habitat rupestre.pdf - Società Friulana di Archeologia

M. N. Assimakopoulos; A. Tsolaki; E. I. Petraki; S. Bekakos; D. Asimakopouloscated in previously known agricultural areas as well as wastedisposal sites. Every building ‘produces’ problems that areuniquely attributed to its location as well as the climatic conditionsthat exists in the area. Climatic conditions such as hotor humid, wet or dry, warm or cold, play a very important rolein the architectural characteristics when designing a house, orrenovating an already existing building. The age of a buildingmay play a very significant role as the deterioration of someconstructing materials may be revealed ending in higher levelsof pollution factors. Moreover the originally designed airflows in the pre existing buildings may not be able to coverthe need of the new occupants, since the number of peoplein a specific zone may have increased and exceed the alreadydesigned air flows.Infiltration as well as building envelope integrity is very crucial.For example moisture can be drawn into a building’s wallcavities through leakage or negative pressurization which willlead in surface mold growths and bio aerosol releases, whichare both important IAQ pollutants. 8Cave dwellers were perhaps the first when concerned aboutthe quality of indoor air, especially when they used to buildup fires in their caves to either cook or produce warmth. Oneof the most toxic chemicals they were directly exposed to isformaldehyde. Formaldehyde occurred by cooking or by heatingover open flames. One of the solutions they could havecome up with was by building the fire at the entrance of thecave. Nowadays we are confronted with problems of indoorair quality that resemble a lot those of the cave dwellers. Forthe conservation of energy they now build well-sealed homesand install insulation as well as other materials, which resultsin the reduction of air movement in the building and simultaneouslyincreases the source of IAQ pollutants. 93.1. Recent measurementsThe main objective of this work was to perform an indoorenvironmental study of dwellings with specific architecturalcharacteristics.The methodology followed to achieve the above objective involvedtwo phases. Initially, a detailed climatic audit and monitoring,of the area and some specific cave houses, was carriedout. During the second phase, and in order to assess the indoorenvironmental conditions of the underground dwellings, thearchitectural and bioclimatic characteristics alongside withthe indoor air quality of the dwellings were monitored. Themonitoring campaign included measurements performed inunderground dwellings which were situated at Oia, Foinikiaand Imerovigli village in the Santorini island and in the areasof Ortahisar as well as Kaymakli at the region of Cappadokiain Turkey. The dwellings selection took into consideration thehistoric use of these dwellings and their use today in respectwith the population density of the study area. At least one ofthe dwellings was situated in the city centre (densely builtarea).Data collection for the case of Santorini took place during oneof the hottest months of the year, as the scope of this study wasto identify the natural cooling potential of such spaces underhot arid conditions. On the other hand the measurements inCappadocia were performed in September where the conditionsthat mainly prevailed, where hot and dry during the dayand wet and cold during the night.During the first phase of the campaign the spatial and temporalvariation of the surface and air temperature were recordedtogether with measurements of, humidity and pollution levels.Surface temperature measurements were performed using aninfrared camera, combined with infrared thermography in orderto investigate the temperature distribution and the surfacetemperature of the materials used for the cave construction,depicting also the differences in their thermal performance.The inspection covers all accessible internal areas of the undergrounddwelling.The second phase of the campaign included meteorologicaland indoor air quality measurements in the selected dwellingssuch as temperature, relative humidity, and pollution levels inorder to specify the presence, the type and the distribution ofair pollutants. More specifically the basic pollutants detectedin an indoor environment such as particulate matter of variousaerodynamic diameters (PM10-0.1) or CO2 were monitored.The type and location of specific indoor sources of pollutionand other peculiarities were considered to avoid biasing or influencingthe measurements.Finally samples of the construction materials as well as naturalstones were collected in order to assess their reflectance inthe visual and infrared spectra. This aimed at estimating theimpact of the specific materials in the air temperature and inparticular the thermal comfort of the area under investigation.The buildings in Santorini that were inspected where threein number. The first one was at the village of Imerovigli andit was a cave room in a hotel called Heliotopos. This space isused as a conference room and also for the breakfast and theafternoon drinks by the residents of the hotel. The measurementstook place inside the cave dwelling.The second one was a traditional house in Oia village and wasoccupied by a single resident. The inner part of the dwellinghadn’t been restored for quite some time and the needs for restorationare evident as seen from the results following.The third and last part was a hotel in the traditional villageof Foinikes. The cave room was occupied by the owner of thehotel and the restorations in the materials used on the walls ofthe dwellings had been very recent. In this part of the studyoutside measurements so as to compare the climatic measurementsthat took place indoor and outdoor we also collected.In Cappadocia Turkey the measurements took place in twoareas. The first area was that of Ortahisar in an undergrounddwelling hotel in a hotel room that was not occupied duringthe measurements. Secondly in Kaymakli at an archaeologicalsite and more specifically at an ancient underground city. Theancient city was divided into twelve rooms for our measuringcampaign, where in each room the number of people was from3 and raised up to 20.The constructing materials of both Ortahisar and Kaymakliwhere natural stone and served no artificial insulation on thewalls.Meteorological and Air Quality MeasurementsThe equipment used for the measurements where portable,automatic and are under the jurisdiction of the Laboratory ofIndoor Environmental Quality Measurements of the NationalKapodistrian University of Athens. All equipment was connectedto data loggers (either internal or external) and treatedby specially designed software so that a high quality data set99volumeRicerca_OK_2012-11-15.indd 99 16/11/2012 15:01:52