TESI_FILE INTERO - UniversitÃ degli Studi di Ferrara

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esibizione. Il secondo studio (N = 26) propone, invece, un’analisi delle influenze modulatorieesercitate sia dallo stato attentivo sia dallo stato emozionale esibito da infanti di 3 e di 5 mesidi vita sulla risposta di startle. Il risultato principale evidenzia una sinergia del sistemaattentivo e del sistema emozionale nel determinare il fenomeno della modulazione affettivadella risposta di startle.Parole chiave: riflesso di trasalimento, startle, prima infanzia, misurazioni non invasive,espressioni facciali di emozione, modulazione affettiva, modulazione attentiva
AbstractA new methodological approach for the analysis of the startle reflex modificationin early infancyThe startle reflex is an innate defensive reaction (Lang, 1995; Yeomans, Li, Scott, &Frankland, 2002), delegate to the instantaneous reaction following an unexpected and intensestimulus. The startle widely satisfies the requirements essential to be used as a research tool,since it is modified by the experience, it is easily and universally elicitable (Landis & Hunt,1939), and its physical and temporal characteristics are well known and highly controllable(Costa & Ricci Bitti, 1998; Davis, Hitchcock, & Rosen, 1987).Yet, despite the importance of the study of this reflex in various research fields (fromthe study of motivational, emotional and attentive phenomena, to the investigation ofneurological, neurophysiological and neuropsychological diseases; Balaban, 1996; Lang,1995; Richards, 1998; Prechtl & Beintema, 1964), the startle modification is still relativelyunexplored in early infancy. This lack in developmental psychological research is mainly dueto two problems: the difficulty to identify and develop new methodologies suitable to explorethe startle modification in early infancy; the intrusiveness and invasiveness of the commonlyused measurement methodology, that is the eyeblink electromyography.Two experimental studies are presented in this dissertation. They were designed toexplore the startle modification by using a new non-invasive methodology (AIMMSS) and anew experimental paradigm based on the use of infants facial expressions. In particular, themain indexes of positive (smile) and negative (distress) facial expressions were analysedusing the most known anatomically based systems to coding the infants’ facial behaviour(Baby FACS, Oster, in press; AFFEX, Izard, Dougherty, & Hembree, 1983; MAX, Izard,1979). The first study (N = 12) was aimed at analysing the affective modulation of the startleresponse elicited during the 5-month-old infants’ spontaneous exhibition of positive facialexpressions (smile) and negative facial expressions (distress). The data obtained induce tohypothesize that the facial expressions act like a sort of motivational priming able to diversify,depending on their negative (distress) or positive (smile) nature, the intensity of the startleresponse elicited immediately after their exhibition. The second study (N = 26) was designedto analyse the modulatory influences exerted on the startle response by both the attentive stateand the emotional state displayed by 3- and 5-month-old infants. The main result highlightsthat a synergy between the attentive and emotional systems cause the phenomenon of theaffective modulation of the startle response.
Page 1: Università degli Studi di FerraraD
Page 6 and 7: Key words: startle response, infanc
Page 9 and 10: IndiceIntroduzione 1Background teor
Page 11: Studio 2. Stati attentivi e stati a
Page 14 and 15: Cuthbert, & Lang, 1993; Lang, 1995)
Page 16 and 17: (whole body startle): l’Automated
Page 19 and 20: Background teoricoCaratteristiche p
Page 21: Una prima considerazione derivante
Page 24 and 25: (Yeomans et al., 2002). Tale effett
Page 26 and 27: Sono stati sviluppati diversi metod
Page 28 and 29: Bradley, Berg, Cuthbert, & Lang, 20
Page 30 and 31: L’inibizione e il potenziamento d
Page 32 and 33: Figura 6 . Rappresentazione del fen
Page 34 and 35: nudi, mutilazioni, operazioni chiru
Page 36 and 37: ortogonali indipendenti (Heponiemi,
Page 38 and 39: processamento di emozioni positive
Page 40 and 41: itrova un utilizzo del paradigma de
Page 42 and 43: nuovamente esaminati e messi a conf
Page 44 and 45: Nello studio del 1998, in particola
Page 47 and 48: Capitolo 2Nuove proposte metodologi
Page 49 and 50: L’utilizzo di questa piattaforma
Page 51 and 52: ilevazione della risposta di startl
Page 53 and 54: stimulus. L’intensità della cont
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considerato un indice patognomico d
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Tuttavia nessuna ricerca ha più re
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La prima, evidenziata da Grillon e
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Chen, Bakeman, Norris, & Cain, 2006
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Studio 1Esibizione spontanea di esp
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Grazie all’utilizzo dello startle
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sulla risposta di startle. In parti
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il livello normale di apertura dell
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fatto che, secondo Oster, sul volto
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effettuata con l’EBS Scale, cioè
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Magnitudine (Volt)0,0070,0060,0050,
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DiscussioneScopo del presente esper
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espressioni facciali, si può affer
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l’ampiezza diminuiva (inibizione
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Grazie ad un’analisi video dei mo
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MetodoPartecipantiHanno partecipato
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Sulla base della videoregistrazione
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vengono chiusi con forza (azione ch
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Latenza della risposta di startleSo
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all’onset, l’interazione tra l
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modulatori esercitati sulla rispost
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Innanzitutto, sulla base di questi
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ilassamento muscolare) avvenute in
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nell’adulto. La replica di tali r
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sistema attentivo. Sulla base di qu
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imane l’attività dei due sistemi
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all’attivazione dei sistemi neura
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Riferimenti bibliograficiAgnoli, S.
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Blumenthal, T. D., & Goode, C. T. (
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Davis, M. (2006). Neural system inv
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Franchin, L. (2006). A new non-inva
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Hoffman, H. S., Cohen, M. E., & And
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Langsdorf, P., Izard, C., Rayais, M
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Richards, J. E. (1997). Peripheral
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Steiner, J. E., Glaser, D., Hawilo,
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