saqarTvelosa da evrokavSiris midgomebi
saqarTvelosa da evrokavSiris midgomebi
saqarTvelosa da evrokavSiris midgomebi
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iomravalferovnebis <strong>da</strong>cva <strong>da</strong> marTva<strong>saqarTvelosa</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>evrokavSiris</strong> <strong>midgomebi</strong>Tbilisi, 2007
kvleva Catar<strong>da</strong> ”mwvane alternativa”-s proeqtis ”dialogi politikaze ukeTesigaremos<strong>da</strong>cviTi mmarTvelobisTvis” farglebSi.mwvane alternativa madlobas uxdis holandiis gansaxlebis, sivrciTi <strong>da</strong>gegmvisa <strong>da</strong> garemossaministros finansuri mxar<strong>da</strong>WerisTvis.gamocemaSi gamoTqmuli mosazrebebi warmoadgens misi avtoris mosazrebebs, gamoxatavs”mwvane alternativa”-s pozicias <strong>da</strong> ar SeiZleba ganxilul iqnes holandiis gansaxlebis,sivrciTi <strong>da</strong>gegmvisa <strong>da</strong> garemos saministros SexedulebaTa amsaxvelad.© mwvane alternativa, 2007avtori: irakli maWaraSvili
SeCereba, wylis xarisxisa <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>avadebaTa kontroli, nia<strong>da</strong>gis warmoqmna, <strong>da</strong> sxva,xolo produqtebSi igulisxmeba sakvebi, boWko, sawvavi, mtknari wyali <strong>da</strong> samkurnalonedleuli. gar<strong>da</strong> amisa, ekosistemebis funqcionireba <strong>da</strong>kavSirebulia esTetiur,kulturul, rekreaciul, fsiqologiur <strong>da</strong> sulier RirebulebebTan.biomravalferovnebis ganadgureba mWidro<strong>da</strong>a <strong>da</strong>kavSirebuli klimatis globalurcvlilebasTan <strong>da</strong> es gavlena savsebiT gazomvadia. klimatis cvlileba <strong>da</strong><strong>da</strong>sturebulimovlena <strong>da</strong> yvela misi uaryofiTi Sedegis sruli ganeitraleba SeuZlebelia. magramgarkveulma konservaciuli RonisZiebebi, magaliTad, xmeleTze <strong>da</strong> zRvis akvatoriaSididi farTobis mqone <strong>da</strong> maRali xarisxis <strong>da</strong>culi teritoriebis qselis Seqmna,garkveulwilad Seamsubuqebs biomravalferovnebaze klimatis cvlilebis uaryofiTgavlenas. Tavis mxriv, biomravalferovnebis SenarCunebam SeiZleba wvlili Seitanosklimatis cvlilebis Sedegebis <strong>da</strong>ZlevaSi. magaliTad: jansaRma ekosistemebma SeiZlebamoaxdinon saTburi airebis limitireba, radgan tyeebi, torfiani Waobebi <strong>da</strong> sxvahabitatebi axdenen naxSirbadis <strong>da</strong>grovebas. jansaRma ekosistemebma aseve SeiZlebaSeaCeron uaryofiTi katastrofuli movlenebis gavlena. mag. sanapiro wyalWarbekosistemebs SeuZliaT taifuniT gamowveuli talRebisgan <strong>da</strong>icvan sanapiroebi, xolowyalgamyofebisa <strong>da</strong> Walis ekosistemebs - SeaCeron mdinaris <strong>da</strong>tborva.1. evrokavSiri <strong>da</strong> biomravalferovnebis <strong>da</strong>cva<strong>evrokavSiris</strong> biomravalferovnebisa <strong>da</strong> garemos <strong>da</strong>cvis kanonmdebloba saTavesiRebs gasuli saukunis 70-ian wlebSi, rodesac ZalaSi Sevi<strong>da</strong> ”frinvelebis Sesaxebdireqtiva” (1979). am dokumentiT aRiarebuli iyo, rom frinvelTa 192 saxeoba <strong>da</strong>qvesaxeoba safrTxis winaSea <strong>da</strong> saWiroebs gansakuTrebul konservaciul qmedebebs.1992 wels xeli moewera ”habitatebis Sesaxeb direqtivas”. direqtiva moicavs endemur,iSviaT <strong>da</strong> safrTxis winaSe myof cxovelTa 450 <strong>da</strong> mcenareTa 500 saxeobas, aseve<strong>da</strong>axloebiT 200 iSviaT <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>maxasiaTebel habitats.1998 wels evrokavSirma <strong>da</strong>amtkica biomravalferovnebis strategia. am strategiisSesabamisad 2001 wels <strong>da</strong>mtkic<strong>da</strong> kidev oTxi strategia (konservacia <strong>da</strong> bunebriviresursebi, soflis meurneoba, TevzWera, TanamSromloba ekonomikuri <strong>da</strong> ganviTarebissferoSi). dReisaTvis buneba <strong>da</strong> biomravalferovneba warmoadgenen evrosabWos 2002-2012 wlebis meeqvse garemos<strong>da</strong>cviTi programis oTxi prioriteti<strong>da</strong>n erT-erTs.evrogaerTianebis qveynebis garemos <strong>da</strong>cvis uwyebebis meTaurebi 2001 wels SeTanxmdnenSeeCerebinaT biomravalferovnebis Semcireba <strong>evrokavSiris</strong> teritoriaze 2010wlisaTvis <strong>da</strong> aRedginaT habitatebi <strong>da</strong> bunebrivi sistemebi. 2002 wels msoflios<strong>da</strong>axloebiT 130 qveyana SeuerT<strong>da</strong> iniciativas - msoflioSi biomravalferovnebis<strong>da</strong>kargvis SesamCnevad Semcireba 2010 wlamde.gar<strong>da</strong> direqtivebisa, evrogaerTianebis qveynebi arian biomravalferovnebisSenarCunebasTan <strong>da</strong>kavSirebuli gaero-s sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva konvenciis wevrebi. upirvelesad,esaa ”konvencia biologiuri mravalferovnebis Sesaxeb”, romelsac xeli moewera1992 wels <strong>da</strong> ratificirebuli iqna 1993 wels. evrokavSiri aqtiurad asrulebsam konvenciis moTxovnebs. aseve, aRsaniSnavia sxva konvenciebi <strong>da</strong> SeTanxmebebi:”konvencia saerTaSoriso mniSvnelobis Warbteniani, gansakuTrebiT wylis frinvelTasabinadrod vargisi teritoriebis Sesaxeb” (ramsaris konvencia), ”klimatis cvlilebisCarCo-konvencia”, ”konvencia safrTxis winaSe myofi veluri fauniTa <strong>da</strong> floriTsaerTaSoriso vaWrobis Sesaxeb” (CITES) ”konvencia veluri cxovelebis migrirebadisaxeobebis <strong>da</strong>cvis Sesaxeb” (bonis konvencia), ”konvencia evropis saxeobebisa <strong>da</strong>3
habitatebis <strong>da</strong>cvis Sesaxeb” (bernis konvencia), ”afrika-evraziis ga<strong>da</strong>mfrenifrinvelebis Sesaxeb SeTanxmeba” (AEWA). gar<strong>da</strong> amisa, evropaSi arsebobs ramdenimemniSvnelovani regionuli konvencia.<strong>evrokavSiris</strong> qveynebma Seqmnes <strong>da</strong>culi teritoriebis ekologiuri qseli ”natura 2000”(NATURA 2000), romlis mizania safrTxis winaSe myofi cxovelebisa <strong>da</strong> mcenareebissaxeobebisa <strong>da</strong> maTi sabinadro garemos <strong>da</strong>cva. igi moicavs <strong>evrokavSiris</strong> wevri qveynebismier ”habitatebis Sesaxeb direqtiviTa” <strong>da</strong> ”frinvelTa Sesaxeb direqtiviT” <strong>da</strong>culteritoriebs. dRemde am qselSi CarTulia 25.000-ze meti teritoria anu saiti, romelTasaerTo farTobi metia, vidre erTad aRebuli germaniisa <strong>da</strong> italiis teritoria.qveynebi valdebuli arian Seasrulon aucilebeli RonisZiebebi am saitebiskonservaciisaTvis <strong>da</strong> ar <strong>da</strong>uSvan maTi mdgomareobis gauareseba. praqtikulades niSnavs, rom yvela qveyana valdebulia erTnairi sqemiT moaxdinos faunisa <strong>da</strong>floris konservaciuli statusis Sesaxeb informaciis Segroveba qselSi CasarTveladgansazRvrul teritoriebze <strong>da</strong> ganaxorcielos adeqvaturi <strong>da</strong>cviTi RonisZiebebi.gar<strong>da</strong> “natura 2000”-sa, Seqmnilia e.w. “zurmuxtovani qseli” (Emerald Network). esqseli “natura 2000”-is qselTan Tavsebadia (teritoriebis SerCeva xdeba analogiurikriteriumebiT), magram masSi monawileoba SeuZliaT im qveynebsac, romlebic arSedian evrogaerTianebaSi <strong>da</strong> jerjerobiT ar arian bernis konvenciis wevrebi.qselSi CarTvisaTvis qveyanam bernis konveciis samdivnoSi un<strong>da</strong> waradginos ganacxadiim kandi<strong>da</strong>ti teritoriebisa, romlebic akmayofileben konvenciiT <strong>da</strong>dgenilpirobebs. samdivnos mier am teritoriebis <strong>da</strong>mtkicebis Semdgom qveyanam un<strong>da</strong> miiRoszomebi, romlebic uzrunvelyofen “zurmuxtovan qselSi” CarTuli teritoriebis<strong>da</strong>cvasa <strong>da</strong> adeqvatur marTvas. aseT qmedebebad miCneulia: ekologiuri kvlevebisCatareba am teritoriebze mimdinare kritikuli cvlilebebis <strong>da</strong>sadgenad; marTvisgegmebis Sedgena mokle <strong>da</strong> grZelvadiani miznebis misaRwevad; maqsimaluri sizustiTteritoriebis sazRvrebis gansazRvra <strong>da</strong> sxv. magram cxovrebiseuli realobi<strong>da</strong>ngamomdinare, naTelia, rom aseTi teritoriebis efeqturi <strong>da</strong>cva SesaZlebeliamxolod maTTvis <strong>da</strong>culi statusis miniWebiT, an raime garemos<strong>da</strong>cviTi proeqtebisfarglebSi moqceviT.evrokavSirs gaaCnia biomravalferovnebis <strong>da</strong>cvis politikuri (policy) <strong>da</strong> samarTlebriviinstrumentebi. ase magaliTad, biomravalferovnebis <strong>da</strong>cvis sakiTxebi Setanilia<strong>evrokavSiris</strong> pilitikis ganmsazRvrel iseT dokumentebSi, rogorebicaa ”mdgradiganviTarebis strategia”, ”lisabonis partnioroba zrdisa <strong>da</strong> samuSao adgilebisaTvis”,”soflis meurneobis zogadi strategia”, ”meTevzeobis zogadi strategia”.rac Seexeba samarTlebriv instrumentebs, zemoT naxsenebi ”frinvelebis Sesaxebdireqtivisa” <strong>da</strong> ”habitatebis Sesaxeb direqtivis” gar<strong>da</strong>, miRebulia ”garemozezemoqmedebis Sefasebis direqtiva”, ”strategiuli garemos<strong>da</strong>cviTi Sefasebisdireqtiva”, ”garemos<strong>da</strong>cviTi pasuxismgeblobis direqtiva” <strong>da</strong> sxv.biomravalferovnebis <strong>da</strong>cvis mniSvnelovan instruments <strong>evrokavSiris</strong> qveynebisaTvisaseve warmoadgens ”konvencia garemos<strong>da</strong>cviT sakiTxebTan <strong>da</strong>kavSirebuli informaciisxelmisawvdomobis, ga<strong>da</strong>wyvetilebis miRebis procesSi sazogadoebis monawileobis<strong>da</strong> am sferoSi marTlmsajulebis sakiTxebze xelmisawvdomobis Sesaxeb“ (orhusiskonvencia).gar<strong>da</strong> zemoaRniSnulisa, biomravalferovnebis <strong>da</strong>sacavad evrokavSirs gaaCniagarkveuli finansuri meqanizmebic. NATURA 2000 saitebis investireba xdeba<strong>evrokavSiris</strong> sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva fondebis mier, maT Soris amisaTvis specialurad Seqmnili4
fondebiTac. es upirveles yovlisa aris Life Programme - afinansebs garemosa <strong>da</strong>bunebis konservaciis proeqtebs <strong>evrokavSiris</strong> wevr, wevrobis kandi<strong>da</strong>t <strong>da</strong> mezobelqveynebSi. 1992 wli<strong>da</strong>n Tana<strong>da</strong>finansebulia 2750 proeqti, Tana<strong>da</strong>finansebis TanxamSeadgina 1.35 miliardi evro.miuxe<strong>da</strong>vad garkveuli warmatebisa, evropis qveynebis mTavrobebi mainc Tvlian, rombiomravalferovnebis <strong>da</strong>cva ar dgas saTanado doneze <strong>da</strong> <strong>evrokavSiris</strong> kanonmdeblobisbiomravalferovnebis <strong>da</strong>cvis kuTxiT aRsruleba ara<strong>da</strong>makmayofilebelia.2004 wlis maisSi irlandiaSi (malahide) <strong>da</strong>mtkicebul iqna evrokomisiis Setyobineba„biomravalferovnebis kargvis SeCereba 2010 wlisaTvis <strong>da</strong> Semdgom periodSi:ekosistemebis mdgradi funqcionireba a<strong>da</strong>mianebis sakeTildReod“.2004 wlis ivlisSi evrokomisiis mier miRebul iqna ga<strong>da</strong>wyvetileba, rom ”natura2000”-is <strong>da</strong>safinanseblad aRar Seiqmneba axali fondi <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>finanseba moxdeba arsebuliinstrumentebis meSveobiT. iqve naTqvamia, rom ”natura 2000” proeqtebis Rirebulebaiqneba 6 miliardi evro weliwadSi. evrokomisiam ”natura 2000” qselis finansurisaWiroebebis integrireba moaxdina 2007-2013 wlebis finansur perspeqtivebSi, romlis<strong>da</strong>finanseba moxdeba <strong>evrokavSiris</strong> sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva struqturebis fondebisa <strong>da</strong> iniciativebismier.2. biomravalferovnebis <strong>da</strong>cva <strong>da</strong> marTva saqarTveloSi2.1 sakanonmdeblo safuZvlebisaqarTvelos garemos<strong>da</strong>cviTi kanonmdeblobis safuZvels saqarTveloskonstitucia qmnis, romlis 37-e muxlis Tanaxmad: `yvelas aqvs ufleba cxovrobdesjanmrTelobisaTvis uvnebel garemoSi, sargeblobdes bunebrivi <strong>da</strong> kulturuligaremoTi. yvela valdebulia gaufrTxildes bunebriv <strong>da</strong> kulturul garemos~(punqti 3); `a<strong>da</strong>mianis janmrTelobisaTvis usafrTxo garemos uzrunvelsayofad,sazogadoebis ekologiuri <strong>da</strong> ekonomikuri interesebis Sesabamisad, axlandeli<strong>da</strong> momavali Taobebis interesebis gaTvaliswinebiT saxelmwifo uzrunvelyofsgaremos <strong>da</strong>cvas <strong>da</strong> racionalur bunebaTsargeblobas~ (punqti 4).saqarTveloSi biomravalferovnebis <strong>da</strong>cvasa <strong>da</strong> gamoyenebasTan <strong>da</strong>kavSirebiTmiRebulia Semdegi kanonebi: `garemos <strong>da</strong>cvis Sesaxeb~, `<strong>da</strong>culi teritoriebissistemis Sesaxeb~, `cxovelTa samyaros Sesaxeb~, ”saqarTvelos ”wiTeli nusxisa” <strong>da</strong>”wiTeli wignis” Sesaxeb”, saqarTvelos tyis kodeqsi, “licenziebisa <strong>da</strong> nebarTvebisSesaxeb” <strong>da</strong> sxva normatiuli aqtebi.1996 wels saqarTvelos konstituciis zemoT aRniSnuli debulebebis ganxorcielebismizniT miRebuli iqna saqarTvelos kanoni `garemos <strong>da</strong>cvis Sesaxeb~, romelicmoicavs Semdeg sakiTxebs: garemos <strong>da</strong>cva mavne zemoqmedebisagan; garemos xarisxisgaumjobeseba; mdgradi ganviTareba <strong>da</strong> bunebrivi resursebis mdgradi gamoyeneba;biologiuri mravalferovnebisa <strong>da</strong> ekologiuri wonasworobis SenarCuneba; unikalurilandSaftebisa <strong>da</strong> ekosistemebis <strong>da</strong>cva; globaluri garemos<strong>da</strong>cviTi problemebisga<strong>da</strong>saWrelad garkveuli Zalisxmevis warmarTva; garemos <strong>da</strong>cvis sferoSi moqalaqeTauflebebisa <strong>da</strong> movaleobebis gansazRvra; garemos<strong>da</strong>cviTi ganaTleba.saqarTvelos kanoni `<strong>da</strong>culi teritoriebis sistemis Sesaxeb~ (1996 w.) gansazRvravs<strong>da</strong>culi teritoriebis <strong>da</strong>arsebis, ganviTarebisa <strong>da</strong> funqcionirebis aspeqtebs;ayalibebs marTvaze pasuxismgebeli organoebis sistemas sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva doneze <strong>da</strong>5
gansazRvravs sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva kategoriis <strong>da</strong>culi teritoriis farglebSi <strong>da</strong>saSvebsaqmianobebs.saqarTvelos kanoni `cxovelTa samyaros Sesaxeb~ (1996 w.) aregulirebs samarTlebrivurTierTobebs cxovelTa samyaros obieqtebis <strong>da</strong>cvisa <strong>da</strong> sargeblobis mimarTulebiT.kanoni, uSualod veluri faunis saxeobebis <strong>da</strong>cvis gar<strong>da</strong>, iTvaliswinebs maTihabitatebis, samigracio gzebis, gamravlebis adgilebis <strong>da</strong>cvas, uzrunvelyofsveluri faunis mdgrad gamoyenebas <strong>da</strong> qmnis samarTlebriv safuZvels misi in-situ <strong>da</strong>ex-situ konservaciisTvis.saqarTvelos tyis kodeqsi (1999 w.) aregulirebs saqarTvelos tyis fondisa <strong>da</strong>misi resursebis movlasTan, <strong>da</strong>cvasTan, aRdgenasa <strong>da</strong> gamoyenebasTan <strong>da</strong>kavSirebulsamarTlebriv urTierTobebs. tyis kodeqsis mixedviT gansazRvrulia saxelmwifotyis fondis cneba, romlis qveSac igulisxmeba kanonmdeblobis safuZvelzemisTvis mikuTvnebuli miwebisa <strong>da</strong> misi resursebis (tyeebi) erToblioba. kodeqsiaseve aregulirebs tyis fondze sakuTrebis uflebas. aRsaniSnavia, rom <strong>da</strong>SvebuliakerZo sakuTrebaSi tyis ga<strong>da</strong>cema. kodeqsis miRebis momentSi tyis fondi mTlianadgamocxadebulia saxelmwifo sakuTrebad, xolo gansaxelmwifoebriobis procesiun<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>regulirdes Sesabamisi kanonmdeblobiT, romlis Seqmnis aucileblobasaciTvaliswinebs kodeqsis me-9 muxli. kodeqsis erT-erT umniSvnelovanes amocanaswarmoadgens saqarTvelos tyis fondis <strong>da</strong>cva, xeluxlebeli tyeebis TviTmyofadobisSenarCuneba, mcenareTa reliqturi, endemuri <strong>da</strong> sxva Zvirfasi saxeobebis <strong>da</strong>cva.2003 wlis ivnisSi saqarTvelos parlamentma miiRo kanoni `saqarTvelos `wiTelinusxisa” <strong>da</strong> `wiTeli wignis” Sesaxeb”. kanoniT samarTlebrivad ganisazRvra ga<strong>da</strong>SenebissafrTxis winaSe myofi gareuli cxovelebisa <strong>da</strong> veluri mcenareebis saxeobebissaqarTvelos `wiTeli nusxisa~ aseve, `wiTeli wignis~ (romelsac eniWeba sarekomen<strong>da</strong>cio<strong>da</strong> meToduri xasiaTis mniSvneloba) iuridiuli definiciebi. kanoniT aseveganisazRvra, ~wiTeli nusxis~ struqtura, nusxaSi Sesatani saxeobebis gansazRvris,nusxis proeqtis SemuSavebis, miRebisa <strong>da</strong> ganaxlebis (ga<strong>da</strong>sinjvis) procedurebi.aRniSnuli kanoni aseve aregulirebs ga<strong>da</strong>Senebis safrTxis winaSe myofi saxeobebis`wiTel wignTan~, safrTxis winaSe myofi saxeobebis <strong>da</strong>cvasTan, mopovebasTan, maTiaRdgenisa <strong>da</strong> SenarCunebis RonisZiebaTa <strong>da</strong>gegmvasa <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>finansebasTan <strong>da</strong>kavSirebulsakiTxebs.saqarTvelos kanoni “licenziebisa <strong>da</strong> nebarTvebis Sesaxeb” ZalaSi Sevi<strong>da</strong> 2005 wlis 4agvisto<strong>da</strong>n. am kanonis mixedviT, biomravalferovnebasTan uSualod <strong>da</strong>kavSirebuliaramdenime licenzia <strong>da</strong> nebarTva: tyiT sargeblobis generaluri licenzia, xe-tyis<strong>da</strong>mzadebis specialuri licenzia <strong>da</strong> samonadireo meurneobis mowyobis specialurilicenzia, TevzWeris licenzia, soWis girCisa <strong>da</strong> ga<strong>da</strong>Senebis safrTxis winaSemyofi florisa <strong>da</strong> faunis saxeobebiT saerTaSoriso vaWrobis Sesaxeb konvenciis<strong>da</strong>narTebSi Setanili TeTryvavilas bolqvebiT an/<strong>da</strong> yoCivar<strong>da</strong>s gorglebiTsargeblobis licenzia, nadirobis nebarTva, ga<strong>da</strong>Senebis safrTxis winaSe myofiveluri florisa <strong>da</strong> faunis saxeobebiT saerTaSoriso vaWrobis Sesaxeb konvenciis(CITES) <strong>da</strong>narTebSi Setanili saxeobebis, maTi nawilebisa <strong>da</strong> derivatebis eqsportis,importis, reeqsportisa <strong>da</strong> zRvi<strong>da</strong>n introduqciis nebarTva”.am kanonis moTxovnebi<strong>da</strong>n gamomdinare, masTan SesabamisobaSi un<strong>da</strong> movidnensaqarTvelos sxva normatiuli aqtebi. gar<strong>da</strong>maval periodSi sakiTxebi regulirdebamTavrobis <strong>da</strong>dgenilebebiT.biomravalferovnebis <strong>da</strong>cvis strategia <strong>da</strong> moqmedebaTa gegma – es dokumenti ZalaSiSevi<strong>da</strong> 2005 wlis 19 Tebervlis mTavrobis <strong>da</strong>dgenilebiT.6
konvencia biomravalferovnebis Sesaxeb TiToTeul mxares (qveyanas) avalebs Sesabamisierovnuli dokumentis SemuSavebas, romelmac un<strong>da</strong> gansazRvros saxelmwifoSibiomravalferovnebis <strong>da</strong>cvis politika <strong>da</strong> konkretuli gegma. amgvari dokumentisarseboba qveynis biomravalferovnebis <strong>da</strong>cvisa <strong>da</strong> gonivruli gamoyenebisTviserT-erT aucilebel pirobad aris miCneuli. Sesabamisad, biomravalferovnebis<strong>da</strong>cvis erovnuli strategiisa <strong>da</strong> moqmedebaTa gegmis <strong>da</strong>mtkiceba saqarTvelos mierkonvenciiT gansazRvrul valdebulebaTa ganxorcielebis umniSvnelovanes etapi<strong>da</strong> mdgradi ganviTarebis erT-erTi mniSvnelovani winapirobaa. misi ganxorcielebamoiTxovs qveyanaSi arsebuli samecniero potencialis mobilizebas <strong>da</strong> mWidroTanamSromlobas samTavrobo, arasamTavrobo <strong>da</strong> biznesis seqtorebs Soris. warmatebismiRweva SeuZlebeli iqneba sayovelTao sazogadoebrivi mxar<strong>da</strong>Weris gareSe. aseveaucilebeli iqneba aqtiuri TanamSromloba iseT seqtorebTan, rogoricaa: soflismeurneoba, turizmi, energetika, urbanizacia <strong>da</strong> sxv.dokumenti gansazRvravs qveynis (Savi zRvis akvatoriis gar<strong>da</strong>) biomravalferovnebis<strong>da</strong>cvisa <strong>da</strong> gonivruli gamoyenebis strategias momavali 10 wlisaTvis <strong>da</strong> konkretulmoqmedebebs xuTwliani periodisaTvis. igi aris CarCo-dokumenti, romlis mixedviTacsaqarTveloSi un<strong>da</strong> warimarTos koordinirebuli saqmianoba biomravalferovnebiskonservaciis sferoSi.saqarTvelos biomravalferovnebis arsebuli mdgomareobis, problemebisa <strong>da</strong> maszemoqmedi safrTxeebis gaTvaliswinebiT gamoiyo cxra ZiriTadi sakiTxi, romlebicmoicaven biologiuri resursebis <strong>da</strong>cvisa <strong>da</strong> gonivruli gamoyenebis praqtikulad yvelaaspeqts. Tumca, mxedvelobaSi iqna miRebuli isic, rom TiToeuli maTgani mWidrodukavSirdeba erTmaneTs <strong>da</strong> Sesabamisad, arsebobs garkveuli ga<strong>da</strong>farvebi Se<strong>da</strong>rebiTufro kompleqsur konkretul sakiTxebTan mimarTebaSi. zemoxsenebuli ZiriTadisakiTxebia: <strong>da</strong>culi teritoriebi; saxeobebi <strong>da</strong> habitatebi; agrobiomravalferovneba;nadiroba <strong>da</strong> meTevzeoba; biomravalferovnebis monitoringi; biousafrTxoeba;garemos<strong>da</strong>cviTi ganaTleba, sazogadoebrivi cnobiereba <strong>da</strong> sazogadoebis monawileoba;finansur-ekonomikuri programa; mdgradi satyeo meurneoba; sakanonmdebloaspeqtebi.saqarTvelos biomravalferovnebis strategia gaTvlilia aTwlian, xolo moqmedebebi– xuTwlian periodze. nagulisxmebia, rom xuTi wlis Semdeg saWiro iqneba axalisamoqmedo gegmis SemuSaveba konkretuli situaciisa <strong>da</strong> im droisaTvis miRweuliSedegebis gaTvaliswinebiT.saqarTvelos biomravalferovnebis konservaciis strategia efuZneba panevropulibiologiuri <strong>da</strong> landSafturi mravalferovnebis strategiis principebs. gar<strong>da</strong> amisa,am dokumentis SemuSavebisas ganisazRvra <strong>da</strong>matebiTi principebi.dokumentSi Camoyalibebulia samomavlo xedva: 10 wlis Semdeg saqarTvelo iqnebaqveyana mdgradi biologiuri mravalferovnebiT; Seiqmneba iseTi politikuri,socialuri <strong>da</strong> ekonomikuri pirobebi, rom upiratesoba mieniWeba bunebrivi resursebismarTebulad gamoyenebas <strong>da</strong> miRebuli sargeblis samarTlian ganawilebas,gar<strong>da</strong> zemoT CamoTvlilisa, am sferos aregulireben sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva wlebSi gamocemulinormatiuli aqtebi (prezidentis brZanebulebebi, parlamentisa <strong>da</strong> mTavrobis<strong>da</strong>dgenilebebi, ministrisa <strong>da</strong> departamentebis Tavmjdomareebis (<strong>da</strong>culiteritoriebisa <strong>da</strong> satyeo departamentis brZanebebi).7
2.2 pasuxismgebeli saxelmwifo struqturebisaxelmwifo politikas biomravalferovnebis <strong>da</strong>cvisa <strong>da</strong> gamoyenebis sferoSiaxorcielebs saqarTvelos garemos <strong>da</strong>cvisa <strong>da</strong> bunebrvi resursebis saministro.kanonmdeblobis mixedviT, es aris saqarTvelos saqarTvelos aRmasrulebelixelisuflebis samTavrobo <strong>da</strong>wesebuleba, romelic uzrunvelyofs saxelmwifommarTvelobas garemos <strong>da</strong>cvisa <strong>da</strong> bunebrivi resursebis racionalurad gamoyenebis,agreTve mosaxleobis ekologiuri usafrTxoebis sferoSi.saministros hyavs teritoriuli organoebi, romlebic Sesabamis administraciulteritoriulerTeulSi Tavisi amocanebis ganxorcielebisas warmoadgenensaministros.garemos <strong>da</strong>cvisa <strong>da</strong> bunebrivi resursebis saministros centralur aparatSiaris struqturuli erTeuli biomravalferovnebis <strong>da</strong>cvis samsaxuri. samsaxurisamocanebsa biomravalferovnebis koponentebis <strong>da</strong>cvisa marTvis sferoSi saxelmwifopolitikis SemuSavebasa <strong>da</strong> realizaciis procesSi monawileobis miReba; “saqarTvelosbiomravalferovnebis <strong>da</strong>cvis strategiiTa <strong>da</strong> samoqmedo gegmiT” gansazRvruliRonisZiebebis Sesrulebis koordinacia <strong>da</strong> monitoringi; biomravalferovnebissferoSi ratificirebuli <strong>da</strong> mierTebuli konvenciebiT <strong>da</strong> SeTanxmebebiTgansazRvruli valdebulebebis Sesrulebis organizeba <strong>da</strong> koordinacia;saqarTvelos garemos <strong>da</strong>cvisa <strong>da</strong> bunebrvi resursebis saministros saxelmwifosaqveuwyebo <strong>da</strong>wesebuleba satyeo departamenti – aris aRmasrulebeli xelisuflebis<strong>da</strong>wesebuleba, romlis meSveobiTac garemos <strong>da</strong>cvisa <strong>da</strong> bunebrivi resursebisministri axorcielebs aRmasrulebel xelisuflebas satyeo meurneobis sferoSi.departamentis <strong>da</strong>qvemdebarebaSi Sedian regionaluri satyeo sammarTveloebi(romlebic 2007 wels Camoyalibdnen satyeo meurneobebis reorganizaciis Sedegad).saqarTvelos garemos <strong>da</strong>cvisa <strong>da</strong> bunebrivi resursebis saministros saxelmwifosaqveuwyebo <strong>da</strong>wesebuleba <strong>da</strong>culi teritoriebis departamenti - departamentis<strong>da</strong>qvemdebarebaSi Sedian <strong>da</strong>culi teritoriebi (erovnuli parkebi, nakrZalebi,aRkveTilebi, bunebis Zeglebi).garemos <strong>da</strong>cvisa <strong>da</strong> bunebrvi resursebis saministros saxelmwifo saqveuwyebo<strong>da</strong>wesebuleba garemos <strong>da</strong>cvis inspeqcia - aris garemos <strong>da</strong>cvis sferoSi saxelmwifokontrolis erTiani centralizebuli organo. misi ZiriTadi amocanebia: saxelmwifokontrolis ganxorcieleba garemos <strong>da</strong>cvis sferoSi; bunebrivi resursebiT ukanonosargeblobis faqtebis gamovlena <strong>da</strong> aRkveTa; saministros mier gacemuli licenziebis/nebarTvebis pirobebis Sesrulebis kontroli.garemos <strong>da</strong>cvisa <strong>da</strong> bunebrvi resursebis saministros licenziebisa <strong>da</strong> nebarTvebisdepartamenti - departamentis kompetenciaa saxelmwifo ekologiuri eqspertizisganxorcielebis uzrunvelyofa, limitebis <strong>da</strong>mtkicebis organizeba, sargeblobislicenziebTan <strong>da</strong>kavSirebiT auqcionebis mowyobis organizeba, salicenzio <strong>da</strong>sanebarTvo mowmobebis gacema.Tavis samoqmedo teritoriebze kompetenciis farglebSi fizikuri <strong>da</strong>cvis funqciasaxorcieleben <strong>da</strong>culi teritoriebis administraciebi <strong>da</strong> regionaluri satyeosammarTveloebi.8
3. ekosistemebisaqarTveloSi gvxvdeba Semdegi mTavari biomebi: tyeebi, Walis tyeeebi,naxevaru<strong>da</strong>bnoebi, stepebi, ariduli naTeli tyeebi <strong>da</strong> hemi-qserofiluri buCqnarebi,wyalWarbi teritoriebi (tbebi, Waobebi, WanWrobebi <strong>da</strong> sxv.), sub-alpuri, alpuri<strong>da</strong> subnivaluri zonebi. amaTgan yvelaze didi farTobi tyeebs ukaviaT. kolxeTisrefugiumi, <strong>da</strong>savleT kavkasionis kirqvianebisa <strong>da</strong> maRalmTis mcenareuli kompleqsebigansakuTrebiT gamorCeulia ekologiuri <strong>da</strong> biogeografiuli TvalsazrisiT,saxeobebis mravalferovnebiTa <strong>da</strong> endemizmis maRali doniT.ekosistemur doneze biomravalferovnebis komponentebis marTva xorcieldebasatyeo meurneobis warmoebisa <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>culi teritoriebis meSveobiT. amis gamo, amTavSi saubari gveqneba satyeo seqtorsa <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>cul teritoriebze.3.1 tye3.1.1 arsebuli mdgomareobasaqarTvelo tyiT mdi<strong>da</strong>r qveyanad iTvleba. oficialuri monacemebiT, tyiTaa<strong>da</strong>faruli qveynis teritoris <strong>da</strong>axloebiT 40%. amasTanave tyis saSualo sixSirekritikul zRvramdea misuli <strong>da</strong> Seadgens 0,52-s. amasTan, kritikul zRvarze (0,5)<strong>da</strong>bali sixSiris koromebi tyiT <strong>da</strong>faruli saerTo farTobis naxevarze mets (55%)Seadgens. aseT tyeebs mkveTrad aqvთ <strong>da</strong>qveiTebuli <strong>da</strong>cviTi funqciebi (nia<strong>da</strong>g<strong>da</strong>cviTi,wyalSemnaxveli, wyalmaregulirebeli, sanitarul-higienuri <strong>da</strong> sxv.) <strong>da</strong> TviTaRdgena-TviTganaxlebis unari, rac saboloo jamSi uaryofiT gavlenas axdens saerToekologiur viTarebaze saqarTveloSi (saqarTvelos biomravalferovnebis strategia<strong>da</strong> moqmedebaTa gegma, 2005) miuxe<strong>da</strong>vad amisa, saqarTveloSi jer kidev SemorCeniliaTiTqmis xeluxlebeli tyis koromebi, romlebic Cveni biogeografiuli erTeulisTvalsaCino magaliTs warmoadgenen <strong>da</strong> amis gamo, didi konservaciuli mniSvnelobagaaCniaT.saqarTvelos tyis kodeqsis mixedviT, saqarTvelos tyis fondi moicavs saxelmwifotyis fondsa <strong>da</strong> saqarTveloSi sakuTrebis sxva formiT arsebul tyeebsa <strong>da</strong> maTresursebs. saxelmwifo tyis fondi - saqarTvelos tyeebis udidesi nawili, dReisaTvisaris saqarTvelos garemos <strong>da</strong>cvisa <strong>da</strong> bunebrvi resursebis saministros gamgeblobaSi,maT Soris: satyeo meurneobis departamentis gamgeblobaSia saqarTvelos tyeebis -82%, <strong>da</strong>culi teritoriebis departamentis gamgeblobaSi – <strong>da</strong>axloebiT - 8%. tyeebismcire nawili - 2% ekuTvnis vasil gulisaSvilis saxelobis satyeo instituts, xolo<strong>da</strong>narCenis (8%) kuTvnileba gaurkvevelia 1 . ZiriTa<strong>da</strong>d esaa yofili e.w. sakolmeurneotyeebi, romelTa fizikurad ga<strong>da</strong>cema ar ganxorcielebula - adgilobrivimmarTvelobisa <strong>da</strong> TviTmmarTvelobis organoebze. am TavSi ar mimovixilavT <strong>da</strong>culteritoriebs, romelTac calke Tavi eqnebaT miZRvnili.amrigad, dReisaTvis saqarTvelos tyeebi mTlianad saxelmwifo sakuTrebSia.amasTanave, kerZo sakuTrebis safuZvlebi Cadebulia saqarTvelos kanonmdeblobaSi.saqarTvelos tyis kodeqsSi (muxli 9) naTqvamia, rom saqarTvelos tyis fondismesakuTre SeiZleba iyos saxelmwifo, saqarTvelos sapatriarqo, agreTve fizikuri<strong>da</strong> kerZo samarTlis iuriduli pirebi. amasTanave naTqvamia, rom saxelmwifo tyis1 es aris saministros 2005 wlis oficialuri monacemebi. am droi<strong>da</strong>n garkveuli farTobebi satyeodepartamenti<strong>da</strong>n ga<strong>da</strong>eca <strong>da</strong>culi teritoriebis departaments: Seiqmna Tbilisis erovnuli parki,mtiralas erovnuli parki, neZvis aRkveTilis tyis farTobebi (11000 ha) ga<strong>da</strong>eca borjom-xaragauliserovnuli parkis administracias.9
fondi aris saxelmwifo sakuTreba <strong>da</strong> misi gansaxelmwifoebriobis wesi dgindeba“saqarTvelos tyeebis gansaxelmwifoebriobis Sesaxeb” saqarTvelos kanoniT. tyeebisgansaxelmwifoebrioeba, anu privatizeba SesaZlebelia mxolod am zemoxsenebulikanonis amoqmedebis Semdeg (muxli 120).3.1.2 tyis marTvis instituciuri aspeqtebisameurneo tyis fondTan 2 <strong>da</strong>kavSirebuli saqmianoba moicavs ramdenime aspeqts,esenia:• politikis warmoeba (kanonmdebloba <strong>da</strong> sxv.);• tyiTsargebloba (licenzireba, xelSekrulebebi);• tyis marTva: (movla, biologuri <strong>da</strong>cva, gaSeneba, satyeo fondis tyis miwebiTsargebloba, monitoringi, ka<strong>da</strong>stri, aRricxva);• tyis fizikuri <strong>da</strong>cva (ukanono tyiTsargeblobis winaaRmdeg brZola).politikis warmoebapolitikas satyeo seqtorSi warmarTavs saqarTvelos garemos <strong>da</strong>cvisa <strong>da</strong> bunebriviresursebis saministro. sameurneo tyeebTan <strong>da</strong>kavSirebiT ZiriTadi pasuxismgebeliasaxelmwifo saqveuwyebo <strong>da</strong>wesebuleba satyeo departamenti. igi muSaobs sakuTaridebulebis, saqarTvelos tyis kodeqsisa <strong>da</strong> sxva normatiuli dokumentebissafuZvelze.tyiTsargeblobatyiTsargeblobis licenziebis gacemas awarmoebs garemos <strong>da</strong>cvisa <strong>da</strong> bunebriviresursebis saministro, kerZod licenziebisa <strong>da</strong> nebarTvebis departamenti.licenziis gacemis uflebamosileba saministrom SeiZleba mianiWos Tavis teritoriulorganoebs. dReisaTvis aseTi ga<strong>da</strong>bareba gakeTebulia mxolod aWaris avtonomiurirespublikis garemos <strong>da</strong>cvis sammarTveloze.licenziebis gacema xdeba auqcionis wesiT. dRevandeli kanonmdeblobiT, saqarTvelostyis kodeqsis Sesabamisad, <strong>da</strong>Svebulia moklevadiani - erT wlamde <strong>da</strong> grZelvadiani- 20 wlamde licenziebi. dReisaTvis ar arsebobs sakanonmdeblo baza tyis ijariTgacemisaTvis an privatizebisaTvis. konstituciis mixedviT, am sakiTxis ga<strong>da</strong>wyvetaparlamentis prerogativaa.tyiT sargeblobisaTvis licenziebi gaicema “licenziebisa <strong>da</strong> nebarTvebis Sesaxeb”saqarTvelos kanonis Sesabamisad. tyiT sargeblobis licenziebi miekuTvnebasargeblobis 3 licenziis saxeobas. arsebobs Semdegi saxis tyiT sargeblobis licenziebi:tyiT sargeblobis generaluri licenzia, xe-tyis <strong>da</strong>mzadebis specialuri licenzia,samonadireo meurneobis specialuri licenzia. amasTanave, tyiT sargeblobisgeneraluri licenzia aris dokumenti, romelic moicavs samonadireo meurneobisa<strong>da</strong> xe-tyis <strong>da</strong>mzadebis specialuri licenziebs. mxolod erTi specialuri licenziTgaTvaliswinebuli saqmianobis gansaxorcieleblad generaluri licenziis mopovebasavaldebulo ar aris.tyiT sargeblobis generaluri <strong>da</strong> specialuri licenziebi gaicema auqcionis wesiT.auqcionSi monawileobis miRebis wesi, pirobebi <strong>da</strong> sawyisi fasis <strong>da</strong>dgenis wesi asevegansazRvrulia kanonmdeblobaSi. licenziis maZiebelma ganacxadi un<strong>da</strong> Seitanos2 saxelmwifo tyis fondi <strong>da</strong>culi teritoriebis gar<strong>da</strong>3 “licenziebisa <strong>da</strong> nebarTvebis Sesaxeb” saqarTvelos kanonis mixedviT (2005 w.) bunebrivi resursebismopovebisaTvis gaicema sargeblobis licenzia, romlis erT-erTi saxea tyiT sargeblobis licenziebi10
funqciebis SenarCunebis RonisZiebebis SemuSaveba, tyis fondis miwebze <strong>da</strong>Svebulisaqmianobis monitoringi <strong>da</strong> ze<strong>da</strong>mxedveloba, TanamSromloba saerTaSoriso,adgilobriv, samecniero <strong>da</strong> sazogadoebriv organizaciebTan.satyeo departamentis SemadgenlobaSi Sedian misi teritoriuli organoebi: 9regionaluri satyeo sammarTvelo <strong>da</strong> sabaziso sanerge meurneoba. esenia: qvemoqarTlis, Si<strong>da</strong> qarTlis, mcxeTa-mTianeTis, samcxe-javaxeTis, imereTis, guriis, raWaleCxumi-qvemosvaneTis, samegrelo-zemo svaneTis <strong>da</strong> kaxeTis regionaluri satyeosammarTveloebi, aseve Sedis sabaziso sanerge meurneoba. satyeo samarTveloebSiSedian satyyeo ubnebi. es satyeo ubnebi praqtikulad warmoadgenen yofil satyeomeurneobebs.sammarTvelos uflebebi <strong>da</strong> movaleobebia: tyis fondis teritoriaze arsebuliresursebis aRricxva, kontroli tyis <strong>da</strong>cvasa <strong>da</strong> tyiTsargeblobis wesebis <strong>da</strong>cvaze,kanonmdeblobis <strong>da</strong>rRvevaTa aRkveTa, oqmis Sedgena, xe-tyis kanonierebis, xetyiswarmoSobisa <strong>da</strong> saSeSe merqnis kanonierebis <strong>da</strong>ma<strong>da</strong>sturebeli dokumentebisgacema 4 ; ukanonod mopovebuli resursis CamorTmeva, saxelmwifo tyis fondismiwebi<strong>da</strong>n saxelmwifoebrivi <strong>da</strong> sazogado interesisaTvis miwis nakveTebisgamoyofasTan <strong>da</strong>kavSirebuli wina<strong>da</strong>debebis momzadeba, departamentis uzrunvelyofainformaciiT.amrigad, debulebis mixedviT, uSualod kontrolisa <strong>da</strong> monitoringis funqciasasrulebens satyeo departamentis adgilobrivi (teritoriuli) organoebi, monacemebisSejereba <strong>da</strong> Tavmoyra ki un<strong>da</strong> xdebodes sakuTriv departamentSi. am monacemebsdepartamenti awvdis saministros. ramdenad efeqturia es sistema, jer-jerobiTZneli saTqmelia, vinai<strong>da</strong>n satyeo departamentis axali sistema (struqturuliclilebebi) mxolod 2007 wlis 1 marts Sevi<strong>da</strong> ZalaSi, xolo bolomde <strong>da</strong>kompleqtebadResac ar <strong>da</strong>mTavrebula. Statebis srulad <strong>da</strong>kompleqtebis SemTxvevaSi erT tyismcvelze saSualod gapirovnebuli un<strong>da</strong> iyos 4500 ha teritoria.amdenad, sameurneo tyis fondis marTvis yvela aspeqti, gar<strong>da</strong> uSualod licenziebisgacemisa, exeba satyeo departaments. licenziebis kontrolisa <strong>da</strong> ukanonomopovebasTan brZolis funqcia aseve akisria garemos <strong>da</strong>cvisa <strong>da</strong> bunebrivi resursebissaministros garemos <strong>da</strong>cvis inspeqcias. gar<strong>da</strong> uSualod e.w. swrafi reagirebisfunqciisa, anu savele gasvlebisas ukanono qmedebebis aRmoCenisa, inspeqciam un<strong>da</strong>moaxdinos licenziis pirobebis kontroli 5 . jerjerobiT ar aris <strong>da</strong>zustebuli,rogor iTanamSromleben satyeo meurneobis departamenti <strong>da</strong> garemos <strong>da</strong>cvis inspeqciaukanono WrebTan brZolaSi <strong>da</strong> ramdenad gamijnulia maTi kompetenciebi.4 es dokumentebi gamoiyeneba mopovebuli xe-tyis transportirebisas <strong>da</strong> kanonmdeblobis SesabamisadmoTxovnisas waredgineba sabaJo, samarTal<strong>da</strong>mcav organoebs, garemos <strong>da</strong>cvis inspeqciisa <strong>da</strong> satyeodepartamentis wamomadgenlebs.5 2006-07 wlebSi 500-ze meti gacemuli erTwliani licenzii<strong>da</strong>n arcerTs ar aqvs Sevsebuli licenziispirobebi <strong>da</strong> amdenad gaugebaria, rogor axdenen kanonis am moTxovnis Sesrulebas. pirobebis SesrulebisSemowmeba SesaZloa gaarTulos im garemoebamac, rom gacemul licenziebSi araswora<strong>da</strong>a Sevsebuligrafa “mosaWreli resursis saxeoba”. imis nacvlad, rom miTiTebuli iyos merqniani resursis raodenobamcenaris saxeobrivi saxelwodebebis mixedviT, xSir SemTxvevaSi aRniSnulia “wiwvovani” <strong>da</strong> “foTlovani”.aseTma Canawerma SesaZlebelia xeli Seuwyos ukanonod mopovebuli xe-tyis transportirebas <strong>da</strong>vaWrobasac.12
mogvianebiT, Seswavlil iqna reformis pirveli etapi (1991-1998 wlebi) <strong>da</strong> aRiarebuliqna Semdegi Secdomebi:- restitucia <strong>da</strong> privatizacia <strong>da</strong>iwyo sazogadoebrivi interesebis analizisgareSe;- miwis reformam mesakuTreebs ar ganusazRvra valdebulebebi, ramac tye<strong>da</strong>ucveli <strong>da</strong>tova;- axali mesakuTreebi ar aiZules <strong>da</strong>ecvaT tyis marTvis gegmis moTxovnebi;- satyeo kanonmdeblobis reforma <strong>da</strong>iwyo miwis reformasTan erTad, ramacgamoiwvia qaosi;- fineTis ganviTarebis programis konsultantebi ar iTvaliswinebdnenestonelebis interesebs;- politikosebma airCies ultra-liberaluri satyeo reforma, ramac tyis marTvissistema voluntaristuli <strong>da</strong> ara gamWvirvale gaxa<strong>da</strong>;- ara gamWvirvale metyeveoba badebs <strong>da</strong>usjelobis grZnobas tyis mesakuTreebSi,ar arsebobs saWiro informacia, rac iwvevs ukanono metyeveobas;- reformis ganmavlobaSi makontrolebeli organoebis umetesoba <strong>da</strong>iSala;amdenad, reformis ganxorcielebis gza ar iyo kargad gaazrebeli <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>balansebuli.miwisa <strong>da</strong> satyeo reformisadmi radikalurma liberalurma midgomam SeqmnaaragamWvirvale samarTlebrivi <strong>da</strong> administraciuli garemo <strong>da</strong> impulsi miscasamrewvelo xe-tyis ukanono mopovebas.1999 wels satyeo reformis Cavardna ukve naTeli gax<strong>da</strong>. garemos<strong>da</strong>mcvelebma,mecnierebma, arasamTavrobo organizaciebis warmomadgenlebma <strong>da</strong> bevrma metyevemmTavrobis winaSe <strong>da</strong>sves sakiTxi tyiTsargeblobis regulirebis <strong>da</strong> gamWvirvalemetyeveobis aRdgenis Sesaxeb. saministrom cno tyis seqtoris problemebis nawili<strong>da</strong> gakeT<strong>da</strong> garkveuli cvlilebebi. estoneTis memarjvene ultra-liberalurpolitikosebs ar hqon<strong>da</strong>T mniSvnelovani cvlilebebis neba.1999 wels Seiqmna saxelmwifo tyeebis marTvis centri (Riigimetsa Majan<strong>da</strong>mise Keskus-RMK), romelsac <strong>da</strong>ekisra saxelmwifo tyeebis marTva (tyeebi, romlebic ar iyvnenrestituciis Sedegad privatizebuli).2002 wels ga<strong>da</strong>wy<strong>da</strong>, rom “upatrono” tyeebis marTvas Tavis Tavze saxelmwifotyis marTvis centri aiReb<strong>da</strong>. is ze<strong>da</strong>mxedvelobas gauwev<strong>da</strong> am miwebs, Caatareb<strong>da</strong>inventarizacias mosaxleobis strategiuli interesebis (infrastruqtura,garemo, bunebis konservacia <strong>da</strong> miwis optimizacia) gaTvaliswinebiT. mogvianebiT,SeTanxmdebo<strong>da</strong> pirobebi am miwebis erovnuli privatizaciisTvis.2003 wels axali memarjvene mTavrobis mosvlasTan erTad <strong>da</strong>iwyo axali politikatyeebTan mimarTebaSi. <strong>evrokavSiris</strong> wevroba ukve realuri gax<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>evrokavSiris</strong>moTxovnebTan SesabamisobaSi mosvlis gamo satyeo politika ufro <strong>da</strong>cvasa <strong>da</strong>konservaciaze orientirebuli gax<strong>da</strong>.dReisaTvis tyeeebis 38% privatizebulia, 38% aris saxelmwifo sakuTrebaSi,<strong>da</strong>narCenis kuTvnileba <strong>da</strong> momavali gaurkvevelia.satyeo seqtoris marTva <strong>da</strong> ze<strong>da</strong>mxedveloba xorcieldeba estoneTis garemos <strong>da</strong>cvissaministros mier, <strong>da</strong>qvemdebarebuli organoebis meSveobiT <strong>da</strong> iyofa Semdeg ZiriTad14
procesebad: <strong>da</strong>gegmva, metyeveoba, warmoeba, marketingi, tyis <strong>da</strong>cva <strong>da</strong> ze<strong>da</strong>mxedveloba,tyis gaumjobeseba. estoneTis tyeebis marTvaSi monawileoben Semdegi uwyebebi:saxelmwifo tyeebis marTvis centri (RMK, www.rmk.ee) es aris saxelmwifo momgebianisawarmo, erTaderTi aseTi tipisa estoneTSi. centrma erTis mxriv tyis Wrisa <strong>da</strong>tyis resursebis gayidviT saxelmwifos un<strong>da</strong> moutanos Semosavali. meores mxriv,centris amocanebia izrunos unikaluri tyis garemos SenarCunebaze, garemos<strong>da</strong>cviTisatyeo samuSaoebis warmoebasa <strong>da</strong> ufaso rekreaciuli SesaZleblobebis Seqmnaze.saxelmwifo tyis marTvis centri moqmedebs Semdegi ZiriTadi mimarTulebebiT:tyis marTva, mcenareTa kultivacia <strong>da</strong> rekreaciis marTva, sanadiro meurneobebi.organizaciaSi <strong>da</strong>saqmebulia 1100 a<strong>da</strong>miani, umetesoba profesionali metyevea.tyis <strong>da</strong>cvisa <strong>da</strong> metyeveobis centri aris estoneTis garemos <strong>da</strong>cvis saministrosiurisdiqciis qveS myofi saagento. centris saqmianoba <strong>da</strong>kavSirebulia yvela saxissakuTrebisa <strong>da</strong> kategoriis tyesTan. misi ZiriTadi funqciebia:- tyis mdgradi <strong>da</strong> mravalfunqciuri marTvis kanonmdeblobis SeqmnaSi monawileobismiReba, tyis <strong>da</strong>cva <strong>da</strong> misi marTva, kanonmdeblobis Sesrulebis analizi, monitoringi<strong>da</strong> sxva;- tyis <strong>da</strong>cvisa <strong>da</strong> mdgradi marTvis Sesaxeb estoneTis respublikis mierratificirebuli saerTaSoriso SeTanxmebebisSegroveba <strong>da</strong> momzadeba;Sesrulebis Sesaxeb informaciis- gamoyenebuli kvlevebis organizeba, sakonsultacio momsaxureba <strong>da</strong> saqmianobametyeveobisa <strong>da</strong> tyis <strong>da</strong>cvis sferoSi;- metyeveobasTan <strong>da</strong>kavSirebuli informaciis Segroveba <strong>da</strong> analizi;- mcenareTa Teslis warmoebasa <strong>da</strong> importze nebarTvis gacema.estoneTis tyeze meTvalyureobis centri aris kompania, romlis wilobrivi mesakuTreagaremos <strong>da</strong>cvis saministro. mis funqciebSi Sedis tyis inventarizacia, tyis marTvisgegmis momzadeba, satyeo miwebis saga<strong>da</strong>saxado fasis <strong>da</strong>Tvla, tyis maragis analizismomzadeba <strong>da</strong> sxva.tyis marTvasa <strong>da</strong> kontrolSi monawileoben agreTve estoneTis garemos<strong>da</strong>cviTidepartamenti <strong>da</strong> garemos<strong>da</strong>cviTi inspeqtorati.estoneTis garemos<strong>da</strong>cviTi departamenti, Sedis saministros SemadgenlobaSi –awarmoebs satyeo operaciebis yoveldRiur monitorings savele muSakebis meSveobiT(erT muSakze modis satyeo miwis 30 000 ha). es samsaxuri axdens adgilobrivi donisnebarTvebs administrirebas.garemos<strong>da</strong>cviTi inspeqtorati, Sedis saministros SemadgenlobaSi - aqvs mTeli qveynisteritoriaze uzrunvelyofs kanonebisa <strong>da</strong> instruqciebis (wesebis) Sesrulebas (erTinspeqtorze modis 43 000 ha tyis farTobi).2007 wlis 1 ianvri<strong>da</strong>n Sevi<strong>da</strong> cvlilebebi satyeo kanonmdeblobaSi. cvlilebebi exebatyeebis ganaxlebas, kerZo tyeebis <strong>da</strong>xmarebas, ukanono Wrebis Semcirebas, mdgradimetyeveobis Sesaxeb cnobierebis amaRlebas.estoneTSi mdgradi metyeveobis xelSewyobisaTvis didi mniSvneloba eniWeba kerZoseqtorisaTvis <strong>da</strong>xmarebis gawevas. saxelmwifo afinansebs kerZo tyis mfobelebisganaTlebas satyeo meurneobis warmoebaSi, aseve gamoyofs kompensaciebs kerZomesakuTreebisaTvis.estoneTis tyeebisaTvis <strong>da</strong>debiTi roli iTamaSa evrokavSirSi gawevrianebam <strong>da</strong> Natura15
egionuli iniciativa, romelSic koleqtiurad Cabmulia 150-ze meti qveyana <strong>da</strong>romelsac gaaCnia tyeebis mdgradi marTva kriteriumebi <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> indikatorebi. maTSoris yvelaze mniSvnelovania 3 iniciativa: 1) Working Group on Criteria and Indicators forthe Conservation and Sustainable Management of Temperate and Boreal Forests (Montreal Process),2) Ministerial Conference for the Protection of Forests in Europe <strong>da</strong> 3) International Tropical TimberOrganization. am iniciativebis wevri qveynebi, rogorc wesi, Tanxmdebian imaze, romangariSgebas moaxdenen erTi <strong>da</strong> igive indikatorebis gamoyenebiT. qveynebis SigniTganmaxorcielebeli mmarTveli struqturis doneze Zalisxmeva aseve mimarTuliamdgradi tyis marTvis adgilobrivi kriteriumebisa <strong>da</strong> indikatorebis SemuSavebisken.oraganizaciebma Center for International Forestry Research <strong>da</strong> The International Model ForestNetwork SeimuSaves meTodebi, raTa <strong>da</strong>exmaron adgilobriv tyeze <strong>da</strong>mokidebul TemebssakuTari adgilobrivi tyis mdgradi marTvis kriteriumebisa <strong>da</strong> indikatorebisSemuSavebaSi.zemoT <strong>da</strong>saxelebuli cxra iniciativis kriteriumebi <strong>da</strong> indikatorebi, SeiZleba,gaerTiandes Svid Tematur jgufSi:• tyis resursebis zoma (uwyvetoba);• biologiuri mravalferovneba;• tyis sijansaRe <strong>da</strong> sicocxlisunarianoba;• produqtiuloba <strong>da</strong> tyis resursebi;• tyis resursebis <strong>da</strong>cviTi funqcia;• socio-ekonomikuri funqcia;• samarTlebrivi, politikuri <strong>da</strong> instituciuri struqtura.es Svidi Tematuri jgufi kargad gamoxatavs tyis mdgradi marTvisadmi arsebulmidgomas. es Tematuri jgufebi miRebuli iqna saerTaSiroso satyeo sazogadoebismier gaerTianebuli erebis meoTxe satyeo forumze <strong>da</strong> satyeo meurneobis komitetismeTeqvsmete sesiaze.ekosistemuri midgoma 1995 wli<strong>da</strong>n Setanili iyo “biologiuri mravalferovnebisSesaxeb konvenciis” dRis wesrigSi. konvenciiseuli ganmartebiT, ekosistemurimidgoma aris miwis, wylisa <strong>da</strong> cocxali resursebis integrirebuli marTvis strategia,romelic xels uwyobs konservaciasa <strong>da</strong> mdgrad gamoyenebas samarTliani gziT.ekosistemuri midgomis meSveobiT SesaZlebelia <strong>da</strong>culi iqnes balansi konvenciis samkomponents Soris. ekosistemuri midgomis mixedviT, a<strong>da</strong>mianebi, Tavisi kulturulimravalferovnebiT warmoadgenen mravali ekosistemis Semadgenel nawils.biomravalferovnebis konvenciis mxareTa konferenciam tyeebis mdgradi marTvaaRiara, rogorc tyis ekosistemebis marTvis ekosistemuri midgomis konkretulimeTodi.ori koncefcia – tyeebis mdgradi marTva <strong>da</strong> ekosistemuri midgoma, gulisxmobenkonservaciisa <strong>da</strong> menejmentis iseTi meTodebis gamoyenebas, romlebic ariangaremos<strong>da</strong>cviTi, socialuri <strong>da</strong> ekonomikuri TvalsazrisiT mdgradi <strong>da</strong> sargebelsmoutanen dRevandel <strong>da</strong> momaval Taobebs.evropis orma avtoritetulma organom - evropis ministrTa konferenciam <strong>da</strong>biologiuri <strong>da</strong> landSafturi mravalferovnebis panevropulma sabWom erToblivadSeimuSaves dokumenti, romliTac cnes, rom tyeebis mdgradi marTva ganuyofeliaekosistemuri midgomisgan 9 .9 Joint Position Of The MCPFE And The Efe/PEBLDS On The Pan-European Understanding of the Linkage Between the EcosystemApproach And Sustainable Forest Management17
mzardma garemos<strong>da</strong>cviTma cnobierebam <strong>da</strong> xe-tyis ga<strong>da</strong>mamuSavebelTa moTxovnamewarmoebinaT socialuri pasuxismgeblobis matarebeli biznesi xeli Seuwyo<strong>da</strong>moukidebeli sertificirebis <strong>da</strong>nergvas.sertificirebis potenciuri momxmareblebi arian: tyis menejerebi, investorebi,garemos<strong>da</strong>cviTi advokatebi, qaRaldisa <strong>da</strong> merqnis momxmarebeli biznesmenebi <strong>da</strong>kerZo pirebi.tyis sertificirebis meSveobiT <strong>da</strong>moukidebeli organizacia amkvidrebs tyis marTvis“karg” stan<strong>da</strong>rtebs. <strong>da</strong>moukidebeli auditorebi gascemen sertifikatebs misistan<strong>da</strong>rtebis Sesabamisad. sertificirebuli tyeebi niSnavs, rom isini marTuli arianstan<strong>da</strong>rtebis Sesabamisad, rac garantias iZleva, rom iqi<strong>da</strong>n mopovebuli merqani,qaRaldi <strong>da</strong> sxva produqtebi miRebulia garemos<strong>da</strong>cviTi moTxovnebis Sesabamisad.amrigad, <strong>da</strong>moukidebeli sertificireba mniSvnelovani instrumentia maTvis,visac un<strong>da</strong>, rom <strong>da</strong>rwmunebuli iyos imaSi, rom mis mier SeZenili tyis produqciamopovebulia kanonis <strong>da</strong>cviT <strong>da</strong> mdgradi meTodebiT marTul tyeSi.sertifikaciis gazr<strong>da</strong>m gamoiwvia ramdenime sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva sistemis gaCena msofliosmasStabiT. Sedegad, ar arsebobs erTi romelime msoflioSi sayovelTaod miRebulityis marTvis stan<strong>da</strong>rti <strong>da</strong> yvela sistemas gaaCnia raRaciT gansxvavebuli midgomatyis mdgradi menejmentis ganmsazRvreli stan<strong>da</strong>rtebisadmi.sertificirebis zogierTi ZiriTadi stan<strong>da</strong>rtia:• kanadis stan<strong>da</strong>rtebis asociacia ( Canadian Stan<strong>da</strong>rds Association - CSA)• saerTaSoriso satyeo sameurveo sabWo ( Forest Stewardship Council - FSC)• mdgradi metyeveobis instututi ( Sustainable Forestry Initiative - SFI)• tyis sertificirebis sqemebis mxar<strong>da</strong>Weris programa ( Programme for theEndorsement of Forest Certification schemes - PEFC).msoflioSi sertificirebuli tyeebis farTobis swrafi tempiT izrdeba. 2006 wlisdekemberSi 2 444 000 kvadratuli kilometri farTobis tye iyo sertificirebuli CSA,FSC, SFI stan<strong>da</strong>rtebis Sesabamisad, romelTagan mxolod kana<strong>da</strong>Si sertificirebulia1237000 kvadratuli kilometri.yvelaze meti raodenobiT sertificirebuli tyeebia evropasa <strong>da</strong> Crdilo amerikaSi.ganviTarebad qveynebSi es instrumenti farTod ar gamoiyeneba sertificirebuliauditisa <strong>da</strong> sertificirebis stan<strong>da</strong>rtebis arqonis gamo.rogorc aRvniSneT, tyis mdgradi marTvis sakiTxebSi erT-erTi yvelaze mniSvnelovaniiniciativa aris tyis sakiTxebze momuSave evropis ministrTa konferencia. dRemdegaimarTa oTxi konferencia, xolo bolo maTgani 2003 wels venaSi (avstria). masSimonawileobas iReb<strong>da</strong> tyis marTvis sakiTxebTan <strong>da</strong>kavSirebuli 40 evropuli qveynisuwyebis xelmZRvaneli (maT Soris saqarTvelo).2003 wlis venis ministrTa konferenciis mier miRebulia ramdenime mniSvnelovanidokumenti, romelTa rekomen<strong>da</strong>ciebis Sesrulebac ivaldebules monawile qveynebma.es aris venis ministrTa deklaracia (venis cocxali tyeebis samitis deklaracia:evropis tyeebi – saerTo sargebeli, ganawilebuli pasuximgebloba (Vienna LivingForest Summit Declaration European Forests: Common Benefits, Shared Responsibilities) <strong>da</strong> xuTirezolucia.pirveli rezolucia aris TanamSromlobis gaZliereba evropaSi tyis mdgradi marTvissakiTxebSi seqtorebs Soris TanamSromlobisa <strong>da</strong> tyis erovnuli programebis18
meSveobiT 10 . am rezoluciis mixedviT aRiarebulia, rom tyeebis mdgradi marTvaSeuZlebelia tyeebis marTvis politikisa <strong>da</strong> sxva sferoebis politikebisa <strong>da</strong>strategiebis integraciisa <strong>da</strong> koordinaciis gareSe.am rezoluciis mixedviT, xelmomweri mxareebi valdebulebas iReben SeimuSaon<strong>da</strong> Seasrulons tyeebis erovnuli programebi, raSic SesaZleblobis farglebSigamoiyeneben am rezoluciis <strong>da</strong>narTSi mocemul principebs 11 :• Tanamonawileoba;• erTiani <strong>da</strong> inter-seqtoruli midgoma;• iteratiuli (mravaljeradi) <strong>da</strong> xangrZlivi pasuxismgebloba;• SesaZleblobaTa gaZliereba;• erovnuli kanonmdeblobisa <strong>da</strong> politikis harmonizacia;• erovnuli mdgradi ganviTarebis strategiebTan integracia;• saerTaSoriso valdebulebebTan Sesabamisoba;• instituciuri <strong>da</strong> politikuri reforma;• partnioroba ganxorcielebis procesSi;• cnobierebis amaRleba.meore rezolucia exeba tyeebis mdgradi marTvis ekonomikur aspeqtebs <strong>da</strong> ewodeba“tyeebis mdgradi marTvis ekonomikuri efeqturobis gazr<strong>da</strong>”. masSi naTqvamia,rom ekonomikuri efeqturoba warmoadgens tyeebis mdgradi marTvis ZiriTadprincips <strong>da</strong> ga<strong>da</strong>mwyveti mniSvneloba eniWeba tyeebis <strong>da</strong>cvisa <strong>da</strong> maTi mravalmxivigamoyenebisaTvis, raTa xeli Seuwyos tyeebis mdgrad gamoyenebas <strong>da</strong> a<strong>da</strong>mianebisuzrunvelyofas sasicocxlo aucileblobebiT, gansakuTrebiT soflad mcxovrebimosaxleobis. xelmomweri qveynebi valdebulebas iReben Seqmnan samarTlebrivi <strong>da</strong>sxva instrumentebi tyeebis mdgradi marTvis stabiluri pirobebis Sesaqmnelad,romlebic moaxdenen satyeo seqtorSi investirebisa <strong>da</strong> ekonomikuri saqmianobisstimulirebas, maT Soris satyeo kanonmdeblobis gamkacrebas, ukanonod mopovebulixe-tyis mopovebisa <strong>da</strong> masTan <strong>da</strong>kavSirebuli vaWrobis aRsakveTad.mesame rezolucia aris evropaSi tyeebis mdgradi marTvis socialuri <strong>da</strong> kulturuliaspeqtebis SenarCuneba <strong>da</strong> gaZliereba. igi efuZneba imis aRiarebas, rom tyeebisRirebuleba asaxulia a<strong>da</strong>mianis xalxTa kulturaSi, enaSi, xelovnebaSi, tradiciebSi<strong>da</strong> sxva sulier RirebulebebSi. amis gamo, qveynebi valdebulebas iReben tyeebismdgradi marTvis socialuri <strong>da</strong> kulturuli aspeqtebi asaxon satyeo <strong>da</strong> sxva Sesabamiserovnul politikebSi.gansakuTrebiT sainteresoa meoTxe rezolucia - “evropaSi tyis biomravalferovnebisSenarCuneba <strong>da</strong> gazr<strong>da</strong>”. am rezoluciaSi mocemulia evropis tyeebis klasifikaciissistema. am sistemis mixedviT, tyeebi iyofa <strong>da</strong>cul, <strong>da</strong>cviT <strong>da</strong> sxva tyiT <strong>da</strong>faruliteritoriebad <strong>da</strong> maTze wesdeba mdgradi ganviTarebis Sesatyvisi reJimi.<strong>da</strong>culi <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>cviTi tyeebi <strong>da</strong>yofilia xuT klasad. rac Zalze mniSvlelovania,am <strong>da</strong>yofaSi mocemulia urTierTkavSiri bunebis <strong>da</strong>cvis msoflio kavSiris (IUCN)kategoriebsa <strong>da</strong> evropis garemos <strong>da</strong>cvis saagentos kategoriebs Soris. (pirvelismixedviT xdeba <strong>da</strong>culi kategoriebis <strong>da</strong>weseba, xolo meore warmoadgens, NATURA2000 <strong>da</strong> “zurmuxtovani qselis” kriteriumebs). am rezoluciis ZiriTadi principebi10 Strengthen synergies for sustainable forest management in Europe through cross-sectoral co-operation and nationalforest programmes.11 The Annex to Vienna Resolution 1: “Strengthen Synergies for Sustainable Forest Management in Europe Through Cross-SectoralCo-operation and National Forest Programmes” embraced the MCPFE Approach to National Forest Programmes in Europe19
un<strong>da</strong> iqcnen mniSvnelovan instrumentad tyeebis <strong>da</strong>cvis saqmeSi.sxva iniciativa, romelic <strong>da</strong>kavSirebulia tyeebTan <strong>da</strong> romlis wevricaa saqarTvelo,aris “kanonis aRsruleba, mmarTveloba <strong>da</strong> vaWroba satyeo seqtorSi” 12 (FLEGT).evrokomisiam <strong>da</strong>mtkica misi samoqmedo gegma 2003 wlis 21 maiss. es iniciativa arispolitikuri procesi, romlis mizania tyis ukanono WrasTan <strong>da</strong> vaWrobasTan brZola.FLEGT iniciativiT evrokavSiri, rogorc merqnis erT-erTi msxvili momxmarebeli,inawilebs pasuxusmgeblobas merqnis mwarmoebel qveynebTan ukanono mopovebasTan <strong>da</strong>vaWrobasTan brZolaSi. moqmedebaTa gegma gulisxmobs nebayoflobiTi SeTanxmebisSemuSavebas xe-tyis mwarmoebel qveynebsa <strong>da</strong> evrokavSirs Soris. evrokavSirSieqsportirebuli <strong>da</strong> partnior qveynebSi warmoebuli merqnis kanoniereba un<strong>da</strong>ganisazRvros licenziebiT, romelsac gascemen partnior-qveynebSi. aseTi sabuTisgareSe aikrZaleba evrokavSirSi merqnis Setana. imisaTvis, rom sabaJo samsaxurebmamoaxdinon ukanono xe-tyis Setanis SeCereba, saWiro gaxdeba evrokavrSiris axalidireqtivis miReba.2005 wels sankt-peterburgSi, aRniSnuli Temisadmi miZRvnil ministrTa mesamekonferenciaze, msoflios ormoc<strong>da</strong>xuTma qveyanam (saqarTvelos CaTvliT) xelimoawera “evropisa <strong>da</strong> CrdiloeT aziis satyeo seqtorSi kanonaRsrulebisa <strong>da</strong>mmarTvelobis” (ENA FLEG) deklaracias. deklaraciaze xelmomwerma qveynebma aiRespolitikuri valdebuleba, yvela <strong>da</strong>interesebul mxaresTan SeTanxmebiT, SeimuSaon <strong>da</strong>ganaxorcielon erovnuli gegma seqtoris marTvis gasaumjobeseblad, aralegaluriWrebisa <strong>da</strong> vaWrobis aRsakveTad. aseve, mTelma rigma donorma organizaciebmagamoTqves deklaraciis miznebis misaRwevad xelmomweri qveynebisaTvis <strong>da</strong>xmarebisaRmoCenis survili. un<strong>da</strong> aRiniSnos, rom formalurad, saqarTvelos mier deklaraciazexelmoweris faqti mniSvnelovani win ga<strong>da</strong>dgmuli nabijia, radgan aRniSnuliTsaqarTvelos mTavrobam <strong>da</strong>afiqsira satyeo seqtorSi mmarTvelobis gaumjobesebisa<strong>da</strong> korufciasTan brZolis politikuri neba. samwuxarod, am deklaraciiT (iseverogorc sxva mravali saerTaSoriso SeTanxmebiT, konvenciiTa Tu xelSekrulebiT)aRebuli valdebulebebi mxolod qaRaldze rCeba 13 .3.1.5 saqarTvelos satyeo seqtoris reforma: tendenciebi <strong>da</strong> safrTxeebisatyeo seqtoris reformis aucileblobaze Tanxmdeba yvela samTavrobo uwyeba,organizacia <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>moukidebeli eqsperti, Tumca am reformis ganxorcielebis gzebTan<strong>da</strong>kavSirebiT arsebobs garkveuli SeuTanxmebloba sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva pozicias Soris. wlebisganmavlobaSi mTavrobis mier miRebuli ga<strong>da</strong>wyvetilebebi winaaRmdegobaSi modiserTmaneTTan <strong>da</strong> ar igrZnoba Tanamimdevruloba. amis mTavari mizezia erovnulisatyeo politikis ararseboba.msoflioSi arsebulma praqtikam gvaCvena, rom tyis mdgradi menejmentisgansaxorcieleblad saxelmwifom Semdegi TanamimdevrobiT un<strong>da</strong> ganaxorcielosqmedebebi:• SeimuSaos <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>amtkicos erovnuli satyeo politika;• erovnul satyeo politikaze <strong>da</strong>yrdnobiT SeimuSaos satyeo strategia <strong>da</strong>moqmedebaTa gegma;• erovnuli satyeo politiki<strong>da</strong>n <strong>da</strong> strategiis Sesabamisad <strong>da</strong>amtkicos satyeokanonmdebloba <strong>da</strong> ganaxocielos instituciuri reforma;12 FLEGT - Forest Law Enforcement, Governance and Trade13 dRemde aRniSnuli iniciativis farglebSi ar ganxorcielebula arc erTi qmedeba, ar Seqmnila arcerTi dokumenti; Tavad deklaraciaze xelmoweris faqtic ki ar aris <strong>da</strong>fiqsirebuli arc saministrosinternet-gverdze <strong>da</strong> arc wliur angariSSi, rac niSnavs, rom ver acnobiereben mis mniSvnelobas.20
tye mTeli eris sakuTreba <strong>da</strong> cxoveli interesis sagania, vinai<strong>da</strong>n masTan mWidro<strong>da</strong>aga<strong>da</strong>jaWvuli garemos<strong>da</strong>cviTi, ekonomikuri <strong>da</strong> socialuri sakiTxebi. amitom tyeebTan<strong>da</strong>kavSirebuli mniSvnelovani ga<strong>da</strong>wyvetilebebis miReba un<strong>da</strong> xdebodes sazogadoebisfarTo monawileobiTa <strong>da</strong> erovnuli konsensusis gziT.aseTi qmedebebis ganxorcielebas saqarTvelos xelisuflebas avaldebulebsmonawileoba sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva konvenciebSi <strong>da</strong> iniciativebSi, romelTa mierac deklarirebuliamdgradi metyeveobis principebi (magaliTad, konvencia biomravalferovnebis Sesaxeb,MCPFE <strong>da</strong> ENA-FLEG <strong>da</strong> sxv.).meore faqtori, romelic aucilebelia mdgradi tyis menejmentisaTvis, aris zustiinventarizaciis, anu tyeTmowyobis monacemebis arseboba. es mniSvnelovania, rogorctyis mdgradi marTvis uzrunvelsayofad, anu konservaciuli TvalsazrisiT, asevepotenciuri investorisaTvis swori informacis misawodeblad.dRes moqmedi erTaderTi strategiuli dokumenti, romelic satyeo seqtors exeba,aris “saqarTvelos biomravalferovnebis strategia <strong>da</strong> moqmedebaTa gegma”, romelic<strong>da</strong>mtkicebulia mTavrobis <strong>da</strong>dgenilebiT (saqarTvelos mTavrobis 2005 wlis 19Tebervlis #27 <strong>da</strong>dgenileba).am dokumentSi sakmaod detalurad aris aRwerili satyeo seqtorSi arsebuliproblemebi, gansazRvrulia zogadi strategiuli miznebi <strong>da</strong> amocanebi <strong>da</strong> naTqvamia,rom “satyeo strategia <strong>da</strong> moqmedebaTa gegma am dokumentSi 14 gansazRvrul Sesabamismiznebsa <strong>da</strong> amocanebze <strong>da</strong>yrdnobiT SemuSavdeba calke dokumentis saxiT”.saqarTvelos satyeo seqtoris reformaze saubari <strong>da</strong> muSaoba gasuli saukunis 90-iani wlebis meore naxevarSi <strong>da</strong>iwyo. sabWoTa kavSiris <strong>da</strong>Slis Semdgom periodSi,samoqalaqo <strong>da</strong> qveynis teritoriuli mTlianobisaTvis warmoebuli omebis dros,bunebrivia, rom aravis ecala satyeo meurneobis reformisaTvis. konstituciismiRebisa <strong>da</strong> axali kanonmdeblobis safuZvlebis Camoyalibebis Semdeg, saxelmwifom<strong>da</strong>iwyo sabWoTa drois satyeo meurneobebi<strong>da</strong>n sabazro ekonomikis Sesabamisiinstituciebisken gar<strong>da</strong>qmnisaTvis mzadeba.am mizniT Seiqmna axali tyis kodeqsi (1999), rasac moyva msoflio bankis mier<strong>da</strong>finansebuli “saqarTvelos satyeo seqtoris ganviTarebis proeqtis” <strong>da</strong>wyeba. amproeqtis mizans warmoadgen<strong>da</strong> saqarTvelos satyeo seqtoris reformireba, marTvisgaumjobeseba <strong>da</strong> instituciuri gaZliereba.samwuxarod, am proeqtis sawyis etapzeve ar iqna SemuSavebuli erovnuli satyeopolitika. Sedegad, proeqtis mier SemuSavebuli araerTi dokumenti <strong>da</strong> ganxorcielebuliqmedeba dRes gamouyenebelia 15 . reformis arsi <strong>da</strong> mimarTuleba ki icvlebamTavrobaSi ganxorcielebuli struqturuli cvlilebebisa <strong>da</strong>, rac yvelaze uaresia,uwyebis SigniT xelmZRvaneli pirebis cvlilebis/ga<strong>da</strong>nacvlebebis Sedegad.reformirebis pirveli modeli Seiqmna 2002-2003 wlebSi. is gulisxmob<strong>da</strong> komerciulisaxelmwifo struqturis Camoyalibebas, romelic Seasruleb<strong>da</strong> sameurneo samuSaoebs.mxolod amis Semdgom <strong>da</strong>iwyo msoflio bankis proeqtma zrunva satyeo politikisdokumentis Seqmnaze. amisaTvis proeqtis mier mopovebul iqna gaeros sursaTisa14 igulisxmeba “saqarTvelos biomravalferovnebis <strong>da</strong>cvis strategia <strong>da</strong> moqmedebaTa gegma”.15 magaliTad, dokumenti “satyeo seqtoris racionalizaciis <strong>da</strong> institucionaluri ganviTarebis gegma”,vinai<strong>da</strong>n 2004 wels “vardebis” revolucis Semdeg mTavrobaSi ganxorciel<strong>da</strong> Zireuli reforma, ri-Tac satyeo meurneobis saxelmwifo departamenti gaerTian<strong>da</strong> garemos <strong>da</strong>cvisa <strong>da</strong> bunebrivi resursebissaministroSi.21
<strong>da</strong> soflis meurneobis organizaciis (FAO) granti, rasac xeli moewera 2004 wlis<strong>da</strong>sawyisSi.“vardebis revoluciisa” <strong>da</strong> garemos <strong>da</strong>cvisa <strong>da</strong> bunebrivi resursebis saministrosSemadgenlobaSi departamentis gaerTianebis Semdgom, kvlav <strong>da</strong>dga dRis wesrigSisatyeo seqtoris reformirebis sakiTxi. samwuxarod, politikis SemuSaveba amSemTxvevaSic meore planze ga<strong>da</strong>ido <strong>da</strong> jer reformis koncefciis SemuSaveba<strong>da</strong>iwyo.saqarTvelos mTavrobis mier Seiqna satyeo <strong>da</strong>rgis reformirebis samTavrobo komisia.satyeo meurneobis departamentma moamza<strong>da</strong> reformis koncefcia, romelsac komisiaganixilav<strong>da</strong>. mTavrobis kabinetma <strong>da</strong> parlamentis Sesabamisma komitetma ganixileses sakiTxi <strong>da</strong> SeTanxmdnen kidevac reformis ZiriTad mimarTulebebze 2004 wlisbolos-2005 wlis <strong>da</strong>sawyisSi.reformis Sedegad, un<strong>da</strong> Seqmniliyo satyeo urTierTobebis axali subieqti _saxelmwifo saaqcio sazogadoeba, saxelmwifos 100%-iani wilobrivi monawileobiT,romelic gaxdebo<strong>da</strong> sameurneo tyeebis marTvaze uflebamosili organo (komerciulistruqtura). saaqcio sazogadoeba ganaxorcieleb<strong>da</strong> samewarmeo saqmianobassaqarTvelos kanonmdeblobis Sesabamisad; tyeebi <strong>da</strong>iyofo<strong>da</strong> sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva kategoriebad<strong>da</strong>niSnulebisa <strong>da</strong> funqciis mixedviT - maRali kategoriis, produqtiulobiTgamorCeul <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>cvis funqciis matarebel tyeebad. reformis Sedegad tyeebikuTvnilebis mixedviT Camoyalibdebo<strong>da</strong> saTemo, municipalur <strong>da</strong> saxelmwifotyeebad; reformis Sedegad licenzirebas <strong>da</strong>qvemdebarebuli tyiTsargeblobis formaiqnebo<strong>da</strong> grZelvadiani ijara, romelic SemdgomSi SeiZleba transformirebuliyokerZo sakuTrebad;am reformis koncefciis SemuSavebaSi ar miuRia monawileoba sazogadoebiswarmomadgenlebs <strong>da</strong> arc saministros sxva struqturebs, gar<strong>da</strong> satyeo departamentisa.mxolod ramdenime prezentacia gaimarTa. mTlianobaSi, marTvis es modeli hgav<strong>da</strong>evropis qveynebSi arsebuls, Tumca iq <strong>da</strong>balansebulia ekonomikuri, socialuri<strong>da</strong> ekologiuri sakiTxebi 16 . reformis koncefciaSi mravali arsebiTi momenti<strong>da</strong>umuSavebeli <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>uzustebeli iyo: rogor moxdebo<strong>da</strong> tyis farTobebis gamoyofaaxali <strong>da</strong>culi teritoriebis Sesaqmnelad <strong>da</strong> arsebulis gasafarToeblad; rogorganxorcieldebo<strong>da</strong> kontroli <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>cva; rogor SenarCundebo<strong>da</strong> konkurentuli garemokerZo xe-tyis <strong>da</strong>mamzadebel subieqtebsa <strong>da</strong> saxelmwifo saaqcio sazogadoebas Soris,saxelmwifo tyis fondis ra nawili ga<strong>da</strong>ecemo<strong>da</strong> saaqcio sazogadoebas <strong>da</strong> sxv.mxolod aseTi reformis koncefciis SemuSavebis Semdgom <strong>da</strong>iwyo saqarTvelos satyeopolitikis dokumentis Seqmnaze muSaoba.2005 wels departamentis xelmZRvanelobis cvlilebis Semdeg, kvlav Seicvalareformis aqcenti. axali reformis koncefciis dokumenti 17 gamoqveyn<strong>da</strong> 2006wlis <strong>da</strong>sawyisSi. saxelmwifo saqcio sazogadoebis idea uaryofil iqna. tyiTsargeblobis ZiriTad formad kvlav miCneuli iyo grZelvadiani ijara. naTqvamiiyo, rom saxelmwifos ganzraxuli aqvs tyeebis maqsimaluri raodenoba ijarisformiT ga<strong>da</strong>sces kerZo seqtors. ijara momavalSi Seicvlebo<strong>da</strong> kerZo sakuTrebiT.16 magaliTad, avstriaSi tyeebis nawils marTavs saxelmwifo kompania -Österreichische Bundesforste (ÖBf).is axdens tyeebis, mTebisa <strong>da</strong> mdinareebis <strong>da</strong>cvasa <strong>da</strong> marTvas. kompaniis gamgeblobaSia 860 aTasi ha,rac Seadgens avstriis teritoriis 10%-s: esaa qveynis tyeebis 15% <strong>da</strong> tbebis 70%. misi teritoriisnaxevarze meti <strong>da</strong>culia garemos<strong>da</strong>cviTi kanonmdeblobiT.17„saqarTvelos garemos <strong>da</strong>cvisa <strong>da</strong> bunebrivi resursebis saministros pozicia saxelmwifo tyeebismarTvisa <strong>da</strong> resursebiT sargeblobis reformirebasTan <strong>da</strong>kavSirebiT”, 2006 w.22
dokumentSi reformis samagaliTo qveynebad <strong>da</strong>saxelebuli iyo afrikis, laTinuriamerikis <strong>da</strong> aziis qveynebi, ruseTi <strong>da</strong> kana<strong>da</strong>.am koncefcias, uamravi xarvezi hqon<strong>da</strong>, ris gamoc, <strong>da</strong>imsaxura garemos<strong>da</strong>cviTiorganizaciebis <strong>da</strong> eqspertebis kritika. ar iyo gaazrebuli, vin marTav<strong>da</strong> tyeebs,romelTa ijariT gacemac ver moxerxdebo<strong>da</strong>, rogor un<strong>da</strong> gatarebuli konservaciuliRonisZiebebi, mosaxleobis piradi moxmarebis mizniT merqniT <strong>da</strong>kmayofileba <strong>da</strong> sxv.praqtikulad, wina reformis koncefciasTan iyo mxolod erTi arsebiTi gansxvaveba:ar iqmnebo<strong>da</strong> saxelmwifo komerciuli struqtura, radgan is moiazrebo<strong>da</strong>, rogorcaxali korufciis wyaro <strong>da</strong> potenciuri monopolisti.am dokumentis gamoqveynebis Semdeg, saministrom <strong>da</strong>iwyo muSaoba tyis politikisSemuSavebaze. zemoT naxsenebi reformis koncefcia, sisustisa <strong>da</strong> mwvave kritikisgamo mTlianad uaryofil iqna <strong>da</strong> aqcenti ga<strong>da</strong>vi<strong>da</strong> politikis SemuSavebaze FAO-sgrantis Sesabamisad. rogorc movlenebma gviCvena, es uaryofa droebiTi iyo.2006 wlis zafxulis <strong>da</strong>sawyisSi saministros mier Seqmnili eqspertTa jgufis mierSeiqmna “saqarTvelos satyeo politikis koncefcia”. am koncefciis <strong>da</strong>mtkicebisSemdgom <strong>da</strong> mis safuZvelze un<strong>da</strong> Seqmniliyo saqarTvelos satyeo politika <strong>da</strong>strategia. Catar<strong>da</strong> koncefciis ganxilvebic <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>isaxa saboloo dokumentisSemuSavebis vadebi <strong>da</strong> gegma.mokle xanSi saministrom kvlav araswori mimarTulebiT warmarTa donorebTanSeTanxmebuli saqarTvelos satyeo politikis Seqmnis SeTanxmebuli procesi.2006 wlis bolos, kvlav samTavrobo cvlilebebis Sedegad, “saqarTvelos satyeopolitikis koncefcia” moulodnelad ga<strong>da</strong>keT<strong>da</strong> sul sxva Sinaarsisa <strong>da</strong> formisdokumentad - “saqarTvelos satyeo politika <strong>da</strong> strategia” - anu pretenzia hqon<strong>da</strong><strong>da</strong>srulebul variantze. am dokumentis SemuSavebac sruliad aragamWvirvaled,ramdenime a<strong>da</strong>mianis kabineturi moRvaweobis Sedegad mox<strong>da</strong>. es iyo ori dokumentis:“saqarTvelos satyeo politikis safuZvlebisa” <strong>da</strong> saministros mier 2006 wlis<strong>da</strong>sawyisSi gavrcelebuli “reformis koncefciis” nazavi. bunebrivia, is SeniSvnebi<strong>da</strong> wina<strong>da</strong>debebi, romlebic adre iqna gakeTebuli, azrs kargav<strong>da</strong>.dokumenSi erTmaneTSi iyo areuli mizani, amocana, prioritetuli mimarTuleba,principi <strong>da</strong> qmedeba; warsuli menejmenti, arsebuli mdgomareobis aRwera <strong>da</strong> politikiTgansazRvruli samomavlo qmedebebi aseve ar iyo gamijnuli; gansaxilvel dokumentshqon<strong>da</strong> pretenzia “strategiazec”, magram ar axl<strong>da</strong> samoqmedo gegma <strong>da</strong> ganxorcielebisindikatorebi. iyo Seusabamobebic, magaliTad: dokumenti gulisxmob<strong>da</strong> saqarTvelostyeebis <strong>da</strong>yofas/kategorizacias MCPFE klasebis mixedviT, rac misasalmebelia;Tumca, amavdroulad, venis rezoluciiT SemoTavazebuli tyeebis klasebad <strong>da</strong>yofagaigivebuli iyo sakuTrebis formebTan <strong>da</strong> uSveb<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>culi teritoriebis kerZosakuTrebaSi ga<strong>da</strong>cemas.amasTanave, dokumentis struqtura <strong>da</strong> ganwyoba mianiSneb<strong>da</strong>, rom am qmedebisganxorcielebaze ga<strong>da</strong>wyvetileba ukve miRebulia, xolo Tavad dokumenti situaciisSelamazebisTvis <strong>da</strong> donorebis gulis mosagebad, formalurad keTdebo<strong>da</strong>.mTlianobaSi SesaZlebeli iyo <strong>da</strong>gveskvna, rom saqarTvelos garemos <strong>da</strong>cvisa <strong>da</strong>bunebrivi resursebis saministros mier momzadebuli dokumentiT “saqarTvelossatyeo politika <strong>da</strong> strategia” SeuZlebelia “satyeo seqtoris marTvis sistemaSiqmediTi RonisZiebebis ganxorcieleba” (rogorc amas irwmunebo<strong>da</strong> saministros 2006wlis angariSi).23
arasamTavrobo organizaciebis mxri<strong>da</strong>n argumentirebuli kritikis Sedegad (amdros kvlav mox<strong>da</strong> departamentis xelmZRvanelobis Secvla) kidev erTxel Seicvaladokumenti, Tumca kvlav sazogadoebis informirebis gareSe. politikis ganmsazRvrelies dokumentic gamoqveyn<strong>da</strong> mxolod mas Semdeg, rac SemuSav<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> ganxorcieleba<strong>da</strong>iwyo satyeo seqtoris reformam.axal dokuments ewodeba “saqarTvelos satyeo politika”. am dokumentis mixedviT,saqarTveloSi tyeebze sakuTrebis formebi Camoyalibdeba Semdegi saxiT:1. saxelmwifos sakuTrebaSi arsebuli satyeo fondis teritoriebi, romelTamarTvaze pasuxismgebeli iqneba garemos <strong>da</strong>cvisa <strong>da</strong> bunebrivi resursebissaministro (Sesabamisad satyeo <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>culi teritoriebis departamentebismeSveobiT). saxelmwifo tyis fondis teritoriebis nawili auqcionis wesiTSeiZleba xangrZlivvadian sargeblobaSi ga<strong>da</strong>eces kerZo samarTlis iuridiulpirebs xe-tyis <strong>da</strong>mzadebis, aseve samonadireo meurneobebisa <strong>da</strong> turistulrekreaciuliinfrastruqturis mowyobisa <strong>da</strong> sxva miznebisaTvis;2. avtonomiuri respublikebis marTvaSi arsebuli satyeo fondis teritoriebis,romelic aseve SesaZloa xangrZlivvadian sargeblobaSi samarTavad ga<strong>da</strong>ecesfizikur an iuridiul pirebs;3. adgilobrivi TviTmmarTvelobis organoebis marTvaSi arsebuli adgilobrivimniSvnelobis satyeo fondis teritoriebi;4. sapatriarqos marTvaSi arsebuli satyeo fondis teritoriebi;dokumentis Tanaxmad, aqcenti ga<strong>da</strong>va xangrZlivvadian tyiTsargeblobazelicenziebis formiT (gansxavebiT wina variantebisgan, sa<strong>da</strong>c ijara igulisxmebo<strong>da</strong>).satyeo fondis teritoriebis sakuTrebisa <strong>da</strong> marTvis formebis miuxe<strong>da</strong>vad satyeopolitikis ganxorcielebas koordinacias gauwevs <strong>da</strong> tyiT sargeblobis kontrolsganaxorcielebs saqarTvelos garemos <strong>da</strong>cvisa <strong>da</strong> bunebrivi resursebis saministro.gansazRvrulia im tyeebis savaraudo CamonaTvali (<strong>da</strong>axloebiT 800 000 ha), romlebic2007 wlis Semodgomamde un<strong>da</strong> ga<strong>da</strong>vides adgilobrivi TviTmmarTvelobis erTeulebismarTvaSi.adgilobrivi TviTmmarTvelobis organoebis mier Seiqmneba Sesabamisi satyeoganyofilebebi, romlebic <strong>da</strong>finansdeba TviTmmarTveli erTeulebis biujetebi<strong>da</strong>n.TviTmmarTvelobis organoebis ufleoba-movaleobebi iqneba: (a) adgilobrivimosaxleobis saSeSe <strong>da</strong> samasale moTxovnilebebis <strong>da</strong>kmayofileba 18 ; (b) tyis <strong>da</strong>cvisa<strong>da</strong> aRdgenis RonisZiebebis ganxorcieleba; (g) tyis statistikuri (fonuri)inventarizacia; (d) zemoaRniSnuli formebis Sevseba <strong>da</strong> saministrosTvis wardgena;(e) tyis marTvis gegmebis SemuSaveba <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>samtkiceblad saministroSi warmodgena.gansazRvrulia oTxi ZiriTadi funqcia, romelic un<strong>da</strong> Seasrulos saxelmwifomtyeebTan mimarTebaSi:(1) regulirebis funqcia moicavs satyeo politikis ganxorcielebisaTvis saWiro18 gaugebaria, adgilobivi mosaxleobis saSeSe <strong>da</strong> samasale merqniT <strong>da</strong>kmayofileba mxolod adgilobrivityeebis xarjze moxdeba Tu sxva farTobebi<strong>da</strong>nac. yofili sakolmeurneo tyeebi yvelaze ufro degradirebulia<strong>da</strong> aseTi nabiji Zalian mokle periodSi am tyeebis (800 aTasi ha) srul ganadgurebas gamoiwvevs.es tyeebi ubralod ver SeZleben mosaxleobis moTxovnilebis <strong>da</strong>kmayofilebas. aseve gaurkvevelia,marTvaSi ga<strong>da</strong>ecema TviTTmmarTvelobis organoebs tye, Tu sakuTrebaSi?24
sakanonmdeblo-normatiuli bazis srulyofas yvela SesaZlo <strong>da</strong>interesebulimxaris monawileobiT;(2) ze<strong>da</strong>mxedvelobis funqcia moicavs instituciuri sistemis Seqmnas, romelicuzrunvelyofs kanonaRsrulebas tyis fondis teritoriebze, maTi sakuTrebisa<strong>da</strong> marTvis formebis miuxe<strong>da</strong>vad;(3) mesakuTreobis (mflobelobis) funqcia niSnavs saxelmwifos mier tyis im<strong>da</strong>gvarmarTvas, rodesac uzrunvelyofilia saxelwifo tyeebisaTvis <strong>da</strong>maxasiaTebeliekologiuri <strong>da</strong> sicialuri funqciebis ganxorcieleba, rac Tavis mxrivuzrunvelyofs tyis <strong>da</strong>cvas, saxelmwifo tyis Rirebulebis gazr<strong>da</strong>s <strong>da</strong>mogebis gazr<strong>da</strong>s tyis mflobelisaTvis-saxelmwifosaTvis;(4) xelSewyobis funqcia gulisxmobs iseTi pirobebis Seiqmnas, romelic xelsSeuwyobs tyis grZelvadiani funqciis stabilizacias <strong>da</strong> kerZo seqtorismotivaciis gazr<strong>da</strong>s.saerTaSoriso valdebulebebis Sesrulebisa <strong>da</strong> saqarTveloSi mdgradi metyeveobisganviTarebis, aseve tyis marTvis Tanamedrove stan<strong>da</strong>rtebis <strong>da</strong>nergvis TvalsazrisiTprioritetul orientirad aRebulia satyeo sameurveo sabWos (FSC) saxelmZRvaneloprincipebis <strong>da</strong>mkvidreba.dokumentSi jer kidev bevri ram iyo <strong>da</strong>samuSavebeli: adgilobrivi mosaxleobisuzrunvelyofa piradi moxmarebis SeSiTa <strong>da</strong> samasale merqniT, naklebad igrZnobo<strong>da</strong>ekosistemuri midgoma, araferi iyo naTqvami sazogadoebis informirebasa <strong>da</strong>ga<strong>da</strong>wyvetilebis procesSi CarTvis SesaZloblobebze.satyeo departamentma moawyo am dokumentis erTi ganxilva <strong>da</strong> iTxova SeniSvnebisa <strong>da</strong>wina<strong>da</strong>debebis miwodeba 19 . bevri maTgani gaTvaliswinebuli iqna proeqtis <strong>da</strong>xvewisas.Tumca, samTavrobo uwyebebSi ise <strong>da</strong>igzavna dokumenti SesaTanxmelad <strong>da</strong> mTavrobissxdomaze ise gavi<strong>da</strong>, rom bolo versia sazogadoebisTvis ar gax<strong>da</strong> xelmisawvlomi.amrigad, dokumentis miRebis demokratiulobis xarisxi, aseve is, rom politikismisa<strong>da</strong>geba xdeba ukve ga<strong>da</strong>wyvetil reformis kursTan, kvlav ucvleli <strong>da</strong>rCa 20 .Tumca, mTavrobis sxdomaze wardgenil versiaSi “saqarTvelos satyeo politikis”mizani <strong>da</strong>xvewili saxiT iqna warmodgenili <strong>da</strong> srulad Seesabamebo<strong>da</strong> mdgradi marTvisprincipebs. <strong>da</strong>emata sazogadoebis monawileobasTan <strong>da</strong>kavSirebuli <strong>da</strong> ekologiurisakiTxebi. bolomde ar aris cxadi ra formiT (sakuTrebis Tu marTvis uflebiT)ga<strong>da</strong>ecema tyeebi adgilobrivi xelisuflebas.reformis ganxorcielebis saxeliT ukve gaica xe-tyis <strong>da</strong>mzadebis ramdenimelicenzia 20 wlis vadiT. un<strong>da</strong> aRiniSnos satyeo departamentis <strong>da</strong>mokidebulirebatyeTmowyobis samuSaoebisadmi. maTi azriT winaswari inventarizacia <strong>da</strong> tyeTmowyobasaxelmwifom ar un<strong>da</strong> Caataros, vinai<strong>da</strong>n es zedmeti <strong>da</strong> didi xarjia. amitomtyeTmowyobis samuSaoebis Catareba licenziants un<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>evalos. am SemTxvevaSi,winaswaro monacemebis arqonis gamo, SesaZlebelia mosaWrelad gaices degradirebulifarTobebi, sa<strong>da</strong>c merqnis maragebi ar arsebobs, an <strong>da</strong>cviTi <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>culi Rirebulebismqone tyeebi. licenziantis mier sakuTari mosapovebeli resursis Sefaseba kigarkveul interesTa konfliqtis Seicavs. licenziantebis <strong>da</strong>valdebuleba, gaiaros19 asociacia mwvane alternativam miawo<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>wvrilebiTi <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>sabuTebuli SeniSvnebi satyeo departamentsam dokumentTan <strong>da</strong>kavSirebi <strong>da</strong> aqtiuri monawileoba miiRo ganxilvebSi.20 arsebuli situacis gamo, mwvane alternativam mimarTa msoflio banks <strong>da</strong> moiTxova “tyis ganviTarebisproeqtis” SeCereba.25
sertificireba satyeo sameurveo sabWos (FSC) wesebiT, erTi SexedviT <strong>da</strong>debiTimovlenaa; magram imis fonze, rom sertificirebis erovnuli stan<strong>da</strong>rtebi jer araris SemuSavebuli <strong>da</strong> arc qveyanaSi arseboben specialistebi, vinc erkvevian amsakiTxSi, am normis licenziis pirobebSi Cadeba jerjerobiT formalobaa <strong>da</strong> arSeiZleba ganixilebodes, rogorc tyeebis SenarCunebisa <strong>da</strong> mdgradi gamoyenebisgarantia. imis gamo, rom tyeebis naxevarze metSi sixSire kritikul zRvarzea,grZelvadiani licenziiT xdeba maRali konservaciuli Rirebulebebis tyeebisgacema. amasTanave, rogorc wesi, sertificireba nebayoflobiTia, xolo misi <strong>da</strong>wyeba– aprobacia un<strong>da</strong> xdebodes sacdel (sapilote) monakveTebze. amdenad, saministrosmidgoma, rom inventarizacia gakeTdes investoris mier, xolo monitoringi satyeosameurveo sabWos (FSC) sertificirebuli komerciuli organizaciebis meSveobiT,ZirSive mc<strong>da</strong>ria. eqspertebi erTxmad aRniSnaven, rom Tu SenarCun<strong>da</strong> saqarTvelostyiani ekosistemebis merqnuli resursebis gamoyenebis arsebuli tempi, miuxe<strong>da</strong>vadimisa, kanonieri iqneba es Tu ukanono, 10-15 weliwadSi saqarTvelos tyeebi mTlianadmoispoba.arsebobs kidev erTi saxifaTo tendencia. rogorc aRvniSneT, dReisaTvis tyeebiskerZo sakuTrebaSi ga<strong>da</strong>cemis meqanizmi ar arsebobs. infrastruqturis mSeneblobisa<strong>da</strong> rekreaciuli gamoyenebisTvis kerZo pirebze tyis farTobis miyidvis mizniT,xdeba farTobebis amoricxva saxelmwifo satyeo fondi<strong>da</strong>n <strong>da</strong> arasasoflo-sameurneofondSi Caricxva. aseTi qmedebisaTvis ki aRar aris saWiro garemoze zemoqmedebisSefasebis gakeTeba. xSir SemTxvevaSi, es aris tyiT <strong>da</strong>ufaravi adgilebi <strong>da</strong>saxlebulipunqtebis siaxloves. miuxedevad amisa, aucilebelia, rom aseTi saxiT gayiduliteritoriebisaTvis arsebobdes garantiebi, rom ar moxdeba tyiT <strong>da</strong>faruli farTobebisSemcireba <strong>da</strong> degra<strong>da</strong>cia. tyis moWris gar<strong>da</strong>uvalobis SemTxvevaSi, aucilebeli un<strong>da</strong>iyos kompensacia – sanacvlo teritoriaze tyis gaSeneba. amis garanti ki SeiZlebaiyos sakanonmdeblo norma. msgavsi praqtika arsebobs, rodesac specialuri kanoniTxdeba sasoflo-sameurneo <strong>da</strong>niSnulebis miwis nakveTis arasasoflo-sameurneo mizniTgamoyenebis dros sanacvlo miwis aTvisebisaTvis fuladi kompensacia.3.1.6 rekomen<strong>da</strong>ciebisaqarTvelos tyeebis ekologiuri mdgomareobis <strong>da</strong> arsebuli tendenciebisgaTvaliswinebiT aucileblad migvaCia:1. Sewydes saqarTvelos tyeebis merqnuli resursis farTomasStabiani gamoyeneba;2. saqarTvelos tyeebis aranakleb 15% mieniWos <strong>da</strong>culi statusi (IUCN I-IV kategoria,anu nakrZalebi, erovnuli parkebi, bunebis Zeglebi, aRkveTilebi); am <strong>da</strong>culiteritoriebis administraciebis Camoyalibebamde normatiuli aqtiT mieniWos maTsarezervo <strong>da</strong>culi teritoriebis statusi <strong>da</strong> aikrZalos merqnis industriuli<strong>da</strong>mzadeba.3. gar<strong>da</strong> amisa, naklebad mkacri reJimis <strong>da</strong>cul teritoriebad gamocxades (IUCNV-VI kategoria, anu <strong>da</strong>culi landSaftebi <strong>da</strong> tradiciuli gamoyenebis zonebi. aqar ikrZaleba tradiciuli sameurneo saqmianoba) <strong>da</strong>matebiT tyeebis aranakleb15%, romelTa marTva SesaZlebelia moaxdinon TviTmmarTvelobis organoebmac.sarezervo <strong>da</strong> axali <strong>da</strong>culi teritoriebis gamocxadebis dros gaTvaliswinebuliiqnes <strong>evrokavSiris</strong> rekomen<strong>da</strong>ciebi, raTa, moxdes <strong>da</strong>culi teritoriebis jer“zurmuxtovan qselSi”, Semdeg ki evrokavSirSi Sesvlis SemTxvevaSi, Natura 2000-isqselSi gaerTianeba.26
Natura 2000 saitebis SerCevis procesis <strong>da</strong>xmarebis mizniT, evrokavriSis wevrebi <strong>da</strong>komisia SeTanxmdnen yuradReba gaemaxvilebinaT(http://ec.europa.eu/environment/nature/nature_conservation/natura_2000_network):• tyeebze, romlebic Seqmnilia bunebrivi saxeobebisagan <strong>da</strong> xasiaTdebian bunebrivobismaRali xarisxiT;• maRali xeebisgan Semdgar tyeebze;• tyeebze, sa<strong>da</strong>c warmodgenilia asakovani <strong>da</strong> mkv<strong>da</strong>ri xeebi;• tyeebze, romlebsac didi farTobi ukaviaT;• tyeebze, romelTac mdgradi marTvis Sedegad moqon<strong>da</strong>T sargebeli xangrZliviperiodis ganmavlobaSi.4. <strong>da</strong>sruldes saqarTvelos tyeebis inventarizacia/kategorizacia <strong>da</strong> garemos<strong>da</strong>cviTiSefasebis safuZvelze gamoiyos is ubnebi, sa<strong>da</strong>c tyis Wra jer kidev <strong>da</strong>saSvebia. esiqneba teritoriebi, sa<strong>da</strong>c sixSire optimaluria <strong>da</strong> amave dros ar warmoadgenen maRalikonservaciuli Rirebulebebis tyeebs. pirvel rigSi ki, mosaWrelad <strong>da</strong>saSvebi tyeebisxarjze moxdes adgilobrivi mosaxleobis pirveladi saWiroebebis <strong>da</strong>kmayofileba(saSeSe Tu samasale merqniT) <strong>da</strong> mxolod <strong>da</strong>rCenili merqnuli resursis odenobagaices komerciuli mizniT (<strong>da</strong>culi <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>cviTi tyeebis gamoklebiT).5. rac Seexeba satyeo politikis SemuSavebis process, saWiroa, Tanamimdevruladga<strong>da</strong>idgas Semdegi nabijebi:• gagrZeldes <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>sruldes saqarTvelos tyeebis inventarizacia/kategorizacia;• normatiuli aqtiT <strong>da</strong>mtkicdes “saqarTvelos satyeo politika”, sa<strong>da</strong>c ganisazRvreba,rom garemos <strong>da</strong>cvisa <strong>da</strong> bunebrivi resursebis saministrom garkveul periodSiun<strong>da</strong> SeimuSaos “saqarTvelos satyeo politikis ganxorcielebis strategia <strong>da</strong>moqmedebaTa gegma”) <strong>da</strong> SeimuSaos axali “saqarTvelos tyis kodeqsi”;• SemuSavdes “saqarTvelos satyeo politikis ganxorcielebis strategia (mdgradimetyeveobis strategia <strong>da</strong> moqmedebaTa gegma”), romelic <strong>da</strong>eyrdnoba <strong>da</strong>mtkicebul“saqarTvelos sartyeo politikas” <strong>da</strong> tyeebis inventarizacia/kategorizaciismasalebs;• SemuSavdes axali tyis kodeqsi.6. politikis dokumenti, erovnuli strategia <strong>da</strong> moqmedebaTa gegma, axali tyiskodeqsi, aseve, tyis marTvis yoveli konkretuli meqanizmi un<strong>da</strong> iyos farTosazogadoebis ganxilvis sagani maT miRebamde/<strong>da</strong>mtkicebamde. un<strong>da</strong> moewyossrulfasovani (<strong>da</strong> ara profanaciuli) sajaro ganxilvebi farTo sazogadoebis,specialistebisa <strong>da</strong> samecniero wreebis warmomadgenelTa monawileobiT. amasTan,sazogadoebis mier gamoTqmuli SeniSvnebisa Tu mosazrebebis gauziareblobisSemTxvevaSi, orhusis konvenciis moTxovnebis Tanaxmad, xelisuflebam sajarod un<strong>da</strong><strong>da</strong>asabuTos TiToeulis gauTvaliswineblobis mizezi.7. reformebis ganxorcielebisas saxelmwifom un<strong>da</strong> Seasrulos im konvenciebisa<strong>da</strong> iniciativebis moTxovnebi, romlebic exeba tyeebs <strong>da</strong> romelTa wevricaa Cveniqveyana. upirveles yovlisa, esenia: konvencia biomravalferovnebis Sesaxeb, orhusiskonvencia, <strong>evrokavSiris</strong> direqtivebi, MCPFE, ENA-FLEG <strong>da</strong> sxv. TiToeul maTganSiekologiur moTxovnebTan erTad, didi yuradReba eTmoba sazogadoebis monawileobas<strong>da</strong> procesebis gamWvirvalobas.27
3.2 <strong>da</strong>culi teritoriebi3.2.1 arsebuli mdgomareobasaqarTveloSi pirveli nakrZali 1912 wels lagodexSi <strong>da</strong>ars<strong>da</strong>. sul sabWoTa kavSirisarsebobis periodSi Seiqmna 14 nakrZali <strong>da</strong> 5 satyeo-samonadireo meurneoba. mkacrad<strong>da</strong>culi teritoriebi warmoadgen<strong>da</strong> saqarTvelos mTliani teritoriis 2,4 %-s, xolosatyeo-samonadireo meurneobebi _ 0,8%-s.nakrZalebSi kanoniT akrZaluli iyo nebismieri saxis Careva. ikrZalebo<strong>da</strong> resursebismopoveba, tyis Wra, nadiroba, wiaRis amoReba, mSenebloba, turizmi <strong>da</strong> a.S. miuxe<strong>da</strong>va<strong>da</strong>misa, es principi <strong>da</strong>rRveuli iyo TiTqmis yvela nakrZalSi. amasTanave, nakrZalebis<strong>da</strong>arsebisas ar gamoiyenebo<strong>da</strong> kompleqsuri midgoma. aqcenti keTdebo<strong>da</strong> romelime erTisaxeobis <strong>da</strong>cvaze, yuradReba ar eqceo<strong>da</strong> sxva saxeobebsa Tu mTlianad ekosistemas.arasworad iyo identificirebuli nakrZalebis Camoyalibebis miznebi, amasTanavear arsebob<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>culi teritoriebis erTiani samarTlebrivi baza. aRniSnulisgamo, saqarTvelos nakrZalebis umetesoba <strong>da</strong>bali ekologiuri efeqturobiTxasiaTdebo<strong>da</strong>.kidev erTi tipis <strong>da</strong>cul obieqtebs warmoadgendnen cocxali <strong>da</strong> aracocxali bunebisZeglebi. isini Setanili iyvnen “saqarTvelos ssr wiTel wignSi”, cocxali bunebisZeglebad aRiricxebodnen calkeuli xe-mcenareebis didi zomis <strong>da</strong> didxnovaniegzemplarebi, mag., Walis muxa sagarejos raionSi (“eristos muxa”, asaki <strong>da</strong>axl. 600weli), uTxovari axmetis raionSi (“xe patriarqi” asaki 1800 weli) <strong>da</strong> sxv. – sul 30obieqti. araorganuli bunebis Zeglebs warmoadgendnen mRvimeebi, kldis svetebi,kanionebi <strong>da</strong> xeobebi, namarxi mcenareuloba, vulkanuri formebi <strong>da</strong> sxva - sul77 obieqti. am Zeglebis marTva ar xdebo<strong>da</strong>, maTi nawili mdebareob<strong>da</strong> saxelmwifonakrZalebis teritoriaze. SesaZlebeli iyo samarTlebrivi pasuxismgeblobis<strong>da</strong>kisreba (administraciul <strong>da</strong> sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsis mixedviT) bunebis Zeglebisxelyofisa <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>zianebisaTvis. Tanamedrove gagebiT, am Zeglebis adgili ar aris“wiTel wignSi” <strong>da</strong> maT un<strong>da</strong> hqondeT <strong>da</strong>culi teritoriebis statusi. Tumca, radgansabWoTa kanonmdebloba ar cnob<strong>da</strong> aseTi tipis <strong>da</strong>cul teritorias, ”wiTel wignSi”Setana warmoadgen<strong>da</strong> maTi SenarCunebisa <strong>da</strong> popularizaciis erTaderT saSualebas.sabWoTa periodSi nakrZalebisa <strong>da</strong> saxelmwifo samonadireo meurneobebis marTvasawarmoeb<strong>da</strong> nakrZalebisa <strong>da</strong> samonadireo meurneobebis mTavari sammarTvelo.sabWoTa kavSiris <strong>da</strong>Slis Semdeg misi memkvidre gax<strong>da</strong> saqarTvelos nakrZalebisa <strong>da</strong>samonadireo meurneobebis mTavari sammarTvelo 21 , romelic droebiTi debulebissafuZvelze funqcionireb<strong>da</strong> 1992 wlis 16 ivlisi<strong>da</strong>n (“saqarTvelos nakrZalebisa <strong>da</strong>samonadireo meurneobis mTavari sammarTvelos struqturisa <strong>da</strong> droebiTi debulebis<strong>da</strong>mtkicebis Sesaxeb” saqarTvelos mTavrobis 1992 wlis 16 ivlisis #) 1997 wlis9 oqtombramde, roca ZalaSi Sevi<strong>da</strong> saqarTvelos prezidentis #568 brZanebuleba“saqarTvelos <strong>da</strong>culi teritoriebis, nakrZalebisa <strong>da</strong> samonadireo meurneobissaxelmwifo departamentis debulebis Sesaxeb”. (manamde ZalaSi Sevi<strong>da</strong> kanoni“<strong>da</strong>culi teritoriebis sistemis Sesaxeb”). 1996 wlamde ar arsebob<strong>da</strong> specialurikanoni <strong>da</strong>culi teritoriebis sistemasTan <strong>da</strong>kavSirebiT.gasuli saukunis 90-iani wlebi<strong>da</strong>n saerTaSoriso donori organizaciebis xelSewyobiT<strong>da</strong>iwyo Tanamedrove <strong>da</strong>culi teritoriebis Camoyalibeba. SemuSav<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>culi teritoriebisganviTarebis sqema, rac safuZvlad <strong>da</strong>edo Semdgom gegmarebiT samuSaoebs.21sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva wlebSi Sedio<strong>da</strong> sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva saministros <strong>da</strong>qvemdebarebaSi, an iyo <strong>da</strong>moukidebeli uwyeba.28
1996 wels ZalSi Sevi<strong>da</strong> kanoni “<strong>da</strong>culi teritoriebis sistemis Sesaxeb”. am kanoniT<strong>da</strong>dgin<strong>da</strong>, rom saqarTveloSi <strong>da</strong>culi teritoriebi un<strong>da</strong> iqmnebodes saerTaSorisokriteriumebis, kerZod bunebis <strong>da</strong>cvis msoflio kavSiris (IUCN) kategoriebismixedviT (ix. cxrili):<strong>da</strong>culi teritoriis saxe<strong>da</strong>niSnulebakategoria(IUCN)saxelmwifo nakrZali mkacri <strong>da</strong>cva Ierovnuli parki ekosistemis konservacia <strong>da</strong> rekriacia IIbunebis Zegli bunebis Taviseburebebis konservacia IIIaRkveTili SenarCuneba aqtiuri marTvis gziT IVlandSaftebis <strong>da</strong>/an zRvis akvatoriis<strong>da</strong>culi landSafti <strong>da</strong>/an zRviskonservacia <strong>da</strong> rekriaciaVakvatoriamravalmxrivi gamoyenebisteritoriabunebrivi ekosistemis mdgradigamoyenebagar<strong>da</strong> CamoTvlilisa, SesaZlebelia Seiqmnas biosferuli rezervati <strong>da</strong> msofliomemkvidreobis ubani. orive kategoriis <strong>da</strong>mtkiceba UNESCO-s aRiarebis Semdegxdeba. kanonmdebloba aseve iTvaliswinebs savargulebis saerTaSoriso mniSvnelobiswyalWarbi teritoriebis nusxaSi, anu ramsar saitebis nusxaSi (Ramsar Site) CarTvas.rogorc aRvniSneT, <strong>da</strong>culi teritoriebis marTvis gansaxorcieleblad am kanonismiRebis Semdeg Seiqmna saqarTvelos <strong>da</strong>culi teritoriebis, nakrZalebisa <strong>da</strong>samonadireo meurneobis saxelmwifo departamenti (saqarTvelos prezidentis #568brZanebuleba).am saxelmwifo departamentis saxelwodeba sakmaod gaugebari <strong>da</strong>, SeiZleba iTqvas,kuriozulic iyo. nakrZalebi warmoadgenen <strong>da</strong>culi teritoriebis erT-erTkategorias, es aRniSnuli iyo rogorc kanonSi, ise am departamentis debulebaSi.am periodisaTvis arsebuli 5 saxelmwifo satyeo-samonadireo meurneoba ga<strong>da</strong>keT<strong>da</strong>saxelmwifo aRkveTilebad, anu <strong>da</strong>culi teritoriis kidev erT kategoriad(saqarTvelos kanoni ”cxovelTa samyaros Sesaxeb”, 1996); saxelmwifo <strong>da</strong>wesebulebebsCamoerTvaT sameurneo funqciebi: samonadireo meurneobis Camoyalibisa <strong>da</strong> marTvisufleba gaaCnia mxolod kerZo fizikur <strong>da</strong> iuridiul pirs. aqe<strong>da</strong>n gamomdinare,gaugebari iyo, ratom <strong>da</strong>rCa departamentis saxelwodebaSi sityvebi ”nakrZalebi” <strong>da</strong>”samonadireo meurneobebi”.”vardebis revoluciis” Semdgom 2004 wels <strong>da</strong>culi teritoriebis, nakrZalebisa <strong>da</strong>samonadireo meureobebis saxelmwifo departamenti reorganizebul iqna <strong>da</strong> Sevi<strong>da</strong>saqarTvelos garemos <strong>da</strong>cvisa <strong>da</strong> bunebrivi resursebis saministros SemadgenlobaSi,rogorc ”saxelmwifo saqveuwyebo <strong>da</strong>wesebuleba <strong>da</strong>culi teritoriebisdepartamenti”.dReisaTvis Cvens qveyanaSi arsebobs 5 erovnuli parki, 9 saxelmwifo aRkveTili, 18saxelmwifo nakrZali, 3 bunebis Zegli, 1 <strong>da</strong>culi landSafti. <strong>da</strong>culi teritoriebissaerTo farTobia 467 221 ha, rac qveynis teritoriis <strong>da</strong>axloebiT 6,7%_s Seadgens.maT Soris tyiT <strong>da</strong>farulia <strong>da</strong>axloebiT 75% 22 . saqarTvelos erTi <strong>da</strong>culi teritoria,kerZod borjom-xaragaulis erovnuli parki 2007 wels gaerTian<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>culiteritoriebis saerTaSoriso qselSi PAN-Parks.VI22www.dpa.gov.ge29
dRevandeli mdgomareobiT, statusis gareSe <strong>da</strong>rCnen ”saqarTvelos ssr wiTel wignSi”Setanili bunebis Zeglebi. ga<strong>da</strong>Senebis safrTxis winaSe myofi mcenareTa <strong>da</strong> cxovelTasaxeobis <strong>da</strong>sacavad Seiqmna saqarTvelos kanoni ”wiTeli nusxis Sesaxeb”, ris Semdegacprezidentis brZanebulebiT <strong>da</strong>mtkic<strong>da</strong> ”wiTeli nusxa”. igi Sedgenilia TanamedrovemoTxovnebis Sesabamisad, bunebis <strong>da</strong>cvis msoflio kavSiris (IUCN) kriteriumebiT.samwuxarod, aRar mox<strong>da</strong> amave kriteriumebisa <strong>da</strong> ”<strong>da</strong>culi teritoriebis sistemisSesaxeb” saqarTvelos kanonis Sesabamisad sabWoTa periodis bunebis ZeglebisaTvis<strong>da</strong>culi teritoria ”bunebis Zeglis” (IUCN-is III kategoria) statusis miniWeba.arsebuli <strong>da</strong>culi teritoriebi <strong>da</strong>arsebulia sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva dros, sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva meqanizmiTa<strong>da</strong> iuridiuli aqtiT. nawili <strong>da</strong>culi teritoriebisa <strong>da</strong>arsebuli iyo saqarTvelosssr ministrTa sabWos aqtebiT, nawili - <strong>da</strong>moukidebeli saqarTvelos mTavrobis<strong>da</strong>dgenilebiT, prezidentis brZanebulebiT, an specialuri kanoniT. Sesabamisad,iuridiuli statusic gansxvavebuli iyo. 2004 wels am xarvezis gamosworebismizniT yvela <strong>da</strong>culi teritoria Sevi<strong>da</strong> garemos <strong>da</strong>cvisa <strong>da</strong> bunebrivi resursebissaministros SemadgenlobaSi sajaro samarTlis iuridiuli piris statusiT (ix.saqarTvelos mTavrobis <strong>da</strong>dgenileba #5, 12.06.2004, ”saqarTvelos garemos <strong>da</strong>cvisa<strong>da</strong> bunebrivi resursebis saministros debulebis <strong>da</strong>mtkicebis Sesaxeb” muxli 8 punqti4). im <strong>da</strong>culi teritoriebs, romlebic ar iyvnen Seqmnili specialuri kanonis miRebisSedegad (igulisxmeba saqarTvelos kanoni ”TuSeTis, bawara babaneuris, lagodexisa <strong>da</strong>vaSlovanis <strong>da</strong>culi teritoriebis Seqmnisa <strong>da</strong> marTvis Sesaxeb”, romlis mixedviTac,am <strong>da</strong>culi teritoriebis direqciebs mieniWaT sajaro samarTlis iuridiuli pirisstatusi), ganesazRvraT statusi - ”sajaro samarTlis iuridiuli piri” prezidentisbrZanebulebis Sedegad.mogvianebiT, 2005 wels kvlav ganxorciel<strong>da</strong> cvlilebebi saministros debulebaSi.am cvlilebis Sedegad <strong>da</strong>culi teritoriebi aRar warmoadgenen saministros sajarosamarTlis iuridiuli pirebs. nacvlad amisa, <strong>da</strong>culi teritoriebi Camoyalib<strong>da</strong>ori tipis samarTlebrivi formiT. zogierTi arsebuli <strong>da</strong>culi teritoriebisadministraciebi <strong>da</strong> direqciebi saministros sistemaSi sajaro samarTlis iuridiulipirebis formiT Sevidnen. <strong>da</strong>narCeni <strong>da</strong>culi teritoriebi ki warmoadgenen <strong>da</strong>culiteritoriebis departamentis teritoriul organoebs. qobuleTis, borjomxaragaulis,kolxeTis, mtiralas <strong>da</strong>cul teritoriebSi Seqmnil ssip-ebs ewodebo<strong>da</strong>Tadministraciebi, xolo TuSeTis, bawara-babaneuris, vaSlovanis <strong>da</strong> lagodexis ssipebs– direqciebi.rac Seexeba sajaro samarTlis iuridiuli pirebis formiT arsebul <strong>da</strong>culiteritoriebis direqciebsa <strong>da</strong> administraciebs, garkveulwilad kuriozula<strong>da</strong>c kiJRer<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>saxelebebi ”vaSlovanis <strong>da</strong>culi teritoriebis direqciis direqtori,TuSeTis <strong>da</strong>culi teritoriebis direqciis direqtori”, ”<strong>da</strong>culi teritoriebisdireqciis direqtoris moadgile”. mxolod <strong>da</strong>saxeleba SesaZloa ar iyos didiproblema, magram is mizani, risTvisac Camoyalib<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>culi teritoriebi am formiT,ar iqna miRweuli: samwuxarod, mxolod 2007 wlis zafxulisTvis moxerx<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>culteritoriebSi turistuli momsaxurebisaTvis safasuris <strong>da</strong>weseba.2007 wlis 27 aprils Sevi<strong>da</strong> cvlileba saqarTvelos kanonSi ”TuSeTis, bawarababaneuris, lagodexisa <strong>da</strong> vaSlovanis Seqmnisa <strong>da</strong> marTvis Sesaxeb”, romlis mixedviTacam <strong>da</strong>culi teritoriebis mmarTvel ssip-ebs ewo<strong>da</strong>T administraciebi.amrigad, saministros dRevandeli debulebiT, saministros sistemaSi Semavali sajarosamarTlis iuridiuli pirebi arian:30
• qobuleTis saxelmwifo nakrZalis, qobuleTis saxelmwifo aRkveTilisa <strong>da</strong>qobuleTis mravalmxrivi gamoyenebis teritoriis administracia;• borjom-xaragaulis erovnuli parkisa <strong>da</strong> borjomis saxelmwifo nakrZalebisadministracia;• kolxeTis erovnuli parkisa <strong>da</strong> kolxeTis mravalmxrivi gamoyenebis teritoriisadministracia;• TuSeTis <strong>da</strong>culi teritoriebis administracia;• bawara-babaneuris <strong>da</strong>culi teritoriebis administracia;• lagodexis <strong>da</strong>culi teritoriebis administracia;• vaSlovanis <strong>da</strong>culi teritoriebis administracia;• mtiralas erovnuli parkis administracia.<strong>da</strong>culi teritoriebis departamentis teritoriuli organoebi arian:• saguramos saxelmwifo nakrZalis administracia;• algeTis saxelmwifo nakrZalis administracia;• saTafliis saxelmwifo nakrZalis administracia;• ajameTis saxelmwifo nakrZalis administracia;• yazbegis saxelmwifo nakrZalis administracia;• liaxvis saxelmwifo nakrZalis administracia;• biWvinTa-miuseris saxelmwifo nakrZalis administracia;• riwis saxelmwifo nakrZalis administracia;• fsxu-gumisTis saxelmwifo nakrZalis administracia;• kintriSis saxelmwifo nakrZalis administracia;• ioris aRkveTilis administracia;• gar<strong>da</strong>bnis aRkveTilis administracia;• yoruRis aRkveTilisa <strong>da</strong> mariamjvris saxelmwifo nakrZalis administracia;• kacoburis aRkveTilis administracia;• WaWunis aRkveTilis administracia;<strong>da</strong>culi teritoriebisaTvis sajaro samarTlis iuridiul pirebis statusis miniWebamox<strong>da</strong> im mizniT, rom maT turistuli momsaxurebi<strong>da</strong>n Semosavlis miRebis SesaZleblobahqono<strong>da</strong>T (aseve sxva Semosavlebi kanoniT <strong>da</strong>Svebuli saqmianobebisagan). 2005 welsganxorcielebuli cvlilebebis Sedegad sajaro samarTlis iuridiul pirebad<strong>da</strong>rCnen mxolod e.w. ”mdi<strong>da</strong>ri” <strong>da</strong>culi teritoriebi – anu sa<strong>da</strong>c arsebobs msxvilidonorebis mier <strong>da</strong>finansebuli proeqtebi <strong>da</strong> am proeqtebis Sedegad Seqmniliagarkveuli turistuli infrastruqtura. ”Raribi” <strong>da</strong>culi teritoriebis ga<strong>da</strong>keTebasdepartamentis teritoriul organoebad hqon<strong>da</strong> Semdegi logika: (1) isini ar ariansaintereso ekoturizmis TvalsazrisiT, radgan ar aqvT infrastruqtura <strong>da</strong> vermiiReben arasabiujeto Semosavals <strong>da</strong> (2) aseTi organizaciuli formiT arsebobisasufro metad aqvT garantirebuli sabiujeto <strong>da</strong>finanseba (arsebobs mosazreba,rom Semcirebis SemTxvevaSi, pirvel rigSi biujets Seukvecaven sajaro samarTlisiuridiul pirebs).<strong>da</strong>culi teritoriebi, romelTa administraciebi arian sajaro samarTlis iuridiulipirebi, funqcionireben sakuTari debulebebis safuZvelze, xolo teritoriuliorganoebisTvis aris <strong>da</strong>mtkicebuli erTiani tipiuri debuleba. (saqarTvelos garemos<strong>da</strong>cvisa <strong>da</strong> bunebrivi resursebis ministris brZaneba 2006 wlis 6 ivnisis #439,”saqarTvelos garemos <strong>da</strong>cvisa <strong>da</strong> bunebrivi resursebis saministros saxelmwifosaqveuwyebo <strong>da</strong>wesebulebis – <strong>da</strong>culi teritoriebis departamentis teritoriuliorganoebis tipuri debulebis <strong>da</strong>mtkicebis Sesaxeb”).tipiuri debulebis mixedviT, administracias xelmZRvanelobs direqtori.31
administracia Sedgeba erTi struqturuli qve<strong>da</strong>nayofis – <strong>da</strong>cvis samsaxurisagan.gar<strong>da</strong> fizikuri <strong>da</strong>cvisa mis movaleobebSi Sedis tyis biologiuri <strong>da</strong>cvis RonisZiebebisgatareba (tyis mavneblebi, <strong>da</strong>avadebebi <strong>da</strong> a.S.), kvleva-monitoringi, konservaciisa <strong>da</strong>aRdgeniTi RonisZiebebis ganxorcieleba, ka<strong>da</strong>stris warmoeba, bunebrivi resursebisinventarizacia. cxadia, rom amgvari <strong>da</strong>valebebi SeuTavsebelia erTmaneTTan <strong>da</strong>mwiri <strong>da</strong>finansebisa <strong>da</strong> SesaZleblobebis pirobebSi, romelSic imyofebian <strong>da</strong>culiteritoriebi, Seusrulebadia. administraciis StatSi aris kvleva-monitoringisufrosi specialistis Stati, romlis funqciebis <strong>da</strong> movaleobebis SesrulebassaTanadod aRWurvili <strong>da</strong> ganswavluli kadrebiT <strong>da</strong>kompleqtebuli mTeli ganyofilebasWirdeba: konservaciisa <strong>da</strong> aRdgeniTi samuSaoebi, rukebis Sedgena, monitoringiswarmoeba, bunebrivi resursebis aRricxva <strong>da</strong> maT gamoyenebaze proeqtebisa <strong>da</strong>wina<strong>da</strong>debebis SemuSaveba. aseTi samuSao <strong>da</strong>valeba ar aris realisturi.rogorc aRiniSna, <strong>da</strong>culi teritoriebTan <strong>da</strong>kavSirebul ZiriTad kanonmdeblobasSeadgenen saqarTvelos kanoni “<strong>da</strong>culi teritoriebis sistemis Sesaxeb”, ”cxovelTasamyaros Sesaxeb”, saqarTvelos tyis kodeqsi. 2005 wels saqarTvelos mTavrobisSesabamisi <strong>da</strong>dgenilebiT <strong>da</strong>mtkic<strong>da</strong> ”biomravalferovnebis strategia <strong>da</strong> moqmedebaTagegma”, romlis erT-erTi strategiuli mimarTuleba <strong>da</strong>culi teritoriebia. amdokumentSi identificirebul iqna <strong>da</strong>cul teritoriebTan arsebuli problemebi. amproblemebis ga<strong>da</strong>saWrelad dokumentSi mocemulia 10-wliani strategia <strong>da</strong> 5-wlianimoqmedebaTa gegma. miuxe<strong>da</strong>vad imisa, rom gasul or weliwadSi garkveuli nabijebiga<strong>da</strong>idga, situaciis mTlianobaSi gamosasworeblad es arasakmarisia. SeiZlebagamoiyos oTxi saxis faqtori, romelic mokled aRwers saqarTvelos <strong>da</strong>culiteritoriebis problemebs:1)sazogadoebis monawileobis arasakmarisoba <strong>da</strong>culi teritoriebis <strong>da</strong>gegmvis,Seqmnisa <strong>da</strong> funqcionirebis dros; es iwvevs adgilobrivi mosaxleobasa <strong>da</strong><strong>da</strong>culi teritoriebis intresebis ga<strong>da</strong>farvas; ar xdeba mosaxleobis realurisaWiroebebis gaTvaliswineba, sazogadoeba aranairad ar monawileobs <strong>da</strong>culiteritoriebis marTvaSi, maTi garemos<strong>da</strong>cviTi cnobiereba <strong>da</strong>balia, xSirad axlosmcxovrebi mosaxleoba mtrula<strong>da</strong>a ganwyobili <strong>da</strong>culi teritoriebisadmi.kanonmdeblobis mixedviT, calkeuli <strong>da</strong>culi teritoriebisaTvis saministroqmnis samecniero-sakonsultacio sabWoebs, am samecniero-sakonsultaciosabWoebis Seqmnis mizani gansxvavebula<strong>da</strong>a ganmartebuli kanonebSi; saqarTveloskanonSi ”TuSeTis, bawara-babaneuris, lagodexisa <strong>da</strong> vaSlovanis Seqmnisa <strong>da</strong>marTvis Sesaxeb”, (2007 wlis 27 aprilis cvlileba) sabWoebi iqmneba <strong>da</strong>culiteritoriebis marTvaSi sazogadoebis monawilebobis uzrunvelsayofad. ”<strong>da</strong>culiteritoriebis sistemis Sesaxeb” saqarTvelos kanonis Sesabamisad” (muxli 21,2007 wlis 27 aprilis cvlileba), saministro qmnis samecniero-sakonsultaciosabWoebs samTavrobo <strong>da</strong>wesebulebebTan <strong>da</strong> adgilobrivi TviTmmarTvelobisorganoebTan TanamSromlobisaTvis. erTsa <strong>da</strong> imave dRes gamocemul or kanonSiori sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva saxis interpretacia gaugebrobas badebs. am ukanasknelikanonSi Setanili cvlilebebiT, SeizRu<strong>da</strong> sazogadoebis monawileoba <strong>da</strong>culiteritoriebis marTvaSi (2007 wlis 27 aprili). kanoni<strong>da</strong>n amoRebulia muxlebi,romliTac mosaxleobisa <strong>da</strong> sazogadoebrivi gaerTianebebis warmomadgenlebsufleba hqon<strong>da</strong>T monawileoba mieRoT centralur programebSi <strong>da</strong> sakonsultaciosabWoebSi; <strong>da</strong>culi teritoriebis adgilobrivi funqcionirebisaTvis gamoyofiliarasabiujeto finansebis regulirebis saqmeSi <strong>da</strong> sxv.samecniero-sakonsultacio sabWoebi dRemde Seqmnili iyo TuSeTis, bawarababaneuris,vaSlovanis, lagodexis <strong>da</strong>culi teritoriebisaTvis, romelSicprezidentis Sesabamisi gankargulebiT Sedian garemos <strong>da</strong>cvisa <strong>da</strong> bunebriviresursebis saministros, <strong>da</strong>culi teritoriebis departamentis, adgilobrivi32
xelisuflebis, arasamTavrobo <strong>da</strong> samecniero organizaciebis warmomadgenlebi.sabWoebis Semadgenlobis <strong>da</strong>kompleqteba sazogadoebrivi organizaciebiswarmomadgenlebiT mox<strong>da</strong> sakmaod gamWvirvale meqanizmiT. saministromamisaTvis Riad gamoacxa<strong>da</strong> moTxovna kandi<strong>da</strong>turebze, rasac erTvo<strong>da</strong> garkveulikriteriumebi kandi<strong>da</strong>turis kvalifikaciisa <strong>da</strong> gamocdilebis Sesaxeb.miuxe<strong>da</strong>vad amisa, isini dRemde formalurad arseboben. sabWoebi yovel Tve un<strong>da</strong>ikribebodnen, magram Seqmni<strong>da</strong>n or welze meti xnis ganmavlobaSi mxolod erTiSexvedra Sedga. realurad maT aranairi funqcia ar aqvT <strong>da</strong> ar monawileoben<strong>da</strong>cul teritoriebTan <strong>da</strong>kavSirebuli ga<strong>da</strong>wyvetilebebis miRebaSi.2)3)4)<strong>da</strong>culi teritoriebis mwiri SesaZleblobebi – arasakmarisi <strong>da</strong>finanseba <strong>da</strong>materialur-teqnikuri bazis arqona; sabiujeto saxsrebi <strong>da</strong> baza arasakmarisiateritoriebis <strong>da</strong>cvisa <strong>da</strong> kanoniT gaTvaliswinebuli sxva qmedebebisganxorcielebisaTvis.<strong>da</strong>culi teritoriebis farglebSi bunebrivi resursebis ukanono mopoveba<strong>da</strong> kanonaRsrulebis xarvezebi; <strong>da</strong>culi teritoriebis <strong>da</strong>cvis samsaxurebimcirericxovania, cu<strong>da</strong>d aris aRWurvili <strong>da</strong> SeiaraRebuli, maTi xelfasi <strong>da</strong>balia;kanonmdebloba, romlis mixedviTac xdeba fizikuri <strong>da</strong>cva, metad <strong>da</strong>uxvewavia.ar aris naTeli suraTi, rogor un<strong>da</strong> iTanamSormlon <strong>da</strong>culi teritoriebis<strong>da</strong>cvis samsaxurebma, garemos <strong>da</strong>cvis inspeqciam, samarTal<strong>da</strong>mcavebma, sazRvris<strong>da</strong>cvis departamentma. <strong>da</strong>culi teritoriebis didi nawili sasazRvro zonaSiamoqceuli. <strong>da</strong>culi teritoriebis vizitorebi <strong>da</strong> TanamSromlebic ki valdebulebiarian <strong>da</strong>cul teritoriaze yofnisaTvis nebarTva aiRon sasazRvro uwyebi<strong>da</strong>n.2004 wlis bolomde miRebuli un<strong>da</strong> yofiliyo kanoni „<strong>da</strong>culi teritoriebisfizikuri <strong>da</strong>cvis Sesaxeb“, Tumca masze muSaoba dResdReobiT ar mimdinareobs.profesionali <strong>da</strong> Tanamedrove codniT aRWurvili kadrebis nakleboba.zemoaRniSnulis fonze, aramarto ver xerxdeba Tanamedrove moTxovnebis SesabamisimarTvis meqanizmebis mofiqreba, aramed <strong>da</strong>viwyebulia <strong>da</strong>culi teritoribis ZiriTadi<strong>da</strong>niSnuleba – biomravalferovnebis SenarCuneba. aqcenti keTdeba mxolod turizmisganviTarebasa <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>culi teritoriebi<strong>da</strong>n Semosavlis miRebaze, Tumca praqtikula<strong>da</strong>m mxrivac araferia jer gakeTebuli, Tu ar CavTvliT zogierT erovnul parkSidonorTa <strong>da</strong>finansebiT garkveuli infrasturqturis mSeneblobas. TiTqmis aranairisamecniero muSaoba ar mimdinareobs <strong>da</strong>cul teritoriebSi. Se<strong>da</strong>rebiT ukeTesmdgomareobaSi arian is erovnuli parkebi, sa<strong>da</strong>c msxvili donorebis mier xorcieldebaprogramebi (borjom-xaragaulis, vaSlovanis, lagodexis, TuSeTis, kolxeTis <strong>da</strong>culiteritoriebi). TiTebze CamosaTvlelia <strong>da</strong>cul teritoriebze ganxorcielebulikvlevisa <strong>da</strong> konservaciis proeqtebi, esenia niamoris reintroduqcia borjomxaragauliserovnul parkSi, mura <strong>da</strong>Tvis monitoringi vaSlovanis <strong>da</strong>cul teritoriaze,jiqis konservaciis proeqtis vaSlovanis erovnul parkSi, jeiranis reintroduqciis<strong>da</strong>wyeba vaSlovanis <strong>da</strong>cul teritoriebSi. es ukanaskneli xorcieldeba saministrosmier msoflio bankis proeqtis (saxelmwifo granti) <strong>da</strong>finansebis farglebSi,<strong>da</strong>narCens ki axorcielebebn arasamTavrobo organizaciebi sakuTari <strong>da</strong>finansebiT.<strong>da</strong>culi teritoriebSi ekologiuri turizmis ganviTareba TavisTavad saWiroa<strong>da</strong> aucilebelia. gar<strong>da</strong> imisa, rom es aris Semosavlis erT-erTi wyaro, amas sxva(SesaZloa, ufro mniSvnelovani) <strong>da</strong>tvirTvac aqvs. erovnul parkebis, aRkveTilebisa<strong>da</strong> bunebis Zeglebis arsebobiT a<strong>da</strong>mianebs eZlevaT SesaZlebloba sakuTari TvaliTnaxon bunebis mSvenierebas <strong>da</strong> gaiziaron biologiuri mravalferovnebis esTetiuri,sulieri, kulturuli Rirebulebebi. es xels uwyobs mosaxleobis garemos<strong>da</strong>cviTicnobierebis amaRlebas <strong>da</strong> bunebis konservaciis saqmes meti mxar<strong>da</strong>Wera uCndeba33
sazogadoebis mxri<strong>da</strong>n. magram ekoturizmis ganviTareba un<strong>da</strong> iyos biomravalferovnebiskonservaciis Tanamdevi procesi <strong>da</strong> ara piriqiT – <strong>da</strong>culi teritoriebis arsebobismTavari amocana.garemos <strong>da</strong>cvisa <strong>da</strong> bunebrivi resursebis saministros momavali 3 wlis gegmaSi,romelic mocemulia 2007 wlis biujetis Sesaxeb kanonSi mocemulia ori programa,romelic ukavSirdeba <strong>da</strong>cul teritoriebs:programa “<strong>da</strong>culi teritoriebis xanZarsawinaaRmdego <strong>da</strong> mavneblebisagan <strong>da</strong>cvisRonisZiebebi”:• xanZarsaSiS periodSi (5 Tve) 19 erTeul <strong>da</strong>cul teritoriaze mexanZre-<strong>da</strong>rajebis<strong>da</strong>qiraveba;• xanZarsawinaaRmdego Txrilebisa <strong>da</strong> sxva aucilebeli prevenciuli RonisZiebebisgatareba;• cxovelTa <strong>da</strong> mcenareTa samyaros paTologiebisagan <strong>da</strong>cvis RonisZieba.programa “ekoturizmis ganviTareba”:• sainformacio produqciis gavrceleba, rogorc saqarTveloSi, ise msofliossxva<strong>da</strong>sxva qveynebSi;• reklamireba masobrivi informaciis saSualebebiT;• nakrZalebis veb-gverdebis Seqmna;• turistul gamofenebsa <strong>da</strong> bazrobebSi monawileoba.rogorc vxe<strong>da</strong>vT, mTavari problema, romelic xels uSlis mcenareTa <strong>da</strong> cxovelTagenofondis <strong>da</strong>cvasa <strong>da</strong> biomravalferovnebis SenarCunebas – brakonieroba –saxelmwifo programebSi yuradRebis gareSea <strong>da</strong>rCenili. ar igegmeba fizikuri<strong>da</strong>cvis meqanizmebisa <strong>da</strong> saSualebebis gaZliereba. cxovelTa <strong>da</strong> mcenareTa samyarospaTologiebisagan <strong>da</strong>cva, razec programaSi aqcentia gakeTebuli, mniSvnelovani,magram brakonierobasTan <strong>da</strong> tyis WrasTan Se<strong>da</strong>rebiT naklebi problemaa. rasSeexeba ekoturizmis ganviTarebas, aq aqcentia ara turistuli infrastuqturisa <strong>da</strong>interpretaciis programebis, an monitoringis sakiTxebze, aramed <strong>da</strong>culi teritoriebis“piarze”. TanamSromelTa ganaTlebisa <strong>da</strong> kvalifikaciis amaRlebisaTvis ar aris<strong>da</strong>gegmili aranairi saxelmwifo programa. es im fonze, rom <strong>da</strong>culi teritoriebisa <strong>da</strong>biomravalferovnebis Sesaxeb codnis deficiti TvalsaCinoa rogorc departamentiscentralur aparatSi, ise <strong>da</strong>culi teritoriebis administraciebis TanamSromelTaSoris.aqtiurad ganixileba <strong>da</strong>culi teritoriebis kerZo sakuTrebaSi ga<strong>da</strong>cemis sakiTxi.am meTodiT TiTqos SesaZlebelia <strong>da</strong>culi teritoriebis winaSe arsebuli finansuriproblemebis mogvareba. yuradsaRebia, rom amgvari praqtika msoflioSi ar arsebobs.terminebic ki – erovnuli parki <strong>da</strong> saxelmwifo nakrZali – mianiSnebs, rom eserovnuli <strong>da</strong> saxelmwifo sakuTrebaa.1996 wli<strong>da</strong>n axali kanonmdeblobis SemuSavebis Semdeg saqarTveloSi ganxorciel<strong>da</strong>msxvili donorebis <strong>da</strong>finansebuli ramodenime proeqti, romliTac Seiqmna <strong>da</strong><strong>da</strong>finans<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>culi teritoriebis Seqmna-ganviTareba. es proeqtebi ZalzemniSvnelovani iyo qveynisaTvis, magram un<strong>da</strong> aRiniSnos, rom sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva subieqturi <strong>da</strong>obieqturi procesebis Sedegad ar iyo imdenad efeqturi, rom aRmofxvriliyo <strong>da</strong>culteritoriebTan <strong>da</strong>kavSirebuli problemebi, romlebzec zemoT gvqon<strong>da</strong> saubari;ver Camoyalib<strong>da</strong> gamarTuli instituciuri <strong>da</strong> sakanonmdeblo baza <strong>da</strong> efeqturadmomuSave <strong>da</strong>culi teritoriebis sistema.34
3.2.2 saerTaSoriso gamocdilebarogorc zemoT aRvniSneT, Natura 2000 aris evrogaerTianebis teritoriaze arsebuli<strong>da</strong>culi teritoriebis ekologiuri qseli. ”habitatebis Sesaxeb diteqtiva” <strong>da</strong>”frinvelTa Sesaxeb direqtiva warmoadgens ”natura 2000 qselis” safuZvels.”frinvelTa Sesaxeb direqtiva” awesebs specialur <strong>da</strong>cviT areebs (SPA-SpecialProtected Areas), xolo ”habitatebis Sesaxeb direqtiva” konservaciis specialuriarealebs (SAC-Special Areas of Conservation). am ori tipis teritoriebis gaerTianebiTiqmneba ”natura 2000”-is qseli. <strong>evrokavSiris</strong> yvela wevri qveyana valdebuliaTavisi mniSvnelovani habitatebis sia Seadginos ”habitatebis Sesaxeb direqtivisa”<strong>da</strong> ”frinvelTa Sesaxeb direqtivis” <strong>da</strong>narTebis mixedviT <strong>da</strong> es sia <strong>da</strong>samtkicebladwarudginos evrokomisias (<strong>da</strong>narTebSi mocemulia rogorc habitatebis tipebis, isesaxeobaTa CamonaTvalic). NATURA 2000 qseliT <strong>da</strong>culia evrokavSirSi 2004 wlamdegawevrianebuli 15 saxelmwifos saerTo farTobis 18%. mas Semdeg rac 2004 welsevrokavSirs Seemata 10 qveyana, Sesabamisad gaiza<strong>da</strong> NATURA 2000 saitebis raodenoba<strong>da</strong> qselis farTobi 23 .rogorc aRvniSneT, NATURA 2000 qselSi teritoriebis Setana xdeba erTnairikriteriumebiT, Tumca sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva qveynebSi arsebuli <strong>da</strong>culi teritoriebigansxvavdebian erTmaneTisan. gansxvavebuli SeiZleba iyos <strong>da</strong>culi teritoriiskategoriebis saxelwodebebi, aseve marTvisa <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>finansebis formebi.magaliTad, italiaSi arsebobs <strong>da</strong>culi teritoriebis Semdegi kategoriebi:erovnuli parkebi, regionuli <strong>da</strong> interregionuli bunebis parkebi, bunebisnakrZalebi, saerTaSoriso mniSvnelobis mqone humiduri zonebi, sxva <strong>da</strong>culiteritoriebi, e.w. oazisebi, specialuri <strong>da</strong>cvis zonebi, specialuri konservaciuli<strong>da</strong> saTemo mniSvnelobis teritoriebi, samecniero aRmoCenebis saxmeleTo <strong>da</strong> sazRvaoadgilebi. italiis <strong>da</strong>culi teritoriebi gaerTianebuli arian ramdenime qselSi.esenia: <strong>da</strong>culi teritoriebis erovnuli qseli, Natura 2000, <strong>da</strong>culi teritoriebisalpuri qseli, iuneskos qseli a<strong>da</strong>miani <strong>da</strong> biosfero (MAB 24 - WCPA 25 ), veSapisnairTasazRvao TavSesafari. <strong>da</strong>cul teritoriebs, kategoriebi<strong>da</strong>n gamomdinare, marTaven<strong>da</strong> afinanseben centraluri xelisuflebis an regionuli instituciebi. e.w. oazisebsSeiZleba marTavdnen iyvnen garemos<strong>da</strong>cviTi arakomerciuli organizaciebi (regionulikanonmdeblobis safuZvelze)s an kerZo subieqtebi (sakoncesio kontraqtebis an sxvasajaro valdebulebebis safuZvelze).espaneTSi arseboben Semdegi tipis <strong>da</strong>culi teritoriebi: parkebi, romelSic Sedian:1) bunebis parkebi (regionuli parkebi, qalaqis parkebi, biosferuli rezervatebi)<strong>da</strong> erovnuli parkebi; 2) nakrZalebi; 3) bunebis Zeglebi; 4) <strong>da</strong>culi landSaftebi.garkveuli kategoriis <strong>da</strong>culi teritoriebi – mcire zomisa <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>bali konservaciuliRirebulebis - imarTeba avtonomiuri regionebis mier (katalonia, an<strong>da</strong>luzia,baskeTi <strong>da</strong> a.S.). <strong>da</strong>culi teritoriebis <strong>da</strong>finanseba ZiriTa<strong>da</strong>d xdeba avtonomiuriregionebis mier, kerZod TiToeuli regionis garemos departamentis mier. sxvafinansuri resursebi modis saerTo evropuli proeqtebis fondebi<strong>da</strong>n, mag: LIFENATURA Project, LEADER.estoneTSi arseboben Semdegi tipis <strong>da</strong>culi teritoriebi: erovnuli parkebi, bunebiskonservaciis areebi, <strong>da</strong>culi landSaftebi. <strong>da</strong>cul teritoriebs marTavs estoneTisgaremos <strong>da</strong>cvis saministro. saministros SigniT <strong>da</strong>culi teritoriebis funqcionirebis23 NATURA 2000 valdebulebebis Seusruleblobis gamo, evrokomisiam <strong>da</strong>iwyo poloneTis winaaRmdeg procedura,rasac SesaZloa mkacri sanqciebi mohyves.24 MAB-Man and Biosphere UNESCO initiative25 WCPA – World Comission on Protected Areas of the World Conservation Union (IUCN)35
koordinacias <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>cviTi aqtivobebis marTvas axorcielebs bunebis konservaciisdepartamenti. mis funqciaSi Sedis yvela tipis <strong>da</strong>culi teritoriis iuridiulisafuZvlis momzadeba, <strong>da</strong>cvis wesebis harmonizeba arsebul kanonmdeblobasTan,menejmentis gegmebis momzadeba <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>cviTi RonisZiebebis marTva. zogierT<strong>da</strong>cul teritorias hyavs sakuTari administracia. sxvebs ki marTaven saministrosteritoriuli organoebi - garemos <strong>da</strong>cvis erovnuli departamentebi. <strong>da</strong>culiteritoriebis <strong>da</strong>arsebaSi didi roli iTamaSa zogierTma estonurma arasamTavroboorganizaciam. erTi eronuli parkis marTvas, kontraqtis safuZvelze, axorcielebsarasamTavrobo organizacia, romelic amisaTvis iRebs <strong>da</strong>finansebas saxelmwifobiujeti<strong>da</strong>n. <strong>da</strong>culi teritoriebis <strong>da</strong>finanseba xdeba saxelmwifo biujeti<strong>da</strong>n.<strong>da</strong>narCeni <strong>da</strong>finanseba xdeba <strong>evrokavSiris</strong> fondebi<strong>da</strong>n _ mag., LIFE NATURA PROJECT.am fondi<strong>da</strong>n finansdeba ekosistemebze <strong>da</strong> saxeobebze orientirebuli proeqtebi (mag.haademeestes wyalWarbi teritoriebis aRdgena <strong>da</strong> menejmenti, jvriani tritoniskonservacia aRmosavleT baltiis regionSi), romelTac axorcielebs zemoxsenebulibunebis konservaciis departamenti.slovakeTSi <strong>da</strong>culi teritoriebis marTvas axorcielebs garemos <strong>da</strong>cvis saministro<strong>da</strong> sxva saxelmwifo saagentoebi (slovakeTis respublikis bunebis <strong>da</strong>cvis samsaxuri<strong>da</strong> slovakeTis garemos <strong>da</strong>cvis saagento).slovakeTis teritoria kanonmdeblobis mixedviT <strong>da</strong>yofilia xuT doned. pirvelidonis teritoria ar aris <strong>da</strong>cvis qveS, me-2– me-5 doneebi ki warmoadgenen sxva<strong>da</strong>sxvakategoriis <strong>da</strong>cul teritoriebs. me-2 done <strong>da</strong>culi landSaftebia, me-3 done –erovnuli parkebi, me-4 <strong>da</strong> me-5 doneebi – mkacrad <strong>da</strong>culi teritoriebia (nakrZalebi,bunebis Zeglebi, erovnuli nakrZalebi, erovnuli bunebis Zeglebi). 2003 wlismonacemebiT sul arsebob<strong>da</strong> 1100-ze meti <strong>da</strong>culi obieqti <strong>da</strong> qveynis teritoriis25% iyo <strong>da</strong>culi romelime kategoriis qveS.did britaneTSi arsebuli <strong>da</strong>culi teritoriebi<strong>da</strong>n aRsaniSnavia erovnuli parkebi,romelTa umetesoba Seqmnilia 1951-57 wlebSi. mxolod erTia CamoyalibebulimogvianebiT, 1989 wels. erovnul parkebs aarsebs erovnuli parkebis komisia <strong>da</strong>amtkicebs mTavroba. TiToeuls marTavs parkis administracia. gar<strong>da</strong> erovnuliparkebisa warmodgelia: erovnuli bunebis nakrZalebi, sazRvao nakrZalebi, specialurisamecniero interesis teritoriebi (es aris garemos <strong>da</strong>cvis mTavari instrumenti,romelSic Sedian: yvela biosferuli nakrZali, biogenetikuri nakrZalebi, specialuri<strong>da</strong>cvis areebi, ramsar saitebi <strong>da</strong> sxv. – sul britaneTis teritoriis 8%), adgilobrivibunebis aRkveTilebi (adgilobrivi mniSvnelobis <strong>da</strong>culi teritoriebi, romelicSeiZleba <strong>da</strong>aarsos <strong>da</strong> marTos adgilobrivma mTavrobam), erovnuli mniSvnelobisbunebrivi silamaziT gamorCeuli arealebi <strong>da</strong> sxv. britaneTSi <strong>da</strong>culi teritoriebissakmaod rTuli sistemaa, maT SeiZleba marTavdnen <strong>da</strong> sakuTrebaSi qondeT sxva<strong>da</strong>svaerovnul garemos<strong>da</strong>cviT saagentoebs. arsebobs ramdenime sakonsultacio sabWo,romelic rekomen<strong>da</strong>ciebs umzadebs mTavrobas. 1991 wels parlamentma Seqmnasamsaxuri ”inglisis buneba” (English Nature), romlis movaleobaSic Sedis inglisisbiomravalferovnebis, geologiuri <strong>da</strong> geomorfologiuri simdidris <strong>da</strong>cva.Natura 2000 qseli Tan<strong>da</strong>Tan izrdeba. es xdeba aramarto evrokavSirSi axladgaerTianebuli qveynebis xarjze, aramed wevri qveynebis SigniT <strong>da</strong>culi teritoriebisgafarTobis saSualebiTac. magaliTad, estoneTis mTliani teritoriis mxolod10,7% iyo <strong>da</strong>culi 2003 wels. dReisaTvis <strong>da</strong>culi teritoriebi moicaven qveynis16%-s. Natura 2000 qseli estoneTSi moicavs 66 frinvelTaTvis mniSvnelovan <strong>da</strong>509 bunebriv teritorias. 2007 wlis 1 ianvrisaTvis estoneTis Natura 2000 qselSiSemavali yvela teritoria moeqca <strong>da</strong>cvis qveS. es obieqtebia: 100 bunebis nakrZali,131 bunebrivi landSafti, 239 <strong>da</strong>culi are, 5 erovnuli parki, 539 satyeo parki<strong>da</strong> 2 adgilobrivi obieqti. teritoriebi, romelzec vrceldeba <strong>da</strong>cviTi reJimebi36
(<strong>da</strong>culi landSaftebi, bunebis nakrZalebi, aRkveTilebi, parkebi <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>culi tyiskoromebi) moicaven 553,08 heqtar xmeleTisa <strong>da</strong> 87,429 heqtar wylis teritorias.teritoriebi, romlezec sruldeba saqmianobebis nawilobrivi SezRudvebi moicaven130,896 ha xmeleTsa <strong>da</strong> 507,436 ha wylis farTobs. adgilobrivi xelisuflebebis<strong>da</strong>culi farTobebi moicaven 1,347 ha-s.gaizar<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>culi teritoriebis farTobebebi evropis sxva qveynebSic. CexeTSi<strong>da</strong>culia qveynis 15%, <strong>da</strong>axloebiT amdenive avstriaSi. sloveniaSi Seqmnilia 286Natura 2000 saiti – 260 ”habitatebis Sesaxeb direqtivis”, xolo 26 ”frinvelTaSesaxeb direqtivis” Sesabamisad. saitebs ukaviaT qveynis teritoriis 36%, racevropaSi yvelaze didi maCvenebelia (magaliTebad motanilia is qveynebi, romlebicteritoriis sididiT, fizikur-georafiuli mdgomareobiTa <strong>da</strong> tyeebiT <strong>da</strong>faruliteritoriebiT hgvanan saqarTvelos).3.2.3 rekomen<strong>da</strong>ciebi1) <strong>da</strong>culi teritoriebis gazr<strong>da</strong>rogorc aRvniSneT, saqarTvelos teritoriis mxolod 6,7%-ia <strong>da</strong>culi teritoria<strong>da</strong> am maCvenebliT sakmaod CamorCeba evropis qveynebs. es maSin, roca saqarTvelosbiomravalferovnebis Rirebuleba gacilebiT maRalia, vidre evropis qveynebis. Natura2000 mniSvnelovani iaraRia konservaciisaTvis, ris mniSvnelobasac sistematuradesmeba xazi evrokomisiisa <strong>da</strong> evropis qveynebis mTavrobebis oficialur dokumentebSi.aqve xazgasmiT un<strong>da</strong> aRiniSnos, rom Natura 2000 saiti ar niSnavs, rom iq aucilebla<strong>da</strong>krZaluli un<strong>da</strong> iyos a<strong>da</strong>mianis saqmianoba an SeizRudos Sesvla. xSir SemTxvevaSi,saitebi xels uwyobs a<strong>da</strong>mianis tradiciul saqmianobas <strong>da</strong> axal samuSao adgilebsa <strong>da</strong>SesaZlelobebs warmoqmnis.2004 wels saqarTveloSi, garemosa <strong>da</strong> bunebrivi resursebis <strong>da</strong>cvis saministros mierganxorcielebuli proeqtiT, Sedga ”zurmuxtovani qselis” kandi<strong>da</strong>ti teritoriebisnusxa <strong>da</strong> gaigzavna bernis konvenciis samdivnoSi. qveynis biomravalferovnebisSenarCunebisaTvis, evropis samezoblo politikis ganxorcielebisa <strong>da</strong> sxva<strong>da</strong>sxvaerovnuli strategiebis harmonizaciisaTvis Zalze mniSvnelovani iqneba, TugaTvaliswinebuli iqneba zurmuxtovani qselis kandi<strong>da</strong>ti teritoriebisaTvissxva<strong>da</strong>sxva tipis <strong>da</strong>culi teritoriebis Seqmna.bunebis <strong>da</strong>cvis msoflio kavSiris kavkasiis programebis ofisma (WWF CaucasusPO) SeimuSava rekomen<strong>da</strong>ciebi saqarTvelos mTavrobisaTvis, romlis mixedviTacsaqarTvelos tyeeebis 15% saWiroa gamocxaddes maRali kategoriis <strong>da</strong>culteritoriebad (IUCN I-IV kategoria). gafarToebis sqemaSi gansazRvrulia asevesamigracio derefnebic. es dokumentic SesaZloa safuZvlad <strong>da</strong>edos gafarToebissqemas. rekomen<strong>da</strong>ciebi eyrdnoba mecnierebisa <strong>da</strong> eqspertebis ramdenimewlianimuSaobis Sedegebs, romlis mixedviTac mox<strong>da</strong> mniSvnelovani teritoriebisa <strong>da</strong>samigracio gzebis identifikacia 26 .2) <strong>da</strong>culi teritoriebis modernizaciasabWoTa periodSi Seqmnili <strong>da</strong>culi teritoriebi ver pasuxoben TanamedrovemoTxovnebs. zogierT maTganSi arsebuli nakrZalis reJimi ar sruldeba mcirefarTobisa <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>saxlebul punqtebTan siaxlovis gamo. calkeuli ekosistemebi kiisea degradirebuli, rom maTi aRdgena aqtiur menejments moiTxovs, rasac krZalavs26 saqarTvelos interesi <strong>da</strong> mzadyofna <strong>da</strong>culi teritoriebis ganviTarebisTvis mkafiod gaJRer<strong>da</strong>samxreT kavkasiis garemos <strong>da</strong>cvis ministrebis Sexvedraze, berlinSi, 2006 wlis martSi, sa<strong>da</strong>c saqarTvelosgaremos <strong>da</strong>cvisa <strong>da</strong> bunebrivi resursebis ministrma auwya <strong>da</strong>mswre sazogadoebas saqarTvelosinteresis Sesaxeb – gaavrcelos <strong>da</strong>cvis reJimi qveynis 1/5-ze.37
saxelmwifo nakrZalis statusi. saWiroa moxdes zogierTi <strong>da</strong>culi teritoriiskategoriis Secvla, arsebuli ekologiuri situaciisa <strong>da</strong> georgrafiuli mdebareobisSesabamisad. amasTanave, ar un<strong>da</strong> moxdes qveyanaSi maRali kategoriis <strong>da</strong>culiteritoriebis farTobis Semcireba. magaliTad, yazbegis nakrZali <strong>da</strong> algeTisnakrZali SeiZleba gar<strong>da</strong>iqmnas erovnul parkebad (anu <strong>da</strong><strong>da</strong>bldes IUCN I kategoriaII-mde, magram gaizardos farTobi <strong>da</strong> amJamindeli nakrZali ufro gafarToebulisaxiT gaxdes erovnuli parkis mkacri <strong>da</strong>cvis zona).3) bunebis Zeglebiyofil saqarTvelos ssr ”wiTel wignSi” Sesuli bunebis Zeglebis <strong>da</strong>cul teritoriebadgamocxadeba. SesaZlebelia maTi marTva moxdes TviTTmmarTvelobis organoebismierac, xolo ze<strong>da</strong>mxedveloba moaxdinos garemos <strong>da</strong>cvis inspeqciam.4) axali tipis <strong>da</strong>culi teritoriebis SemoRebaucxoeTis qveynebis gamocdileba <strong>da</strong> adgilobrivi saWiroeba aCvenebs, romSesaZlebelia, <strong>da</strong>culi teritoriebis marTva xorcieldebodes aramarto centralurixelisuflebis erTi uwyebis mier, aramed TviTTmarTvelobis organoebis, regionuli<strong>da</strong> avtonomiuri mTavrobebis mier. SesaZlebelia kontrolis meqanizmebis arsebobisSemTxvevaSi arakomerciul garemos<strong>da</strong>cviT organizaciebsa <strong>da</strong> kerZo pirebsachqondeT saSualeba Seqmnan <strong>da</strong>culi teritoriebi; magram am SemTxvevaSi, un<strong>da</strong>moxdes kanoniT diferencireba erovnuli, regionuli <strong>da</strong> adgilobrivi mniSvnelobis<strong>da</strong>culi teritoriebis, aseve, maTi <strong>da</strong>arsebis kriteriumebi. yovelive zemoTqmulisgansaxorcieleblad saWiroa ”<strong>da</strong>culi teritoriebis sistemis Sesaxeb” kanonisga<strong>da</strong>muSaveba.5) ”<strong>da</strong>culi teritoriebis fizikuri <strong>da</strong>cvis Sesaxeb“ kanonis miReba. msoflio praqtikaaCvenebs, rom Tu brakonieri ukeTaa SeiaraRebuli, vidre <strong>da</strong>culi teritoriis<strong>da</strong>mcveli, brakonierobasTan brZola uSedegoa. amdenad, <strong>da</strong>cvis samsaxurebs saTanadouflebamosileba un<strong>da</strong> hqondeT, kargad iyvnen SeiaraRebuli <strong>da</strong> ekipirebuli. <strong>da</strong>culiteritoriebis <strong>da</strong>cvis samsaxurebs <strong>da</strong>axloebiT igive uflebamosileba un<strong>da</strong> mieniWos,rac aqvs garemos <strong>da</strong>cvis inspeqcias. <strong>da</strong>culi teritoriebis reJimisa (kategoriis)<strong>da</strong> kuTvnilebis Sesabamisad, un<strong>da</strong> moxdes maTi <strong>da</strong>cvis sistemis organizeba, <strong>da</strong>cvazepasuxismgebeli organoebis <strong>da</strong>dgena. Tu <strong>da</strong>cul teritorias ar hyavs administracia,maSin monitoringi SeiZleba awarmoos saministros teritoriulma organom anTviTTmarTvelobis erTeulma, xolo <strong>da</strong>cva inspeqtirebis meSveobiT – garemos<strong>da</strong>cvis inspeqciam <strong>da</strong> policiam.6) aucilebelia mudmivmoqmedi treining-centris <strong>da</strong>arseba <strong>da</strong>culi teritoriebissistemis TanamSromelTaTvis, sa<strong>da</strong>c moxeleebs saSualeba eqnebaT samuSaosgan mowyvetisgareSe aimaRlon codna <strong>da</strong> kvalifikacia. aseve, sasurvelia, <strong>da</strong>culi teritoriebismarTvis sferoSi saSualo profesiuli saganmanaTleblo <strong>da</strong>wesebulebebis <strong>da</strong>arseba<strong>da</strong>/an arsebul saswavlo <strong>da</strong>wesebulebebSi specialuri kursebis SemoReba.38
4. saxeobebi4.1 arsebuli mdgomareobacocxali organizmebis saxeobrivi mravalferovneba saqarTveloSi Zalze maRalia.cxovelTa samyaro<strong>da</strong>n saqarTveloSi aRricxulia Tevzebis 84, amfibiebis 12,qvewarmavlebis 52, frinvelebis 300-ze meti <strong>da</strong> ZuZumwovrebis 109 saxeoba. maTSoris aris <strong>saqarTvelosa</strong> <strong>da</strong> kavkasiis endemebi. uxerxemloTa fauna araTanabra<strong>da</strong>aSeswavlili – zogi jgufi Se<strong>da</strong>rebiT srula<strong>da</strong>a gamokvleuli, zogierTze ki mwiricnobebi moipoveba.saqarTveloSi WurWlovani mcenareebis <strong>da</strong>axloebiT 4100 saxeobaa gamokvleuli (mTelkavkasiaSi 6350 saxeobaa). 300 saxeoba saqarTvelos endemia, aseve gavrcelebulia<strong>da</strong>axloebiT 600 kavkasiis endemuri saxeoba. endemebiT gansakuTrebiT mdi<strong>da</strong>riakavkasionis centraluri <strong>da</strong> aRmosavleTi nawilebi.aseve mdi<strong>da</strong>ria saqarTvelos agrobiomravalferovneba, anu Sinauri cxovelebisa <strong>da</strong><strong>da</strong> kulturuli mcenareebis jiSebis mravalferovneba. Cveni qveyana iTvleba mravalimaTganis warmoSobis kerad, maT Soris vazisa <strong>da</strong> marcvlovnebis.biomravalferovnebaze moqmedi yvela safrTxe, romelzec zemoT iyo saubari, pirvelrigSi moqmedebs saxeobebze. Sedegad, mraval maTgans ga<strong>da</strong>Senebis realuri safrTxeemuqreba.saqarTvelos kanonmdebloba, romelic aregulirebs saxeobebis <strong>da</strong>cvasa <strong>da</strong>gamoyenebas, moicavs kanonebs: “cxovelTa samyaros Sesaxeb” (1996), “tyis kodeqss”(1999), `saqarTvelos `wiTeli nusxisa” <strong>da</strong> `wiTeli wignis” Sesaxeb” (2003), ”licenziebisa<strong>da</strong> nebarTvebis Sesaxeb” aseve sxva normatiul aqtebs. es sakiTxebi aseve asaxulia”saqarTvelos biomravalferovnebis strategiasa <strong>da</strong> moqmedebaTa gegmaSi”. aRniSnulikanonmdebloba, jerjerobiT <strong>da</strong>xvewas moiTxovs. magaliTad, cxovelTa samyarosaTvisarsebobs specialuri kanoni – ”cxovelTa samyaros Sesaxeb”. mcenareTa saxeobebis<strong>da</strong>cvasa <strong>da</strong> gamoyenebis sakiTxebs nawilobriv aregulirebs saqarTvelos tyis kodeqsi.iSviaT <strong>da</strong> safrTxis winaze myofi saxeobebisaTvis arsebobs kanoni `saqarTvelos`wiTeli nusxisa” <strong>da</strong> `wiTeli wignis” Sesaxeb”<strong>da</strong> prezidentis brZanebuleba, romliTac<strong>da</strong>mtkic<strong>da</strong> ”wiTeli wusxa”. magram am nusxaSi jerjerobiT ver moxerx<strong>da</strong> aramerqnuli(balaxovani mcenareebis Setana). imis fonze, rom ar arsebobs specialuri kanonimcenareTa samyaros Sesaxeb, balaxovani mcenareebi dReisaTvis praqtikulad”<strong>da</strong>ucveli” arian. maT Sorisaa komerciuli Rirebulebis mqone, iSviaTi <strong>da</strong>ga<strong>da</strong>Senebis piras myofi saxeobebi, samkurnalo mcenareebi <strong>da</strong> sxv. ar regulirdebaiSviaTi <strong>da</strong> ga<strong>da</strong>Senebis piras myofi saxeobebis samecniero mizniT mopovebac –ar arsebobs raime sanebarTvo forma, romelic gaicema aseTi saqmianobisaTvis.saxeobaTa <strong>da</strong>cva SesaZlebelia ganxorcieldes ori gziT: in-situ <strong>da</strong> ex-situ RonisZiebebiT 27 .pirvels miekuTvneba sabinadro garemos <strong>da</strong>cva <strong>da</strong>culi teritoriebis SeqmniT <strong>da</strong>saqmianobebze sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva garemos<strong>da</strong>cviTi SezRudvebis <strong>da</strong>wesebiT. Tumca <strong>da</strong>culiteritoriebis gareT habitatebis <strong>da</strong>cvas ar eqceva yuradReba. meores miekuTvnebaxelovnul pirobebSi ganxorcielebuli konservaciuli qmedebebi. ZiriTa<strong>da</strong>d, essamuSaoebi floraze iyo orientirebuli ramdenime arsebuli botanikuri baRissaSualebiT (Tbilisis, baTumis, soxumis, zugdidis, bakurianis). cxovelTa samyarosgamoyeneba regulirdeba ”cxovelTa samyaros Sesaxeb” kanoniT <strong>da</strong> “licenziebisa <strong>da</strong>27 in-situ konservacia – saxeobebis <strong>da</strong>cva bunebriv pirobebSi; ex-situ konservacia – saxeobebis <strong>da</strong>cvaxelovnur pirobebSi39
nebarTvebis Sesaxeb” kanoniT. Tumca, am or kanons Soris arsebobs winaaRmdegobebi.cxovelTa samyaros obieqtebis mopoveba dReisaTvis SesaZlebelia nadirobis nebarTvisa<strong>da</strong> TevzWeris licenziis safuZvelze, aseve gaicema samonadireo meurneobis mowyobislicenzia <strong>da</strong> eqsportis mizniT soWis girCisa <strong>da</strong> ga<strong>da</strong>Senebis safrTxis winaSe myofiveluri florisa <strong>da</strong> faunis saxeobebiT saerTaSoriso vaWrobis Sesaxeb konvenciis(CITES) <strong>da</strong>narTebSi Setanili TeTryvavilas bolqvebiT an/<strong>da</strong> yoCivar<strong>da</strong>s gorglebiTsargeblobis licenziebi. es licenziebi, iseve rogorc yvela sargeblobis licenzia,gaicema auqcionis safuZvelze. licenziebs gascems garemos <strong>da</strong>cvisa <strong>da</strong> bunebriviresursebis saministros licenziebisa <strong>da</strong> nebarTvebis departamenti.nadiroba neba<strong>da</strong>rTulia mxolod samonadireo meurneobebSi. es SezRudva arvrceldeba ga<strong>da</strong>mfren frinvelebze.arsebobs kanonmdeblobiT <strong>da</strong>mtkicebuli nusxa im saxeobebisa, romlebzec <strong>da</strong>Svebulianadiroba <strong>da</strong> TevzWera. cxovelTa samyaros obieqtebis mopovebisaTvis SemoRebuliasxva regulaciebic. ama Tu im saxeobis mopoveba SesaZlebelia mxolod am saxeobis<strong>da</strong>wesebul garkveul periodSi (sanadiro <strong>da</strong> saTevzao sezonSi). aseve wesiT arisgansazRvruli is sanadiro <strong>da</strong> saTevzao iaraRebi <strong>da</strong> saSualebebi, romlebiTac<strong>da</strong>saSvebia mopoveba. zoga<strong>da</strong>d, akrZalulia mopoveba cxovelTa gamravlebisperiodSi, aseve iseTi iaraRebiTa <strong>da</strong> saSualebebiT, romlebmac SeiZleba masobrivimospoba gamoiwvion, <strong>da</strong>abinZuron an <strong>da</strong>azianon garemo, an tanjva miayenon cxovels.nadirobisas akrZalulia sabrZolo iaraRis gamoyeneba.nebarTvas an licenzias ar saWiroebs samoyvarulo TevzWera. TevzWerisa <strong>da</strong> nadirobiswesebis <strong>da</strong>rRvevis aRkveTasa <strong>da</strong> prevencias axdens garemos <strong>da</strong>cvis inspeqcia.saxeobebis konservaciasTan <strong>da</strong>kavSirebuli kidev erTi aspeqti, aris saerTaSorisovaWroba. es procedura regulirdeba “ga<strong>da</strong>Senebis piras myofi florisa <strong>da</strong> faunisveluri saxeobebiT saerTaSoriso vaWrobis Sesaxeb konvenciiT” (CITES), romelsacsaqarTvelo miuerT<strong>da</strong> 1996 wels. konvencia exeba <strong>da</strong> awesrigebs im saxeobebiTvaWrobas, romelTa mdgomareobazec uaryofiTad moqmedebs saerTaSoriso vaWroba.konvencia safrTxis winaSe myofi veluri fauniTa <strong>da</strong> floriT saerTaSorisovaWrobis Sesaxeb (CITES), anu vaSingtonis konvencia miRebulia 1973 wels. mis mizanswarmoadgens veluri faunisa <strong>da</strong> floris ukanono mopovebisa <strong>da</strong> maTi aralegalurivaWrobis winaRmdeg brZola, eqsport-importisa <strong>da</strong> saerTaSoriso vaWrobis efeqturikontrolis gziT. am konvencias saqarTvelo 1996 wels miuerT<strong>da</strong>. 1996 wels CITESissamdivnom <strong>da</strong> msoflio sabaJo organizaciam xeli moaweres memorandums, riTacaRiares sabaJo samsaxurebis umniSvnelovanesi roli veluri faunisa <strong>da</strong> florissaxeobebis aralegaluri vaWrobis aRkveTisa <strong>da</strong> am gziT maTi <strong>da</strong>cvis saqmeSi. aqe<strong>da</strong>ngamomdinare, aucilebelia qveynis SigniT CITES-is erovnuli administraciuliorganos, garemos <strong>da</strong>cvis inspeqciis, Sesabamisi samecniero instituciebisa <strong>da</strong> sabaJosamsaxuris mWidro TanamSromloba. swored am ukanaskneli uwyebis valdebulebaaar miiRos <strong>da</strong> ar gaataros aRniSnuli konvenciis <strong>da</strong>narTebSi Setanili faunisa <strong>da</strong>floris saxeobebis nimuSebi Sesabamisi nebarTvisa <strong>da</strong> sertifikatis gareSe, <strong>da</strong>adginosnimuSisa <strong>da</strong> sanebarTvo dokumentaciis Sesabamisoba.konvencias aqvs sami <strong>da</strong>narTi, romlebSic CamoTvlilia saxeobebi, romelTacsaerTaSoriso vaWrobis gamo safrTxe emuqrebaT. konvenciis Tanaxmad, saerTaSorisovaWroba niSnavs <strong>da</strong>narTebSi Setanili mcenareTa <strong>da</strong> cxovelTa saxeobebis an maTinawilebis nebismier ga<strong>da</strong>adgilebas sazRvrebze.40
CITES-is <strong>da</strong>narTebSi Setanilia katisebrTa ojaxis yvela saxeoba, <strong>da</strong>TvisebrTa ojaxisyvela saxeoba, spilos orive saxeoba (vaWrobis ZiriTad sagans warmoadgens spilos Zvali<strong>da</strong> misgan <strong>da</strong>mzadebli nakeTobebi), yvela TuTiyuSi, gar<strong>da</strong> talRovani TuTiyuSebisa <strong>da</strong>karelebisa, zuTxisnairi Tevzebi (SezRudva exeba aramarto cocxal individebs, aramed maTxorcsa <strong>da</strong> xizilalas) <strong>da</strong> a.S. yvela maTgans un<strong>da</strong> gaaCndes saTanado nebarTva, winaaRmdegSemTxvevaSi, isini kontrabanduli gziT aris Semotanili qveyanaSi.saqarTvelos saxeobebs seriozuli ziani miayena saerTaSoriso vaWrobam. es SeexoiseT saxeobebs, rogorebicaa Savi zRvis afalina (ruseTi iyeneb<strong>da</strong> samxedro miznebisa<strong>da</strong> sacirko warmodgenebisaTvis), mura <strong>da</strong>Tvi (ZiriTa<strong>da</strong>d naRveliT vaWrobis gamo).konvenciis umaRles organoze – mxareTa konferenciaze – saqarTvelos mierwardgenil iqna wina<strong>da</strong>debebi am saxeobebis vaWrobis wesebis SezRudvis Sesaxeb.maT Soris dResac ZalaSia 2002 wels mier miRebuli SezRudva Savi zRvis afalinascocxali egzemplarebis komerciuli gamoyenebis Sesaxeb. miuxe<strong>da</strong>vad ruseTis sastikiwinaaRmdegobisa, aSS-s, <strong>evrokavSiris</strong>a <strong>da</strong> saerTaSoriso arasaTavrobo organizaciebismxar<strong>da</strong>WeriT, saqarTvelos es iniciativa <strong>da</strong>amtkica mxareTa konferenciam.4.2 problemebisaxeobaTa <strong>da</strong>cvisa <strong>da</strong> gamoyenebis TvalsazrisiT arsebobs mravali problema, romelicga<strong>da</strong>udebel mogvarebas saWiroebs.pirvel rigSi, saWiroa kanonebis harmonizacia, magram es ar un<strong>da</strong> ganxorcieldessaxeobaTa konservaciis problemebis ugulebelyofiT ekonomikuri <strong>da</strong> uwyebrivimosazrebebis sasargeblod. SesamuSavebelia CITES konvencii<strong>da</strong>n gamomdinareerovnuli kanomdebloba, rac aucilebelia <strong>evrokavSiris</strong> kanonmdeblobasTanharmonizaciisaTvis <strong>da</strong> qveynis valdebulebas warmoadgens.mougvarebelia cxovelTa saxeobebis gamoyenebis zogierTi aspeqti, romelic<strong>da</strong>kavSirebulia a<strong>da</strong>T-wesebTan <strong>da</strong> tradiciebTan. mag., bazieroba an tradiciulinadiroba jixvze an <strong>da</strong>Tvze. saqarTvelos zogierT raionSi amas ritualuri xasiaTicki aqvs. es tradiciebi asaxuli ar aris kanonmdeblobaSi <strong>da</strong>, Sesabamisad, tradiciismimdevari kanonis <strong>da</strong>mrRvevad, brakonierad gvevlineba. aucilebelia am sakiTxis<strong>da</strong>regulireba ise, rom <strong>da</strong>culi iyos zomiereba, erTis mxriv, tradiciebis kanonisfarglebSi moqcevasa <strong>da</strong> meores mxriv, saxeobaTa <strong>da</strong>cvas Soris.mouxerxebelia ga<strong>da</strong>mfren frinvelebze nadirobis nebarTvis aRebis procedurac.miuxe<strong>da</strong>vad imisa, rom misi fasi sakmaod <strong>da</strong>balia, monadireebi Tavs arideben nebarTvisaRebas, rTuli biurokratiuli proceduris gamo. gansakuTrebiT es regionebSimcxovrebTaTvis warmoadgens sirTules.msoflioSi biomravalferovnebis erT-erT yvelaze did safrTxes warmoadgens ucxo(invaziuri) saxeobebi. samecniero literaturaSi aseT Seyvanil saxeobebs egzotikur,ucxo, introducirebul an araadgilobrivs (exotic, alien, introduced, nonindigenousspecies) uwodeben. invaziuri saxeobebis mizeziT, mravali kunZulis (avstraliisSemTxvevaSi, kontinentisac ki) cocxal samyaros ga<strong>da</strong>Senebis safrTxe <strong>da</strong>emuqra. axalgaremoSi moxvedrisas invaziur saxeobaze ar moqmedeben malimitirebeli faqtorebi.Tu klimaturma pirobebmac Seuwyo xeli, SesaZloa, aq gacilebiT meti Taoba <strong>da</strong>ibadosweliwadSi, vidre mis samSobloSi. amis gamo, egzotikurma saxeobam SeiZleba axaliauTvisebeli ekologiuri niSa <strong>da</strong>ikavos, an rogorc ufro xSirad xdeba, gandevnosadgilobrivi saxeoba. ucxo saxeoba <strong>da</strong>mRupvelia aramarto uSualo kvebiTikonkurentisaTvis, aramed mcenareTa <strong>da</strong> cxovelTa mTeli TanasazogadoebisTvisac,41
vinai<strong>da</strong>n SeuZlia mTlianad Secvalos ekosistemis saxe. aSS-s safrTxis winaSe myofisaxeobebis siaSi cxovelebisa <strong>da</strong> mcenareebis 42% araadgilobrivi saxeobebis gamomoxv<strong>da</strong>. saqarTvelos kanonmdeblobiT akrZalulia ucxo saxeobebis bunebaSi gaSveba,magram ar aris <strong>da</strong>regulirebuli, Tu rogor un<strong>da</strong> moxdes im introducirebulisaxeobebis monitoringi <strong>da</strong> maTi sawinaaRmdego RonisZiebebis gatareba, romlebicwarsulSi xelovnurad gavrceldnen <strong>da</strong> axla binadroben saqarTveloSi (mag., enoti,nutria, enotiseburi ZaRli <strong>da</strong> sxv.). sabWoTa kanonmdebloba amgvar akrZalvebsar cnob<strong>da</strong>, piriqiT, xdebo<strong>da</strong> araadgilobrivi Zvirfasbewviani ZuZumwovrebis <strong>da</strong>komerciuli saxeobis Tevzebis, aseve merqniani saxeobebis bunebaSi gavrceleba. umetesSemTxvevaSi, amas ekonomikuri sargebeli ar mohqon<strong>da</strong>. magaliTad, civi ganedebisbina<strong>da</strong>ri Zvirfasi bewvis momcemi saxeobebi, Cveni qveynis msgavs bunebrivi pirobebSiar iZlevian sasaqonlo Rirebulebis produqcias. meores mxriv, ki aunazRaurebelizarali miadga biomravalferovnebas, rac bevr SemTxvevaSi, aisaxa ekonomikazec. amisnaTeli magaliTebia teleuturi ciyvebis Seyvana borjomis xeobaSi, ramac ekologiurkatastrofamde miiyvana es ekosistema, Walis tyeebSi enotis gavrceleba <strong>da</strong> sxv.saxeobebis ukanono <strong>da</strong> Warbi mopoveba Cvens realobaSi mniSvnelovani problemaa.garemos <strong>da</strong>cvis inspeqciis Seqmna <strong>da</strong> maTi uflebamosilebis gazr<strong>da</strong> ueWvelad<strong>da</strong>debiTi movlenaa brakonierobaTan brZolaSi. Tumca, kanonieri qmedebebisganxorcielebisasac ar xdeba yovelTvis saxeobaTa konservaciis saWiroebebissrulfasovnad gaTvaliswineba. magaliTad, akrZalulia “wiTel nusxaSi” Setanilisaxeobebis mopoveba <strong>da</strong> maTze licenzia ar gaicema, magram rodesac gaicematyiTsargeblobis an wiaRis mopovebis licenzia, naklebad xdeba gaTvaliswineba imisa,rom ”wiTel nusxaSi” Setanili saxeobis <strong>da</strong>cva ara mxolod misi mopovebis akrZalvas,aramed misi sabinadro garemos <strong>da</strong>cvasac gulisxmobs. es aRniSnulia saqarTveloskanonmdeblobaSic 28 .TeTryvavilas bolqvebiTa <strong>da</strong> yoCivar<strong>da</strong>s gorglebiT vaWrobis meqanizmic sakmaoxarvezebs Seicavs, vinai<strong>da</strong>n ar xdeba kontroli, saeqsporto produqcia bunebaSimoipoveba (rac akrZalulia konvenciiT) Tu xelovnurad gamravlebis pirobebSi.aramerqnuli mcenareuli resursebis gamoyenebis kanonmdebloba praqtikulad ararsebobs, rac safrTxes uqmnis biologiur mravalferovnebas.rac Seexeba agrobiomravalferovnebis mdgomareobas saqarTveloSi, igi sakmaoddidi riskis qveS imyofeba. sabWoTa periodSi produqciis gazrdis mizniT, xdebo<strong>da</strong>adgilobrivi jiSebis Secvla ucxo, ufro produqtiuli <strong>da</strong> erTgvarovani jiSebiT.xSirad es xdebo<strong>da</strong> adgilobrivi mosaxleobis Zal<strong>da</strong>tanebiT. zog SemTxvevaSi,sabWoTa periodSi aborigebuli jiSebis ga<strong>da</strong>Seneba mizanmimarTulad, ideologiurimosazrebebiT xdebo<strong>da</strong> (mag., qarTuli nagazis, an qarTuli lurja cxenis SemTxvevaSi,roca bolo individebi xorcis Cabarebis gegmas Seewira). araadgilobrivmakulturebma, magaliTad, Caim <strong>da</strong> citrusebma, tradiciuli soflis meurneobisadgilebi <strong>da</strong> bunebrivi ekositemebic ki <strong>da</strong>ikaves. Seicvala mTeli soflis meurneobissistemac <strong>da</strong> meurneebi faqtiurad <strong>da</strong>qiravebul muSebad ga<strong>da</strong>iqcnen.28kanoni “garemos <strong>da</strong>cvis Sesaxeb”, 47-e muxlis me-2 punqti - safrTxis winaSe myofi veluri mcenareebisa<strong>da</strong> gareuli cxovelebis “wiTel nusxasa <strong>da</strong> saqarTvelos wiTel wignSi Setanili cxovelTa <strong>da</strong>mcenareTa biologiur saxeobaTa mimarT akrZalulia yovelgvari saqmianoba: nadiroba, rewva, mopoveba,Wra, Tibva (gar<strong>da</strong> gansakuTrebuli SemTxevebisa), rac iwvevs mcenareebisa <strong>da</strong> cxovelebis raodenobisSemcirebas, auaresebs maT sabinadro garemosa <strong>da</strong> arsebobis pirobebs; 53-e muxlis 1 punqti - saqmianobaar un<strong>da</strong> iwvevdes biomravalferovnebis Seuqcevad xarisxobriv <strong>da</strong> raodenobriv cvlilebebs <strong>da</strong> misdegra<strong>da</strong>cias. saqarTvelos kanoni “saqarTvelis “wiTeli nusxisa” <strong>da</strong> “wiTeli wignis” Sesaxeb”, muxli10.“ga<strong>da</strong>Senebis safrTxis winaSe myofi saxeobebis <strong>da</strong>cvis ZiriTadi moTxovnebi”, punqti 2. akrZaluliayovelgvari qmedeba, maT Soris, nadiroba, rewva, mopoveba (bunebrivi garemo<strong>da</strong>n amoReba), Wra <strong>da</strong> Tibva,.... romelsac SeiZleba mohyves ga<strong>da</strong>Senebis safrTxis winaSe myofi saxeobebis raodenobis Semcireba,sabinadro garemosa <strong>da</strong> saarsebo pirobebis gauareseba42
postsabWoTa periodSi arasrulfasovanma miwis reformam, mcire <strong>da</strong>finansebam <strong>da</strong>sanedleulo bazis arqonam fermerebi <strong>da</strong>mokidebuli gaxa<strong>da</strong> importirebul saTeslenedleulze, romelic Semodio<strong>da</strong> humanitaruli misiebiT an samTavrobo kreditebiT.umeteswilad es Semotanili masala <strong>da</strong>balxarisxovani <strong>da</strong> erTgvarovani iyo. Teslisbankebi <strong>da</strong> koleqciebi faqtiurad ar arsebobdnen. am viTarebam mravali endemuri jiSi,maT Soris unikaluri vazisa <strong>da</strong> xorblis jiSebi, gaqrobis safrTxis winaSe <strong>da</strong>ayena.qveyana Tan<strong>da</strong>Tan kargavs kulturuli <strong>da</strong> biologiuri memkvidreobis mniSvnelovannawils.praqtikulad ar xorcieldeba biomravalferovnebis monitoringi. ar arsebobsbiomravalferovnebis aRricxvis unificirebuli sistema, ris gamoc monacemebisSegrovebis procesi fragmentul xasiaTs atarebs. ar xdeba koordinaciabiomravalferovnebis mdgomareobaze pasuxismgebel organoebs Soris, xolo maTTanamSromlebs ar gaaCniaT saTanado kvalifikacia monitoringis sawarmoeblad.4.3 rekomen<strong>da</strong>ciebisaxeobebis <strong>da</strong>cvisa <strong>da</strong> mdgradi gamoyenebisaTvis aucilebelia Semdegi RonisZiebebisgatareba:1. saxeobebis in-situ <strong>da</strong>cva, rogorc <strong>da</strong>culi teritoriebis gazrdiT, ise <strong>da</strong>culiteritoriebis gareT, saxeobaTa mravalferovnebiT gamorCeuli habitatebisa <strong>da</strong>samigracio gzebis konservaciis gziT 29 . saxeobaTa <strong>da</strong>cvis saukeTeso saSualeba maTisabinadro garemos <strong>da</strong>cvaa.2. ex-situ RonisZiebebis xelSewyoba, magaliTad, genofondis rezervatebis Seqmna,reintroduqciis samuSaoebis warmoeba.3. ga<strong>da</strong>mfren frinvelebze licenziebis gacemis proceduris <strong>da</strong>xvewa.4. tradiciuli nadirobis koncefciis SemuSaveba <strong>da</strong> Sesabamisi cvlilebebis SetanakanonmdeblobaSi (maT Soris bazieroba, satrofeo nadirobis koncefcia).5. invaziuri saxeobebis problemis asaxva kanonmdeblobaSi; invaziuri saxeobebis“Savi nusxis” <strong>da</strong>mtkiceba, problemis Seswavla <strong>da</strong> aqtiuri menejmentis warmoeba.6. saqarTvelos agrobiomravalferovnebis konservaciisa <strong>da</strong> misi mdgradi gamoyenebissaxelmwifo strategiis SemuSaveba; sakanonmdeblo bazis momzadeba.7. saqarTvelos agrobiomravalferovnebis inventarizacia <strong>da</strong> wiTeli nusxisSedgena.8. biomravalferovnebis monitoringis unificirebuli meTodikis SemuSaveba<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>nergva, rogorc <strong>da</strong>culi teritoriebis SigniT, ise mis gareTac, maT Sorissameurneo tyis fondis teritoriazec.29 <strong>evrokavSiris</strong> kanonmdebloba, kerZod “habitatebis Sesaxeb direqtiva”, “frinvelTa Sesaxeb direqtiva”<strong>da</strong> bernis konvencia avaldebuleben wevr-qveynebs saxeobebis <strong>da</strong>sacavad gaataron garkveuli RonisZiebebi.am dokumentebis <strong>da</strong>narTebSi mocemulia saxeobaTa nusxebi <strong>da</strong> gamoyofilia saxeobebi, romlebicmkacr <strong>da</strong>cviT RonisZiebebs saWiroeben <strong>evrokavSiris</strong> teritoriaze. <strong>evrokavSiris</strong> dokumentebi aseverekomen<strong>da</strong>ciebs iZlevian saxeobaTa mdgradi gamoyenebis uzrunvelsayofad. specialuri yuradRebaeTmoba TevzWerisa <strong>da</strong> nadirobis sakiTxebs.43
5. biousafrTxoebasaqarTvelos biomravalferovnebis winaSe mdgari erT-erTi risk-faqtori Tanamedrovebioteqnologis meTodebiT miRebuli cocxali genetikurad modificirebuliorganizmebis garemoSi gavrcelebaa. es riski aramarto biologiuri mravalferovnebis<strong>da</strong>kargvas, aramed a<strong>da</strong>mianis janmrTelobasac ukavSirdeba. genmodificirebuliorganizmebi (gmo) <strong>da</strong>kavSirebulia Tanamedrove bioteqnologiisa <strong>da</strong> genetikuriinJineriis ganviTarebasTan.gmo-m farTo gavrceleba hpova, gansakuTrebiT mcenareuli sakvebi kulturebiswarmoebaSi. miuxe<strong>da</strong>vad sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva <strong>da</strong>debiTi mxarisa, jer kidev mimdinareobs mecnieruli<strong>da</strong>va imasTan <strong>da</strong>kavSirebiT, Tu ramdenad usafrTxoa a<strong>da</strong>mianis janmrTelobisa <strong>da</strong>garemosaTvis gmo-ebi. genebis ga<strong>da</strong>nergvas mosdevs principulad axali formebiswarmoqmna, romelTa ujredebSic SesaZlebelia moxdes a<strong>da</strong>mianisTvis saSiSinivTierebebis (toqsinebi, alergenebi <strong>da</strong> a.S.) sinTezireba, risi winaswarmetyveleba <strong>da</strong>gaTvlac SeuZlebelia. gmo warmoadgens axal organizms axali TvisebebiT. SeiZlebaes Tvisebebi saziano aRmoCndes rogorc a<strong>da</strong>mianisaTvis (magaliTad, transgenurimcenaris sakvebad gamoyenebisas), ise ekosistemisaTvis (transgenuri mcenaris mtveriTSeiZleba moxdes sxva mcenaris <strong>da</strong>mtverva <strong>da</strong> moxdes cvlilebebis mTeli jaWvi). gmo-sbunebaSi gavrceleba biomravalferovnebisaTvis SesaZloa igive efeqti iqonios, racucxo saxeobebis introducirebam. axali niSan-Tviseba, romelsac gmo-ebi SeiZenen,maT ufro konkurentunarians gaxdis adgilobriv saxeobeTan, an kulturul jiSebTanSe<strong>da</strong>rebiT, ramac SesaZlebelia seriozuli ekologiuri <strong>da</strong>rRvevebi gamoiwvios.transgenuri kulturebis <strong>da</strong>mkvidreba biomravalferovnebis sxva saSiSroebisSemcvelicaa: genuri inJineria monokulturebis Seqmnis teqnologiaa. monokulturagenetikur erTgvarovnebas niSnavs, genetikurad erTgvarovani kulturebis naTesebiki bevrad mgrZnobiareni arian <strong>da</strong>avadebisa Tu garemos araxelsayreli pirobebismimarT.amrigad, gmo-s bunebaSi gavrcelebis Sedegad SesaZlebelia moxdes biomravalferovnebiscvlileba jer genetikur, Semdeg ki saxeobriv <strong>da</strong> ekosistemur doneze.genmodificirebuli organizmebis maregulirebeli kanonmdebloba <strong>da</strong>savleT evropisqveynebSi saTaves jer kidev gasuli saukunis 80-iani wlebis meore naxevri<strong>da</strong>niRebs. am droi<strong>da</strong>n evropaSi sagrZnoblad gaizar<strong>da</strong> garemos<strong>da</strong>cviTi organizaciebis,fermerebisa <strong>da</strong> aseve mosaxleobis didi nawilis winaaRmdegoba genuri inJineriisgamoyenebiT miRebuli produqtebis mimarT. evropis xuTma qveyanam (avstria,luqsemburgi, safrangeTi, saberZneTi <strong>da</strong> didi britaneTi) genmodificirebulmcenareebze garkveuli akrZalvebi <strong>da</strong>awesa. aRsaniSnavia, rom genmodificirebulorganizmebi<strong>da</strong>n Tavisufali zonebis Seqmnas iTvaliswinebs <strong>evrokavSiris</strong> mTelirigi qveynebis kanonmdebloba. Tanamedrove bioteqnologiis meTodebisa <strong>da</strong> maTSedegad miRebuli organizmebis gamoyenebisas biousafrTxoebis saTanado donisuzrunvelyofis mizniT, mTel rig qveynebSi <strong>da</strong> saerTaSoriso doneze SemuSav<strong>da</strong>genmodificirebuli organizmebis samarTlebrivi regulirebis meqanizmebi. esmeqanizmebi ZiriTa<strong>da</strong>d gaerTianebuli erebis organizaciis 1992 wlis rio-de-Janeirosgaremosa <strong>da</strong> ganviTarebis saerTaSoriso konferenciaze 30 miRebul `biologiurimravalferovnebis Sesaxeb” konvencias efuZneba. aRniSnuli konvenciiT aRiarebuliqna, rom Tanamedrove bioteqnologiiT miRebuli genetikurad modificirebuliorganizmebi axal safrTxes uqmnian biomravalferovnebis SenarCunebas <strong>da</strong> maTgamoyenebasTan <strong>da</strong>kavSirebuli riskis minimumamde Sesamcireblad aucilebeliasaTanado maregulirebeli sistemebis Seiqmna. genmodificirebuli organizmebis30 United Nations Conference on Environment and Development, Rio de Jeneiro, 199244
egulirebis CarCoebis gansazRvra sakmaod rTuli aRmoCn<strong>da</strong>. mTavar amocanaspotenciurad mniSvnelovan sargebelsa <strong>da</strong> garemosa <strong>da</strong> a<strong>da</strong>mianTa janmrTelobisgarantirebul usafrTxoebas Soris saTanado balansis <strong>da</strong>myareba warmoadgen<strong>da</strong>.biousafrTxoebis uzrunvelyofa <strong>da</strong> regulirebis efeqturi sistemebis Seqmna,gansakuTrebiT genmodificirebuli organizmebis transsasazRvro ga<strong>da</strong>adgilebiskonteqstSi, SeuZlebeli iqnebo<strong>da</strong> msoflios yvela qveynis koordinirebuli midgomisgareSe. swored am mizniT, biomravalferovnebis konvenciis farglebSi 2000 welsSemuSav<strong>da</strong> saerTaSoriso samarTlebrivi dokumenti _ biousafrTxoebis kartaxenasoqmi, romelic ZalaSi Sevi<strong>da</strong> 2003 wlis 11 seqtembers.kartaxenis oqmis mizans warmoadgens usafrTxoebis saTanado donis <strong>da</strong>cva (a<strong>da</strong>mianisjanmrTelobisTvis zianis miyenebis safrTxis gaTvaliswinebiT) Tanamedrovebioteqnologiis meTodebiT miRebuli iseTi genmodificirebuli organizmebisgamoyenebisas, romelTac SeuZliaT uaryofiTi zegavlena iqonion biologiurmravalferovnebaze. oqmi ZiriTa<strong>da</strong>d gmo-ebis transsasazRvro ga<strong>da</strong>adgilebissakiTxebs exeba <strong>da</strong> saSualebas aZlevs importior, anu mimReb qveyanas, <strong>da</strong>icvasTavisi ekosistema SesaZlo uaryofiTi zemoqmedebisgan. kartaxenas oqmi adgenswinaswari <strong>da</strong>sabuTebuli Tanxmobis (advance informed agreement) proceduras, romeliciTvaliswinebs saxelmwifoebis uzrunvelyofas aucilebeli informaciiT, racmaT aseTi organizmebis importirebis, an misi akrZalvis Sesaxeb <strong>da</strong>sabuTebuliga<strong>da</strong>wyvetilebis miRebis saSualebas miscems. informaciis warmodgena evalebaeqsportior, anu Semomtan qveyanas.procedurebsa <strong>da</strong> meqanizmebs, romlebic exmareba mimReb saxelmwifos ga<strong>da</strong>wyvetilebismiRebaSi, adgens oqmis mxareTa konferencia. is aseve SeimuSavebs rekomen<strong>da</strong>ciebsnebismier sakiTxze, rac aucilebelia am oqmis gansaxorcieleblad.kartaxenas oqmi efuZneba gaero-s 1992 wlis ~garemosa <strong>da</strong> ganviTarebis rio-de-Janeiros deklaraciis~ me-15 princips, romelic exeba usafrTxoebis winaswarizomebis miRebas. am principis arsia: rodesac arsebobs garemosaTvis seriozuli<strong>da</strong> Seuqcevadi zianis miyenebis safrTxe, mis aRsakveTad mimarTuli RonisZiebebisgatarebis <strong>da</strong>brkolebis mizezi ar un<strong>da</strong> gaxdes sarwmuno mecnieruli monacemebisa<strong>da</strong> codnis ararseboba. kartaxenas oqmi monawile mxareebs SesaZleblobas aZlevsmosalodneli uaryofiTi zegavlenis Tavi<strong>da</strong>n acilebis an maqsimaluri SezRudvisTvis<strong>da</strong>aweson oqmiT <strong>da</strong>dgenilze ufro mkacri moTxovnebi erovnuli kanonmdeblobisSesabamisad. axali mecnieruli kvlevebis Sedegebis safuZvelze, mimReb qveyanasufleba aqvs ga<strong>da</strong>xedos Tavis ga<strong>da</strong>wyvetilebas cocxali modificirebuli organizmisimportis (an misi SezRudvis) Sesaxeb <strong>da</strong> Secvalos is. oqmi aseve iTvaliswinebspotenciur mimReb garemoSi biologiuri mravalferovnebis SenarCunebaze (a<strong>da</strong>mianisjanmrTelobis usafrTxoebis gaTvaliswinebiT) SesaZlo uaryofiTi zegavlenisanalizsa <strong>da</strong> regulirebas. mxareebma un<strong>da</strong> iTanamSromlon riskis SefasebissferoSi <strong>da</strong> uzrunvelyon saWiro zomebis miReba imisTvis, rom nebismieri cocxalimodificirebuli organizmi (rogorc importirebuli, aseve am qveyanaSi Seqmnili),gamoyenebamde gadiodes <strong>da</strong>kvirvebas misi sicocxlis ciklis an reproduqciisperiodis manZilze. ukanono transasazRvro ga<strong>da</strong>adgilebis SemTxvevaSi <strong>da</strong>zaralebulmxares SeuZlia mosTxovos warmoSobis mxares cocxali modificirebuli organizmismisive xarjiT amoReba. un<strong>da</strong> aRiniSnos, rom kartaxenis oqmi ar exeba im cocxalmodificirebul organizmebs, romelTa ga<strong>da</strong>tana qveyni<strong>da</strong>n qveyanaSi xdebafarmacevtuli an samkurnalo <strong>da</strong>niSnulebisTvis.<strong>evrokavSiris</strong> ZiriTadi kanonmdebloba genmodificirebis Sesaxeb moicavs Semdegaqtebs:45
• `genetikurad modificirebuli organizmebis garemoSi introduqciisa <strong>da</strong>evrogaerTianebis sabWos 1990 wlis 23 aprilis #90/220/EEC direqtivisZala<strong>da</strong>kargulad cnobis Taobaze“ evroparlamentisa <strong>da</strong> <strong>evrokavSiris</strong> sabWos2001 wlis 12 martis #2001/18/EC direqtiva;• `genetikurad modificirebuli sasursaTo <strong>da</strong> cxovelTa sakvebi produqciisSesaxeb“ evroparlamentisa <strong>da</strong> <strong>evrokavSiris</strong> sabWos 2003 wlis 22 seqtembris#1829/2003/EC debuleba;• `genetikurad modificirebuli organizmebis mimoqcevis kontrolisa <strong>da</strong>markirebis <strong>da</strong> genetikurad modificirebuli sasursaTo <strong>da</strong> cxovelTa sakvebiproduqciis mimoqcevis kontrolisa <strong>da</strong> markirebis Sesaxeb“ evroparlamentisa<strong>da</strong> <strong>evrokavSiris</strong> sabWos 2003 wlis 22 seqtembris #1830/2003/EC debuleba;• direqtiva 90/219/ EC gmo-s Semcvlelebis gamoyenebis Taobaze;• instruqcia gmo-s transsazRvro ga<strong>da</strong>adgilebis Taobaze EC/1946/2003;• garemoze zemoqmedebis Sefasebis ganxorcielebis principebi;• savaldebulo moTxovnebi postsabazro monitoringisTvis.aRniSnuli kanonmdebloba prevenciis principiTaa Seqmnili. amasTan, kanonmdebloba:• aRiarebs genmodificirebas, rogorc sarisko teqnologias;• iTvaliswinebs sxva legitimur faqtorebs;• markirebis <strong>da</strong>wesebiT, Tavisufal arCevans aZlevs fermerebsa <strong>da</strong>momxmareblebs;• gascems nebarTvebs konkretuli SemTxvevis usafrTxoebis Sefasebis• safuZvelze;• iTvaliswinebs samTavrobo saeqsperto ganxilvis aucileblobas;• uzrunvelyofs saxelmwifo reestris gamWvirvalobas (gmo produqtebis komercializaciazenebarTvebis gacema sajaro xdeba internetis meSveobiT (http://gmoinfo.jrc.it). aseve sajaroa erovnuli mmarTvelobis organos Sefasebis angariSi<strong>da</strong> evropis kvebis usafrTxoebis samsaxuris (EFSA) <strong>da</strong>skvna (http://efsa.eu.int). amas-Tan, sazogadoebas eZleva, orive SemTxvevaSi, komentaris gakeTebis saSualeba).saqarTvelos moqmedi kanonmdebloba arc kanonis <strong>da</strong> arc kanonqvemdebare normatiuliaqtebis doneze ar aregulirebs genmodificirebul organizmebTan <strong>da</strong>kavSirebulsakiTxebs (gar<strong>da</strong> ”biologiuri agrowarmoebis ganxorcielebis Sesaxeb” saqarTveloskanonisa _ III Tavi, muxli 8 _ romelic krZalavs cxovelTa sakvebi <strong>da</strong>namatebis saxiTgenmodificirebuli organizmebisa <strong>da</strong> maTi produqtebis gamoyenebas). saqarTvelosteritoriaze genmodificirebuli organizmebis moxvedris ZiriTad wyarostranssasazRvro ga<strong>da</strong>adgileba warmoadgens. ar arsebobs cocxali gmo transsasazRvroga<strong>da</strong>adgilebis, Seqmnis, gamoyenebisa <strong>da</strong> bunebaSi gamoTavisuflebis regulirebiskanonmdebloba. aseve, ar arsebobs cocxali modificireuli organizmebis sferoSisazogadoebis uflebebisa <strong>da</strong> movaleobebis detalurad ganmsazRvreli samarTlebrivibaza.cnobilia, rom saqarTveloSi adgili hqon<strong>da</strong> gmo importisa <strong>da</strong> gavrcelebis ramodenimefaqts. monitoringisa <strong>da</strong> samecniero kvlevebis ar arsebobis gamo, ucnobia maTi gavrcelebisSesaxeb informacia, ucnobia ekosistemebze zemoqmedebis done <strong>da</strong> xarisxi.kartaxenas oqmi momzad<strong>da</strong> ratificirebisaTvis saqarTvelos parlanentSi, gaiarasakomiteto mosmenebic, magram plenarul sxdomaze keWisyrisas sakiTxi Cavar<strong>da</strong>.rac Seexeba specialur kanons, misi proeqtic momzad<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>interesebuli mxareebismonawileobiT 2004-2005 wlebSi, magram miReba ar moxerx<strong>da</strong> sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva mizezis gamo.am mizezebs Sorisaa “licenziebisa <strong>da</strong> nebarTvebis Sesaxeb” kanonis miReba, romelmacmTlianad Secvala am sferoSi TamaSis wesebi <strong>da</strong> xSirad ver uTavsdeba saerTaSorisoaqtebs.46
ekomen<strong>da</strong>ciebibiousafrTxoebis sferoSi saqarTveloSi gasatarebeli RonisZiebebia:1. biousafrTxoebis kartaxenas oqmis ratificireba;2. biousafrTxoebis sferos maregulirebel kanonproeqtTa paketis momzadeba, misisazogadoebrivi ganxilva <strong>da</strong> saboloo teqstis SeTanxmeba;3. saxelmwifo kontrolis meqanizmis SemuSaveba <strong>da</strong> Sesabamisi makontrolebelistruqturis Camoyalibeba sazogadoebrivi organizaciebis monawileobiT;4. genmodificirebuli organizmebis regulirebisaTvis qveyanaSi Sesabamisimaterialur-teqnikuri bazis ganviTareba <strong>da</strong> kadrebis momzadeba;5. biousafrTxoebasTan <strong>da</strong>kavSirebuli sakiTxebis Setana saganmanaTlebloprogramebSi, sazogadoebrivi monitoringis sistemis Camoyalibeba.7. <strong>da</strong>skvnarogorc warmodgenili kvlevi<strong>da</strong>n Cans, saqarTvelos biomravalferovneba –ekosistemur, saxeobriv <strong>da</strong> genetikur doneze, sakmao problemebisa <strong>da</strong> safrTxiswinaSe dgas.qveyanaSi arsebobs garkveuli sakanonmdeblo baza, romelsac safuZveli <strong>da</strong>edokonstituciis miRebis (1995) Semdgom. mniSvnelovani winga<strong>da</strong>dgmuli nabijiiyo 1994 wels qveynis mier biomravalferovnebis konvenciis ratificireba,rasac mohyva biomravalferovnebasTan <strong>da</strong>kavSirebul sxva konvenciebTan <strong>da</strong>saerTaSoriso SeTanxmebebTan saqarTvelos mierTeba. miuxe<strong>da</strong>vad amisa, dRemderCeba sferoebi, romlebic an saerTod ar regulirdeba kanonebiT (biousafrTxoeba,agrobiomravalferovneba), an regulirdeba arasrulfasovnad. kanonebis didinawili deklaratiuli xasiaTisaa <strong>da</strong> ganxorcielebis meqanizmebi gaumarTavia. droissxva<strong>da</strong>sxva periodSi miRebul kanonebs Soris arsebobs seriozuli Seusabamobebi.gansakuTrebiT, es igrZnoba 2005 wels “licenziebisa <strong>da</strong> nebarTvebis Sesaxeb” kanonismiRebis Semdgom. ekonomikuri saqmianobis xelSewyobis mizniT miRebulma am kanonma<strong>da</strong>arRvia metnaklebad arsebuli balansi, erTis mxriv, garemos <strong>da</strong>cvasa <strong>da</strong> meoresmxriv, bunebrivi resursebiT sargeblobasa <strong>da</strong> garemoze zemoqmedebasTan <strong>da</strong>kavSirebulsaqmianobebs Soris; SeizRu<strong>da</strong> sazogadoebis ufleba miiRos monawileoba garemosTan<strong>da</strong>kavSirebuli ga<strong>da</strong>wyvetilebebis miRebis procesSi. yovelive aman uaxloes momavalSiSesaZlebelia gaaZlieros biomravalferovnebis moqmedi sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva safrTxeebi,rogorebicaa garemos <strong>da</strong>binZureba <strong>da</strong> Warbi mopoveba.SeiZleba iTqvas, rom realurad, biomravalferovnebis konservacia <strong>da</strong> saerTodgaremos <strong>da</strong>cva, arasodes yofila prioriteti saqarTveloSi <strong>da</strong> mxoloddeklarireba xdebo<strong>da</strong> sx<strong>da</strong><strong>da</strong>sxva politikuri gancxadebebis dros. rogorc wesi,biomravalferovnebis <strong>da</strong>cva meore planze iwev<strong>da</strong>, rodesac dRis wesrigSi dgebo<strong>da</strong>raime ekonomikuri ganviTarebis proeqti (magaliTad, yulevis terminalis mSenebloba,baqo-Tbilisi-jeihanis milsadeni, wiaRis mopoveba, infrastruqturis mSenebloba<strong>da</strong> sxv.). saxelmwifo biujeti<strong>da</strong>n yovelTvis mwiri <strong>da</strong>finanseba iyo gamoyofilibiomravalferovnebis konservaciaze. erT-erTi mTavari xelisSemSleli faqtori kiiyo pasuxismgebeli uwyebebis arakoordinirebuli <strong>da</strong> araTanamimdevruli qmedebebi.wlebis manZilze TvalsaCinoa kanonaRsrulebis meqanizmebis araefeqturoba. am47
mizeziT ukanono mopovebam (tyis Wra, brakonieroba) katastrofuli masStabebimiiRo. kanonebs Soris Seusabamobebi <strong>da</strong> araTanamimdevruloba ki nayofier nia<strong>da</strong>gsqmni<strong>da</strong> korufciisaTvis.2005 wels <strong>da</strong>gvianebiT, magram mainc <strong>da</strong>mtkic<strong>da</strong> “saqarTvelos biomravalferovnebisstrategia <strong>da</strong> moqmedebaTa gegma”. gar<strong>da</strong> imisa, rom am dokumentis miReba konvenciisvaldebulebis Sesrulebas warmoadgens, is ayalibebs mTavrobis erTian xedvasbiomravalferovnebis konservaciasa <strong>da</strong> mdgradi gamoyenebis sakiTxebSi.saqarTvelos mTavrobis 2004-2009 wlebis programaSi (romlis devizia: “erTiani<strong>da</strong> Zlieri <strong>saqarTvelosa</strong>Tvis ekonomikuri zrdis, grZelvadiani stabilurobisa<strong>da</strong> evrointegraciis gziT”) erT-erT pirvel miznad miCneulia saqarTvelos sruliintegracia evropul <strong>da</strong> evroatlantikur sivrceSi. reformebis mimarTulebebSipir<strong>da</strong>piraa aRniSnuli <strong>da</strong>culi teritoriebis sistemis ganviTarebis <strong>da</strong> biologiurimravalferovnebis (gansakuTrebiT tyis, florisa <strong>da</strong> faunis iSviaTi saxeobebis)<strong>da</strong>cvis xelSewyoba.amrigad, dRes biomravalferovnebis konservaciasTan <strong>da</strong>kavSirebiT strategiebis,mTavrobis gegmebisa <strong>da</strong> politikuri gancxadebebis doneze TiTqos yvelaferi rigzea,magram maTi cxovrebaSi gatareba ar xdeba. samwuxarod, mravali saerTaSorisoSeTanxmebiT, deklaraciiT, konvenciiTa Tu xelSekrulebiT aRebuli valdebulebebimxolod qaRaldze rCeba. amis mTavari ganmapirobebeli faqtorebia:• <strong>da</strong>bali politikuri neba <strong>da</strong> sakiTxis araprioritetuloba;• araharmonizebuli kanonmdebloba <strong>da</strong> regulaciebis sisuste;• gaumarTavi institiciuri mowyoba;• gamWvirvalobis <strong>da</strong>bali done <strong>da</strong> mosaxleobis CaurTveloba ga<strong>da</strong>wyvetilebismiRebis procesSi;• mwiri <strong>da</strong>finanseba <strong>da</strong> SezRuduli SesaZleblobebi;• Tanamedrove kvalifikaciis kadrebis aryola;yovelive amis gaTvaliswinebiT, erovnuli strategiebisa <strong>da</strong> saerTaSorisovaldebulebebis Sesruleba xdeba arasrulyofilad <strong>da</strong> formalurad. Tuga<strong>da</strong>vxe<strong>da</strong>vT arsebul mdgomareobasa <strong>da</strong> tendenciebs bioravalferovnebis sxva<strong>da</strong>sxvamimarTulebaSi (satyeo meurneobis reformis mimdinareoba <strong>da</strong> modeli, <strong>da</strong>culiteritoriebis menejmenti, CITES-is <strong>da</strong>narTebSi Setanili saxeobebiT vaWroba, “wiTelinusxis” saxeobebis <strong>da</strong>cva <strong>da</strong> sxv.), vnaxavT, rom maT araferi aqvT saerTo evropulgamocdilebasa <strong>da</strong> <strong>evrokavSiris</strong> direqtivebTan.“<strong>evrokavSiris</strong> samezoblo politikis strategiuli gegma” prioritetulad miiCnevsswored “garemos <strong>da</strong>cvasTan <strong>da</strong>kavSirebuli sakiTxebis strategiul <strong>da</strong>gegmvasa <strong>da</strong>koordinirebas Sesabamis subieqtebs Soris”. anu imas, rac biomravalferovnebis<strong>da</strong>rgSi moicavs zemoT aRniSnuli “saqarTvelos biomravalferovnebis strategia<strong>da</strong> moqmedebaTa gegma”. am dokumentis Tanamimdevruli Sesruleba xels Seuwyob<strong>da</strong>saqarTveloSi biomravalferovnebis winaSe arsebuli problemebis ga<strong>da</strong>Wras <strong>da</strong>safrTxeebis gauvnebelyofas.saqarTvelo araa <strong>evrokavSiris</strong> wevri qveyana <strong>da</strong> ar aris valdebuli Seasrulosyvela direqtiva. wevrobis SemTxvevaSic ki, ar aris mizanSewonili romelime qveynismodelis pir<strong>da</strong>piri gadmoReba. magram, jer erTi, wevrobisaTvis mzadeba niSnavsimas, rom garkveulad moamzado Seni struqtrurebi am gaerTianebaSi Sesasvlelad.meorec, direqtivebis Sesruleba mxolod wevrad gaxdomisaTvis ki ar aris saWiro,aramed imisaTvis, rom uzrunvelyo biologiuri mravalferovnebis SenarCuneba.48
<strong>evrokavSiris</strong> qveynebma gaacnobieres amis saWiroeba <strong>da</strong> sakuTari pasuxismgebloba,xolo direqtivebi <strong>da</strong> sxva regulaciebi ubralod aris instrumentebibiomravalferovnebis konservaciisa <strong>da</strong> mdgradi gamoyenebisaTvis. <strong>evrokavSiris</strong>direqtivebis moTxovnebis gaziareba xels Seuwyob<strong>da</strong>, erTis mxriv mTavrobis miznismiRwevas evropul struqturebSi integraciis sakiTxebSi, xolo meores mxriv,qveynis biomravalferovnebis SenarCunebasa <strong>da</strong> mdgrad gamoyenebas. Tun<strong>da</strong>c NATURA2000 qselis kandi<strong>da</strong>ti teritoriebis winaswari SerCeva <strong>da</strong> “zurmuxtovan qselSi”(Emerald Network) CarTva (ramac evropis qveynebSi udidesi pozitiuri Sedegi gamoiRoekosistemebis, gansakuTrebiT tyeebis SenarCunebis TvalsazrisiT), CITES-isa <strong>da</strong>biousafrTxoebis Sesaxeb erovnuli kanonmdeblobis miReba, mniSvnelovani nabijebiiqnebo<strong>da</strong> am mimarTulebiT.gamoyenebuli terminebibiomi: florisa <strong>da</strong> faunis erTianoba, romelsac axasiaTebs garkveuli geografiuligavrceleba.biomravalferovnebis cxeli wertili: biogeografiuli regioni, romelicwarmoadgens biomravalferovnebis mniSvnelovan rezervuars <strong>da</strong> amave dros emuqrebaganadgurebis safrTxe.ekosistema: mcenareebis, cxovelebisa <strong>da</strong> mikroorganizmebis TanasazogadoebaTa<strong>da</strong> maTi aracocxali garemos dinamiuri kompleqsi, romlebic erToblivadfunqcionirebs.endemi: berZ. “endemos” – adgilobrivi; taqsonomiuri erTeuli (saxeoba, qvesaxeoba),romelic bunebrivad binadrobs mxolod mocemul teritoriaze an geografiuliregionis SigniT. magaliTad, <strong>da</strong>savleT kavkasiuri jixvi, binadrobs mxolodkavkasionis qedis <strong>da</strong>savleT nawilSi <strong>da</strong> sxvagan arsad msoflioSi.reliqti: laT. “reliqtus” – <strong>da</strong>rCenili; organizmi, romelic warsul epoqebSifarTod iyo gavrcelebulii, magram axla SemorCenilia erT an ramdenime mcireteritoriaze.refugiumi: laT. TavSesafari; mcire teritoria, sa<strong>da</strong>c SemorCenilia erT drosfarTod gavrcelebuli reliqturi organizmebi.habitati: sabinadro garemo, adgili sa<strong>da</strong>c binadrobs cocxali organizmi.49
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saqarTvelo, Tbilisi, 0162yifSiZis q. 5a. me-4 sa<strong>da</strong>rb. me-7 sarT.tel: (+995 32) 221604; faqsi: (+995 32) 223874el. fosta: greenalt@wanex.netveb gverdi: www.greenalt.org
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