWis wyalobiT, aramed<br />
imitom, rom es procesi sanqcirebuli iyo im ZalTa mier, romelmac SeimuSava<br />
„gardaqmna“ – <strong>sabWoTa</strong> sistemis likvidaciisa da <strong>sabWoTa</strong> <strong>kavSiris</strong> daSlis programa.<br />
<strong>sabWoTa</strong> sistemis likvidaciisa da <strong>sabWoTa</strong> <strong>kavSiris</strong> daSlis gegmaSi<br />
gansakuTrebuli adgili ekava <strong>sabWoTa</strong> <strong>kavSiris</strong> komunisturi partiis (skkp) rogorc<br />
<strong>sabWoTa</strong> sistemis da zesaxelmwifos warmarTveli politikuri Zalis<br />
neitralizacias. skkp dasusteba da neitralizacia advili saqme ar iyo. „gardaqmnis“<br />
gegma am SemTxvevaSic unaklo aRmoCnda. am gegmis Tanaxmad unda momxdariyo<br />
„gardaqmnis“ mowinaaRmdege skkp elitis (politikuri moRvaweebi, diplomatebi,<br />
samxedroebi da a.S.) darazmva da saxelmwifo gadatrialebis mcdelobis<br />
provocireba. es scena SesaniSnavad iqna gaTamaSebuli 1991 wlis agvistoSi.<br />
komunisturi elita erTi xelis mosmiT iqna neitralizebuli – <strong>sabWoTa</strong> <strong>kavSiris</strong><br />
komunisturma partiam politikuri asparezi dastova.
16<br />
1991 wlis agvistos putCis damarcxebiT mixeil gorbaCovma, marTalia,<br />
mowinaaRmdege Zalebi umtkivneulod CamoaSora politikur asparezs, magram<br />
dasavluri samyarosaTvis piradad man funqcia dahkarga. mixeil gorbaCovma<br />
“gardaqmnis” programis realizebaSi, “gardaqmnis” momxre da mowinaaRmdege<br />
Zalebis dapirispirebaSi mniSvnelovani roli Seasrula. axal rols mas aRar<br />
sTavazobdnen. axali samokavSire xelSekrulebis mixeil gorbaCoviseuli idea,<br />
rogorc aRvniSneT, “gardaqmnis” programas“ ewinaaRmdegeboda.<br />
1991 wlis agvistos putCis Semdeg mixeil gorbaCovi marTalia jer kidev<br />
<strong>sabWoTa</strong> <strong>kavSiris</strong> prezidentad rCeboda, magram TviT zesaxelmwifos dReebi<br />
daTvlili iyo. Zveli (sakavSiro) centri praqtikulad aRar funqcionirebda,<br />
<strong>sabWoTa</strong> kavSirs sivrceSi damoukideblad funqcionirebda TxuTmeti centri.<br />
<strong>sabWoTa</strong> <strong>kavSiris</strong> <strong>daSla</strong> ukve realoba iyo. rCeboda mxolod formaluri aqti. es<br />
dRec Sors aRar iyo. 1991 wlis 8 dekembers belorusiaSi, beloveJSi, ruseTis<br />
federaciis, ukrainisa da belorusiis SeTanxmebiT <strong>sabWoTa</strong> kavSirma arseboba<br />
Sewyvita.<br />
<strong>sabWoTa</strong> <strong>kavSiris</strong> daSliT (1991 w.) ar dasrulebula <strong>sabWoTa</strong> sistemis<br />
likvidacia. es procesi sul mcire aTi weli mainc gagrZelda da XXI saukunis<br />
damdegs dasrulda.<br />
1990–1991 wlebSi centridanulma Zalebma aSkarad sZlies centriskenul<br />
Zalebs – Zveli (sakavSiro) centri butaforiad iqca. am procesis Tanadroulad<br />
mimdinareobda meore, paraleluri procesi: Zveli centris diqtats TavdaRweuli<br />
yofili mokavSire respublikebi – axali damoukidebeli saxelmwifoebi – imTaviTve<br />
eqceodnen dasavluri samyaros romelime qveynis gavlenis qveS, xolo yvela<br />
respublika ruseTis federaciasTan erTad saboloo jamSi aRmoCnda amerikis<br />
SeerTebuli Statebis gavlenis sferoSi. aqve unda aRiniSnos, rom centridanuli<br />
Zalebis aSkara upiratesobis pirobebSic centriskenuli Zalebi kvlav arsebobdnen.<br />
es Zalebi dResac arseboben, oRond im gansxvavebiT, rom sakavSiro centris<br />
ararsebobis pirobebSi ruseTis federaciis centrisken arian midrekilni<br />
(belorusia, dnestrispireTi, yofili samxreT oseTis avtonomiuri olqi, yofili<br />
afxazeTiT avtonomiuri respublika).<br />
ratom ganxorcielda ase warmatebiT 1985–1991 wlebSi <strong>sabWoTa</strong> sistemis<br />
likvidaciisa da <strong>sabWoTa</strong> <strong>kavSiris</strong> daSlis gegma („gardaqmna“)? umTavresi mizezi<br />
imaSi mdgomareobs, rom 1953–1985 wlebSi, e.i. sanam daiwyeboda <strong>sabWoTa</strong> sistemisa da<br />
<strong>sabWoTa</strong> <strong>kavSiris</strong> ngrevis kompleqsuri gegmis („gardaqmnis“) moqmedeba, manam<br />
momzadda niadagi „gardaqmnisaTvis“. leonid breJnevis mmarTvelobis periodSi<br />
dasavlurma samyarom, pirvel rigSi, amerikis SeerTebulma Statebma, Tanamoazreebi<br />
gaiCina <strong>sabWoTa</strong> <strong>kavSiris</strong> politikur xelmZRvanelobaSi, diplomatiur korpusSi,<br />
Zalovan struqturebSi, sainformacio centrebSi, praqtikulad yvela saxelmwifo<br />
uwyebaSi. dasavluri samyaros specsamsaxurebs hqondaT absoluturad zusti<br />
informacia <strong>sabWoTa</strong> politikuri da samxedro elitisa da Tanamdebobis pirTa<br />
ojaxis wevrebis ganwyobilebis Sesaxeb. dasavleTis specsamsaxurebis informacia<br />
hqondaT ara marto uwyebis pirvel pirTa, aramed umniSvnelovanesi uwyebebis sxva<br />
Tanamdebobis pirTa ganwyobilebis Sesaxeb, aseve mokavSire respublikebis<br />
xelmZRvaneobis Sesaxeb. imdroindeli <strong>sabWoTa</strong> politikuri elita idga dilemis<br />
winaSe: <strong>sabWoTa</strong> wyobilebis ucvlelad SenarCuneba niSnavda imas, rom Crdilovani<br />
ekonomikidan miRebuli Semosavlis (fulis) legalizebas verasdros ver<br />
moaxdendnen. arsebuli (<strong>sabWoTa</strong>) kanonmdeblobiT isini damnaSaveTa samyaros<br />
ganekuTvnebodnen da politikuri viTarebis Secvlis SemTxvevaSi kanonis mTeli<br />
simkacriT daisjebodnen. Crdilovani ekonomikis legalizeba SesaZlebeli<br />
gaxdeboda maSin, Tu moxdeboda <strong>sabWoTa</strong> sistemis da Sesabamisad arsebuli
17<br />
sakanonmdeblo bazis likvidacia. dagrovili fuli Crdilovan ekonomikasTan<br />
kavSirSi myof politikur da samxedro elitas axali saxelmwifo sistemis<br />
(kapitalizmis) pirobebSi kargi cxovrebis garantias aZlevda. swored amitom iyo,<br />
rom Crdilovan ekonomikasTan kavSirSi myofi politikuri da samxedro elitis<br />
didi nawili pirdapir an arapirdapir dasavluri samyaros specsamsaxurebis<br />
mokavSire gaxda, <strong>sabWoTa</strong> sistemis ngrevaSi Caeba.<br />
xSirad yuradReba ar eqceva, an SedarebiT naklebi yuradReba eqceva, erT<br />
metad mniSvnelovan faqtors: meore msoflio omis (1939–1945 ww.) Semdgom periodSi,<br />
gansakuTrebiT ki ioseb stalinis gardacvalebis (1953 w.) Semdgom <strong>sabWoTa</strong> kavSirSi,<br />
mosaxleobis yvela fenaSi, gansakuTrebiT inteligenciaSi, TavisTavad, bunebrivad,<br />
dasavluri samyaros specsamsaxurebis aqtiurobis gareSe dRiTi–dRe izrdeboda im<br />
adamianebis ricxvi, romelic aidialebda cxovrebis dasavlur wess, xolo<br />
yovelgvari sabWouri maTTvis miuRebeli da autaneli xdeboda. es iyo sruliad<br />
kanonzomieri Sedegi <strong>sabWoTa</strong> sistemis TviTkomprometaciisa, rac gansakuTrebiT<br />
TvalsaCino gaxda leonid breJnevis mmarTvelobis wlebSi. es adamianebi, maTi<br />
ricxvi ki 1985 wlisaTvis milionebiT ganisazRvreboda, „gardaqmnis“ (e.i. dasavluri<br />
samyaros specsamsaxurebis gegmis) bunebriv mokavSired iqcnen.<br />
nikita xruSCovi ioseb stalinis adgilas! iyo Tu ara es SemTxveviToba? Cven<br />
vfiqrobT rom ara! „sulelebis“ epoqis dadgoma kanonzomiereba iyo. is sistema,<br />
romelic dauSvebs nikita xruSCovisTana vigindarebis zesaxelmwifos politikuri<br />
xelmZRvanelobis saTaveSi mosvlas, xolo aTi wlis Semdeg kidev ufro vigindara<br />
leonid breJnevis gapirkvelkacebas, ganwirulia daRupvisaTvis. ioseb stalins<br />
SemTxveviT ar uxmaria gamoTqma „sulelebis dro“. nikita xruSCovi erTi<br />
„sulelTagani“ iyo. mas gverds umSvenebdnen: viaCeslav molotovi, giorgi<br />
malenkovi, nikoloz bulganini, lazar kaganoviCi, kliment voroSilovi. vinc ar<br />
unda mosuliyo <strong>sabWoTa</strong> <strong>kavSiris</strong> politikuri xelmZRvanelobis saTaveSi, Sedegi<br />
igive iqneboda. arc erT maTgans <strong>sabWoTa</strong> sistemis gardaqmnisaTvis saWiro arc<br />
gonebrivi SesaZlebloba da arc survili ar gaaCnda. „gardaqmnam“ logikurad<br />
gaagrZela is, rac 1953–1985 wlebSi xdeboda.<br />
XX saukunis 60-iani wlebis bolodan da 70-iani wlebis damdegidan<br />
<strong>sabWoTa</strong> sistemis likvidaciisa da <strong>sabWoTa</strong> <strong>kavSiris</strong> daSlis gegma imitom<br />
dagvirgvinda warmatebiT, rom igi 1953–1985 wlebSi <strong>sabWoTa</strong> kavSirSi mimdinare<br />
procesebis mecnierul analizs emyareboda yvela niuansi uaRresad zustad iyo<br />
gaTvlili. aris aseTi gamoTqma: „is, rac iqmneba saukuneebis ganmavlobaSi – ingreva<br />
wamebSi. is rac iqmneba wlebis ganmavlobaSi – ingreva saaTebSi“. „gardaqmna“ amis<br />
dadasturebas warmoadgenda.<br />
dasasrul unda vupasuxoT kiTxvas: <strong>sabWoTa</strong> sistemis likvidacia da <strong>sabWoTa</strong><br />
<strong>kavSiris</strong> <strong>daSla</strong> kanonzomiereba iyo Tu SeTqmulebis Sedegi? <strong>sabWoTa</strong> sistema,<br />
<strong>sabWoTa</strong> kavSiri meore msoflio omis (1939–1945 ww.) Semdgom rom Zireuli<br />
politikuri, ekonomikuri, socialuri da ideologiuri reformebis gareSe didxans<br />
ver iarsebebda es kanonzomiereba iyo. am mdgomareobamde <strong>sabWoTa</strong> sistema<br />
obieqturi mizezebis gamo, dasavluri samyaros zemoqmedebis gareSe mivida.<br />
kanonzomiereba iyo isic, rom ioseb stalinis gardacvalebis Semdeg (1953–1964 ww.)<br />
<strong>sabWoTa</strong> kavSirSi ver daiwyo Zireuli reformebi. <strong>sabWoTa</strong> <strong>kavSiris</strong> umaRles<br />
politikur xelmZRvanelobas da saerTod, qveynis politikur elitas<br />
reformebis gatarebis arc survili da arc inteleqtualuri SesaZlebloba<br />
gaaCnda, zesaxelmwifo im politikosTa xelSi aRmoCnda, romelTa Sexedulebebi<br />
XX saukunis 20-30-ian wlebSi Camoyalibda da romlebic angariSs veRar uwevdnen<br />
meore msoflio omis Semdeg msoflioSi momxdar cvlilebebs. ase momwifda<br />
xelsayreli pirobebi im SeTqmulebis organizebisaTvis, romlisTvisac dasavluri<br />
samyaro didxans da guldasmiT emzadeboda. Seqmnilma viTarebam dasavlur samyaros
18<br />
saSualeba misca aemoqmedebina da warmatebiT ganexorocielebina <strong>sabWoTa</strong> sistemis<br />
likvidaciis, <strong>sabWoTa</strong> <strong>kavSiris</strong>a da mTeli socialisturi sistemis daSlis kargad<br />
gaazrebuli programa, romlis bolo (sistemuri) etapi istoriaSi „gardaqmnis“<br />
(1985–1991 ww.) saxelwodebiT Sevida.<br />
vaxtang guruli