habitat rupestre.pdf - Società Friulana di Archeologia

UNDERGROUND OR CAVE STRUCTURES IN GREECECRHIMA-CINP projecta.b.Fig. 14a-b-c Box Plot of buildings in Santorini, the dashed line indicates theEU PM10 limit.where the owner and resident was indoor and smoked occasionally.The kitchen was in a separate room linked with anoutside door, so any effect from cooking could be eliminated.Another pollutant measured was CO2 which is actually an indicatorof the number of people in a room as well as ventilationadequacy. Table 2 presents the CO2 concentrations as measuredduring the visit of Kaymakli in Cappadocia. The place ofvisit was an underground ancient city that reached the depth of25 metres under the surface and as one can imagine the senseof both air and light deprivation was quite obvious. The sitewas divided into 12 rooms that interconnected through corridorsand there were no doors or windows so as to block theair movement or retain the pollution levels into one specificroom. There was artificial lighting and the number of peoplefluctuated between 3 and 20 in every room. It is obvious fromthe table that CO2 levels were higher as the room number increasesdue to the fact that this was the case that the depth ofthe underground city increased (in room 12 the depth reached25 meters) and the number of people increased as well. Moreovertaking into consideration both the fact of the high depthas well as the increased number of people air circulation andrejuvenation were completely eliminated.Thermography and Reflectance MeasurementsIn an environment such as the Santorini Island and Cappadociasolar energy is absorbed by concrete and paved surfaces,causing the surface temperature of urban structures to becomeseveral degrees higher than ambient air temperatures. As surfacesbecome warmer, overall ambient temperature increases.This phenomenon, called “urban heat island”, has the effect ofincreasing the demand of energy, accelerating the formationof harmful smog and causing human thermal discomfort andhealth problems by intensifying heat waves over cities (Okeet al., 1991, Santamouris, 2001, Cartalis et al., 2001, Burkhartet al., 2001, Synnefa et al, 2007). The Solar Reflective Index(SRI) is the ability of a material to reject solar energy, so theability of a material to contribute to the heat island effect decreaseswhen the solar reflex index of the material increases.In more simple terms when the shade of a material is darker,the SRI of this material is reduced, but in order to be morec.Table 2KAYMAKLI (CAPPADOCIA) ARCHAEOLOGIC SITERoom * Temperature (°C) Humidity (% H) CO2 (ppm)Room 1 28.1 41.6 1190Room 2 27.7 40.7 1150Room 3 27.5 39 1117Room 4 26.7 35.9 1184Room 5 25.8 45.4 1580Room 6 24.6 50.3 2400Room 7 24.3 54.6 3100Room 8 24.1 54.1 2955Room 9 24.2 62 2630Room 10 24.7 50 2800Room 11 23 51.7 2300Room 12 22 57 3600volumeRicerca_OK_2012-11-15.indd 102 16/11/2012 15:01:55