saxelovnebo mecnierebaTa Ziebani #3 (48), 2011 ART SCIENCE ...

saqarTvelos SoTa rusTavelis Teatrisada kinos saxelmwifo universitetiShota Rustaveli Theatre and FilmGeorgian State Universitysaxelovnebo mecnierebaTaZiebani#3 (48), 2011ART SCIENCE STUDIES#3 (48), 2011gamomcemloba `kentavri~Tbilisi _ 2011

UDC(uak) 7(051.2)s-364saqarTvelos SoTa rusTavelis Teatrisa da kinossaxelmwifo universitetisaxelovnebo mecnierebaTa Ziebani #3 (48), 2011saredaqcio sabWolela oCiaurimaia kiknaZenino sanadiraZeliteraturuliredaqtorimariam iaSvilikrebulisaTvis mowodebulimasala uzrunvelyofili undaiyos Sesabamisi samecnieroaparatiT. Tan unda axldesmonacemebi avtoris samecnierokvalifikaciis Sesaxeb qarTulda inglisur enebze, agreTvenaSromis inglisurenovanireziume.garekanis dizainilevan dadianidakabadonebaekaterineoqropiriZegamomcemlobisxelmZRvanelimaka vasaZekrebulis stamburi gamocemaegzavneba sxvadasxvasaerTaSoriso kvleviT centrs.naSromebi mogvawodeT dacnobebisaTvis mogvmarTeT:0102, Tbilisi, daviT aRmaSeneblisgamziri #40, saqarTvelos SoTarusTavelis Teatrisa da kinossaxelmwifo universiteti,II korpusi.tel/faqsi: +995 (32) 936 408mob: +995 (95) 305 060+995 (77) 288 750E-mail: kentavri@tafu.edu.geWeb: www.tafu.edu.ge

Shota Rustaveli Theatre and Film Georgian State UniversityArt Science Studies #3 (48), 2011Editorial GroupLELA OCHIAURIMAIA KIKNADZENINO SANADIRADZELiterary EditorMARIAM IASHVILICover DesignLEVAN DADIANIBook BindingEKATERINEOKROPIRIDZEHead of PublishingHouseMAKA VASADZEMaterials supplied for thevolume should be providedwith corresponding scientificappliance. Paperworkconcerning author’s academicqualification and summary ofwork should be attached inGeorgian and English languages.Printed version of the volume issent out to various internationalresearch centers.Works should be supplied underthe following contact:0102, Tbilisi, DavitAgmashenebeli Avenue #40Georgian Shota RustaveliTheatre and Film StateUniversitySecond BlockTel/Fax: +995 (32) 936 408Mob: +995 (95) 305 060+995 (55) 288 750E-mail: kentavri@tafu.edu.geWeb: www.tafu.edu.ge

sarCeviTeatrmcodneobaTamar bokuCavaXIX-XX saukunis TeatrmcodneobiTi kvlevis zogierTitendencia Teatri da rituali ................................................9mixeil kalandariSvilivis sWirdeba Teoria? ...............................................................28kinomcodneobalia kalandariSvili`es ar aris vaSli~... anu ekranulisaxis orazrovneba ...................................................................50manana lekboraSviliswrafva dokumentalurobisken dadokumentalizmis `ganleva~ ....................................................62animaciavladimer sulaqveliZegermanuli modernizmi .............................................................73universitetissadoqtoro programadramis reJisuranino lipartianipostmodernistuli Teatraluri xelovnebiszogierTi sakiTxebi ...........................................................81msoflio kinos istorianaTia mefariSviliholivudi kulisebs miRma .......................................................89saTeatro Jurnalistikis istoriamariam CubiniZesaqarTveloSi Jurnalisturi azrovnebisCamoyalibebis zogierTi sakiTxi ............................................94avtorTa Sesaxeb ......................................................................1064

CONTENTSTHEATRE STUDIESTAMAR BOKUCHAVASome Trends of Theatre Studies inXIX-XX Centuries Theatre and Ritual ................................109MIKHEIL KALANDARISHVILIThe complete professor in the direction of criticism andtheory The doctor of art study ..............................................111FILM STUDIESLIA KALANDARISHVILI“This is an apple i.e. ambiguity of film image” ....................112MANANA LEKBORASHVILIStriving for documentalism and its exhaustion ....................113ANIMATIONLADO SULAQVELIDZEGerman modernism .............................................................114UNIVERSITY’ Ph.D PROGRAMDRAMA DIRECTIONNINO LIPARTIANISome Postmodernist Theatrical Art Issues ...........................116HISTORY OF WORLD THEATRENATIA MEFARISHVILIHollywood: Beyond the Coulisses .......................................117THEATRE JOURNALISM HISTORYMARIAM CHUBINIDZESome issues of journalistic thinking in Georgia ...................1185

Teatrmcodneoba7

Tamar bokuCavaXIX-XX saukunis TeatrmcodneobiTi kvleviszogierTi tendenciaTeatri da ritualiTeatrisa da Teatris istoriis samecniero SeswavliserT-erTi mTavari niSani Teatris `filologiuri~istoriidan Teatralur warmodgenaze yuradRebisgadatana iyo. germanelma Teatrmcodnem maqs hermanma1914 wels gamocemul wignSi `Sua saukuneebisa daaRorZinebis epoqis germanuli Teatris istoriiskvlevebi~, Teatraluri speqtaklis rekonstruqciulimeTodi Seqmna. Teatraluri warmodgenisa da msaxiobisSemoqmedebis bunebis kvlevam yuradReba dramaturgiidanspeqtaklis struqturul, esTetikur da saSemsrulebloaspeqtebze gadaitana. Teatris gageba dramaturgiulisafuZvlidan mis performatiul (warmodgeniT) bunebazegadaerTo. aman ganapiroba Teatralur xelovnebaSisaSemsruleblo da vizualur-gamomsaxvelobiTi mxarisavtonomiurobis gacnobiereba.ganaTlebis epoqaSi (XVII_XVIII ss.) safuZveliCaeyara samecniero codnisa da informaciisenciklopediuri klasifikaciisa da diferenciaciistendenciebs. aman biZgi misca mecnierebaTa ganviTarebas,maT Soris arqeologiursa da eTnografiul kvleva-Ziebebs. indoeTis, amerikisa da afrikis qveynebiskolonizaciam, samecniero eqspediciebma xeli Seuwyosxvadasxva tipis codnis dagrovebas, maT Sorisgeografiis, arqeologiis, eTnologiis, eTnografiis,primitiuli kulturebis Seswavlis sferoSi.kembrijis anTropologiur skolaSi eduardteilorisa (1832-1917) da jeims freizeris (1854-1941) mier eTnografiis, SedarebiTi religiisa dasocialuri da kulturuli anTropologiis kvlevis9

Tamar bokuCavasferoSi warmoebulma samecniero kvleva-ZiebebmagansakuTrebuli gavlena moaxdina rogorc sakacobriokulturis, ise adamianis anTropologiuri warsulisada sawyisebis xedvaze. aman dasabami misca primitiulisazogadoebebis xelovnebisa da kulturisadmiSeunelebel interess, maT Tanmimdevrul kvlevas.primitiuli adamianis cxovrebaSi civilizaciissamyaros idiliuri alternativa dainaxes.miT ufro, rom XVIII saukunidan moyolebuli, didipopularobiT sargeblobda frangi filosofosis JanJak rusos Tvalsazrisi. ruso skeptikurad uyurebdacivilizaciisa da kulturis saeWvo sikeTeebs da bunebriviadamianisa da Tavisufali aRzrdis ideas aviTarebda. misibunebrivi adamiani erTgvari harmoniuli `veluria~,romelic tyeebsa da mTa-velebSi bednier cxovrebas eweva.rusosave gavleniT, evropul azrovnebaSi damkvidrdaerTgvari `anticivilizaciuri~ saxelmwifos, rogorcZalmomreobis institutis winaaRmdeg mimarTuliganwyobebi, romlebic sxvadasxva socialur TeoriaSigamoixata, maT Soris marqsizmSic, romlis ideali_ komunisturi sazogadoeba _ saxelmwifos auqmebs.XIX saukunis Sua wlebSi gansakuTrebiT moduri iyosaxelmwifos ideis winaaRmdeg mimarTuli radikalurirevoluciuri Teoriebi, maT Soris anarqizmi.swored rusi anarqistis _ mixeil bakuninis mierdaarsebulma anarqistulma Jurnalma `avangardi~,romlis saTauri samxedro terminisagan warmosdga(avangardi mowinave razms niSnavs, romelic pirveli utevsmters), misca SemdgomSi saxelwodeba XIX-XX saukuneebismeamboxe xelovnebis mTel mimdinareobas, romelic dResacaqtualuria da arsebobs.avangardis warmomadgenlebis reformistuliganwyobebi xelovnebis reformirebis tendenciaSigamoixata. bevri maTgani, avangarduli revoluciurixelovnebis gziT, rogorc zeamocanas, sazogadoebisa10

XIX-XX saukunis TeatrmcodneobiTikvlevis zogierTi tendencia Teatri da ritualida adamianis gardaqmnas isaxavda miznad.saTeatro avangardis warmomadgenlebs surdaTtradiciuli dramaturgiisa da saTeatrogamomsaxvelobis reformireba. isini cvlidnen piesisada warmodgenis tradiciul struqturasa da esTetikas,mxatvruli modelirebis meTodebs, mayurebelTanurTierTobis xerxebs, warmodgenis gasamarTavadiyenebdnen alternatiul sivrceebs, mimarTavdnenepataJs (fr. epatage – ganzrax skandaluri saqcieli,romelic yuradRebis miqcevas isaxavs miznad) –mayurebelze zemoqmedebis moulodnelsa da Sokismomgvrel formebs. simbolistebi, eqspresionistebi,dadaistebi, siurealistebi, futuristebi da sxvebixelovnebis enobrivi da funqcionaluri arsisa dasawyisebis gaazrebas cdilobdnen.am tendenciaTa gaZlierebas kulturologiisada istoriis filosofiis sferoSi SeqmniliTeoriebi uwyobda xels. istoriis Seuqcevadiformaciuli evoluciis rwmena Seirya, es ganwyobagansakuTrebiT gaaZliera msoflio omebisa da XXsaukunis avtoritarizmis gamocdilebam, romelmacTanamedrove dasavluri modelebis mimarT skeptikuridamokidebuleba warmoSva. primitiul kulturebs,romlebic dResac arsebobs okeaniis, amazoniisada afrikis zogierT regionSi, Sexedes ara rogorcsazogadoebis formaciuli evoluciis erT-erTstadias, aramed rogorc dasavluri civilizaciisalternativas.aranakleb interess iwvevda aRmosavluri kulturebisspecifika da maTi tipologiuri niSnebi. maqs veberma(germaneli sociologi, 1864-1920) kulturaTatipologias safuZvlad subieqtis aqtivobis xasiaTidaudo. amis safuZvelze man kulturis sami tipigamohyo:1. indobudisturi, romelsac axasiaTebs adamianis11

Tamar bokuCavacxovrebisagan gandgoma;2. Cinur-konfuciuri, romelic emyareba adamianisSeguebas samyarosTan, garemomcvel bunebriv dasocialur garemosTan;3. qristianuli, romelsac axasiaTebs adamianismier samyaros Secvla-gardaqmnaze orientacia.kulturaTa tipologiis es, Tu sxva Teoriebiadamianis fsiqo-socialuri arsebobis alternatiuliformebisadmi aRviZebdnen interess, bevri (iseve,rogorc Tavad veberi) am gansxvavebas religiurimsoflgancdis gansxvavebaSi eZebda.Sesabamisad, primitiuli kulturebis mimarTinteresis paralelurad, gamoikveTa swrafva aRmosavlurikulturebis `saidumlos Seswavlisaken~. XX saukunismravali cnobili reJisori da Teatris moRvawe gaitacaprimitiuli sazogadoebebisa da aRmosavluri kulturebisTemam, isini swavlobdnen miTebsa da ritualebs, tradiciulaRmosavlur Teatrs – iaponur kabukisa da nos, indurkatakalisa da sxv. da Tavis saTeatro Sexedulebebsada msaxiobTan muSaobis meTodebs ayalibebdnen. 1931wels antonen arto – XX saukunis Teatris erT-erTiyvelaze epataJuri warmomadgeneli, sisastikis TeatrisTeoriis Semqmneli, kunZul balidan Camosuli dasis(eTnografiuli ritualuri cekvebis Semsruleblebis)warmodgenas daeswro. am movlenam udidesi gavlenamoaxdina artos saTeatro SexedulebaTa TvisobrivganviTarebaze.D`dResdReobiT, rodesac kritikosebiTanamedrove dramaturgias Tu Tanamedrove avangardistireJisorebis mier primitiuli ritualis Teatralurifunqciis xelaxali aRmoCenis cdebze msjeloben, artossaxeli pirvelia, romelsac axseneben~, _ wers avangardisTeatris Tanamedrove mkvlevari kristofer inesi.iqmneboda Teatraluri laboratoriebi, sadacTeatris miTo-ritualuri bunebis spontanurobismiRweva surdaT da amisaTvis aRmosavluri Teatris12

XIX-XX saukunis TeatrmcodneobiTikvlevis zogierTi tendencia Teatri da ritualifsiqo-fizikur da sulier `teqnikebsac~ iyenebdnen.aseT Ziebebs eweoda artos mimdevari, XX saukunissaTeatro avangardis umniSvnelovanesi warmomadgenelipoloneli reJisori eJi grotovski Tavis TeatralurlaboratoriaSi, sadac msaxiobTa jgufTan erTad,TiTqmis gandegiliviT cxovrobda. TanamedroveobiserT-erTma udidesma reJisorma piter brukma afrikaSiimogzaura, raTa saTeatro elementebis `tabula~Seedgina. rihard vagneris mier inicirebuli sinTezuriTeatris ideis sapirispirod (Gesamtkunstwerk –xelovnebis krebiTi nawarmoebi), grotovskim RaribiTeatris Teoria Camoayaliba, romlis mTavar figurasmsaxiobi da misi Semoqmedeba warmoadgens. grotovskislaboratoriul TeatrSi gaurbodnen speqtaklisgaformebisas Tanamedrove teqnikuri saSualebebisgamoyenebas, minimalurad mimarTavdnen rekvizitsa dadekoracias. TiTqmis yvelanairi gamomsaxveloba daxmovaneba mis speqtaklebSi `msaxiobismieri~ iyo. piterbruki grotovskis Teatrs, Teatris mis mier Seqmnilitipologiis mixedviT, `wminda~ Teatrs uwodebda.miTo-simboluri modelebiT kulturisa da fsiqikisfenomenTa axsna filosofiasa da fsiqologiaSidamkvidrda. 1872 wels fridrix nicSem daweranaSromi `tragediis dabadeba musikis sulidan~, sadacfilosofosi berZnuli miTologiuri panTeonis oriRmerTis, xelovnebis mfarvelebis – apolonisa dadionises Tvisobrivi Sepirispirebis gziT cdilobsaxsnas Teatris, berZnuli da zogadad sakacobriokulturis safuZvelSi mdebare farul ZalaTa moqmedebiskanonzomierebani. adamian-xelovanSi is or sawyissganasxvavebs – apolonursa da dionisurs, romlebicmudmiv WidilSi arian, dionisuri sawyisi, nicSesTvisbunebas, yofierebis safuZvelSi arsebul sasicocxloZalas ukavSirdeba, romelic borotebisa da sikeTiskategoriebs miRmaa, apolonuri _ mSvenierebas, wesrigs,13

Tamar bokuCavaharmonias, eTikas ganasaxierebs. erTis stiqia Trobaa,meoresi _ mSvenieri iluzia. nicSes azriT, es orisawyisi erTmaneTs berZnul tragediaSi daukavSirda.XX saukunis Teatrisa da dramis ganviTarebazeudidesi zegavlena moaxdina zigmund froidisfsiqoanalizma da karl gustav iungis analitikam(analitikurma fsiqologiam), romlebic adamianisfsiqikur da socialur qcevas miTis, arqetipisa dasimbolos fenomenTa meSveobiT xsnidnen.alternatiuli saTeatro formebis Seqmna dRemdegrZeldeba. XX saukunis 50-an wlebSi CamoyalibdaTeatraluri sanaxaobis iseTi formebi, romlebichefeningisa da performansis saxeliTaa cnobili.isini radikalurad gansxvavdeba dramatuli Teatriswarmodgenisagan rogorc Catarebis adgiliT, isesanaxaobis formiTa da xangrZlivobiT. hefeningi daperformansi uars ambobs piesaze, rogorc sanaxaobisliteraturul safuZvelze, maTi ganxorcieleba,tradiciulad, avtoris TanamonawileobiT xdebada mxatvruli aqciis saxes atarebs. performanssTeatraluri da saxviTi xelovnebis mijnaze ganixilavenda e. w. konceptualur xelovnebas miakuTvneben. TeatrisTanamedrove mkvlevari Carlz Tis lemani avtoriawignisa `postdramatuli Teatri~ (1999 weli). lemanisazriT, XX saukunis II naxevarSi gamoikveTa iseTisaTeatro fenomeni, romelsac postdramatuli TeatriSegviZlia vuwodoT da romlis elementebi mravalireJisorisa da Teatraluri moRvawis SemoqmedebaSigvxvdeba. postdramatuli Teatris kategoriaSi lemaniaerTianebs iseT saTeatro movlenebs, romlebSicliteraturuli safuZveli dominantur funqciaskargavs da warmodgenis erT-erT, xSirad, meoradkomponentad iqceva.Tanamedrove Teatraluri xelovnebis avangarduliStos genezisis gzebis gasagebad, aucilebelia14

XIX-XX saukunis TeatrmcodneobiTikvlevis zogierTi tendencia Teatri da ritualimivmarToT primitiuli da arqauli kulturebissaTeatro praqtikasa da gamocdilebas, raTa davinaxoT,Tu rogor xedavs Tanamedrove Teatraluri kulturaTavis warsulsa da fesvebs.Teatri da ritualiSeiZleba iTqvas, rom Teatraluri xelovneba,rogorc mxatvruli, socialuri da anTropologiurifenomeni, Tavisi universalurobiTa da formaluriniSnebiT, pirvelyofili ritualis sinkretul(Serwymul) mxatvrul bunebasa da mis mravalfunqciurdaniSnulebas mogvagonebs, rodesac xelovnebisdargebi adamianis erTiani mxatvruli saqmianobis jerkidev aradiferencirebul aspeqtebs warmoadgendnenda organulad iyvnen CarTulni pirvelyofilikulturebis yofiTi, socialuri Tu religiuricxovrebis mTlianobaSi. bunebrivia, Teatri gamoeyokults, magram man SeinarCuna adamianis sulieri dasocialuri cxovrebis maorganizebeli fenomenis niSan-Tvisebebi. Sesabamisad, imisaTvis rom Teatralurixelovnebis arsi da funqcia gavigoT, SeZlebisdagvarad,unda CavwvdeT mis fesvebs, gavacnobieroT samyarosmxatvruli aRqmisa da modelirebis uadresi formebi damaTi daniSnuleba,UuZvelesi adamianis damokidebulebasamyarosTan, misi yofisa da qcevis modelebi.Teatraluri kulturis sawyisebis, ritualiswarmoSobisa da moqmedebis mizezTaAda formaTaZieba damwerlobamdeli primitiuli pirvelyofilikulturebis wiaRis SeswavliT iwyeba, romelTaSesaxebac mxolod materialuri kulturis ZeglebiTada artefaqtebiT (xelTqmnili sagnebi) SeiZlebamsjeloba.anTropologebisa da kulturologebis azriT,15

Tamar bokuCavauZvelesi ritualebis formireba jer kidev zedapaleoliTis epoqaSi daiwyo. am droidan mecnierebsmxolod arqeologiuri masala moepovebaT – Sromisprimitiuli iaraRebi, kldeze Sesrulebuligamosaxulebebi da reliefebi, Zvlisa da qvis figurebida sxv. mxolod am arqeologiur masalaze dayrdnobiT,Znelia raime utyuari daskvnis gakeTeba imis Taobaze,Tu rogor cxovrobda, ras grZnobda da rogoracnobierebda gare samyarosa da sakuTar Tavs zemopaleoliTis adamiani. am problemis gadasaWreladanTropologebma e. w. SedarebiT meTods mimarTes daarqeologiuri monacemebi Tanamedrove primitiulikulturebis cxovrebis wesTan (amazoniis, avstraliis,okeaniisa da sxv. tomebis), ritualebTan, Semoqmedebisada urTierTobis formebTan mimarTebaSi ganixiles. isiniim daSvebidan amodiodnen, rom pirvelyofili adamianiskulturasa da xelovnebas, ase vTqvaT, sayovelTaouniversaluri xasiaTi aqvs.arqeologiuri nimuSebisa da Tanamedroveprimitiuli erebis yofisa da kulturis, ganviTarebulisazogadoebebis saritualo da ceremoniuli kulturisformebis Seswavlis safuZvelze Seiqmna winaistoriuliadamianis cxovrebisa da rwmena-warmodgenebis savaraudosuraTi da gamokveTa ritualis adgili da funqcia maTcxovrebaSi.rituali (laTinuri ritualis _ sakulto, ritus –sazeimo ceremonia, sakulto qmedeba) eTnologiisada kulturuli anTropologiis erT-erTi ZiriTadicnebaa. sityvebi kulti da zeimi ritualismniSvnelobasa da sazogadoebis cxovrebis msvlelobaSigamorCeul daniSnulebaze migvaniSneben. TanamedrovecivilizaciaTagan gansxvavebiT, romlebic aseve icnobenda iyeneben ritualis ceremoniul formebs, magrammaT mxolod gansakuTrebul viTarebebSi mimarTaven,rituali primitiuli kulturebis yoveldRiuri16

cxovrebis Tanmxlebi fenomenia. `kulturis yvelazearqaul safexurebze adamianis cxovreba Tavad arisreligiuri qmedeba, radganac sakvebis miRebas,sqesobriv urTierTobebsa da Sromas sakramentuliRirebuleba gaaCnia~, wers religiisa da miTologiismkvlevari da anTroplogi mirCa eliade 1 primitiulikulturebis Camoyalibeba zeda paleoliTis (paleoliTi– qvis xana, iyofa qveda, Sua da zeda periodebad) epoqaSimoxda. uZvelesi adamianis mxatvruli saqmianobisnimuSebi aTeul da aseul aTas wels iTvlis. espaneTSi,altamiras gamoqvabulSi aRmoCenili gamosaxulebebi,sxvadasxva SexedulebiT, 200 000-mde wlisaa. am bunebriv`taZars~ erT erTma mkvlevarma paleoliTis `siqstiskapela~ uwoda. Tumca, sxvadasxva anTropologiurgamokvlevaTa Tanaxmad, adamianis biologiuri evoluciaHomo sapiens-is (gonieri adamianis) formirebiT,daaxloebiT 40 000 _ 35 000 wlis winaT dasrulda.Tavisi winaprebisagan mas, anatomiur maxasiaTebelTagarda, materialuri kulturis ganviTarebis xarisxi(Sromis iaraRebi, mxatvrul-mamodelirebelisaqmianobis elementebi), danawevrebuli metyvelebisada abstraqtuli azrovnebis unari ganasxvavebda.mirCa eliade fiqrobs, rom winaistoriuli adamianis`gaadamianureba~ Semgroveblobidan monadireobazegadasvlam gamoiwvia. gaiyo qalisa da mamakacis Sroma,nadiris sistematurma devnam da xocvam msxverplsa damonadires Soris urTierTobis unikaluri sistemisformireba, mistikuri solidarobis gancdis Camoyalibebagamoiwvia. mkvlevrebis erT nawils miaCnia, rom zedapaleoliTis adamians ukve hqonda religiuri cnobierebada rwmena-warmodgenebi, romlebic garemomcvelisamyaros bunebisa da adamianTa urTierTmimarTebis wesis1 “La Nostalgie des Origines”, 1969, gv. 7.XIX-XX saukunis TeatrmcodneobiTikvlevis zogierTi tendencia Teatri da rituali17

Tamar bokuCavawarmosaxuli suraTis elementebs Seicavda. adamianisamyaros sakralur ZalebTan mudmiv urTierTqmedebaSi,mudmiv dialogSi imyofeboda da misi sasicocxloaqtivoba – nadiroba, Sromis iaraRebis damzadeba Tusxva, yofieris erTian arsebobasTan TanamonawileobisgancdiT iyo ganmsWvaluli. uZvelesi adamianebisnadirobasTan dakavSirebul ritualebSi aqtiurad iyoCarTuli SemoqmedebiTi mxatvruli elementi, razeckldeze gamosaxuli naxatebis, Zvlisa da qvisagan nakveTigamosaxulebebis forma da Sinaarsi mowmobs.primitiuli ritualis religiuri, praqtikuli,socialuri Tu fsiqologiuri funqciebi xilulda uxilav samyarosTan sagangebo komunikaciisformebiT xorcieldeboda, rituali komunikaciismravalveqtorian formas warmoadgenda, xolo misipraqtikuli daniSnuleba da qmediTi buneba ritualurimagiis saxeliTac aris cnobili. religiis pirvelyofilformebs – animizms, fetiSizms, totemizms da magiasprotoreligiebsac uwodeben. magiis mistikuri Zalaadamianisa da obieqtis urTierTmimarTebis ZalaSimdgomareobs, fiqrobs bronislav malinovski 2 , xolofreizeris azriT, pirvelyofil adamianebs miaCndaT,rom `mosalodneli safrTxis Tavidan acilebissaSualebebi, Tavad maT xelSi iyo da rom magiuriritualis meSveobiT maT SeeZloT weliwadis droebiscvlilebis daCqareba Tu Seneleba~ 3 primitiulikulturebis ritualebze Tavisi dakvirvebebidan dajeims frezeris kvlevebidan gamomdinare, malinovskidaaskvnis, rom magiuri rituali garemoze verbaluriTu fizikuri saSualebebiT zemoqmedebas isaxavs miznadda Tavis emociur damokidebulebas dramatuli formiTavlens. es forma ritualis Sinaarsidan gamomdinareicvleba. Tu jadoqars vinmesTvis an raimesTvis zianis2 Малиновский. Магия, наука и религия. М.: «Рефл-бук», 19983 Д.д. Фрэзер, «Золотая ветвь», М.1980, gv. 362.18

XIX-XX saukunis TeatrmcodneobiTikvlevis zogierTi tendencia Teatri da ritualimiyeneba aqvs ganzraxuli, is am sityvis pirdapirigagebiT, amtvrevs, `asaxiCrebs~, anadgurebs simbolurmsxverpls. am moqmedebebs is TvalsaCino mrisxanebis,brazisa da siZulvilis gamoxatulebiT axdens. Tusasiyvarulo magiiTaa dakavebuli, sasiyvarulo vnebissimboluri obieqti moferebisa da alersis saganixdeba, xolo Tavad ritualis Semsrulebeli giJuradSeyvarebuls ganasaxierebs. samxedro magiis sawesoqmedebebSi win modis mrisxanebis gamomxatveli mkacri daSemtevi moqmedeba da emocia, boroti Zalebis gandevnasTavzardacemuli adamianis SiSis gamoxatuleba axlavs,Sesabamisi moZraobebiTa da plastikiT – SekrTomiT,konvulsiebiT, tanjviT. zogjer jadoqari magiurritualSi ara mxolod zemoqmedebis mizansa da emociasasaxavs, aramed ritualuri msxverplis damarcxebisa damokvdinebis suraTsac, momakvdavi adamianis fizikurimdgomareobisa da gancdebis Sesabamisi gamosaxviT.malinovskis aRwerebidan aSkarad Cans ritualissaSemsruleblo formis e. w. performatiuli,gamomsaxvelobiTi da mimeturi xasiaTi. ritualurimagiis yvelaze `qmediT~ komponentad, malinovski misverbalur, SelocviT nawils da warmoTqmuli sityvisZalis rwmenas miiCnevs.kanadeli neirofsiqologi merlin donaldi 4 ,sakacobrio civilizaciis Semdeg fazebs gamoyofs:epizodurs, mimeturs (baZviT), miTiursa da Teoriuls.adamianis evoluciis yvelaze adreul etapze, romelsacis epizoduri kulturis nawilad ganixilavs, adamianimxolod aq-da-am wuTs arsebobas ganicdis. misTvis ararsebobs arc warsuli, arc momavali. rac Seexeba mimetur,igive imitaciur qcevas, misi niSnebi, mecnierebis azriT,jer kidev primatebis qcevaSi SeimCneva. imitaciuriqceva adamians gadarCenisaTvis aucilebeli codnis4 Merlin Donald, “Origins Of the Modern Mind: three stages in theevolution of cuture and cognition”, Harvard University press, 199319

Tamar bokuCavaSeZenis SesaZleblobas aZlevs. amave dros, mibaZvasSeiZleba Tan axldes sxvadasxva saxis, maT SorisTamaSiT gancdili siamovnebis grZnoba. civilizaciismimetur fazas axasiaTebs araverbaluri (arasityvieri)komunikaciis iseT formebi, rogorebicaa Jesti, poza,mimika da saxis gamometyveleba.rogorc filip zarilis, brius makkonahis, hariuiliamsisa da karol fiSer zorgenfrais `Teatrisistoriis SesavalSi~ vkiTxulobT, `orive am models– aq-da amwuTas yofierebasa da mimetur qcevassayovelTaod centraluri adgili ukavia moTamaSisa(avtorebi termin performers iyeneben) Tu msaxiobisqcevaSi, rogorc istoriul, ise zogadkulturulWrilSi. epizoduri da mimeturi qceva warmodgenisaucilebeli winapirobebia ritualiT dawyebuli dadramiT damTavrebuli~. 5rogorc vxedavT, am Sexedulebis Tanaxmad, ritualissakomunikacio modelebi Teatraluri komunikaciissamsaxiobo mxaris sakomunikacio modelTa msgavsia, racritualidan saSemsruleblo Teatraluri xelovnebisgenezisis erT-erTi damadasturebeli niSania.Teatraluri qmedebac `aq da amwuTs~ mimdinareobs dabaZviTi, mimsgavsebiTi xasiaTi aqvs.rogorc ukve aRvniSneT, mkvlevarTa umravlesobisazriT (mirCa eliade, klod levi-strosi da sxv.),primitiul kulturebs ukve dawyebiT safexurze aqvTgarkveuli religiuri miTo-simboluri msoflgancda.xSirad, rituali SeiZleba miTis erTgvar inscenirebaswarmoadgendes. maT Soris kosmogoniuri miTebisa,romlebic samyaros miTologiuri warmoSobis modelebswarmoadgens. ritualis meSveobiT adamiani samyarosganaxlebaSi, mis ganmeorebad SeqmnaSi monawileobs. esmonawileoba simboluri qmedebiT xorcieldeba, radgan5 Theatre Histories, An Introduction; by Phillip Zarilli, Bruce Mc-Conachie, Gary Jay Williams, Carol Fisher Sorgenfrei, gv. 520

XIX-XX saukunis TeatrmcodneobiTikvlevis zogierTi tendencia Teatri da ritualirituali sagnebsa da movlenebs simbolur mniSvnelobasada niSan-Tvisebebs aniWebs. eTnologebis, _ malinovskisada diurkgeimis SexedulebiT, rituali pirovnebisa dasociumis Seqmnasa Tu ganaxlebas, koleqtivebis mTlianobisSenarCunebas emsaxureba. am mTlianobis SesanarCunebladki ritualur qmedebaTa mTeli sistema moqmedebs:samyaros ganaxleba, RmerTisa da winaparTa pativiscema,momadliereba da momxroba, bunebis gansulierebulZalebze zemoqmedeba da maTTan kavSiris damyareba,gmiris saqmeTa gandideba-ganmeoreba, senisgan gankurneba,dacva, zianis miyeneba, piris statussa da mdgomareobaSimimdinare cvlilebis aRniSvna – dabadebis, simwifismiRwevis (iniciacia), axali urTierTobis damyarebisa Tusikvdilisa da sxv.eTnologTa, anTropologTa da religiis mkvlevarTaumravlesoba Tanxmdeba, rom ritualis sakralurobasamyaroseuli da sazogadoebrivi wesrigis SenarCunebasemsaxureba. arqauli adamianuri koleqtivebisgamocdileba SeiZleba ganxilul iqnas, rogorc oriZiriTadi mdgomareobis monacvleoba – mowesrigebulda stabilur kosmosSi cxovrebisa da saqmianobis,romlis wminda centrebi usafrTxoebasa da qaosisagandacvas uzrunvelyofen (igulisxmeba, rom qaosimowesrigebuli da dalagebuli samyaros farglebs miRmaaris gandevnili) da kosmosis perioduli qaotizaciisa,rodesac kosmosi Tavisi arsebobis kritikul wertilebsgadis. `samyaros droebiTi ustruqturoba, romelicarqaul dResaswaulSi vlindeba, produqtiulia _is uzrunvelyofs sakraluri obieqtebis siZlieres.swored samyaros sazeimo ganaxlebis formas warmoadgensrituali arqaul realobaSi. is iwyeba miRebulinormebis damrRvevi moqmedebiT, riTac daberebulkosmoss, droebiT, nayofier qaosSi abrunebs, Semdegki Tanmimdevrulad aRadgens saganTa da movlenaTatradiciul pirvandel wesrigs. arqauli rituali21

Tamar bokuCavawarmoadgens sinkretul moqmedebas, romlidanac iRebssaTaves ufro gviandeli saqmianobis specializebuliformebi – sawarmoo-ekonomikuri, samxedropolitikuri,religiur-sakulto, mxatvruli dasxv.~ 6rac ar unda iyos ritualis daniSnuleba, amerikeliTeatrmcodnis, performansis specialistis, reJisoris– riCard Sexneris azriT, is yovelTvis SeicavsTanmxlebi siamovnebisa da garTobis elements. SeniRbva,kostiumireba, gardasaxva, cekva, musika, Txroba, –yovelive es, ara mxolod praqtikuli da mistikurimiznis miRwevas emsaxureba, aramed RmerTis, winaprebis,monawileebisa Tu damswreebisaTvis siamovnebisminiWebasac. amasTan, sargebeli da siamovneba erTmaneTski ar upirispirdeba, aramed avsebs.pirvelyofili da tradiciuli xelovnebismkvlevari vil mirimanovi miiCnevs, rom pirvelyofilsazogadoebaSi sulieri saqmianobis TiTq mis yvelasfero xelovnebas ukavSirdeba da Tavis Tavs xelovnebismeS veobiT gamoxatavs, `mxatvrulad formdeba~. 7moisei kagani adamianis mier samyaros mxatvruliaTvisebis sawyis safexurze or Taviseburebas ganasxvavebs.pirvel rigSi is zogadad yvela tipis sulierisaqmianobis sinkretulobaze saubrobs, cxovrebiseulpraqtikulis,komunikaciuris, religiurisa da sxva.is aRniSnavs, rom am dawyebiT safexurze adamianissaqmianobaTa Soris sazRvrebi an Zalian bundovani iyoan ar arsebobda.meore Taviseburebad is Janrul-saxeobrivistruqturebis ararsebobas asaxelebs. sityvierixelovneba masSi jer kidev ar aris diferencirebulimusikalurisagan, epikuri - lirikulisagan, istoriul-6 Новейший Философский Словарь, 2009. http://iph.ras.ru/elib/1474.html7 http://artyx.ru/books/item/f00/s00/z0000013/st030.shtml22

Tamar bokuCavaadamianebisa Tu mistikuri mfarvelebis wreSi da maTwinaSe moqmedebs.filip zarili, brius makkonahi, hari viliamsida karol fiSer zorgenfrai `Teatris istoriisSesavalSi~ Teatris sawyisebs koleqtiuri ritualisgarda, oralursa da Samanur `warmodgenebSi~ xedaven(sityva Samani cimbireli tungusebis enidan arisnasesxebi da niSnavs `mas, vinc aRtkinebiT rokavs daiweva~. Samanebs uwodeben im adamianebs, vinc religiurpraqtikas misdevs da tomis wevrTa Soris mkurnalis,calkeul pirTa Tu mTeli koleqtivis problemebismomgvareblis, ubedurebis amrideblisa da sulierZalebTan mediatoris saxeliT sargeblobs.) Samanuri Tuufro gviandeli religiebis transuli da meditaciuripraqtikebiT daintereseba msaxiobis xelovnebis bunebisada Teatraluri sanaxaobis zemoqmedebis fsiqologiuriaspeqtebis kvleviT aris ganpirobebuli.rac Seexeba oralur warmodgenas, Zvel saberZneTSiis rafsodTa xelovnebad yalibdeba. rafsodebihomerosisa da hesiodes poemebis mTqmelebi daimprovizatorebi iyvnen. platonis dialogi `ioni~rafsod ionTan xelovnebis bunebis Sesaxeb sokratessaubars gadmogvcems. mkvlevrebs oralur warmodgenaSiCadebuli miTis gacocxlebis potenciali ainteresebT,romelic msmenelebs movlenaTa TanamonawilobisuSualo gancdas uCens.Teatrisa da zogadad kulturis qceviTi,biologiuri sawyisebis kvlevebze didi zegavlenaiqonia holandieli mecnieris iohanes heizingas 1938wels gamoqveynebulma kvlevam “Homo Ludens” (moTamaSeadamiani). hoizingas mixedviT, kulturis safuZvelSidevs adamianis TamaSisadmi TanSobili swrafva,TamaSuri sawyisi, romelic kulturis formirebiswinapirobaa. pirvelyofil sazogadoebaSi man udidesiroli Seasrula miTologiis, magiis, sxvadasxva tipis24

XIX-XX saukunis TeatrmcodneobiTikvlevis zogierTi tendencia Teatri da ritualiritualisa da saweso qmedebebis CamoyalibebaSi.es Teoria axlos dgas mosazrebebTan, romlebicpirvelyofil sinkretul xelovnebas adamianissulieri aqtivobis uadres formad miiCneven. sworedam adreuli Semoqmedebis wiaRSi Camoyalibda pirveli,xSirad fantastikuri Sexedulebebi da intuiciebidroisa da sivrcis, mizezisa da Sedegis, movlenaTaurTierTmimarTebebis Sesaxeb. pirvelyofilisinkretuli xelovnebis socialurma bunebam xeliSeuwyo zogadad kulturisa da sazogadoebriviTanacxovrebis formaTa ganviTarebas.mkvlevari eli roziki, Teatris ritualuriwarmomavlobis Teoriis mowinaaRmdegea, is miiCnevs,rom ritualsa da Teatrs Soris kavSiris SesaxebTeoriebi ufro poetursa da metaforul xasiaTsatarebs, vidre mecnieruls. Tumca is ar uaryofs, romTeatris `warmomavlobis ritauluri Teoriis gavlenamkafiod aisaxa Teatris reJisorTa mniSvnelovanijgufis Semoqmedebaze, romlebic emxrobodnen Teatrisritualis elementebiT gacocxlebasa da ganaxlebas. amgzas, _ ambobs roziki, _ mivyavarT iseT reJisorebamde,rogorebic arian piter bruki, eJi grotovski, arianemnuSkine, riCard Sexneri da eujenio barba.~ 8rozikis es sityvebi kidev erTxel adasturebs,rom imisda miuxedavad, dasturdeba Tu ara ritualisada Teatris urTierTmimarTebis faqti sakmarisisamecniero argumentaciebiT, Teatris ritualidanwarmoSobis Teoriebma udidesi zegavlena moaxdinesTanamedrove saTeatro procesis praqtikul TuTeoriul aspeqtebze.8 The Roots of Theatre.The Journal of Religion and Theatre, Vol. 2,No. 1, Fall 2003 http://www.rtjournal.org.25

Tamar bokuCava• М. А. Коростовцев, Литература Древнего Эгипта, Историявсемирной литературы. - Т., М., 1983. с. 54-82.• История Древнего Востока. Авдиев В.И., М.: Высшая школа,1970.• 3.Египетский театр и Драматургия, http://www.slovco.ru/sin/e/EGIPETSKIY-TEATR--I--DRAMATURGIYA.--P-1657.html• 4.. http://historic.ru/books/item/f00/s00/z0000054/st111.shtml -Религиозная поэзия.• 5. http://godsbay.ru/egypt/osiris.html• 6. Лауэнштайн Дитер, Элевсинские Мистерии, М. Энигма,1996. стр.368• 7. Эдуард Шюре, Великие Посвященные. Очерк эзотеризмарелигий. Калуга, 1914.• 8. Александр Мень. История религии. т.4. Издательство«Слово». 1992.• 9. В.В.Латышев «Очерк греческих древностей».• http://lectures.edu.ru/default.asp?ob_no=16824• 10. Вячеслав Иванов, «Дионис и Прадионисииство», Баку,1923.• 11. Джеймс Фрезер, «Золотая Ветвь», М. 1980.• 12. История Веры и Религиозных идей. Том 1-ый. От каменноговека до Элевсинских мистерии. Перевод H.H.Кулаковой,В.Р.Рокитянского и Ю.Н.СтефановаМ.: Критерион, 2002.• 13. Бронислав Малиновский, « Магия, наука и религия», М.:«Рефл-бук», 1998.• 14. Theatre Histories, An Introduction; by Phillip Zarilli, BruceMcConachie, Gary Jay Williams, Carol Fisher Sorgenfrei,Routledge, 2006.• 15. Christopher Innes, Avant Garde Theatre, 1892-1992. London-New-York, Routledge, 1996.• 16. gilgameSiani, Tbilisi, 1984.26

XIX-XX saukunis TeatrmcodneobiTikvlevis zogierTi tendencia Teatri da rituali• 17. dimitri janeliZe, qarTuli Teatris xalxuri sawyisebi,Tbilisi, 1948.• 18. Иохан Хейзинга, “Homo Ludens”, М., 1992.• 19. manana xidaSeli, `samyaros suraTi arqaulsaqarTveloSi~, Tbilisi, 2001.• 20. Mircea Eliade, Rites and Symbols of Initiation, Woodstock,1995.• 21. Eli Rozik, The Roots of Theatre.The Journal of Religion andTheatre, Vol. 2, No. 1, Fall 2003.• 22. А. Аникст, Возникновение научной истории театра в XXвеке, М. 1977.27

28mixeil kalandariSvilivis sWirdeba Teoria?ar gegonoT ritorikuli SekiTxvaa. igi saWiroazogierTisTvis da SesaZloa, usargeblo iyosdanarCenisTvis. rogor gaverkveT amaSi? Teorias xomisic axasiaTebs, goneba gaunaTos erTs da sabolooddaabrmavos meore; orive SemTxvevaSi Teoria Tavis saqmesakeTebs, radgan misi Zalis gareSe veravin mixvdeba mTavars– ratom miiRo savalalo Sedegi maSin, roca, TiTqos,da yvela mosalodneli dabrkoleba gaiTvaliswina?istoriasa da Teorias Soris gansxvaveba didia.erTi gvaswavlis faqtebis mniSvnelobas, meore ki,kanonzomierebebis gamovlenaa. istoria unda icode,magram saWiroa gesmodes, rom igi verafers Secvlis,radgan faqtebis damowmeba adamians cxovrebiseulgakveTils ver miscems. istoriuli faqtebisdamaxsovreba SesaZlebelia, Tumca es procesi atarebsinformaciuli xasiaTis faseulobas; Zala ar Seswevsmovlenebi ganazogados da maTi logikuri dinebisxasiaTi aRniSnos.ase rom ar iyos, istoriis magaliTebi Zalianbevr rames gagvagebinebden, gvaswavlidnen; pirvelrigSi ki imas, rom unda gviyvardes sxvebi: adamianebi,sazogadoeba, samyaro, buneba. samwuxarod, warsulisgakveTilebi aravis arafers aswavlis, radganistoriuli gamocdileba uzomo da uazro Secdomebisgameorebisken miiswrafvis.ratom? SekiTxvas damajereblad artur Sopenhaueripasuxobs, romelic istoriis rols SemdegnairadgansazRvravs: _ istoria uamravi Secdomisa dadanaSaulis matianea. Sopenhaueri uaryofs istoriasacda saerTod, progresis yovelgvar saSualebas, acxadebs,

om istorias araviTari mniSvneloba ar gaaCnia;kacobrioba cxovrobs mojadoebul wreSi, amitom,mxolod filosofias aqvs Zala mogvces codna cxovrebisubedurebis Sesaxeb; radgan filosofias, e. i., Teorias,romelsac Tu davujerebT, SesaZlebelia mivendoT davirwmunoT. Sopenhaueris es mosazreba, mWidrodaadakavSirebuli xelovnebis problematikasTan da,pirvel rigSi, dramaturgiasTan, TeatrTan.istoriis gamocdileba vinmes rom gaeziarebinaCven avicilebdiT: omebs, saSinelebebs, mougvarebelkonfliqtebs da msgavs tragikul movlenebs. maSinartur Sopenhaueri ar gamoitanda adamianis mimarTaseT mkacr da pesimistur ganaCens. igi ambobs, romadamiani veluri, saSineli cxovelia, romelsacvxedavT moTvinierebul mdgomareobaSi, amas kicivilizacia hqvia. xolo im SemTxvevebSi, rodesacadamianis WeSmariti buneba iCens Tavs, Cven saSinelebisSegrZneba gveufleba: rodesac sadme irRveva wesrigi,SemoiWreba anarqia. swored maSin, advilia mixvde, _ra aris sinamdvileSi adamiani. imaT, visac surT amaSidarwmundnen, SeuZliaT isargeblon uamravi Zveli daaxali istoriuli xasiaTis moxmobiT, _ mixvdebian,rom adamiani Tavisi sisastikiT da daundoblobiT arcvefxvs da arc afTars Camouvardeba. da Tu es asea, maSincruoben dramaturgebi, rodesac gviCveneben dadebiTpersonaJebs. homerosTan Sopenhaueri ver poulobs vercerT idealur gmirs, SeqspirTan _ mxolod kordeliasda koriolans.istoriaze da adamianze aseTi mkacri SexedulebaSopenhaueris filosofiuri sistemis urRvev safuZvelswarmoadgens, razedac man pesimizmis idealizaciisiseTi nageboba aago, romelmac mTlianad Secvala XXsaukunis xelovnebis bedi: modernizmi da dekadansiSopenhaueris ideebiT ikvebebodnen da wina saukunis29

mixeil kalandariSvilimusikis, Teatris, mxatvrobis, poeziis da literaturisganviTarebis ZiriTadi tendenciebi gansazRvres.istoria da Teoria sapirispiro polusebzeaRmoCndnen – erTi meores mowyvetili. isini agrZelebenusasrulo gzas, romlis gavla rTulia im mizezis gamo,rom istoria arafers gvaswavlis, xolo Teoriacdilobs gagvagebinos cxovrebis daniSnulebisa daadamianis zneobrivi saxe.isev mivadeqiT mTavar kiTxvas: vis sWirdebaTeoria? zogierTs albaT hgonia, rom am SekiTxvisdasmis pirdapiroba zedmetad tendenciuria. isinicdebian – damajerebel, mwyobr Teorias SeuZliagaarRvios labirinTis gauvaloba. obieqturi Sedegismopoveba TiTqmis SeuZlebelia, magram logikurimsjeloba, dialeqtikuri xedva dagvexmareba nanatricodnis miRebaSi.Tu Teoriis saWiroeba aRar arsebobs, maSin istoriismniSvnelobas saerTod ekargeba fasi – vis ainteresebsromel wels da romel dRes daibada Seqspiri, Caikovski,Tu rusTaveli. am codnas bevrad naklebi mniSvnelobaaqvs, vidre imas, Tu ra Semates genialurma pirovnebebmakacobriobas da mis kulturas.pasuxis ZebnaSi mivadeqiT iuri lotmanis werils,romelmac sruliad originalurad ganazogada sakiTxida daukavSira yovelive TiTqos kerZo magaliTs –`siarulis Teorias~, magram amave dros, moaxerxaeCvenebina Teoriuli azrovnebis daniSnuleba da misiarsobrivi mniSvnelovnebac. cnobili mecnieri wers:`Teoria naklebad saWiroa iq, sadac pirvel planzegamodis praqtikuli Cveva. imisTvis, visac siaruliSeuZlia, siarulis Teoria saWiro ar aris... xomar niSnavs es, rom siarulis Teoria saerTod aravissWirdeba? ara, igi Zalian gamoadgeba eqims, fiziologs,fizikoss, Tumca bavSvs, romelic siaruls swavlobs an30

moZraobadakargul invalids, amgvari Teoriis codnabevrs arafers miscems~. 1lotmanis azri dramis Teoriis saganze rom ganvavrcoT,misi saWiroeba TeatrmcodnesTvis, reJisorisTvis,xelovnebadmcodnesTvis araviTar eWvs ar iwvevs,Tumca, saubarma imaze, Tu ramdenad aucilebelia igimsaxiobisTvis, romlis SemoqmedebaSic praqtikuliCveva bevrad win dgas Teoriul azrovnebaze, an darbazSimjdomi rigiTi mayureblisTvis, SesaZlebelia, isev misirolis uaryofamde migviyvanos.dramis Teoria, rogorc specialuri disciplina,romelic axalgazrda xelovans – reJisors,Teatrmcodnes, – azrovnebis unarCvevebs uyalibebs,exmareba xelovnebis kanonzomierebebis dadgenaSi daamiT Cvenc gviadvilebs ganviTarebis ganzogadebulisuraTis danaxvas. Tavis mxriv, iTxovs rogorc amaTu im epoqaSi Camoyalibebuli wesebis codnas, aseve`damrRvevebis~ mier Setanili wvlilis Seswavlasada Sefasebas, romlebic, xSir SemTxvevaSi, xelovnebasaxal miznebs usaxavdnen. am rTuli procesisgaazrebisas gansakuTrebul mniSvnelobas iZenspirvelwyaroebTan Sexeba, terminologiasa da mTavarcnebebSi garkveva, mimarTulebebis, skolebis, stilebisformirebis principebis, da zogadad, saTeatro azrismravalsaukunovani gzis aTviseba.mecniereba ricxvebis Sesaxeb – ariTmetika_ ver itans uzustobebsa da Secdomebs. mis mierSeqmnil kanonebs axasiaTebs mkacri logika dasimtkice. amitomac, aseT disciplinarul farglebSi,SeuZlebelia warmoidgino TiTqos da orjer ori oTxiar aris. sxvagvaradaa saqme xelovnebaSi, romelic Tavismier dawesebul aqsiomebs dro da dro warmatebiTamsxvrevs. gavixsenoT Tundac qrestomatiuli magaliTi1Ю. Лотман. Об искусстве, Спб., 2005, с. 603vis sWirdeba Teoria?31

mixeil kalandariSvili– mxatvarma daxata grandiozuli masStabis spilo,romelsac tiloze udidesi zomis farTobi ukavia. visSeuZlia am naxatis aRqma mTlianobaSi?aristotelesaTvis sruliad dauSvebeli iyonawarmoebis fragmentuli gaazreba. mxatvrulimTlianobis kanoni saukuneebis manZilzeucvlelad moqmedebda rogorc savaldebulo dagasaTvaliswinebeli moTxovna, romlis darRvevaganasxvavebda ama Tu im qmnilebis namdvil faseulobas.Tanamedrove xelovneba principulad uaryofs aramxolod mxatvruli mTlianobis kanons, aramed yvelacnobil danarCen normasac, romlebic klasikuriganviTarebis periodSi aucileblobas warmoadgendnen.Cven Tvalwin dRes iqmneba uamravi satelevizio serialisnimuSi, romelic Tavisi masStabebiT mogvagonebs ukvenaxseneb `spilos~; maTi aRqma SeuZlebelia, rogorcgarkveuli saxis mTlianobisa. rasakvirvelia, amgvariproduqciis udides nawils xelovnebasTan saerTocota aqvs, Tumca maT Soris gvxdeba iseTi calkeulinawarmoebebi, magaliTad: `saswrafo~, `sopranosklani~, `dakargulebi~, `axali msxverpli~, romelTaaseTi niSniT ugulebelyofa arqaul azrovnebasTanmigviyvans.postmodernizmis epoqaSi SesaZlebeli xdeba aramxolod mTlianobis darRveva, aramed moqmedebis,dramaturgiuli struqturisa da kompoziciiskardinaluri dekonstruqcia, romelic zogjer,mravalmxriv da mniSvnelovan, axal mxatvrulRirebulebebTan gvaziarebs.maSasadame, xelovnebaSi sruliad dasaSvebia ori orzegaamravlo, pasuxad ki ariTmetikisaTvis daujerebeliricxvi miiRo, _ gamaognebeli rezultati, romelicsicrueze ki ar metyvelebs, aramed, mxolod dinamizmzeda mudmiv cvalebadobaze. sxvagvarad rogor avxsnaT32

vis sWirdeba Teoria?kanonebis dadgenis uamravi mcdeloba da aranaklebadgamarTlebuli nabijebi _ miRebuli wesebis gauqmeba,Secvla, an Tundac ngreva?akademikosi losevi xSirad imeorebda erT sasaciloambavs: mewaRem da mkeravma lori Wames. pirveli imavedRes gardaicvala, xolo meore gadarCa. mosulma eqimmadawera daskvna: loris Wama dauSvebelia mewaReebisTvis,Tumca, SesaZlebelia mkeravebisaTvis. magaliTigvaxsenebs analogiur movlenebs axlo istoriaSi,Tundac, sabWouri `ukonfliqtobis Teorias~, romelmacudidesi ziani miayena xelovnebas. amgvari primitiulixasiaTis daskvnebis dakanoneba saxifaToa, radgan sulmale igi ganviTarebis Semaferxebel faqtorad iqceva,xolo misi xangrZlivi moqmedeba mZimed da uaryofiTadaisaxeba mTlianad xelovnebis bedze.rodesac ideologia sazogadoebas karnaxobscxovrebis `optimistur morals~, maSin xelovnebaSiikrZaleba tragedia, rogorc Janri, izRudeba mZafridramatuli konfliqtis areali, Teatri da dramakargaven Tavis ZiriTad funqcias – aRbeWdon sinamdvilisudidesi winaaRmdegobebi da emsgavsebian `msubuq~ daumniSvnelo gasarTob saSualebas an ideologiuridogmebis gamaJRerebel rupors. aseT SemTxvevebSiTeoriac xels uwyobs miRebuli normebis gamarTlebasda sruliad ar ewinaaRmdegeba maT.ase iyo Sua saukuneebSi, rodesac tragediisJanri `mavned~ gamocxadda, radgan mas `arasasurvelaRgznebamde~ miyavs mayurebeli: RmerTma Seqmnaharmoniuli samyaro, romelSic adgili ar aqvsborotebas. masSi arsebobs mxolod `sruli daarasruli sikeTe~, rac pirdapir migvaniSnebs tragediisJanris zedmetobaze.sabWoTa imperiis periodSi igive xdeboda,rodesac gamonaklisis saxiT daiwera mxolod ori33

mixeil kalandariSvilitragediis nimuSi – pirveli saTaurSive gvarwmunebstragikuli paTosis absurdulobaSi (vsevolodviSnevskis `optimisturi tragedia~), xolo meore(Salva dadianis `TeTnuldi~) _ mowmobs dramaturgismarcxze; Janrobrivi Taviseburebebis gauazreblobamgamoiwvia xasiaTebis funqciebis iseTi mZime aRreva,ramac avtorisaTvis moulodneli da sawinaaRmdegoSedegi ganapiroba: dadebiTi gmirebis sruli usaxoba,xolo uaryofiTi personaJebis datvirTuli damravlismTqmeli mxatvruli siRrme.tragediis ararsebobam, `ukonfliqtobis Teoriis~gavrcelebam, romelic sul male aRiarebuli iqna wamyvan,TiTqosda novatorul midgomad sabWoTa `jansaR~,optimistur xelovnebisTvis, gamoiwvia konfliqtisdayvana nulamde, gauqmebamde, msubuq miniSnebamde, racTviT dramaturgiul bunebasac ki ewinaaRmdegeba.man warmoSva uamravi variacia Temaze – kolmeurneobaSimxolod erTi zarmacia, romelsac male daayeneben gzazeda gamoasworeben; miviReT: `abezarebi~, `WriWinebi~ dasxva msgavsi produqcia, romlis simravle imdroindelixelovnebis saxis ganmsazRvrel faqtorad iqca.davaneboT Tavi ukve ararsebul sabWoTa kavSirs. msgavsiprocesebi mimdinareobda sxvaganac. aba riT avxsnaTmaSin aseTi xangrZlivi da sicocxlisunariani `hepiendis~ holivuduri fenomeni?vaRiaroT, rom qveyanas da epoqas am SemTxvevaSinaklebi mniSvneloba aqvs, vidre zRapars harmoniulisamyaros Sesaxeb, romlisTvisac tragikulis arsebobamiuRebelia ara imitom, rom igi bunebaSi ver moiZebneba,aramed ubralo mizezis gamo, _ optimisturi morali datragikuli msoflmxedveloba ver iTavseben erTmaneTs;maTi arabunebrivi siaxlove mxolod moCvenebiTia, _miT ufro gaugebari, mtkivneuli da absurdulia, racufro mZlavria cru optimizmis ideologiuri wnexi.34

vis sWirdeba Teoria?sxva sityvebiT rom vTqvaT, sazogadoeba, romelicewinaaRmdegeba tragikulis asaxvas xelovnebaSi,ganwirulia dasaRupad, radgan mis wevrTa umravlesobasmudam amyofeben araadekvatur realobaSi, romlisacdena sinamdvilesTan drois ganmavlobaSi sul ufrocxadi xdeba. ra SeuZlia aseT mdgomareobaSi Teoriulcodnas? Zalian bevri ram, da pirvel rigSi, pozitiurda damajerebel Teorias ZaluZs gaaTavisuflossazogadoeba dogmaturi kanonebis tyveobidan, miscesmas arCevanis SesaZlebloba.rogor unda SeviswavloT dramis Teoria? rasmivaqcioT yuradReba? ra cnebebi, terminebi,koncefciebi unda gaviazroT da sworad ganvsazRvroT,rom yovelive es dagvexmaros momaval profesiulmoRvaweobaSi? daviwyoT iqedan, rom gamovyoT calkerigad da ganvmartoT is ZiriTadi cnebebi da terminebi,romlebic gvxdeba jer kidev aristoteles pirvelsistemur Teoriul traqtatSi `poetika~.mimesisi (anu mibaZva) – erT-erTi centraluricnebaa, romlis gansazRvriT iwyebs aristotelemsjelobas xelovnebis Sesaxeb. debuleba, rommibaZva bavSvobidan axasiaTebs adamians, romelic,misi meSveobiT eufleba pirvel codnas arsebulisinamdviles Sesaxeb, aristoteles naSromSi iZensgadamwyvet mniSvnelobas, radgan sul ramdenime gverdisSemdgom, igi ambobs, _ drama moqmedebis mibaZvaa da misarss gansazRvravs f a b ula. tragediis eqvs ZiriTadelements Soris fabula ikavebs pirvel adgils da iRebsTavis Tavze wamyvanis funqcias.`poetikis~ VI TavSi aristotele wers: `fabulasme vuwodeb faqtebisa da movlenebis saerTo qargas~.igi marTalia imitom, rom fabula mxolod movlenaTajaWvia, romlis ganviTarebas amoZravebs momxdariambebis Tanmimdevroba; anu, movlenebis dinebis dros35

mixeil kalandariSvilira ris mere xdeba; ra movlenebi cvlian erTmaneTs darogor ebmevian jaWviviT erTi meores? yovelive es qmnisfabulas, romelic saWiroa ganvasxvavoT siuJetisgan dakompoziciisgan. zogierT wignSi fabulas warmoadgenenrogorc nawarmoebis ConCxs, movlenaTa rigs, Tumca,nebismier SemTxvevaSi aucilebelia gvaxsovdes fabulismTavari Tavisebureba – misi urRvevi damokidebulebamovlenebis Tanmimdevrul msvlelobasTan.fabula SeiZleba ganmeordes ramdenime an bevrnawarmoebSi, magram siuJeti da miT ufrokompozicia inarCuneben gansxvavebul saxes.ratom xdeba ase? ra iseTi Tavisebureba axasiaTebssiuJetsa da kompozicias, rom is ar meordeba fabulismsgavsad? saqme imaSia, rom siuJeti, iseve, rogorckompozicia, ufro metad dakavSirebulia avtoris xedvisindividualobasTan, movlenebis misebur aRqmasTan daara Tanmimdevrul svlasTan. aseT SemTxvevaSi siuJetixdeba Sinaarsobrivi Sris amsaxveli faqtori, xolokompozicia kidev ufro `Tavisufalia~ im gagebiT, rommTlianad damokidebulia avtoris individualobaze,mis fantaziaze da a. S.magaliTad, dramaturgs SeuZlia daiwyos Tavisi piesamTavari gmiris sikvdiliT da gaagrZelos misi warsulicxovrebis gaxsenebiT da mogonebiT. am SemTxvevaSi CvenmiviRebT ambavs, romlis ganviTareba daiwyo `bolodan~da es iqneba kompoziciis uCveulo, magram savsebiTgamarTlebuli da dasaSvebi ganlageba, romelicavtoris individualur xedvas, mis mier arCeul formasda kompozicias gvTavazobs.fabula SesaZlebelia iyos martivi dadaxlarTuli. martivSi Cven gveZleva erTiperipetia da erTi amocnoba, an igiSeiZleba iyos saerTod peripetiisa da amocnobisgareSe, xolo daxlarTulSi aucileblad iqneba36

vis sWirdeba Teoria?ramdenime peripetia da amocnoba. ganvmartoT esterminebi, radgan maTi mniSvneloba imdenad didia,rom maT gareSe warmoudgeneli xdeba dramaturgiuli,literaturuli, Tu Teatraluri an kinematografiulinawarmoebis gageba da gaazreba.peripetia bedis cvlilebas niSnavs. aristotelessityvebiT rom vTqvaT _ es aris gadasvla `bednierebidanubedurebaSi~, an piriqiT, rogorc magaliTad es xSiradxdeba komediaSi. peripetia, mdgomareobis radikalurSecvlas afiqsirebs, radgan gadasvla SeiZleba moxdesmtrobidan – megobrobaSi da a. S.amocnobac gadasvlaa, oRond ucodinarobidancodnamde; misi oTxi ZiriTadi tipis CamoTvlisasaristotele mxolod meoTxes aZlevs upiratesobas,Tumca, ganviTarebis saerTo gamocdileba mowmobs,rom oTxives aqvs ufleba daikavos adgili WeSmaritixelovnebis sivrceSi.pirvelia _ amocnoba garegani niSnebis da nivTebissaSualebiT, romelic Zalian gavrcelebuliaistoriuli ganviTarebis nebismier etapze _ yveladrosa da epoqaSi. ras gulisxmobs amocnobis estipi? niSans an nivTs – naiarevs, xals, beWeds, werils,samaxsovro medalions, cxvirsaxocs, Tu kidev sxvas?yvelafers, gmiris amneziasac, romlisganac igi, adreTu gvian, gaTavisufldeba. aristotele ar afasebda,magram Cven xom viciT, aseTi amocnobis WeSmaritimniSvneloba; gavixsenoT magaliTisTvis `baSi aCuki~, an`otelo~.meore tipia _ amocnoba mogonebebis meSveobiT,romelsac didi adgili ukavia xelovnebis sivrceSi.gmirma gaixsena iseTi ram, ramac Tavis droze,mTlianad Secvala misi cxovreba. msgavsi amocnobacmniSvnelovania, radgan es gmiri, dagvianebiT mainc,Rebulobs sanatrel codnas, Tavisi danaSaulisSesaxeb.37

mixeil kalandariSviliamocnobis mesame, damaxasiaTebel Taviseburebaswarmoadgens _ amocnoba logikuri msjelobismeSveobiT. aseTi saxis elementi rom ar yofiliyo Cvenver veRirsebodiT iseT popularul Janrs, rogoricaadeteqtivi. bolos da bolos, ar daiwerebodamaSin Teodor dostoevskis `danaSauli da sasjeli~.meoTxe tipia – codna, miRebuli TviT movlenebismsvlelobis procesSi, rac imas niSnavs, rom movlenebmatragediis gmirs daanaxes Tavisi danaSaulebebiskoSmari. aristotele aZlevda upiratesobas msgavsitipis amocnobas da magaliTad mohyavda misTvissayvareli tragedia sofokles `oidipos mefe~.fabulis Semdgom aristotele asaxelebs tragediisdarCenil xuT aucilebel elements, esenia: xasiaTi,gonivroba (an azrovneba), scenuri garemo, sityvierigamosaxva, musikaluri kompozicia anu stili.`poetikis~ VI TavSi igi ganmartavs: `raki tragediamoqmedebis mibaZvaa da raki moqmedeba TavisTavadgulisxmobs moqmed pirT, romelTac aucilebladunda gaaCndeT sakuTari raoba xasiaTisa Tu azrovnebisunaris mixedviT (vinaidan maTi wyalobiT ganvsazRvravTCven ama Tu im moqmedebis raobasac), amitomac arsebobsmoqmedebis ori bunebrivi mizezi: azrovneba da xasiaTi,romlebic ganapiroben yvela moqmedis warmatebas Tuwarumateblobas. [...] tragediis sawyisi da [...] misisuli aris fabula. meore adgili ekuTvnis xasiaTebs,vinaidan tragedia moqmedebis mibaZvaa, xolo ammibaZvis wyalobiT is, upirveles yovlisa, moqmedpirT baZavs. tragediis mesame nawili azrovnebaa.azrovneba niSnavs amtkico is, rac saqmis arss exebada esatyviseba. [...] tragediis meoTxe nawilia azrissityvieri gamoxatuleba. [...] mexuTe – musikalurikompozicia – tragediis umniSnelovanesi samkauli~ da`scenuri garemo~ _ dekoracia, butaforia, kostiumebi,38

vis sWirdeba Teoria?romlis gareSe SeuZlebelia tragediis ganxorcielebascenaze~.`poetikis~ XXVI TavSi ki aristotele ganazogadebstragediis mniSvnelobas, mis Rirsebebs: `tragediaufro cxadia da TvalsaCino, rogorc kiTxvis, isescenaze warmodgenis drosac. egec ar iyos, tragediaeposze maRla dgas imiTac, rom ufro (mcire - m. k.)moculobiT aRwevs poeturi xelovnebis mizans,radgan yovelive is, rac ufro Sekrulia, gacilebiTufro sasiamovno STabeWdilebas axdens vidre is, racdrois grZel manZilzea gaWimuli da gaWianurebulia...tragedia eposze ufro mTliani da erTiania. amissabuTad isic kmara, rom [...] epopea SeiZleba ramdenimetragedias daedos safuZvlad~.dramis gansazRvris dros naTeli xdeba, romsamive ZiriTadi dramatuli moqmedebis elementi, -peripetia, amocnoba da tanjva,– nebismier tragediaSi mocemuli unda iyoserTobliobaSi.aristotele amtkicebs, rom laparakia ara fizikurmoqmedebaze, romelsac moaqvs tkivili da daRupva,aramed sulier tanjvaze, romelic zogjer zneobrivgamarjvebas niSnavs. Tumca, aq, asarCevi araferia:samive elementi moqmedebs nebismier dramaturgiulstruqturaSi – erTobliobaSi qmnian aucilebelsafuZvels imisTvis, raTa vixiloT tragedia, romelicgvaziarebs esTetikur siamovnebasTan.medeam unda daxocos Tavisi Svilebi, otelomdaaxrCos dezdemona, oidiposma Caidinos danaSaulTamTeli kaskadi, fedram ki Seiyvaros ipolite, radgansxvagvarad tragedia ver Sedgeba da ar mogvaniWebsTavis gansakuTrebul xibls da zneobriv efeqts.aristoteles pozicia am SemTxvevaSi sakmaod myaria.XVII TavSi wers: `aucilebelia Caidino an ar Caidino39

mixeil kalandariSvilidanaSauli, da, Tanac, _ Segnebulad an Seugneblad.am moqmedebaTagan yvelaze uaresi isaa, roca gmiriSegnebulad apirebs danaSaulis Cadenas, magram arsCadis. es gulSemzaravia, magram ara tragikuli, vinaidanaq gamoricxulia tanjvis momenti... yvelaze ukeTesimainc isaa, roca gmiri Seugneblad, ucodinarobis gamosCadis danaSauls, xolo gamocnoba danaSaulis CadenisSemdeg xdeba, vinaidan aq araferia gulSemzaravi,gamocnoba ki SemaZrwunebel STabeWdilebas axdens~.tragediaSi aristotele xasiaTebTan SedarebiTupiratesobas moqmedebas aniWebs. misi azriT, tragediamoqmedebis gareSe ver iarsebebs, xolo xasiaTebisgareSe misi arseboba SesaZlebelia. davukvirdeT amgamonaTqvams: ras gulisxmobda filosofosi, rodesacamtkicebda tragediis arsebobis SesaZleblobasxasiaTebis gareSe? rasakvirvelia, igi ar Tvlida, romtragediaSi gmirebi aRar iqnebodnen, ubralod, amgmirebis xasiaTebs daakldebodaT mkveTri Tvisebebi.gaivlis saukuneebi da lesingi aristoteles ammosazrebas eWvqveS daayenebs – igi miscems upiratesobasxasiaTs da ara moqmedebas. magram es moxdeba XVIIIsaukuneSi, _ ganmanaTlebluri klasicizmis dros,rodesac prioritetul adgils tragediaSi ganaTlebulimonarqis saxe daikavebs. lesingis Tvalsazrisigasagebia axali moTxovnebis gaTvaliswinebiT, magramam cvlilebas mxolod xelovnebis erTi mimarTulebisfarglebSi SeeZlo emoqmeda. is ki, rac aristotelesuTqvams – uryevi da mudmivi darCa _ tragedia umoqmedodiseve warmoudgenelia, rogorc kolizia ukonfliqtod,gadazrdis da momwifebis procesis gareSe. arafrisganaraferi ar iqmneba – es, iseTi WeSmaritebaa, romliscitatis saxiT moyvana uxerxulic kia. magram, yveladros, yvela epoqaSi, saukuneebis manZilze, cvlilebebi`anaTeben~ da gamWvirvales xdian kulturis axal40

vis sWirdeba Teoria?areals. SesaZlebelia, kanonebma aRar `ikanonon~, Tumcakanonzomierebebi aucileblad daibrunebenTavianT mniSvnelobas, radgan isini Seqmnilia araimitom, rom SeezRudaT xelovneba, aramed imisTvis,rom ganaviTaron misi SesaZleblobebi.davubrundeT tragediis gmiris xasiaTs. ra Tvisebebiunda gaaCndes mas? aristoteles azriT, igi undaiyos Rirseuli, amaRlebuli, niWiT dajildovebulipiroivneba, magram ara kristalurad sufTa. undagaaCndes adamianuri sisusteebi, romlebic tragikuliSecdomis daSvebis saSualebas miscemen. am procesSi,personaJis raRac mniSvnelovani garemoebebis arcodnaudides rols TamaSobs.medeas xasiaTi ar moswons aristoteles imis gamo,rom es gmiri danaSauls Segnebulad sCadis. oidiposi kipiriqiT, ucodinarobiT Cadis aranakleb danaSaulebs.aristotelec mis mxarezea, radgan Tvlis, rom gagebisada garkvevis procesi am SemTxvevaSi STambeWdavi dagasaocaria.unda vaxsenoT kidev ramdenime kanonzomiereba,romlebsac aristotele normebis xasiaTs aniWebs– Sinagani mTlianobis, fabulis dasrulebisa damoqmedebis mTlianobis kanonebi, romelTa xangrZlivisicocxle saukuneebs iTvlis da saerTod, xelovnebisganviTarebis klasikur etaps moicavs (yovel SemTxvevaSiXIX saukunis 50-ian wlebamde, sanam gaCndebanaturalizmi). aq mTavaria yuradReba mivaqcioTmoTxovnas fabulis moculobis Sesaxeb: is moculobasakmarisia, sadac movlenebis msvlelobis dros SeiZlebamoxdes gadasvla bednierebidan ubedurebaSi, an piriqiT.aranakleb mniSvnelobas iZens moqmedebis mTlianobiskanoni, romlis mixedviTac, is, risi yofna an aryofnaSeumCnevelia, ar aris organuli mTlianobis nawili. esnorma rom Tanamedrove reJisorebs gaeTvaliswinebinaT,41

mixeil kalandariSvilimaTi speqtaklebi uvargisi scenebis didi nawilis gareSedarCebodnen.ras niSnavs mTlianoba? am kiTxvaze pasuxsaristotele damajereblad asabuTebs – misTvismTliania is, rasac gaaCnia dasawyisi, Sualedi dabolo. es etapebi dramis struqturaSi warmoadgenensam aucilebel elements – k v anZis Sekvras,kulminacias da kvanZis gaxsnas.kvanZis Sekvra gveZleva dasawyisidan pirvelperipetiamde, anu, pirvel gadasvlamde bednierebidanubedurebaSi, xolo kvanZis gaxsna am gadasvlisdasawyisidan – finalamde, anu (tragediis SemTxvevaSi),– katastrofamde.sainteresod svams aristotele SekiTxvas imisSesaxeb, Tu rogori movlenebi iwveven mayurebelSiSiSisa da Tanagancdis grZnobas? pasuxic am SemTxvevaSiaranakleb originaluria: Tu mteri mters awamebs, esver gamoiwvevs Tanagancdas; da TviT tanjvas mxolodfizikuri xasiaTi eqneba. ar gamoiwvevs Tanagancdasaseve iseTi gmirebis Sejaxeba da konfliqti, romlebicerTmaneTis mimarT sruliad gulgrilni arian.namdvili tanjva Cndeba maSin, rodesac konfliqtiaxlobel adamianTa Soris viTardeba (Zma klavs Zmas,Svili mamas, deda Svils da a. S.). aristoteles azriT,amas unda eZebdes dramatuli poeti. Tu gadavxedavTam TvalsazrisiT Seqspiris dramaturgias, SeiZlebavaRiaroT, rom geniosi ingliseli moqmedebdaaristoteles rCevebis gaTvaliswinebiT.tragediis gmiris xasiaTis ganxilvisas,aristotele yuradRebas aqcevs or moments –damajereblobas da Tanmimdevrobas;igi samarTlianad Tvlis, rom mxatvrul simarTlesada cxovrebiseul simarTles Soris gansxvavebadidia; maT sruliad sxvadasxvagvari moTxovnebi42

vis sWirdeba Teoria?gaaCniaT – mxatvruli simarTle iTxovs xasiaTisgarkveulobas da mniSvnelovnebas.vaRiaroT, rom dRevandel xelovnebaSi aristotelespostulatma kanonis Zala dakarga, magram isicvTqvaT, rom misi debulebebi moqmedebdnen saukuneebismanZilze, xolo zogierTi maT Soris dResac inarCunebsmniSvnelobas. XIX saukunis filosofiidan SemoWrilaxal ideebs – pesimizms (Sopenhaueri), nihilizms(nicSe), egzistencializms (kirkegori), aristoteles`poetika~ nawilobriv gadaurCa. Tumca naturalizms,simbolizms, eqspresionizms, modernizms, absurdisTeatrs, surealizmis, postmodernizmis koncefciebmamas bevri ram gamoacales.dramis Teoriis ZiraTadi cnebebi, kategoriebida struqturuli elementebi warmoadgenen rTulsistemas, romelic universaluria Tavisi xasiaTiT daamitomac iTxovs Tanmimdevrul da logikur ganxilvas.`poetikis~ yvelaze `bnel~ da idumalebiT moculadgils warmoadgens kaTarsisis, anu ganwmendis cneba,romelsac aristotele exeba mxolod erTi winadadebiT:`SiSisa da Tanagancdis meSveobiT (tragedia - m.k.) gvaTavisuflebs amgvari afeqtebisagan~, _ erTifraza, romelmac gamoiwvia Teoriuli `bumi~,qariSxali, interpretaciebis uamravi mcdeloba da,rac mTavaria, T eoriebis simravle: `eTikuri~,`inteleqtualuri~, `samedicino~, `esTetikuri~,`struqturuli~ da kidev bevri sxva.aristotele tragediis saboloo miznadgansazRvravda ganwmendas, kaTarsiss, romelicunda miRweuliyo TanagrZnobisa da SiSis gancdisSedegad. dramatuli nawarmoebis es uZvelesi formaTavidanve Camoyalibda, rogorc seriozuli gamocdismodeli adamianis cxovrebis gzaze; rogorc bediscvalebadobisa da pirovnebis mier masze reagirebis43

mixeil kalandariSviliindividualuri arCevani. tragediis struqtura,fabulis ZiriTadi elementebi emsaxurebian tragediisgmiris RirebulebaTa prezentacias, mis moCvenebiT, Riada WeSmarit arss, romelic adamianis cxovrebis etapzeaucileblad gamJRavndeba.rogorc wesi, tragedias win uZRvis farulikonfliqtiT damuxtuli koliziuri realoba,siuJeturi kvanZis warmoqmna, peripetia, romelicgmirs, qmedebisken, arCevanisken, sakuTari Rirebulebebisgarkvevisken ubiZgebs. tragediis am nawilebidan gmirisarCevans iziarebs mayurebelic, TanagrZnobiTa daSiSiT gulSematkivrobs, radgan gmirisgan gansxvavebiT,konfliqtis masStabebi da SesaZlo qmedebebi misTvisufro TvalsaCinoa.amgvarad, mayureblisTvis dramaturgismier warmodgenili Rirebulebebi, nawarmoebisganviTarebasTan erTad, TandaTanobiT ufro misaRebida mniSvnelovani xdeba. ramdenadac metis gaRebaasaWiro maT SesanarCuneblad, miT ufro matulobsmaTi fasi. arCevanis Sedegad mopovebul tragikulgamosavals ki gmiris saxe maradiulis rangSi ahyavs. raaris mniSvnelovani _ sulieri Rirebuleba, romelsacmgznebared iziarebs, ara mxolod uSualod Semswremisi Tanamedrove mayurebeli, aramed, sxva drosa da sxvaepoqaSi mcxovrebi ucxo msoflmxedvelobis mqonec, TuTavganwirva am RirebulebaTa ukvdavsayofad?!kaTarsisis Teoriebi saukuneebis manZilzeformirdebodnen da maT mniSvnelobaze xelovnebisganviTarebis sxvadasxva etapi migvaniSnebs.renesansisdroindeli (vinCenco majis) `eTikuriTeoria~ gvaswavlis, rom Cven ar unda gveSinodes piradiubedurebis, radgan igi bevrad ufro ioli gadasatania,vidre is, romelic tragediaSia aRwerili.kaTarsisis `inteleqtualuri~ Teoria (romlis44

vis sWirdeba Teoria?avtoria haupti), gvarwmunebs, rom igi unda gavigoT ararogorc `ganwmenda~ aramed, rogorc ganmanaTlebloba.tragedias ar SeuZlia yovelTvis moaxdinos eTikuri anesTetikuri zemoqmedeba, magram igi ucvlelad moqmedebsgonebaze, ris gamoc mayurebeli Rebulobs saTanadogakveTils; xvdeba, rom Tu ar imoqmedebs tragediisgmiris msgavsad, maSin mas aRar elis tragikuli bedi.yvelaze popularuli kaTarsisis Teoria `samedicinoTeoriaa~ (bernaisi), romlis avtori irwmuneba, romantikur xanaSi kaTarsisis cnebiT kurnavdnen sulieraddaavadebulebs: amRerebdnen himnebs da am procesSiisini SeigrZnobdnen Semsubuqebas, ganwmendas, romelicukavSirdeba siamovnebas, gaTavisuflebasafeqtebisagan.XX saukunis 70-ian wlebSi samedicino Teoriamevropis ramdenime qveyanaSi (ungreTi, poloneTi,Sveicaria) Tavisi ganxorcieleba hpova: iwereboda amaTu im avadmyofobis mimdinareobis amsaxveli piesebida patara Teatris darbazSi epatiJebodnen seniTdaavadebulebs. ar vici moyveboda Tu ara yovelive amasSedegi, magram `samedicino Teoriis~ gamoyenebis faqtsudaod didi mniSvneloba aqvs.`esTetikuri Teoria~ (buTCeri), romelic aerTianebswina sam Teorias da umatebs maT esTetikur efeqts,gvaswavlis, rom kaTarzisis funqcia sulac ar arismcdeloba gvimkurnalos, gagvaTavisuflos SiSisaganan Tanagancdisgan. ara, man unda mogvaniWos pirvelrigSi esTetikuri siamovneba, ganaxorcielos ganwmendaxelovnebis meSveobiT.ufro Tanamedrove amerikuli kaTarsisis Teoria`struqturuli, anu, formaluri~ (jeraldelsi) miuxedavad Tavisi originalobisa, naklebaddamajereblad meCveneba. avtori cdilobsdagvarwmunos, TiTqos, aristotele ar gulisxmobda45

mixeil kalandariSviliganwmendaSi mayurebels. jerald elsis TvalsazrisiT,kaTarsisi xdeba TviT dramaturgiul nawarmoebSi dadakavSirebulia mxolod personaJebis grZnobebTan.Tu yovelive amas davumatebT lesingis, goeTes daSileris kaTarsisis gagebasa da ganmartebebs, miviRebTsakmaod rTul da winaaRmdegobriv suraTs, romelicmetyvelebs imaze, rom aristoteles naTqvamma erTmafrazam gamoiwvia `qarbuqi~ xelovnebis TeoriaSi.lesings miaCnda, rom aristoteles mxedvelobaSihqonda SiSis amgvari gageba: es SiSi warmoiSveba CvenigmirTan msgavsebis Sedegad, romelic tragediaSiitanjeba. anu, es Cveni SiSia imis gamo, rom male,SesaZloa Cvenc gavxdeT TanagrZnobis obieqti. amitomackaTarsisis formula, romelsac lesingi gvTavazobssityvebis gadaadgilebaSi mdgomareobs, Tumca esgadaadgileba sul axal da axal azrobriv datvirTvasiZens: `tragikuli Tanagancda – Cveni Tanagancdaa.tragikuli SiSi – Cveni SiSia. tragikuli Tanagancda –Cveni SiSia. tragikuli SiSi – Cveni Tanagancdaa~.1827 wels goeTe wers naSroms `SeniSvnebiaristoteles `poetikis~ Sesaxeb~, sadac amtkicebsrogor martivad unda gavigoT idumalebiT moculikaTarsisis adgili `poetikaSi~. Turme, rodesactragedia amowuravs Tavis saSualebebs, romlebicSiSsa da Tanagancdas aRZraven, man unda daaboloossaqme vnebebis SerigebiT. advili axsnaa,magram aq ukve laparakia ara g anwmendaze,aramed Serigebaze, mayureblis simSvidesa dadasrulebulobaze, romelic winaaRmdegobaSi Sedistragediis finalTan, anu, katastrofisaucilebel molodinTan da dadgomasTan.kaTarsisis promlemas exeba erik bentlic TavisSesaniSnav wignSi `dramis cxovreba~. igi wers: `imSemTxvevebSic, rodesac aristotele msjelobs iseT46

siuJetur xerxebze, rogorebicaa: `peripetia~ da`amocnoba~, romlebsac moixseniebs, rogorc emociuriinteresis gaRvivebis uZlieres xerxebs, maSinac gasagebixdeba, rom mas mxedvelobaSi aqvs raRac bevrad ufromniSvnelovani, vidre cnobismoyvareobis grZnoba.aristotele laparakobs mayurebelze, romelicTrTis saSinelebis gamo da xdeba lmobieri, `rbili~Tanagancdis meSveobiT. SiSisa da Tanagancdis grZnobebiaq figurireben cnobil da amave dros yvelazegaugebar aristoteles gamoTqmaSi – Tanagancdis daSiSis meSveobiT tragediaSi xdeba `ganwmenda amgvarafeqtebisagan~. aq sakmarisia aRvniSnoT, rom rac arunda sxvadasxvagvari ganmarteba mieces am frazas,aravis TavSi ar mouva misi gageba, rogorc ubralo…(cnobismoyvareobis aRZvra)~. 1vladimir saxnovski-pankeevi `ganwmendis~ Sesaxebwers: `aucilebeli araa romelime koncefciis gaziarebaan terminis (kaTarsisis - m. k.) axali ganmarteba. [...]sakmarisia SemovifargloT im ZiriTadiT, rac ueWveladdevs am cnebaSi. araviTar eWvs ar iwvevs is, rom aqkavSiria esTetikur da eTikur sawyisebs Soris, xolotragediis umaRlesi mizania zneobrivi efeqtis miRweva.es efeqti mzaddeba tragikuli konfliqtis mTlianigaSliT, romelic realizacias poulobs kvanZisgaxsnaSi, anu, konfliqtis gadawyvetaSi. kaTarsisiscnebas aristotele ukavSirebda mxolod tragedias,magram Tu amas gavigebT ufro farTod, igi undagavrceldes dramaturgiis sxva Janrebzec~. 2sruliad samarTliani SeniSvnaa, radgan zneobrivi`ganwmenda~ axasiaTebs komediasac, romelic ara SiSismeSveobiT, aramed siciliTa da dacinviT aRwevs imaveSedegs. magaliTisTvis sakmarisia gavixsenoT molieris1Э. Бентли. Жизнъ драмы, М., 2004, с., 50-512В. Сахновский-Панкеев. Драма, Л., 1969, 116vis sWirdeba Teoria?47

mixeil kalandariSvili`tartiufi~. `Tu tragedia da komedia polaruliJanrebia, maSin zneobrivi ganwmendis efeqti undaaxasiaTebdes agreTve Sualedur Janrebsac.~ 1 bentliwers: `dResac grZeldeba kamaTi imis Sesaxeb, Turas niSnavs sinamdvileSi sityva kaTarsisi, magrammgonia, dapirispirebuli mxareebi erT raRacaSi undaSeTanxmnen – aristotele uaryofs warmodgenas, romlismixedviT Cven davemsgavsebiT nervebis `gundas~... igiformulirebas ukeTebs sul sxva daskvnas: tragediaara mxolod aRZravs aRelvebas, aramed gvaTavisuflebsam aRelvebisagan.~ 2dabolos, dramis Teoria daanaxebs SemoqmedebiTiprofesiebis studentobas saTeatro azris saerTodinebas; sirTuleebiT da winaaRmdegobebiT aRsavsegzas, romelzec upirispirdebian erTmaneTs goneba dagrZnoba, gemovneba, moda, stili, skola, filosofiuriideebi da msoflmxedvelobiTi konceptebi. am gzisdasawyisia – antikuri xana, xolo dausrulebeli svlagrZeldeba Tanamedrove dramisa da Teatris cxovrebaSi.ase rom gavyveT gzas da igi migviyvans...1iqve, gv. 1172Э. Бентли. Жизнъ драмы, М., 2004, с. 25448

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50lia kalandariSvili`es ar aris vaSli~...anu ekranuli saxis orazrovneba2011 wels qarTvel telemayurebels saSualebahqonda telekompania `mzis~ eTeriT enaxa ukanaskneliwlebis qarTuli filmebi da moesmina, rogorc Tavadavtorebis Tvalsazrisi warmodgenil namuSevrebze, ise,specialurad miwveuli kritikosebisa da mayureblismosazrebac. yvelasTvis cnobilia, rom dRevandelierovnuli kinoproduqcia daxvavebuli problemebisTvalsaCino magaliTia, amitom, kinoxelovnebismtkivneuli, SemoqmedebiTi procesis xelisSemSlelproblemebze orive mxaris profesionalTa msjeloba,maT gadasawyvetad gadadgmul nabijad unda CaiTvalos.marTalia, am Sexvedrebs naklebad SeiZleba ewodosdialogi, Tumca, garkveul sakiTxebs naTeli maincmohfines: samwuxarod, finansuri problemebis,auwyobeli sawarmoo procesisa da materialurteqnikuribazis simwiresTan erTad, xSir SemTxvevaSi,araprofesionalizmic vlindeba, _ im enis arcodna,romliTac axalgazrda kinoreJisorebi sakuTari azrisada TvalTaxedvis gadmocemas cdiloben. TvalSisacemia,ara mxolod erTi nawilis siyalbe da arafris momcemimaneruloba, aramed, maTi sapirispiro xedvis mqonemeore nawilis e. w. `dokumenturi~ gadaRebis siRrmeda gamomsaxvelobiTi simwire, anu, is faqti, rom maT,obieqturi sinamdvilisa da sinamdvilis ekranulisaxis erTmaneTisgan gansxvaveba uWirT.vfiqrob, saWiroa dafiqreba imaze, rom kinoxelovnebaa. erTi SexedviT, es martivad gasagebi azria,magram mxolod erTi SexedviT, radgan, aseTi zogadifraza, sinamdvileSi metad umniSvnelo informacias

gvaZlevs imis Sesaxeb, Tu ra aris kino da ratom arisigi xelovneba. an, ra aris Tavad xelovneba? es xomuzarmazari, mravalferovani sivrcea, mTeli samyaro,romlis erTbaSad mocva SeuZlebelia. ras vgulisxmobTam sityvaSi? Cven amaze ar vfiqrobT, Tumca, ukve adreuliasakidan, gaucnobiereblad vcnobT aseT moRvaweobas _vxedvaT, rogor usmens adamiani xmebiT avsebul samyarosda musikad gardaqmnis, uyurebs garemos da asaxavsxazebiTa da feradi laqebiT, moZraobis silamazescekviT gamoxatavs, gancdas da nafiqrs poeturi sityviTgadmoscems...ras akeTebs igi? daxatuli vaSli, SesaZloa,Zalian hgavs namdvils, magram,saWmelad uvargisia. ratomqmnis mxatvari usargeblosagans, ra miznebi amoZravebs? 1pirvel rigSi, am movlenaSiCvens yuradRebas ipyrobs,realobis mimarT gavlebuligamyofi sazRvari: udidesimsgavsebis miuxedavad,kinoxelovnebis, rogorcsxva xelovnebaTa, Tvisebebida kanonebi, niSanTa logikaar SeiZleba gavaigivoTobieqtur realobasTan, imkanonzomierebebTan da WeSmaritebasTan, romelicfizikur samyaroSi arsebobs. kargad viciT, rom ekranimxolod brtyeli fonia, mis miRmac namdvilad ar arsebobsis sivrce, romelsac Cven perspeqtivaSi vxedavT: arcSenobebi, arc relsebi, romelzec matarebeli pirdapirCveni mimarTulebiT moZraobs, sazareli mkvleli1rene magriti. es ar aris vaSli. This is not an Apple-196451

lia kalandariSvilisinamdvileSi ver gvxedavs da araferi gvemuqreba.dRes, Cven Rimils gvgvris legenda Zmebi lumierebiskinoseansis gulubryvilo SemTxvevaze, rodesacekranze warmodgenilma `matareblis Semosvlam~`gacocxlebuli gamosaxulebis~ aRsaqmeladfsiqologiurad moumzadebel sazogadoebaSi aurzaurida panika gamoiwvia. viciT, rom kino realobis iluziaa,magram gvajadoebs da gvaocebs udidesi msgavseba,moCvenebiTis Serwyma sinamdvilesTan... Tumca, zogjer,piriqiT, _ masTan gaucxoeba kidev ufro metadgvakvirvebs... Cvens cnobierebaSi realurisa da Seqmniliskonturebi erTmaneTs efinebian da edarebian, xolo,maT Soris arsebuli damokidebulebebi: msgavsebebi dagansxvavebebi CvenSi raRac sazriss badebs, _ mixvedris,`amocnobis~ sazriss, romelic orive realobas Tanabradexeba da aerTianebs.realobisa da ekranuli saxis urTierTmimarTeba,identifikacia kinoTeoriis erT-erTi sawyisi daarsebiTi problemaa, romlis prizmaSic tydebakinoxelovnebis TiTqmis yvela fundamenturi sakiTxi:mxatvruli struqturis, saxeTa pirobiTobis, sazrisis,formis, stilis, subieqturisa da obieqturisdamokidebulebebi Tu sxva; am safuZvelze ixsneba Tavadkinematografis dualisturi bunebac: misi, erTi mxriv,arsebulis, faqtobrivad, avtomaturad aRbeWdvisunikaluri unari da meore mxriv, am anabeWdisiluzoruloba da misgan gamomdinare SemoqmedebiTiTavisufleba. es winaaRmdegobrioba gansazRvravs Tavismxriv, or sawyiss, ekranul paradigmas: pirvels _koncentrirebuls obieqtur, realisturi saxierebisprincipze - Zmebi lumierebis gzas; da meores –gamonagons, subieqturs da fantaziurs, pirobiTobismaRali xarisxiT - JorJ meliesis Semoqmedebisprincips.52

`es ar aris vaSli~...anu ekranuli saxis orazrovnebaorive SemoqmedebiTma meTodma Tavisi ZiebebiTa damignebebiT gazarda kinoxelovnebis SesaZleblobebi,Caswvda mis unikalur gamomsaxvelobas. msjelobasinamdvilis SemoqmedebiT asaxvaze, SesaZleblobebsada formebze, kategoriebsa da kanonebze adamianurikulturis ganuyofel nawilad iqca. federikofelini aRniSnavda: `sityva realizmi arafers niSnavs.garkveuli xarisxiT yvelaferi realuria. sazRvarifantaziasa da realobas Soris ar arsebobs~. magramarsebobs sxva mosazrebebic, gansxvavebuli feliniseulirealizmisgan da yvela maTgans ufleba aqvs hqondessakuTari SemoqmedebiTi principi, avtoris ufleba -ar iziarebdes magaliTad, arc `dogma-95~-is mkacradgansazRvrul debulebas, romlis Tanaxmad: `kino –iluzia ar aris~ 1 da arc jeims kemeronis mier Seqmnilpandoras fantastikur samyaros. 2rac ufro metad vuRrmavdebiT im qmedebas,rasac Cven filmis gadaRebas vuwodebT, miT ufroamouwuravi, mravalmxrivi da rTuli gveCvenebaamsaxvel sagansa da asaxvas Soris damokidebuleba.miT ufro mravalazrovani xdeba mayureblisTvisacsamyarodan guldasmiT SerCeuli da `amoRebuli~,ekranze garkveuli saxiT warmodgenili aRqmis sagani.erTi SexedviT, kinematografSi saqme TiTqos Zalianmartivadaa. kamera uSualod afiqsirebs, `xelovnebasarkea~. magram ras aireklavs igi? am gamonaTqvamSi,Cveulebriv, pirdapir zerele msgavsebas vgulisxmobTda ar viTvaliswinebT adreul, ufro siRrmiseulda simbolur damokidebulebebs. warmoidgineT,ra darCeboda, aseTi gaazrebis SemTxvevaSi, andrei1`dogma-95~-is manifestidan. Цыркун Н. Догма 95 . ИскусствоКино. — 1998. — № 12.2igulisxmeba j. kemeronis filmi `avatari~53

lia kalandariSvilitarkovskis filmidan! 1sarkis cneba metad farToa, dakavSirebulia agreTveadamianis mier sakuTari Tavis aRqmasTan, identifikaciisrTul problemasTan, romelic SeiZleba, piriqiT,`mesTan~ gaucxoebasac niSnavdes, cnobierebiswinaaRmdegobriv gaorebas, rogorc, magaliTad, Jaklakaniseuli `sarkis stadia~ 2 ganixilavs.sarke, garda amisa, arqetipuli gaazrebis fenomeniada mravalmxriv ipyrobs kulturis yuradRebas:gvxvdeba yofaSi, miTologiaSi, xelovnebaSi, magiaSi...`sarkis efeqts, anareklis mocemis unars adamianebiuxsovari droidan awerdnen magiur Tvisebebs.SemTxveviTi ar aris, rom sityva `magias~ (magia) da`saxes~ (image) saerTo Ziri aqvT, gamomdinare sityvidan- `saxe~ `asaxva~. avtoris miswrafeba mibaZos bunebismovlenebs da fenomenebs, wminda ideebs, _ es arismimesisis esTetikuri koncefcia, sinamdvilis asaxva,idealizacia. sarkes gaaCnia mniSvneloba, romelicSors scdeba misi funqcionalurobis sazRvrebs.uZvelesi droidan sarke moiazreba, rogorc, raRacwinaaRmdegobrivi, Zveli warmodgenebis mixedviT –samyaroebis sazRvarze myofi da anareklsa da asareklTanmagiurad dakavSirebuli. sarkis anarekli ganixileba,rogorc, ara mxolod sinamdvilis saxe garemomcvelsamyarosTan mimarTebaSi, aramed, rogorc erTgvarimiRmuri ram. samyaroSi yvelaferi xiluli da uxilavikavSirebiTaa daxlarTuli; yvelaferi raimes anareklia,Sedegi, an _ mizezi~. 31igulisxmeba andrei tarkovskis filmi `sarke~2`sarkis stadia~ - frangi filosofosis da fsiqoanalitikosisJak lakanis (1901–1981) termini. bavSvi 6-dan 18Tvemde iwyebs sakuTari Tavis gacnobierebas sarkeSi. mas uyalibdebais, rasac lakani warmosaxvas uwodebs, anu saku-Tari `mes~ saxes.3Светлана Леончук. З Е Р К А Л О. Рассмотрение произведений54

`es ar aris vaSli~...anu ekranuli saxis orazrovnebacxadia, Cven SevejaxeT metad bundovan da farTodgafantul mosazrebas, romelsac SeiZleba sruliadsapirispiro realiebi moargo. amave dros, ZneliawinaaRmdegoba gauwio aSkara faqtobriv msgavsebaskinogamosaxulebasa da im fenomens Soris, romelsacsarkes vuwodebT. abram vulisi niSandoblivadmigvaniSnebs amgvari `sarkis~ zedapiris damatebiTsiRrmeebsa da sirTuleebze: `kinoteqnikiswarmoqmnasTan erTad, gaCnda axali gamomsaxvelobiTiena, romlis fizikuri safuZveli – sarkis principia.gacocxlebuli sarkis gamosaxuleba, ise miiswrafvisTavisuflebisken, rogorc boTlidan amosuli jini,– Tu SeiZleba Tavisufleba vuwodoT pirobiTobaTagardauval tyveobas, kanonzomierebebs da wesebs,romelTa SerCevac mas mouwevs~ 1 .ras warmoadgens kinorealoba? sinamdvilissarkisebur anarekls? Tu arsebulis mibaZvas, mimesiss 2 , anpiriqiT, _ ararsebul fantazias? zigfrid krakaueri 3kinos gansazRvravda rogorc `fizikuri realobisreabilitacias~, magram fizikuri samyaroc SeiZlebailuziad warmogvidges, xolo misi kanonzomiereba viwro,SemTxveviTi dakvirvebis Sedegad, subieqtur aRqmad.brwyinvale mxatvrul mignebas SesaZloa, saerTod arhqondes kavSiri arsebul mizez-SedegobriobasTan. Tukinoxelovnebas, Cven, mxolod `mibaZvis~ an Tundac,`fizikuri realobis reabilitaciis~ farglebSiganvsazRvravT, misi mniSvneloba adreul SexedulebaTamsgavsad, SeiZleba, Zalian viwrod da araarsebiTadmogveCvenos.искусства, связанных с зеркалом. http://www.leon-chuk.w-r.ru/pocherk_mirror.htm © 2004–20101Вулис А. В. Литературные зеркала. М., 1991, гл.XII2mibaZva, mimesisi aristoteles gagebiT.3Зигфрид Кракауэр - Природа фильма. Реабилитацияфизической реальности. м. искусство, 197455

lia kalandariSviliCven SegviZlia `gavamarTloT~ kinos arsebobasinamdvilis faqtis `wmindad~ dafiqsirebis, Senaxvisada warmodgenis gansakuTrebuli unariT, magram, maSinmisi sazRvrebis miRma darCeba TviTon dokumenturikinoxelovnebis Sedevrebic! iseTi ukiduresimizandasaxuli faqtobriobiTac ki, rogoric,magaliTad, Ziga vertovis «Кино-глаз»-ia, seriidan`cxovreba ucabedad, waswrebuli~, 1 _ metad obieqturi,`Caurevel-ganurCeveli~, `SemTxveviTi~ gadaRebiT,romelsac, sinamdvileSi, sabWoTa avangardis epataJuri,gamomwvevi principebi, am mimarTulebis ganzrax,kategoriul qaoturobasTan ucnauri kontrastulobiTSerwymuli ideologia warmarTavs. rasakvirvelia,mayureblisTvis sainteresoa, rogori iyo faqtobrivad,axali, im droisTvis metad uCveulo saxelmwifos _sabWoTa kavSiris realoba ocian wlebSi, Camoyalibebisetapze, Tumca, rodesac Ziga vertovis films vuyurebT,sinamdvileSi, gvizidavs `kinoaparatiani adamianis~ mierdanaxuli realoba, misi obieqturoba da subieqturoba,mis mier dafiqsirebuli mtredebi qvafenilze da asvlakoSkuraze, saidanac im samyaros didi perspeqtiva Cans,romlis CvenTvis Cveneba, am kinoenTuziasts, uzarmazarenergiad da sakuTari sicocxlis safrTxeSi Cagdebisfasad uRirs.saubaria imaze, rom aseT, uSualod warmodgenilrealobasac ki gaaCnia raRac sxva, damatebiTimniSvneloba. yoveldRiurobaSi xSirad vawydebiTfaqts, rodesac erTsa da imave suraTs gverdiT myofisxvagvarad aRiqvams, vidre Cven. SesaZloa, aseTi sxvaobasruliad radikaluric ki gamodges. adekvaturi, Tu,araadekvaturi aRqmis sirTuleebisa da subieqturobieqturimizezebis garda, rac, arsebiT rols1Ziga vertovis «Кино-глаз» dokumenturi filmi seriidan«Жизнь врасплох».56

asrulebs. am SemTxvevaSi, gadamwyveti mniSvneloba aqvsagreTve, Tavad, ekranuli gamosaxulebis pirobiTobas_ obieqtis Cveul semantikas, Tu am wuTas, Cven winaSewarmoqmnil axal sazrisebs.davuSvaT, ukve gavacnobiereT da SevTanxmdiT, romekranuli gamosaxuleba, Tundac, yvelaze pirdapirda uSualod dafiqsirebuli, materialuri realobisniSania, iluziaa da ara Tavad is realoba, romelSicvimyofebiT, magram, SegviZlia Tu ara, amave dros,erTazrovnad ganvacxadoT, rom es niSani, sworedim obieqtur realobas warmogvidgens, romelsacfaqtobrivad gviCveneben? swori iqneba, Tu ara,gamovTqvaT varaudi, _ rodesac rene magriti xatavsTavis `arsebobis pirobiTobebs~ da warmogvidgens`oTaxisa~ da `gare samyaros~ mijnas – Ria kars,romlis miRma, napirisa da zRvis peizaJi ucnauraderwymis da mTlianobas qmnisim naxatTan, romelic sxvasivrceSi, oTaxSi molbertzeadamagrebuli, 1 rom, mxatvariamiT xazs usvams realobisada misi niSnis uSualopirdapirdamokidebulebas,realizms (anu daxatuli zRvaasaxavs realurad arsebuls)?Tu, ufro misaRebi iqneba,gvevarauda piriqiT, _ erTicda meorec iluziaa... dasinamdvile sadRac CvensSigniTaa, razec migvaniSnebskaris zRurblze dagdebuli Savi burTi, anu mxatvrisTu, ukve Cvenive sakuTar TvalTan gaigivebuli guga _ori realobis sazRvarze da mesame, kargad sagrZnobi1rene magriti. arsebobis pirobiTobebi 1933`es ar aris vaSli~...anu ekranuli saxis orazrovneba57

lia kalandariSviliSinagani subieqturi ganzomilebidan mxedvare. kiTxvisdasmac ki _ romel realobas asaxavs `arsebobispirobiTobebi~ obieqturs Tu subieqturs – azrskargavs.`realisturis~ cneba zogjer sinamdvilismistifikaciis mniSvnelobasac iZens! sabWoTa epoqisxelovnebis ideologizirebul TeoriaSi, romelicXX saukunis 30-90-ian wlebSi qarTul kulturasac`bejiTad~ `meTvalyureobda~, xazgasmiT iyo wamoweulirealizmis aqtualobis problema. Tumca, masSi ukve aRarigulisxmeboda ociani wlebis msgavsi realisturoba,STagonebuli principiT _ `cxovreba ucabedad,moulodnelad waswrebuli~, «Кино-глаз», `farulikamera~... socialisturi kritika miznad isaxavdamxatvrul saxeTa sinamdvilesTan mxolod, TiTqosda,msgavsebis niSnebis gamovlenas, `axali~, dadgenilebebisSuqze SeTxzuli sqematuri personaJebisa da utopiuriSinaarsebis `garealisturebas~. arsebiTad, maqsimgorkis mier normad gansazRvruli `socialisturirealizmis~ meTodi saxelmwifo ZalauflebiTdakanonebuli ideologiisa da propagandis saimedomeqanizmi iyo, _ realizmis imitacia, romelic,winaswar Seicavda Sinaarsis savaldebulo sqemas,kontrols uwesebda avtoris ideas, SemoqmedebisTavisuflebas da sawyisSive gamoricxavda sinamdvilisasaxvis rogorc obieqtur, ise subieqtur princips.dadgenilebaSi, romelic, upirobo brZanebad dasastik muqarad iqca socialisturi aRmSeneblobissaxelmwifoSi moRvawe mwerlebisTvis da xelovanTaTvis,ewera: `socialisturi realizmi amtkicebs yofierebas,rogorc Semoqmedebas, romlis mizania adamianis yvelazeRirebuli individualuri SesaZleblobebis uwyvetiganviTareba bunebis Zalebze gasamarjveblad, misijanmrTelobisaTvis da xandazmulobisTvis, dedamiwaze58

`es ar aris vaSli~...anu ekranuli saxis orazrovnebacxovrebis udidesi bednierebisTvis~. 1mxatvruli sabWoTa `sinamdvile~ ar undagascdenoda ideologiuri optimizmis paTosissazRvrebs. erTi SexedviT, am sruliad uwyinaridadgenilebis mizani masebisTvis sasurveli ganwyobisCamoyalibeba iyo, mouwyobeli cxovrebis Canacvlebismcdeloba mSvenieri mxatvruli gamonagoniT, romlisSedegad, zRapari realobasTan unda gaigivebuliyo,siyalbe _ sinamdvilesTan. mogvianebiT, samocianwlebSi, rodesac saxelmwifo reJimi odnav Serbilda,am movlenis gadafasebamac aRar daayovna, maTSoris qarTul kinoSic: qarTveli `samocianelebi~rezo gabriaZe da eldar Sengelaia `araCveulebrivgamofenaSi~ 2 Seecadnen socialisturi xelovnebis am`mkvdari~, dogmaturi, yalbi arsis gamovlenas. filmismaxvilgonivrul saxeebSi ikiTxeba kinoxelovanTadamcinavi, ironiuli Tvalsazrisi `sinamdvilisa~da `realisturis~ cnebebze da dixotomia: `hgavs -Tu ar hgavs~, mxatvruli nawarmoebis funqcionalurkonceptad, komikuri situaciis mamoZravebel wamyvanelementad iqca.romeli principi agvixsnis ra damokidebulebaSiaCvens cxovrebaSi arsebuli realuri sagani da misiararsebuli analogi,misi mxatvruli asaxva?raSia im paradoqsis arsi,rodesac, rene magritixatavs Cibuxss da iqvemiuTiTebs, rom `es araris Cibuxi~?, 3 xatavs1Первый Всесоюзный съезд советских писателей. Стенографическийотчет, 1934, с. 17.2rezo gabriaZe, eldar Sengelaia `araCveulebriv gamofena~ 19683rene magriti The Treachery of Images 1928-2959

lia kalandariSvilivaSls da ganmartavs rom `es vaSli ar aris~? magritisTvalTaxedva, idea realobis iluzorulobaze,SegviZlia ganvavrcoT kinematografisTvis aseveaqtualur paradoqsul principTan _ realobisiluziasTan mimarTebaSi, radgan, umetesad, ekranzegadatanili realoba, magritis Cibuxis msgavsad, is araris, rasac warmogvidgens. ekranuli sibrtye, kinospirobiTi samyaro iluziis damatebiT Sreebs warmoqmnis,rogoricaa, magaliTad, iluziuri da STambeWdavi,erTimeoreSi areklili sarkeebis derefani kristofernolanis `dasawyisSi~, 1 sadac, am usasrulobas reJisoriufro metad aRrmavebs damatebiTi sazrisiT, migviTiTebs,ra, kidev sxva, kadrs miRma arsebul kulturul sivrceze_ kinomexsierebaSi samudamod aRbeWdil kadrze:sikvdilis win mdidrul, oqros sarkeebSi mravalnawilad daSlil, sulierad ganadgurebuli keinisgasaocar aRlumze orson uelsis `moqalaqe keinidan~ 2 ,riTac, garda imisa, rom nolani didi klasikosisadmi1krist. nolanis filmi `dasawyisi` Incepon 20102orson uelsis filmi `moqalaqe keini~ Cizen Kane 194160

`es ar aris vaSli~...anu ekranuli saxis orazrovnebaTayvaniscemas gamoxatavs, saxeobrivad warmogvidgens,agreTve, kinematografiisadmi Tavis aRtacebulmimarTebasac. kristofer nolanis `sarkis derefnis~konceptSi ikiTxeba Tavad kinos saxeli – `didiiluzioni~, rogorc realobisa da sizmrebis, _ sarkiswarmoudgeneli, usasrulo iluziis `feierverki~.61

62manana lekboraSviliswrafva dokumentalurobisken dadokumentalizmis `ganleva~daibadnen ra TiTqmis erTdroulad, dokumenturikino, mainc SeiZleba CaiTvalos mxatvruli kinos ufrosZmad; magram amis Semdeg, umcrosma Zmam gacilebiTswrafad daiwyo zrda, nayofierad aiTvisa ufrosismier SemuSavebuli xerxebi da intensiurad CaerToxelovnebis sferod aRiarebisTvis brZolaSi.mxatvrulisgan gansxvavebiT, dokumenturma kinom,miuxedavad misadmi mudmivi interesisa, TandaTanobiTukana planze gadainacvla; Tumca, misi gavlena mxatvrulkinoze mudmiv Tanamdev xazad mihyveba mxatvruli kinosganviTarebis gzas.dokumentalurobisadmi swrafva sxvadasxva drosda sxvadasxva avtoris SemoqmedebaSi garkveuliperiodulobiT aRiniSneba; magram 50-60 wlebSimsoflio kinematografSi am procesma imdenad farTogaqaneba miiRo, rom mogvianebiT kritikosebma mas`dokumentalizmis~ afeTqeba uwodes. man moiara mTelievropa, gadaWra okeanec da Seexo TiTqmis yvela metnaklebadganviTarebul kinematografiis mqone qveyanas.es iyo mxatvruli da dokumenturi kinosurTierTdaaxloebis procesi, romelSic gamoikveTamxatvruli kinos moZraoba dokumentursiken. amavedros, mkveTrad matulobs mxatvruli filmebis ricxvi,romelTac safuZvlad udevT istoriuli movlenebi darealuri faqtebi.am moZraobaSi pionerad SeiZleba miviCnioT italiurikinematografi, romlis wiaRSic ibadeba realobasTanmaqsimalurad miaxloebis, yoveldRiuri realobis`mxatvrulad gaformebis~ gareSe aRbeWdvis mZlavri

tendencia, romelic sul male mTels msoflioSigaxdeba cnobili italiuri neorealizmis saxeliT.dokumenturi kino xelovnebis avangardad iqceva.safrangeTSi ibadeba `sinema-verite~ (Cinema-verité),atlantikis miRma _ `pirdapiri kino~ (direct cinema),did britaneTSi _ `Tavisufali kino~ (free cinema), _kinomoZraobebi, romlebmac arsebiTi gavlena iqoniesara marto dokumenturi kinos Semdgom ganviTarebaze,aramed mxatvrul kinematografzec.msoflio kinoprocesis saerTo paTosi xdebadaubrunon films, misi bunebidan gamomdinare,dokumenturoba. 50-60-iani wlebisTvis mxatvrulifilmis scenari TandaTan Tavisufldeba mkacrisiuJeturi agebis moTxovnidan. SeiZleba iTqvas,zogjer prozasac ki uaxlovdeba. Tumca, rogorcxSirad aris xolme axali gzebis Ziebisas, xSirad saqmemeore ukiduresobamde midioda – scenaris da, ufrometic, siuJetis srul uaryofamde.kinoprocesSi da kinokritikaSi aqtiuradmkvidrdeba terminebi: `cxovrebis nakadi~, `antifilmi~,`dedramatizacia~. `spontanuri~ kinos momxreebizogjer cdilobdnen pirdapir gadaetanaT qronikisgadaRebis meTodebi mxatvrul kinoSi. magram ufroxSirad, es mcdelobebi, mainc met-naklebad warmatebul,eqsperimentebad rCeboda. Tumca arc is unda daviviwyoT,rom am eqsperimentebma mniSvnelovnad gaamdidramxatvruli kinos ena dokumenturi kinematografisgamocdilebiT, maT Soris xeli Seuwyo kinodramaturgiisevolucias, ris Sedegadac mxatvrul kinoSi mkveTradgaizarda distancia fabulasa da siuJets Soris.aseve TvalsaCino cvlilebebi ganicada filmebissaxviTma gadawyvetis stilma. imata miswrafebamdokumenturi esTetikisken, romelic miznadisaxavda mieRwia mxatvrul filmSi iseTive63

manana lekboraSvilidamajereblobisaTvis, rac gaaCnia dokumentur masalasda mayurebeli aeZulebina erwmuna ekranze mimdinaremovlenebis realuroba.gadaRebis dokumenturma meTodma moiTxova filmisplastikuri gadawyvetis ubraloeba. am SemTxvevaSi ukveuadgilod moCanda kadris ferweruli kompoziciebi,upiratesoba eniWeboda bunebriv interierebs, bunebrivganaTebas. xSirad gamoiyeneba dokumenturi kinos kideverTi xerxi – faruli kamera, gansakuTrebiT qalaqisscenebSi; qalaqi Tavisi quCebiT, maRaziebiT, kafeebiT,gamvlelebiT ara mxolod fonia filmis moqmedebisTvis,aramed – misi aqtiuri monawilec.sul ufro farTod ixmareba e. w. xelis kamera, _msubuqi, portatuli kameriT moZraobaSi gadaReba, racscenebs gansakuTrebul damajereblobas aniWebs, axdensra adamianis Tvalis imitirebas.mxatvrul kinoSi gavrcelebul meTodad iqcaqronikis, dokumenturi scenebis CarTvac, rac filmsdrois, epoqis sunTqvas aniWebda, garkveul emociurganwyobas badebda mayurebelSi; magram amave dros,es meTodi Tavis TavSi Seicavs garkveul risksac:samsaxiobo filmis qsovilSi CarTvisas qronikamyisierad aaSkaravebs mis sadadgmo xasiaTs, Tu mTlianadkinosuraTis gadawyveta ar aris agebuli dokumenturigadaRebis ritmsa da stilze. Tumca, xSirad dokumenturikadrebi swored stiluri kontrapunqtis Sesaqmneladgamoiyeneba.`dokumentalizmis afeTqebis~ talRam Caiara, magrammis mier dagrovili gamocdileba kinematografiuligamomsaxvelobiTi saSualebebis arsenalSi samudamoddarCa. misi damsaxurebaa, rom kinos am or saxeobasSoris sazRvari imdenad myife da gamWvirvale gaxda,rom sul ufro pirobiTi xdeba. maTi gzebi gamudmebiTejaWveba erTmaneTs. TiToeulis miRweva sul male64

swrafva dokumentalurobisken da dokumentalizmis `ganleva~saerTo monapovari xdeba.kinos romel saxeobas SeiZleba mivakuTvnoT,magaliTad, soso CxaiZis `TuSi mecxvare~ (1976). filmSiTuSi mwyemsebis yoveldRiuri yofaa aRwerili, realurgaremoSi, realurad arsebuli gmirebiT; filmSimxolod erTi profesionali msaxiobia, danarCeni _realurad arsebuli TuSi mwyemsebi, da Tumca, isiniTavis Tavs ansaxiereben, mainc dawerili scenarismixedviT TamaSoben. marTalia, scenari emsaxurebaerT mizans, gagvacnos am garemos, am xalxis Sinaganipoeturi buneba, maTi xifaTiTa da yoveldRiuri pataragmirobebiT datvirTuli cxovreba, magram arsebobsscenari, arsebobs rolis momenti da dokumenturigaremo, romelsac erwymis misi mxatvruli inscenireba.am SemTxvevebisTvis Cndeba termini mxatvruldokumenturi(docu-fiction).Tumca termini SedarebiT axalia, mas aqamdedokumenturad wodebuli bevri klasikuri filmiSeiZleba mivakuTvnoT: `nanuki~, `kaci aranidan~, `tabu~da sxva. flaertis `nanuki~, ra Tqma unda, gadaRebuliaeskimosebis cxovrebis xangrZlivi Seswavlisa damasze dakvirvebis Sedegad, magram imdroindeli mZimeda mouqneli aparatura xSirad SeuZlebels xdidamimdinare movlenebis uSualo dafiqsirebas. magaliTad,patara, oTxmetrian iglus interierSi gadaRebaSeuZlebeli iyo da flaertis TxovniT eskimosebsxelaxla mouwiaT uCveulod didi uglus ageba, racsxva araferia, Tu ara dekoracia. 1mxatvrul-dokumentur filmebTan axlos dgas,e. w., dokudrama (Docudrama), romelic aseve axaliterminia, _ pirvelad gamoCnda amerikul-inglisurSi1961 wlebSi inscenirebuli dokumenturi filmisaRsaniSnavad da farTo gavrceleba hpova 70-iani1Жорж Садуль. Всеобщая история кино. Т.4 (2. Голливуд. Конецнемого кино. 1919-1929). «Искусство». М.1982. с.27465

manana lekboraSviliwlebidan, Tumca aqamdec kinos istoriaSi SeiZlebamoiZebnos filmebi, romlebic Tamamad SeiZleba moxvdesdokudramis kategoriaSi.am terminis irgvliv kamaTi dRemde mimdinareobsda Wirs misi sazRvrebis dadgena. Zalze xSiradxdeba misi da mxatvrul-dokumenturi kinos zonebisgadafarva, magram ZiriTadi maxasiaTeblebis moniSvnamainc SesaZlebelia: dokudrama xazs usvams aRwerilifaqtebis, personaJebis realurobas. ufro zustad, esaris realuri faqtebis inscenireba, rekonstruirebamsaxiobebis an realuri moqmedi pirebis meSveobiT,damatebiTi komentarebis da interpretaciis gareSe.sxva mxriv, es aris filmi, romelic TamaSdeba daweriliscenaris mixedviT, _ msaxiobebiT, dekoraciebiT daamdenad, mxatvruli kinos sferos ufro ganekuTvneba,vidre dokumenturs.realur faqtebze aseve dafuZnebuli mxatvrulifilmebisgan dokudrama imiT gansxvavdeba, rom masSimsaxiobebs realuri personaJebis saxelebi da gvarebiaqvT (aucilebeli piroba dokudramisTvis); yovelTvisigrZnoba Zalisxmeva msaxiobebis prototipebTangaregnuli msgavsebis mimarTulebiT; dafiqsirebuliamovlenebis zusti dro da adgilic. magaliTisTvisSeiZleba davasaxeloT ron houardis filmi `apolo13~(1995), romelic detalurad da realur movlenebTanmaqsimaluri miaxloebiT aRwers 1970 wels sahaeroxomaldis `apolo13~ astronavtebis mTvareze gadasvliswarumatebel mcdelobas.dokudrama myarad dafuZnda televiziaSi, sadacmas xSirad sakmaod Tavisufali interpretacia eZlevainscenirebuli biografiuli filmebidan dawyebulirealiTi-SouebiT damTavrebuli.dokudramasTan erTad dokumentalizmze Setevasaxorcielebs moqumentaric (mock - inglisurad66

swrafva dokumentalurobisken da dokumentalizmis `ganleva~dacinva). gansazRvreba rob reineris filmTan `es _spaniel Tebia~ (This is Spinal Tap, 1984) dakavSirebiT 80-ian wlebSi gaCnda, Tumca rogorc fenomeni, terminzegacilebiT adre warmoiSva. magaliTad, moqumentariserT-erT adreul magaliTad SeiZleba ganvixiloTorson uelsis 1938 wlis 30 oqtombris cnobiliradiodadgmac.termini ixmareba gamogonil mediateqstTanmimarTebaSi (iqneba es kino Tu satelevizio beWduriteqsti), gamoiyureba rogorc dokumenturi, anu,axdens dokumenturis imitacias. moqumentari iyenebsdokumenturisTvis damaxasiaTebel kodebs da stils:sadiqtoro teqsti an kadrSida komentatori, saarqivodokumentebisa da fotoebis gamoyeneba, TviTmxilvelTaan eqspertTa interviuebi da sxva.Tavisi xasiaTiT moqumentari xSirad parodia ansatiraa, Tumca ara yovelTvis; magaliTad SeiZlebadavasaxeloT mcirebiujetiani saSinelebaTa filmi`alqaji bleridan~ (“The Blair Witch Project”, 1999,reJ.: deniel mairiki, eduardo sanCesi). am SemTxvevaSimistificirebis xerxs filmi iyenebs SiSis efeqtisgasaZliereblad. filmis mixedviT, 1994 wels damwyebidokumentalistebi miemgzavrebian tyeSi alqajisgadasaRebad, romelic adgilobrivi mcxovreblebismixedviT bavSvebs itacebs. male dokumentalistebiTavadac ukvalod qrebian da mxolod erTi wlis Semdegpouloben maT mier tyeSi gadaRebul masalas. filmisqsovils swored es masala warmoadgens, romelSicavtorebi Tavad personaJebis mier dafiqsirebulmovlenaTa mimdinareobas gvTavazoben da amgvaradcdiloben realobis sruli iluzia Seqmnan.moqumentaris forma SeiZleba ganvixiloT rogorcerTgvari pasuxi _ dokumenturi kinos privilegiazemoaxdinos realobis zusti reprezentireba. is mkafiod67

manana lekboraSviliaCvenebs, dokumenturi meTodis da xerxebis gamoyenebiT,ra martivad da warmatebiT SeiZleba realobis gayalbeba.magram, rac ar unda Rrmad aRwevdes dokumentalizmimsgavsi tipis filmebSi, ramdenad mravalferovani saxecar unda hqondes mas, dokumentalurTan miaxloebulimuSaobis meTodi, _ xazgasmiT damajerebeli da realuriatmosferos Seqmnis miswrafeba, dokumenturi masalisCarTva Tu dokumenturis mistificireba, – produqciamainc mxatvrul kinosuraTebad rCeba. SeiZleba iTqvas,rom misi saxiT mxatvruli kino sul ufro ifarTovebsTavis areals da Tu radikalurebi viqnebiT gamonaTqvamSi,axdens dokumenturobis `diskreditacias~, ukargavs ramayurebels orientirebs da mijnebs gamogonilsa daara-gamogonils Soris.dokumentur kinos kidev erTi mZlavri dartymateleviziam miayena, jer kidev televiziis axal,mZlavr mediad Camoyalibebis sawyis etapze, rodesacTavisi operatiulobiT da mobilurobiT nel-nelagamodevna kinoJurnalebi kinoTeatrebidan. dReisaTvisreportaJuli gadaReba satelevizio eTeris sayrdenadiqca. amJamad ukve kinematografs uxdeba mimarTostelevizias saarqivo masalebisTvis. erTi SexedviT isdaxmarebis xelsac uwvdis dokumentur kinematografs.maSin, roca arsebuli gaqiravebis pirobebSi iSviaTigamonaklisebis garda, verc kreatiuli dokumenturikino midis mayureblamde, is Tavis auditorias mxolodspecializirebul kinoTeatrebSi da SezRuduli ricxvissafestivalo Cvenebebze poulobs. am viTarebaSi misZiriTad popularizatorad iqceva televizia, romelicauditorias milionebamde zrdis. magram, amave dros,televizia sxva safrTxisa da axali problemis winaSeayenebs dokumentur kinos: praqtikaSi mimdinareprocesebis kvaldakval, mas xelaxla uwevs TavisisazRvrebis dadgena, amjerad ukve telegadacemebTan68

swrafva dokumentalurobisken da dokumentalizmis `ganleva~konkurenciaSi, romlebic imave teritoriaze muSaoben.80-iani wlebidan televizia amkvidrebs dokumenturiproduqtis axal formats, romelsac mogvianebiT`realiTi Tivi~ (Reality TV) ewoda. msgavsi seriebisklasikuri nimuSia: `samaSvelo samsaxuri 911~ (“Rescue911”, 1989) da `policielebi~ (“Cops”, 1989), romelicam samsaxurebis profesiul saqmianobas aRwers damis popularizacias emsaxureba. Tumca, SeiZlebadasaxeldes sxva uamravi magaliTic: ganvlili periodismanZilze `realiTi Tivim~ radikalurad Secvalateleviziis landSafti, erT-erT yvelaze reitingulformatad iqca da Tavisi ganStoebac ki Seqmna: `realiTiSou~.`realiTi Tivi~ hibriduli Janria, romeliceyrdnoba dokumentur masalas, realur faqtebs. masSimonawile personaJebi Tavis Tavs asaxiereben, magram amavedros xdeba masalis dramatizeba, sanaxaobrivi mxarisgaZliereba. rogorc wesi, masala rekonstruirebulia(realuri faqtebi xelaxla TamaSdeba kameris win) darodesac realuri moqmedi piri miuwvdomelia, arcmisi msaxiobiT Canacvlebaa gamonaklisi. Tumca, amSemTxvevaSi, dokumenturi kinosTvis safrTxe naklebia:axali Janri, Tavisi saxelwodebiT, CamoyalibebulikanonebiT, sazRvrebiT, SeiZleba konkurencias uwevsdokumenturi filmis Janrs, magram ar iwvevs misisazRvrebis rRvevas. ufro didi safrTxis Semcveliais, rom garda amisa, televizia Tavad iqca dokumenturifilmebis mwarmoeblad.es filmebi iwodeba dokumentur filmebad,Tumca, ZiriTadad agebulia telegadacemis daara kinoesTetikis specifikis gaTvalsiwinebiT.amasTan, televiziis bunebidan gamomdinare, rogorcwesi, upiratesoba eniWeba sensaciurs, skandalurs,sanaxaobrivad mimzidvels; orientirad naklebad69

manana lekboraSviliaris aRebuli movlenis, faqtis Tu pirovnebissiRrmiseuli Sreebis Zieba da gaxsna. televizia,warmoebis wesis mixedviT, aseve naklebad arisganwyobili xangrZlivi dakvirvebis, Seswavlisa damomentis daWeris procesisken. aseT SemTxvevaSi isamjobinebs mimarTos inscenirebis an rekonstruqciisxerxs, riTac xdeba dokumentisadmi damaxasiaTebelimaRali damajereblobis xarisxis miTviseba da misiniRbiT mayureblisTvis modelirebuli realobiswardgena, romlis sinamdvilesTan SesatyvisobamTlianad proeqtis avtorTa keTilsindisierebazeadamokidebuli.amiT televizia, erTi, _ Slis sazRvrebsekranul saxeobebs Soris da axdens dokumenturikinos diskreditacias (sTavazobs ra auditoriasdokumenturi kinos nacvlad mis surogats) da meore,_ dokumentur kinos gzas uketavs potenciurimayureblisken.axalma teqnologiebma kidev ufro mniSvnelovaniZvrebi gamoiwvia dokumentur kinoSi. dRevandelicifruli kamerebi saSualebas iZleva miviRoT maRalixarisxis gamosaxuleba sinqronuli xmiT. es kamerebikompaqturia da amasTan maTi garCeva samoyvarulokamerebisgan TiTqmis SeuZlebelia. amdenad maT SeuZliaTSeaRwion iq, sadac SeiZleba ar dauSvan profesiulijgufi mravalricxovani aparaturiT, mis winaSegacilebiT komfortulad grZnoben Tavs gadaRebisobieqtebic, kamera Zalian male xdeba `Cveuli~ da`SeumCneveli~.zemoT xsenebulma faqtorma ara marto mniSvnelovnadgaaiafa dokumenturi kinos warmoeba, aramed, arsebiTadSecvala misadmi midgomac, _ xelmisawvdomi gaxda aramarto damoukidebeli, mcire studiebisTvis, aramedadamianebisTvisac, romlebisTvisac kino profesias70

swrafva dokumentalurobisken da dokumentalizmis `ganleva~ar warmoadgens. dokumenturi masalis nakadi imdenadwyaluxvi gaxda (gansakuTrebiT internetis sivrceSi),rom misi profesiuli niSniT daxarisxeba, gamorCevada Sefaseba Seudareblad gaZnelda. Tumca, amavedros, axalma teqnologiebma Tavisuflebis metixarisxi mianiWa saavtoro, kreatiuli dokumenturikinos reJisorebs, misca maT cxovrebis axali,aqamde auTvisebeli mxareebis moxelTebis saSualebadokumenturi xelovnebis obieqtivSi.informaciuli bumis epoqaSi dokumenturi kinoganagrZobs sakuTari niSisa da Tavisi auditoriisZiebas. am ZiebaSi 50-60-iani wlebisgan gansxvavebiT,ukve dokumenturi kino iwyebs moZraobas mxatvruliesTetikis mimarTulebiT. moqmedebis dramatizacia,meti qmedeba (`eqSeni~), xSirad saspensic, metisanaxaobrioba, miswrafeba garTobisa da refleqsiisSerwymisa da mayureblis emociebiT manipulirebisken, _Tanamedrove dokumenturi kinosTvis Cveul meTodebadiqcnen.71

animacia72

vladimer sulaqveliZegermanuli modernizmipirveli msoflio omis periodSi evropeli mxtvrebisnawili Sveicarias Seefara, sadac Tavs usafrTxodgrZnobdnen. erTmaneTTan saubrobdnen rogorc am uazroomis saSinelebebze, aseve xelovnebaze. garkveulmajgufma gadawyvita mimdinareoba Seeqmna, romelic TavisnamuSevrebis SinaarsiT garemos da mimdinare movlenebsprotests gamoucxadebda. erTxel, rodesac mxatvrebitristan zaras Sexvdnen, gadafurcles leqsikonis erTerTigverdi da pirvelive sityva amoirCies _ `dada~,romelsac daamates daboloeba _ `izmi~ da gaCndaaxali mimarTuleba: `dadaizmi~.mogvianebiT zara ganmartavda: `dada~ frangulisityvaa, xis saTamaSo cxens niSnavs, SavkanianTa erTerTitomis krus enaze ki wminda Zroxis kuds. mesameversiiT, italiis ramdenime provinciaSi, `dada~ dedasniSnavs. sabolood, `dadas~ ganmartavdnen rogorc xissaTamaSo cxens.dadaistebis principebi: yvelafris uaryofa, _dogma iqneba es Tu kanoni; ver itandnen burJuazias,mis esTetikur normebs, ampartavnobas, keklucobas,gemovnebas, siyalbes, _ Tvlidnen ra mas omisgaCaRebis mTavar monawiled. dadaistebi gansakuTrebulprotests gamoxatavdnen akademiuri naxatis mimarT.xSirad skandalur situaciaSi vardebodnen, romlisprovocirebasac ZiriTad TviTonve axdendnen.omis damTavrebis Semdeg mxatvrebis nawiliberlinSi gadasaxlda. daiyvnen sxvadasxva jgufad daTavianTi saqme gaagrZeles. aRsaniSnavia, rom germanulikinoavangardi ufro adre ganviTarda, vidre sxvaqveynebisa. ramdenadac mxatvrebis garkveul nawilsaRar akmayofilebda TavianTi abstraqtuli naxatebis73

vladimer sulaqveliZestatikur mdgomareobaSi xilva, gadawyvites namuSevrebifirze gadaetanaT da kinos saSualebiT aemoZravebinaT.am saqmeSi pionerebi iyvnen: viking eggelingi da hansrixteri, agreTve valter ruTmani, bela bartoSi,mogvianebiT oskar fiSingeri.hans rixteri (dab. 1880 w.) _ germaneli grafikosi,reJisori iyo. swavlobda jer berlinis, Semdeg vaimarissamxatvro akademiaSi. 1916-1918 wlebSi Sediodaciurixis (Sveicaria) dadaistebis jgufSi. rixterispirveli filmi `ritmi 21~ iyo, Semdeg – `ritmi 23~,mogvianebiT ki, _ `ritmi 25~ (numeracia gulisxmobs,Tu romel wlebSi Seqmna man esa Tu is filmi, _ vl. s.).rixteri dakavebuli iyo ritmis problemebiT, qmnidamoZravi kvadratebis serias: zogi pataravdeboda, zogicdiddeboda, icvlida ferebss, _ xdeboda xan Savi, xanTeTri feris. amdenad, hans rixteri cdilobda epovnaritmis plastika da Semdeg firze gadaetana.cvalebadi xazebis vertikaluri ganlagebisplastikur principze muSaobda sxva dadaisti vikingeggelingi (1980 w.) _ Svedi mxatvari. vikingi pirvelimsoflio omis dros ciurixis erT-erT skolaSibavSvebs aswavlida xatvas da tanvarjiSs. ciurixSidadaistebis jgufs SeuerTda, _ monawileobda maTdadgmebSi da perfomansebSi. cdilobda plastika daritmi moenaxa kinoSi, sadac eqsperimentebis keTeba jerkidev 1919 wels daiwyo. pirveli filmi `diagonalurisimfonia~ man, iseve rogorc rixterma, 1921 welsgadaiRo. filmis xangZlivoba iyo 7 metri, anu, 2 wuTida 20 wami. eggelingis meore naSromia `horizontalurisimfonia~, romelic man 1924 wels gadaiRo. mesame filmi`paraleluri simfonia~ ki _ 1924 wels. amis Semdegeggelingi male gardaicvala. ratomRac kritikosebisumravlesoba eggelings mxolod ori filmis gadaRebasmiaweren, xolo rac Seexeba zemoaRniSnul `paralelur74

germanuli modernizmisimfonias~, _ saerTod ar axseneben.1921 wels berlinSi abstraqcionist valterruTmanis filmis `opus I~ premiera Sedga. es iyopirveli eqsperimentaluri filmi (imave wels gamovidarixterisa da eggelingis namuSevrebic). rac SeexebaruTmans, is 1887 wels daibada qalaq frankfurtSimainze. swavlobda arqiteqturas, mogvianebiT muSaobdarogorc grafikuli dizaineri. `opus I~ Semdeg gadaiRo:`opus II~ (1923 w.) da `opus III~ (1924 w.). amis SemdegruTmani gadavida dokumentur kinoSi samuSaod, magramavangards mainc ar uRalata. 1927 wels dawyo muSaobadokumentur filmze `berlini - didi qalaqis simfonia~,romelic dRes kinos klasikad iTvleba. ruTmanihitleris politikis mxardamWeri iyo, nacionalsocialisturipartiis wevri. muSaobda propagandissaministroSi. 1927-1941 wlamde man kidev ramdenimedokumenturi filmi gadaiRo. erTi periodi hitlerissayvareli reJisoris, leni rufenStalis, asistentadmuSaobda. 1941 wels valteri wavida frontze, zustadar viciT meomrad Tu kinoqronikis gadasaRebad. imave1941 wels ruTmani smolenskTan daiRupa.amgvarad, dadaizmi 1925 wels kinoSic da mxtvrobaSidaiSala da gaqra, rogorc cxovrebis uarmyofeli dameqanikurobis propagandisti mimdinareoba. avangardulxelovnebaSi dadaizmis adgili daikava eqspresionizmmagermaniaSi da suirealizmma _ safrangeTSi.kinematografSi dadaizmis CrdilSi gasvlas ZiriTadxeli iman Seuwyo, rom eggelingi gardaicvala, ruTmanmadokumentur kinoSi gadainacvla, xolo rixtermaanimacias Tavi daaneba da mxatvruli filmebis gadaRebadaiwyo (nawilobriv dadaisturis). rixteri sxvadasxvadros TanamSromlobda koktosTan, leJesTan da sxvacnobil pirovnebasTan. ormoci wlis ganmavlobaSirixteri iyo erT-erTi yvelaze gavleniani pirovneba75

vladimer sulaqveliZemsoflio kinoavangardSi.oskar fiSingeri, _ eqspresionist paul ruTmanismoswavle, erTaderTi reJisori, romelic zemoTxsenebuli reJisorebidan animacias SemorCa dabolomde misi erTguli darCa, daibada 1900 welsqalaq gleqxauzenSi. franqfurT mainze swavlobdamanqanaTmSeneblobas, saswavlebeli warmatebiTdaamTavra, xatvac exerxeboda. man gadaiRo ramdenimeeqsperimentaluri novela. berlinSi CasvlisTanavegaagrZela sxvadasxva filmze muSaoba. fiSingeri eZebdadialeqtikur kavSirs filmis ritmul da vizualursaxeebs Soris. agreTve axal enas kinematografsa daim periodSi gacilebiT ganviTarebuli xelovnebis -ferweras Soris. aRsaniSnavia, rom fiSingeris yvelafilmi klasikur musikaze iyo awyobili.1923-27 wlebSi ekranebze gamovida fiSingerispirveli, uxmo, _ musikis ritmze awyobilifilmebi: `cvilis etiudebi~, `morakrake xazebi~ da`spiralebi~.1929 wels fiSingerma gadaiRo pirveli feradifilmi `cisartyela~, romelSic man xuTi proeqtorissxivi gamoiyena, _ aq erTmaneTis miyolebiT, fiSingerismier Seqmnili ritmuli sqemis mixedviT, irTvebodnenproeqtorebi. meTodma gaamarTla, _ Seiqmna iqamdearnaxuli sivrculi efeqti. 1929 wlidan oskariiRebda cnobili klasikosebis: mocartis, bramsis,listis musikaze awyobil `etiudebs~. am periodisTviskinoSi xma Semovida, ramac avtors saSualeba miscamisi filmebi mayureblisTvis ufro momxibvleligamxdariyo. 1934 wels pirveli saerTaSoriso aRiarebamoipova fiSingeris suraTma `rafsodia bluzis stilSi~(j. gerSvinis musikis mixedviT), romelmac veneciissaerTaSoriso kinofestivalze pirveli premia miiRo.es feradi filmi warmoadgens sabaleto variaciebis76

germanuli modernizmirigs, romlis gmirebi arian samganzomilebianigeometriuli elementebi. isini ekranis SezRudulsivrceSi moZraoben zustad ise, rogorc scenaze. 1935wels fiSingeri muSaobda daxatul xmaze. is firisxmovan bilikze kawravda ara spontanurad, aramedwinaswar gaTvlili sqemiT. rodesac man es meorefirTan daasinqrona, romelzedac pirdapir daxatulifazebi iyo amokawruli, fiSingerma miiRo im droisTvisarnaxuli vizualuri da tonaluri efeqti.2010 wels disneis studiam sazeimod aRniSnafilmis `fantazia~ 70 wlis iubile. filmi, romelicklasikuri musikis TanxlebiT sruldeba, eqvsinovelisgan iyo Sedgenili. novelebs Soris mcire zomisnaturalurad gadaRebul intermediebSi orkestrisdiriJori stakovski mayurebels warudgenda momdevnomusikalur kompozicias. iwyeboda naxati siuJetida orkestric saTanado musikas ayolebda. siuJetigrafikul abstraqcias warmoadgenda, romlisgamosaxuleba viTardeboda baxis tokata da fugis reminoris TanxlebiT. es abstraqcia kanonzomieri iyo.minda mogaxsenoT, rom am filmis ideis avtori oskarfiSingeri iyo. 1936 wels fiSingeri amerikaSi gaemgzavrasacxovreblad. is muSaobda holivudis erT-erT patarastudiaSi, romelic male gakotrda. erT dRes oskariestumra diriJor stakovskis da gaando Tavisi didixnis ocneba - animaciuri filmis gadaReba, romelicbaxis musikaze iqneboda Seqmnili. stakovskim SesTavazafinansuri daxmarebisTvis uolt disneisTvis miemarTa.disneim idea moiwona da filmis gadaReba fiSingersCaabara. jgufi ver, an ar ahyva fiSingeris diad ideebs daerTi wlis Semdeg oskari wavida studiidan. xolo disneimabstraqtuli epizodi ise gadaakeTa, rom fiSingermamas uari ganucxada titrebSi moxseniebaze. asec moxda.rac Seexeba disneis, man gadakeTebuli epizodis garda,77

vladimer sulaqveliZekidev 5 epizodi moigona da films daamata. amgvaradSekowiwda filmi `fantazia~. sainteresoa, rogorifilmi gamovidoda fiSingerisTvis Tavisufleba rommiecaT. miuxedavad amisa, fiSingeri damoukidebladhqmnis films `moZravi ferwera I~, romelsac safuZvladbaxis brandenburgis mesame koncerti daedo. am filmisSemdeg, imis miuxedavad, rom es nawarmoebi oskariserT-erT saukeTeso filmad iTvleba, fiSingeri midisanimaciidan. 1949 wels baxis musikaze Seqmnilma filmma`moZravi ferwera II~ briuselSi eqsperimentalurikinos saerTaSoriso festivalze pirveli premia miiRo.miuxedavad am didi warmatebisa fiSingeri animaciaSiaRar dabrunebula. dRes fiSingeris filmebs aCvenebensxvadasxva Cvenebaze, simpoziumebze, seminarebze, misifilmebis garSemo imarTeba diskusiebi. fiSingerisramdenime filmi Sedis animaciuri kinos klasikaSi dafaqtia, rom aravis tovebs gulgrils.oskar fiSingeri Tvlida: `me vqmni axals _ droSiferadi ritmis da ritmuli feris xelovnebas.~• Модернизм - Aнализ и критика основных направлений(дадаизм и сюреализм). Mосква, 1973.• http://prometheus.kai.ru/fishin_r.htm• http://inoekino.ru/author.php?id=8811• http://www.inoekino.ru/author.php?id=74978

universitetissadoqtoro programa79

dramis reJisuranaSromi ibeWdeba programis xelmZRvanelebis rekomendaciiTstatiis stili daculiaprogramis xelmZRvanelebi _ prof. giorgi margvelaSvili,prof. vasil kiknaZe80

nino lipartianidoqtoranturis III kursipostmodernistuli Teatralurixelovnebis zogierTi sakiTxipostmodernizmis patriarqad umberto ekosmoiazreben. pirvelad, xelovnebis postmodernistuligaazreba mis mier iqna SemoTavazebuli. naSromismTavari Tema iyo: rogor reagirebs xelovneba XXsaukunis cvlilebebsa da Tanamedrove cxovrebisTaviseburebebze. saubaria ara brma da damRupvelqaosze, aramed `nayofier areulobaze~, romlispozitiuroba Tanamedrove kulturam gamoavlina. 1umberto ekos azriT, imisaTvis, rom nawarmoebiiyos Tanamedrove, aucilebelia gaxsnili iyos TavisidamokidebulebiT samyaros mimarT. xelovneba aRararis SezRuduli. Tavisufali xelovnebis nimuSimkiTxvels da mayurebels aZlevs srul TavisuflebasSeiqmnas samyaros Tavisi modeli. Tanamedrovexelovneba SeiZleba CaiTvalos progresulad,radgan cdilobs daixsnas Tavi fsiqologiuri dakulturuli Cvevebis CarCoebidan. 2 xelovneba cdilobsmayurebels samyaros Sesaxeb axali warmodgenaCamouyalibos. daamsxvrios azrovnebis stereotipebida xeli Seuwyos individis gamovlenas. am kuTxiT,Tanamedrove xelovneba adamianis SesaZleblobebisada TviTgamovlenis aRmzrdeladac gvevlineba.umberto eko aRniSnavs, rom teqsti mravalimniSvnelobis matarebelia, magram aqedan arc erTimaTgani ar SeiZleba iyos dominanturi. teqsti mxolodsaSualebas aZlevs mkiTxvels TviTon moaxdinos misi1umberto eko. Tanamedrove esTetikis ganviTarebis problemebi,Targmanebis da referatebis krebuli, 1976 gv. 22.2iqve. gv. 23.81

nino lipartianiaqtualizacia, romelic damokidebulia mkiTxvelisinterpretaciul strategiaze. 1 es ideebi ekomwarmogvidgina romanSi `vardis saxeli~, romelicpostmodernistuli romanis klasikuri magaliTi gaxda.avtorebi wignisa `anti-oidiposi~ J. delezi daf. gvatari ganixilaven xelovnebis apoTeozs, rogorclibidos energiis wvas. xelovneba xelovnebisTvis –amaSi xedaven isini umaRles formas. isini gvTavazobenfsiqoanalizisagan gansxvavebuli kvlevis axalmeTods – Sizoanalizs. gansakuTrebul aqcentsdelezi Teatralur xelovnebaze akeTebs. italieldramaturgTan, reJisorTan da msaxiobTan karmelobenesTan erTad wers wigns «gadakveTa», 2 romeliceZRvneba Teatraluri xelovnebis Sizoanalizs.delezi gvTavazobs gavTavisufldeT teqstisdespotizmisgan, reJisoris avtoritarizmisgan,msaxiobis narcisizmisgan da SevqmnaT axaliTeatraluri formebi, _ `Teatri arc warmodgenis,arc warmosaxvis~, _ gancalkevebuli, mayureblisganbarieriT gamoyofili. nimuSad is antonen artos,robert vilsonis da eJi grotovskis Teatrs da`living Teatrs~ gvTavazobs. Teatris adamiani,delezis azriT, ar aris arc dramaturgi, arc msaxiobida arc reJisori. es aris qirurgi, operatori,romelic akaTebs amputacias, operacias, TavisiSizoiduri interesebis realizebაs. 3tradiciuli xelovnebis yvela sfero Taviseburadreagirebs postmodernistul situaciaze. Teatraluriavangardi modernistul etapze Tavis winamorbed1umberto eko. `vardis saxeli~, gamomcemloba `diogene~,Tbilisi, 2011.2J. deliozi; f. gvatari. postmodernistuli epoqisfilosofia, Tbilisi, 1996, gv. 6-31.3J. deliozi; f. gvatari. ra aris filosofia?, Tbilisi,1998.82

postmodernistuli Teatraluri xelovnebis zogierTi sakiTxitradiciul TeatrTan opoziciaSi ganviTarda, racTavisTavad tradiciuli stereotipuli formebisdamsxvrevis aucileblobas iwvevda. postmodernistuletapze gaCnda mTavari Tviseba – TamaSi azrTan, ramacgamoiwvia aucilebloba Camoyalibebuliyo Teatrisaxali ena. Teatri aRar warmoadgenda adgils,sadac gaiJRerebda garkveuli azri. aq xdebodaazris adgilzeve formulireba. moxda Teatralurxelovnebaze Sexedulebis fundamentaluri cvla.Teatris erT-erTi gavleniani Teoritikosipatris pavi Tanamedrove Teatraluri avangardisor tips gamohyofs. azris sivrcobrivi warmoCenisTeatri, rac dakavSirebulia klasikur tradiciasTanda `radikaluri~ Teatri, sadac mTavaria dro,ritmi da xma. 1 gansxvaveba maT Soris xilvadobasada smenadobaSi, komunikaciasa da kakafoniaSia.`radikalur~ TeatrSi mayurebeli ara marto aRiqvamsinformacias, aramed monawileobs SemoqmedebiTaqtSi, azris dabadebis procesSi. postmodernistulsituaciaSi xelovnebasa da azrs Soris qrebaerTmniSvnelovani damokidebuleba: es aris TamaSisxerxi. aqcenti _ azris formulirebaze, _ keTdebaadgilze. sazRvari cxovrebasa da xelovnebas Soris,mayurebelsa da msaxiobs Soris sakmaod moZravixdeba. mravalmniSvnelovania aRqmis mTavari pirobac,rac mayurebels interpretaciis Tavisuflebasa daSemoqmedebiTi procesis Tanamonawiled gaxdomissaSualebas aZlevs.sasceno xelovnebaSi postmodernizmisdamaxasiaTebeli Tvisebaa kavSiri tradiciasTan.Tu modernistul periodSi iyo midrekilebasiaxleebisken, amjerad, cdiloben daicvan yvelanairi1Пави П. Игра театрального авангарда и семиологии // Каквсегда — об авангарде: Антология французского театральногоавангарда. М., ГИТИС. 199283

nino lipartianitradiciis balansi. yovelmxrivi akrZalva ganixilebarogorc ukanonoba. tradiciebTan Sexeba gamoixatebaTamaSis xerxiT. Teatri aRar ganixileba warmodgenisada warmosaxvis saSualebad. is kargavs Tavis tradiciulamocanas. rolan barti am fenomens esTetikuri niSnis`dezintegracias~ an `gamofitvas~ uwodebda, amiTxazs usvamda TamaSis xerxis araseriozulobas. Tavisdroze barti amtkicebda, rom simbolos sistemas,romelic dasavluri samyarosTvis isev aqtualuria,unda CamoerTvas mravalsaukunovani privilegiebi.is gvTavazobs dramas sacdel poligonad, sadacSesaZlebeli iqneba poeturi cdebis Catareba. 1modernistul da postmodernistul TeatrebsSoris fundamenturi gansxvaveba, s. isaevis azriT,imaSia, rom pirveli agebulia denotaciis, xolomeore konotaciis safuZvelze. pirvel SemTxvevaSigamoxatvis umaRlesi esTeturi forma aris metafora,xolo meore SemTxvevaSi – metonimia, roca aRsaniSnavida aRmniSvneli ar ikveTeba, misi ganzomilebavirtualuria. 2J. f. liotari Teatraluri xelovnebiscvlilebebTan dakavSirebiT wers `energiul Teatris~Sesaxeb, romelsac igi ganmartavs, rogorc Teatrs,sadac ar igrZnoba `dramaturgis~, aseve damdgmelis,rogorc dominantis, qoreografisa da mxatvrisZala. 3bernard dorti `ganTavisuflebul warmodgenaSi~saubrobs Teatrze, romelic ganTavisuflebulia1Барт Р. Драма, поэма, роман // Называть вещи своими именами:Программные выступления мастеров западноевропейскойлитературы ХХ века. М., Прогресс. 1986.2s. isaevi // rogorc yovelTvis avangardze; franguliTeatraluri avangardi. 1992.3Лиотар Ж.-Ф. Возвышенное и авангард // Метафизическиеисследования. Вып.4.84

postmodernistuli Teatraluri xelovnebis zogierTi sakiTxiuaxloesi warsulis reJisoruli tiraniisgan da midisdaskvnamde: `SesaZlebelia dadga dro `aqtiorulTeatrTan~ dabrunebisa, magram ara imisTvis, romuarvyoT reJisoris mniSvneloba da am ukanasknelisroli warmodgenaSi, aramed imisTvis, rom gavaZlieroTmasSi sxva komponentebis mniSvneloba, (kerZodmsaxiobis). 1 reJisori kargavs suverenul xelisuflebas,magram es `aqtiorul TeatrTan~ dabrunebas sulac arniSnavs.postmodernistuli situaciis mxatvrebssurT maqsimalurad moxsnan `avtoris zewola~ daamisTvis mTel rig axal xerxebs iyeneben: neitralurwerils, gaxsnili nawarmoebsa da a. S. maT surT,rom totalurobas ascdnen, _ SesaZlebloba miscenmkiTxvelsa Tu mayurebels Tavad daasrulon teqstiskiTxva. am orientaciis mxatvrebi fiqroben, romxelovnebis samyaroSi yvelaferi ukve Seqmnilia,aRmoCenilia yvelanairi mxatvruli forma daamitom maT araferi darCeniaT, garda imisa, rom ukveaRmoCenili garkveuli kombinaciebiT gaimeoron.mxatvari efeqts avtoris CamoSorebiT, garkveulidistanciis demonstraciiT axdens. es Taviseburigamowvevaa, protesti xelovnebis erTferovnebiswinaaRmdeg mimarTuli.postmodernistuli literaturis erT-erTicentraluri Temaa sikvdilTan TamaSi. sworedsikvdilis Tema TamaSobs mniSvnelovan rols marisablanSos SemoqmedebaSi, 2 sadac is mocemuliametafizikuri interpretaciiT, rogorc ararsebobisusaxuri stiqia, rogorc metafora, romelic1И. Ильин.Постмодернизм. Словарь терминов.// ТЕАТРАЛЬ-НОСТЬ СОВРЕМЕННОГО СОЗНАНИЯ И ПОСТМОДЕР-НИСТСКИЕ ТЕОРИИ ТЕАТРА2Колесников А.С. Постмодернизм Мориса Бланшо // Проблемыинтеграции философских культур в свете компаративистскогоподхода. 1995 C. 16–2285

nino lipartianisazRvris ideis warmodgenaSi gvexmareba nicSe werda:`autanelia, roca avtori mudmivad gvaxsenebs, rom esmisi nawarmoebia~. 1 blanSos azriT: `xelovnebisaTvissasurvelia ar arsebobdes aranairi pirovnuli `me~.es aris ara avtoris sulieri mdgomareoba, aramedTanamedrove mxatvruli kulturis aucilebloba.SemdgomSi am movlenas nawarmoebSi `avtoris sikvdilis~saxeli daerqva. 2 blanSos `avtoris sikvdili~ gagebuliaqvs, rogorc mxatvruli Semoqmedebis arsi. isgamoTqvams azrs, rom Semoqmedeba, _ es aris procesi,sadac sakuTari yofierebis gancda ikargeba. es aris`metafizikuri TviTmkvleloba~, mxatvarma ganaCenigamoutana Tavis Tavs. is wyvets kavSirs normalursamyarosTan. izolirebas ukeTebs Tavs samyarosganimisTvis, rom Seqmnas da mokvdes bednieri. blanSoTvlis, rom `dakmayofilebuli sikvdili~ arisjildo xelovnebisTvis. nicSes azriT, `moazrovne~ da`Semoqmedi~ saukeTeso `me~ aris, romelic CamaluliaTavis nawarmoebSi da ganicdis siamovnebas imisgan, rommisi suli da sxeuli nel-nela iwrToba da irRvevadroSi.~ amave dros, misi wigni `cxovrobs, rogorcarseba gabrwyinebuli gonierebiT da sulierebiT.~ 3blanSos azriT, arsebobs mxatvruli SemoqmedebisgarTulebis situacia, roca xedav azris simartivesda fizikurad uZluri xar is azriT gadmosce.magaliTad mas artos Semoqmedebis is periodi mohyavs,rodesac am ukanasknels Tavisi azrebis marTva aRarSeeZlo. swored es miiCnia blanSom artos sikvdilismizezad.sikvdilisa da Semoqmedebis erTianoba yvelaze1Ницше Ф. Злая мудрость // Ницше Ф. Соч. в 2-х т. М., Мысль.1990. Т. 1.2Бланшо М. Смерть как возможность // Вопросы литературы,1994. Вып. 3. C. 194.3f. nicSe „adamianuri, erTob adamianuri~, 1879.86

postmodernistuli Teatraluri xelovnebis zogierTi sakiTximimzidveli literaturis xelovnebisTvis gaxda. TavisnaSromSi blanSo gamoxatavs azrs, rom xelovnebaSiavtori Tavisi enis patroni ar aris. is mxolodemorCileba enas da am procesSi Tavad mTlianadwaSlilia. `...me vSli Tavs enaSi. erTdorulad var daarc var enis patroni~. 1xelovnebis istorias protestis Zalian bevriforma axsovs. postmodernizmi gvTavazobs protestssamyaros aRqmis racionaluri formebis, tradiciebiswinaaRmdeg. adamiani ususuria dagrovilikulturuli faseulobebis winaSe. dagrovilmateqstebma aqtualoba dakarges da muzeumis sacavSigadainacvles. TamaSis xerxiTa da ironiiT xelovnebacdilobs SeniRbos adamianis dRevandeli arsebobistragizmi da katastrofa.saxezea Tanamedrove xelovnebis ukiduresispontanuroba, Tumca, is mainc emorCileba mxatvruliprocesis logikas. Tanamedrove xelovnebis bevrimovlena laboratoriis rols asrulebs. Tanamedrovexelovnebis erT-erTi mniSvnelovani Tviseba kieqsperimentia.1Бланшо М. Смерть как возможность // Вопросы литературы,1994. Вып. 3. C. 197.87

msoflio kinos istorianaSromi ibeWdeba programis xelmZRvanelis rekomendaciiTstatiis stili daculiaprogramis xelmZRvaneli _ prof. zviad doliZe88

naTia mefariSvilidoqtoranturis III kursiholivudi kulisebs miRmaholivudi – es sityva bevrisTvis asocirdeboda daasocirdeba marmarilos sasaxleebTan, lamazmanebTan,SuSxuna RvinosTan, auzebTan, mosamsaxureebTan, _erT sityviT, yvela amqveyniur brwyinvalebasTan. esnawilobriv xelovnurad damkvidrebuli stereotipia,romlis SeqmnaSic bevrma niWierma adamianma miiRomonawileoba da risTvisac aTasobiT metri kinofiridaixarja.qveyanam, romelsac ar hqonda didi xnis istoria,rogorc amas amboben sxva diadi kulturis da istoriismqone qveynebis warmomadgenlebi, Seqmna didi amerikuliocneba, romelsac holivudi ewoda. kinematografiiqca yvelaze moqnil iaraRad amerikuli istoriismiTis SeqmnaSi. is aris `supermenis~ samSoblo. manvedaipyro amerikuli erovnuli fsiqika da xorci Seasxarevoluciis gmirs jorj vaSingtons, keTilSobil yaCaRsjo luiss da qeraTmian lamazmans merilin monros. aseTiiyo 60-iani wlebis zogadi sazogadoebriv-politikursuraTi manam, sanam masis esTetikuri moTxovnebi ar iyodidi. axalgazrda kinoindustrias mohqonda arnaxulifuladi mogeba, holivudi akmayofilebda yvelas: iyowarmatebuli biznesi, iyo sanaxaoba da bolos yovelTvis`hefi endi~.1945 wels mayurebelTa ricxvma kinoTeatrebSiSeadgina 90 milioni, 1963 wlidan ki moulodnelades ricxvi ganaxevrda, ramac gamoiwvia kinowarmoebismkveTri Semcireba: amerikis SeerTebul StatebSi20 000 kinoTeatridan 1963 wels moqmedi mxolod9250 darCa. amis mizezi iyo ekonomikuri, politikuri,da socialuri mdgomareoba. pirvelad Tavi iCinapolitikurma problematikam. mZime dartymaholivudis ekonomikas umaRlesi sasamarTlos 194289

naTia mefariSviliwlis gadawyvetilebam miayena. es iyo warmoebisa dadistribuciis gancalkeveba, ris Sedegadac holivudmadakarga ufleba kinoTeatrebis mflobelobaze da Tavisifilmebis gaqiravebaze. 50-an wlebSi mniSvnelovaniziani miayena `Zvel holivuds~ televiziebis swrafmaganviTarebam. gaCnda arCevani da alternativa. ratomunda wasuliyo mayurebeli kinoTeatrSi isev da isevgangsteruli kinosuraTis an vesternis sayureblad 1maSin, rodesac saxlidan gausvlelad satelevizioarxebi sTavazobdnen imave filmebs. amas mohyva didifinansuri danakargebi da damoukidebeli kinoimperiebi,imis gamo rom ver gaumklavdnen sirTuleebs, aRmoCndnenbankebis da mwarmoeblebis sakuTrebaSi.rogorc amerikeli literatori l. boldmani werda:`es iyo yvelaze rTuli periodi amerikis cxovrebaSi,romlic TiToeul amerikels Seexo~. 2isev daiwyo moqmedeba antiamerikulma komisiam,romelic miznad isaxavda devnas yvela im pirovnebiswinaaRmdeg, vinc Tundac simpaTiiT iyo ganwyobili sabWoTakavSiris mimarT. daiwyo masobrivi devna gansxvavebuliazrisa. es movlenebi Seexo kinomoRvaweebsac – e. w.`holivudis aTeuls~. amerika moicva SiSma da SiSisfaqtorma seriozuli ziani miayena kinematografs.`makartizmi da antikomunizmi gamoiyenes rogorc senida dasaxes mis winaaRmdeg brZola, raTa es yofiliyosababi amerikelebis yuradRebis gadasatanad~ _ werdaamerikuli kulturis erT-erTi TvalsaCino moRvawenorman meileri. 3gansxvavebuli politikuri Sexedulebebis gamo 1940-50-an wlebSi arsebul `holivudis Sav siaSi~ moxvda1Gomery D. Movie History: Shared Plesure. Madisson,University of Wisconsin Press, 1992, p. 2802 Schrecker E. The Age of McCarthyism: A Brief History with Documents.New York, Palmagrave, 2002, p. 2423Golenopolski T. and Shestakov V. USA: Cinematograph of 70s.Moscow, Znanie, 1978, p. 690

holivudi kulisebs miRmakulturisa da xelovnebis araerTi moRvawis saxeli.siaSi holivudis bevri sxvadasxva studiis mflobelimoxvda, aseve amerikis kompartiis wevrebi, xolo yveladanarCeni, vinc gansxvavebul azrs afiqsirebda, asevemoiazrebodnen qveynis mtrebad. siaSi iyvnen isinic,vinc uars acxadebda eTanamSromla mTavrobasTan da arTanxmdeboda gamoZiebasTan TanamSromlobas.pirveli `Savi sia~ holivudis studiebma Seadgines1947 wlis 25 noembers. am siaSi moxvedril adamianebsaiZulebdnen eTanamSromlaT gamoZiebasTan. da vincuari ganacxada TanamSromlobaze da aseTi aTikinematografisti aRmoCnda, maT miusajes erTwlianipatimroba. 1950 wels gamoCnda kidev erTi siasadac ukve 151 adamianis saxeli da gvari ewera, damoixseniebodnen rogorc, `wiTeli faSistebi da maTigulSematkivrebi~. yvela, vinc am siaSi xvdeboda,awydeboda did winaaRmdegobebs, kargavda samuSaoadgilebs, gansakuTrebiT kinoindustriaSi, iblokebodaam adamianebis kinoscenarebic.1947 wlis Semodgoma is periodia, rodesac komisiamdaiwyo gamoZiebaTa mTeli cikli holivudSi. 1947 wlis20 oqtombers Sedga saxalxo mosmenebi vaSingtonSi.komisiam Seadgina 43-kaciani sia, yvela maTgansTxovdnen Cvenebas. holivudis moxeleTa jgufma Seqmna`konstituciis pirveli cvlilebis dacvis komiteti~,romelSic gaerTiandnen reJisorebi: uiliam uaileri,jon hiustoni, msaxiobebi: hamfri bogarti, jin kelida sxvebi. isini moiTxovdnen, rom pirveli cvlilebayofiliyo garanti sityvis Tavisuflebisa da Sekrebisada rom kinematografistebisaTvis ar moeTxovaTCvenebis micema. 19 adamianma uari ganacxada Cvenebismicemaze da 11 maTgani gamoZaxebuli iyo mosmenaze.mogvianebiT bertold brexti daTanxmda mis mimarTarsebul kiTxvebze pasuxebis gacemas. man ganacxada,rom ar iyo komunisti da datova qveyana. 10 darCenilibraldebuli ganagrZobda upirobo moTxovnas, pirvelicvlilebis Setanaze amerikis SeerTebuli StatebiskonstituciaSi. maT uari Tqves, gaecaT pasuxi dasmul91

naTia mefariSviliSekiTxvaze, iyvnen Tu ara isini komunisturi partiiswevrebi. amis Sedegad yvela maTgani aRiares kongresismimarT upativcemulobaSi.amerikis kinokompaniis prezidentma erik jostonmaganacxada, rom verc erTi komunisti ver miiRebdasamuSao adgils, rom `isini warmoadgenen destruqciulZalas da me ar minda vixilo isini Cems irgvliv~. 1kinomsaxiobTa umaRlesi gildiis xelmZRvanelebma:ronald reiganma da uolt disnim ganacxades, romkomunistebi uqmnian seriozul safrTxes holivuds. 2msaxiobTa umaRlesma gildiam mimarTa Tavis wevrebsar eTanamSromlaT komunistebTan. ase Seiqmna pirveli`Savi sia~ dakompleqtebuli aTi kinematografistiT,romlebmac uari ganacxades kongresis komisiasTanTanamSromlobaze.maSin, rodesac kinos moyvarulebisTvis holivudiamerikis ocnebisa da varskvlavuri cxovrebis epicentriiyo, `amerikuli aTeulis~ procesi rCeba burusiTmoculi da Sav laqad gamoiyureba amerikuli kinosistoriaSi.kinofilmi ara marto kargad gasayidi produqtia,aramed es aris Zlieri ideologiuri instrumenti,romelic zemoqmedebas axdens masebis fsiqologiaze.swored amitom amerikuli kinoeqspansia undaganvixiloT ara marto ekonomikur, aramed ideologiureqspansiadac.1Tracy T. and Flynn R. John Huston: Essays on a Restless Director.Jefferson, McFarland, 2010, p. 49.2Krutnik F., Neale S., Neve B. and Stanfield P. (ed.) "Un-American"Hollywood: Politics and Film in the Blacklist Era. Piscataway, RutgersUniversity Press, 2007, p.245.92

saTeatro JurnalistikisistorianaSromi ibeWdeba programis xelmZRvanelis rekomendaciiTstatiis stili daculiaprogramis xelmZRvaneli _ prof. giorgi CarTolani93

94mariam CubiniZedoqtoranturis III kursiJurnalisturi azrovnebis CamoyalibebiszogierTi sakiTxi(saqarTvelo, 1819-1870 ww.)presis ganviTarebis istoria evropaSi me-18saukunidan iwyeba, ruseTSi sagazeTo saqmes safuZveliamave saukunis bolos Caeyara. miuxedavad imisa, romsaqarTveloSi, am periodSi, ruseTis imperiis gavlenacxovrebis yvela sferoze aisaxeba, 1819 wlamdeqarTulenovani Jurnali da gazeTi ar gamoicema. racSeexeba qarTul sazogadoebas, misi mowinave nawiliinformacias ramdenime rusuli da evropuli JurnalgazeTissaSualebiT iRebs, xolo ubralo xalxisTvis`am ukanasknelis daniSnulebas asrulebs e. w.`salaybo~, sadac antikuri qveynebis msgavsad ikribebasazogadoebrivi azri Tu axali ambavi. 1sagazeTo saqmis warmoebiT mowinave sazogadoebisdaintereseba ar Cans. miuxedavad imisa, rom arsebobsvaraudebi saqarTveloSi am dromde arsebuligazeTebis Sesaxebac (z. WiWinaZe: `istoria qarTulisgazeTebis da Jurnalebisa~, 1902 w.) mkvlevrebierTaderT angariSgasawev cnobad ganixilaven mxolodi. batoniSvilis mier giorgi meTormetesadmiwarmodgenil proeqts administraciuli mmarTvelobisgaumjobesebis Sesaxeb, sadac vkiTxulobT: `ibeWdebodesgazeTi TveSi orjel, aqedamac iqneba Semosavali daxalxnic SeeCveviano~. 2 am proeqtis ganxorcieleba armoxerxda.1v. kotetiSvili, `rCeuli nawerebi~, `sabWoTa saqarTvelo~,Tbilisi, 1965, wigni I, gv. 502d. gamezardaSvili, `narkvevebi qarTuli realizmis istoriidan~,`saxelgami~, Tbilisi, 1953, gv. 22

1819 wels ki, saqarTveloSi mefis ruseTismmarTvelobis damkvidrebis Semdeg, dRis wesrigSidadga qarTulenovani beWdviTi organos daarseba, raTaqarTvel mosaxleobas saSualeba miscemoda mSobliurenaze gascnoboda oficialur gankargulebebs. amisaTvisdaarsda yovelkvireuli organo `saqarTvelos gazeTi~.am gazeTma 1822 wlamde iarseba. miuxedavad imisa, romkonkretuli statiebisa da avtorebis saxiT, am gazeTmaJurnalisturi azrovnebis nimuSebi da cnobili saxelebiar dagvitova, misi funqcia da roli im periodisaTvismainc mniSvnelovania. is gamocemis pirvelive welserT-erT nomerSi aqveynebs gancxadebas, sadac weria:`ricxvi am gazeTze xelis momwerTa aRmoaCens, Turaoden Sors gavrceldeba aqaur mcxovrebTa wadili,raTa daaaxlovon Tavni Tvisni CveulebaTa Sina erTaTana adriT JamiTgan ganaTlebulTa~. 1 amgvarad, gazeTsTavidanve aqvs mcdeloba mosaxleobaSi daamkvidrosJurnal-gazeTis kiTxvis kultura da erTgvarTviTreklamasac eweva, iyenebs ra amisTvis imdroindelisocialur-kulturuli garemos upirveles sazrunavs, _sazogadoebaSi ganaTlebis gavrcelebis aucileblobas.Tumca gazeTi am etapze am mxriv warmatebas ver aRwevs.amis mizezi TviTon gazeTis mimarTuleba da Sinaarsia,romelmac xalxSi gazeTis mimarT interesi ver aRZrada man swored xelismomwerTa simciris gamo, maleveSewyvita arseboba. Tumca, wlebis Semdegac JurnalgazeTebismesveurebs didi Zalisxmevis gaweva uxdebaTimisaTvis, rom sazogadoebaSi presis kiTxvis kulturadamkvidrdes. Jurnalistebi ki am problemasTanerTad kidev mravali dabrkolebis winaSe dadgebian,sanam saqarTveloSi es profesia Tavis mniSvnelovansityvas ityvis. oficialuri Tu `Zvelis mociquli~1m. gocaZe, `qarTuli Jurnalistikis istoria~, Tbilisi,1954, gv. 6095

mariam CubiniZesazogadoebis cenzurasTan brZola, muSaobis autanelipirobebi da uamravi teqnikuri saxis sirTule, mravaliwlis ganmavlobaSi, qarTuli Jurnalistikis Tanamdeviproblemebia. aRsaniSnavia isic, rom Jurnalisturisaqme Tavad qarTveli sazogado moRvaweebisTvisacaqamde praqtikulad ucnobi sferoa (gansxvavebiT 60-ianelTa Taobisgan, romelic ukve ruseTis Tu evropisqveynebis periodul gamocemebSi muSaobis praqtikuligamocdilebiT modis qarTul JurnalistikaSi), amitomsainteresoa rogor da ra mimarTulebebiT yalibdebasaqarTveloSi TviTon Jurnalisturi azrovneba daeTika.ruseT-iranis omis (1826 w.) dawyebas ukavSirdebameore qarTulenovani gazeTis gamocema. es aris`tfilisis uwyebani~ (1828 w.). TurqeTis, inglisisda safrangeTis dazvervis mier gavrcelebulidezinformacis Sedegad mosaxleobaSi gamowveuligaugebrobebis Tavidan asacileblad, saWiro gaxda maTiinformireba oficialuri organos saSualebiT, isev daisev qarTul enaze. 1829 wlidan gazeTis redaqtorobassolomon dodaSvili ibarebs. am periodSi gazeTs ukve aqvsimis mcdeloba, rom, garda mTavrobis mier dawesebulifunqciisa, mosaxleobisTvis sxva mxrivac gaxdessaWiro da amis Sedegad, saintereso. is iTvaliswinebsyvela fenis interess da Tavis furclebze msubuqsakiTxavebsac beWdavs. Tumca, ufro mniSvnelovania is,rom aq ukve vxvdebiT publicisturi xasiaTis werilebsda cnobil avtorebs: giorgi erisTavi, dimitri yifiani,aleqsandre orbeliani, konstantine mamacaSvili.aRsaniSnavia aseve Targmanebi sazRvargareTuli darusuli Jurnal-gazeTebidan, garda amisa sayuradReboaTargmnili mxatvruli literaturis nimuSebi.SedarebiT saintereso etapi qarTul JurnalistikaSidgeba im dros, rodesac gamodis `saliteraturo96

Jurnalisturi azrovnebis Camoyalibebis zogierTi sakiTxi(saqarTvelo, 1819-1870 ww.)nawilni tfilisis uwyebaTani~ (1832 w.). 1832 wlis mexuTenomerSi solomon dodaSvili misi daarsebis mizezebzewers da aRniSnavs, rom igi daarsda imisaTvis, raTa:`miscemoda ese guarsa sasargeblosa gamocemasa mtkicesafuZveli Sesawevnad ganaTlebisa, ganvrcelebisaTvisbunebiTisa enisa Cuenisa miaxloebisaTvisganbrZnobilTa mcxovrebTa evropisaTa~. 1 miuxedavadimisa, rom `saliteraturo nawilis~ mxolod 5 nomerigamovida, is sakmaod popularuli gaxda imdroindelsazogadoebaSi. `saliteraturo nawilma~ saxeligaiTqva ruseTSic. aRsaniSnavia, rom mas `dodaSvilisJurnalsac~ uwodebdnen, maSasadame unda vivaraudoT,rom saqme gvaqvs Jurnalisa Tu gazeTis im komponentze,romlis gareSec warmoudgenelia nebismieri perioduliorganos arseboba. es aris misi mimarTuleba, _ erTgvarisacnobi da garanti ama Tu im Jurnal-gazeTis mkiTxvelTawris Seqmnisa. amgvarad, dodaSvilis `saliteraturonawilni~, rogorc Cans, epoqis sazogadoebriviinteresebis gamomxatvelia. marTlac, qarTuliJurnalistikis istoriaSi `dodaSvilis Jurnali~aris pirveli, romelic kargad xvdeba sazogadoebisganwyobas da Tavis furclebze axerxebs im didierovnuli movlenis Sesaxeb amcnos xalxs, romelsacsazogadoebis mowinave fena amzadebs da romelic,Semdgom, istoriaSi 1832 wlis SeTqmulebis saxeliTSeva. am SemTxvevaSi mniSvnelovania is Jurnalisturixerxebi, romelsac am Jurnalis mesveurni iyeneben.`saliteraturo nawilSi~ dabeWdili originaluriTu Targmnili literaturis nimuSebSi imdroindelisazogadoebac advilad amoikiTxavda SeTqmulTaideebs.vinaidan, dapyrobil qveyanaSi sityvis Tavisuflebaze1m. gocaZe, `qarTuli Jurnalistikis istoria~, Tbilisi,1954, gv. 18297

mariam CubiniZefiqric ki ararealuri iyo, Jurnal-gazeTebi kidev didixnis ganmavlobaSi mimarTaven sxvadasxva xriks, raTaTavianTi saTqmeli mkiTxvelamde miitanon. aRsaniSnavia,rom qarTuli Jurnalisturi azrovneba da erovnuliJurnalistikis niSan-Tvisebebi, am periodSi sworedcenzurasTan Widilis fonze yalibdeba. imdroindelsacenzuro pirobebze ki vaxuSti kotetiSvili wers:`nu dagvaviwydeba, rom es nikoloz pirvelis epoqaiyo, romlis 1826 wlis sacenzuro debulebas `Tujis~epiTeti Searqves da cenzori glinka ki ambobda, rom amdebulebiT `mamao Cvenos~ akrZalvac SeiZlebao~. 1 rogorcCans, es problema qarTul presas didi xnis manZilzeawuxebs, radgan gazeT `droebis~ redaqtoris, sergimesxis kirile lorTqifaniZisadmi miweril werilSi,romelic 1869 wlis 17 maisiT TariRdeba, aseT sityvebsvkiTxulobT: `Sen ver warmoidgen, rogor gvaviwrovebscenzura da Cven, Cvenda samwuxarod, ise wera ar viciTjer, rom mkiTxvelma striqonebs Sua gaigos Cveniazrebi~. 2 cxadia `droeba~ am sakiTxebSi gacilebiT metisgakeTebas axerxebs, vidre ara Tu `tfilisis uwyebani~,aramed mogvianebiT gamocemuli `ciskaric~ ki, magramam mxriv yvelaze gamorCeuli Jurnal `krebulis~saqmianobaa, Tumca, cxadia arc is unda dagvaviwydes,rom `krebulis~ amgvari momzadeba, garkveulwiladzemoT CamoTvlili organoebis damsaxurebacaa, ufrometad ki `saqarTvelos moambis~, saidanac `krebulis~publicistikam aiTvisa `sazogadoebrivi movlenebisdaxasiaTebis literaturul-mxatvruli meTodi...istoriuli magaliTebis moSveliebiT is unergavdamkiTxvels sityvis Tavisuflebis azrs da uCvenebdamas SefarviT gamoTqmuli ideebis gagebis gzas~. mag: i.1v. kotetiSvili, `rCeuli nawerebi~, `sabWoTa saqarTvelo~,1965, wigni I, gv. 562simon xundaZe, `masalebi qarTuli literaturisa da sazogadoebriviazrovnebis istoriisaTvis~, Tbilisi, 1949, gv. 5798

Jurnalisturi azrovnebis Camoyalibebis zogierTi sakiTxi(saqarTvelo, 1819-1870 ww.)WavWavaZe `mesmis, mesmis~, n. nikolaZis mier TargmnilierTi Tavi CerniSevskis akrZaluli Txzulebidan `ravakeToT?~, romelsac avtoric da saTauric Secvliliaqvs da `saaxalwlod~ iwodeba. aRsaniSnavia samgzavrowerilebis formiT dawerili Txzulebebi: ilias`mgzavris werilebi~, g. wereTlis `kikoliki, Cikolikida kudabzika~, n. nikolaZis `sxvaTa Soris~ da sxva. 1ra unda gaego imdroindel mkiTxvels da rasaSualebebiT? sxvanairad rom vTqvaT, ra Temebzeunda gaemaxvilebina qarTul periodikas yuradReba darogor miewodebina is mkiTxvelisTvis.1832 wlidan, rodesac `tfilisis uwyebanis~gamosvla Sewyda, 1852 wlamde, Jurnal `ciskris~daarsebamde aRar arsebobs qarTulenovani arc gazeTida arc Jurnali, aris mxolod maTi gamocemis ramdenimeuSedego mcdeloba. ase rom 50-ian wlebSi, garkveuligamocdilebis miuxedavad, qarTvel Jurnalistebsyvelafris Tavidan dawyeba uxdebaT. miTumetes, rom amperiodSi mniSvnelovani cvlilebebia qveynis socialurpolitikurcxovrebaSi, gardatexa xdeba mowinavesazogadoebriv azrSi; mefis ruseTis winaaRmdeg aSkarabrZolas enacvleba erovnuli Rirebulebebis dacvisprograma, _ erTdroulad mizanic da saSualebac.yvelaferTan erTad, aRsaniSnavia mefisnacvalvoroncovis `miTom kaikacuri~ politikis aqamdeucnobi formebi.voroncovis politikur miznebze amJamad arSevCerdebiT, mxolod faqtis saxiT, vityviT, romqarTuli Teatris daarsebis Semdeg (1850 w.), misidaxmarebiT moxerxda qarTulenovani saliteraturoJurnalis `ciskris~ gamocemac (redaqtori g. erisTavi).miuxedavad imisa, rom literaturuli nimuSebis1al. kalandaZe, `narkvevebi qarTuli Jurnalistikis istoriidan~,`sabWoTa saqarTvelo~, Tbilisi, 1965, gv. 19199

mariam CubiniZeTvalsazrisiT `ciskarma~ marTlac umniSvnelovanesimemkvidreoba datova, aqtualuri sazogadoebrivi Temebisrupori Jurnali ver gaxda. es misia srulyofiladverc ivane kereseliZis `ciskarma~ Seasrula, Tumcaam mxriv masSi aSkarad wingadadgmul nabijebsacvxvdebiT, Tundac TanamSromlobisTvis im dros ukvecnobili Jurnalistis, mixeil TumaniSvilis (beWdavda`kavkazSi~) miwveva, romelmac `molaybis~ fsevdonimiT`salaybos furclebze~ uaRresad saintereso darac mTavaria, im dros Zalze aqtualuri sakiTxebiwamoWra da publicisturi werilebis SesaniSnavinimuSebi dagvitova. giorgi erisTavis `ciskari~ oriwlis Semdeg daixura. sagareo mizezis (TurqeTTanomis dawyeba) garda, ufro sayuradReboa is saSinaopirobebi, ramac misi daxurva gamoiwvia. p. guguSvilimimoixilavs ra `ciskaris~ ori wlis nomrebs, moklebibliografiis saxiT, askvnis, rom Jurnali TandaTanRaribdeba literaturuli nimuSebis TvalsazrisiTac:`es garemoeba gvafiqrebinebs, rom Jurnal `ciskaris~gamocemis SewyvetaSi umniSvnelovanes rols iTamaSebdaTanamedrove inteligenciis tonis mimcemi nawilisdawretiloba da siRatake, misi uZlureba aqtualurisakiTxebis gaSuqebaSi. inteligenciis sxva jgufSiridi aseT sakiTxebze werisa, ridi cenzurisa daTviT lagamic cenzurisa. xolo mTlianad aRebulimaSindeli samxedro-Tavad-aznauruli inteligenciiskidev jerovnad moumwifebloba da moumzadeblobasaJurnale cxovrebisTvis 1 .am mxriv `momzadebuli~ 60-ianelebisJurnalistur asparezze gamosvlamde (konkretuladgazeT `saqarTvelos moambis~ da Semdeg `droebis~gamocemamde) `ciskari~ 1857 wlidan kidev erTxel1p. guguSvili. `qarTuli Jurnalistika~, 1941 w., gv. 126-127; dis. axmetelis sityvebi.100

Jurnalisturi azrovnebis Camoyalibebis zogierTi sakiTxi(saqarTvelo, 1819-1870 ww.)Seecdeba sazogadoebis informaciuli Tu SemecnebiTivakuumis Sevsebas, amjerad ivane kereseliZisredaqtorobiT. rogorc, zemoT aRvniSneT, am JurnaliserT-erTi yvelaze Rirseuli monapovari mixeilTumaniSvilia, da ara mxolod rogorc niWieri avtori,aramed rogorc Jurnalistur azrovnebaSi gadadgmuliudidesi nabiji. vgulisxmobT `salaybos furcels~da mis avtors `molaybes~. fsevdonimad `molaybis~SerCeva ukve sruliad gaazrebuli Jurnalisturixerxia. `molaybe~ iseTi adamianis epiTetia, romlislaparaks seriozulad aravin aRiqvams. Tumca `ciskris~`molaybe~ Tavis funqcias ase gansazRvravs: `risTvismeZaxian molaybes. amisTvis, rom marTlisaTvis, rasac kisimarTlezed vilaparakeb gulmxurvaled da xangrZliv,molaybe var?~ 1 amgvarad, avtorma es fsevdonimi imitomairCia, rom seriozul sakiTxebze misi msjeloba,`saWiro SemTxvevaSi SesaZloa uvnebel saubrad, droismokvlis ubralo saxeobad miCneuliyo, raki molaybisxelmoweriT qveyndeboda~. 2 Tuki mis werilebs TvalsgadavavlebT, davinaxavT rogor ostaturad axerxebsis mkiTxvelamde saWirboroto sakiTxebis mitanas. masmoZebnili aqvs ara marto sazogadoebasTan, aramedcenzurasTan urTierTobis formebic; Tu pirvel orwerilSi SeiZleba gagvaRizianos mis mier mTavrobisgadametebulma qebam, Semdeg werilebSi arc erTi sityvaaraa maT Sesaxeb. amgvarad, `molaybe~ odnav adunebscenzuris yuradRebas, waradgens ra Tavs mefis erTgulpirovnebad, da amiT saSualebas itovebs, SemdegSedarebiT advilad isaubros mtkivneul sakiTxebze.mis feletonebs sazogadoebaSi didi gamoxmaureba1molaybe, `salaybos furceli~, Jurnaili `ciskari~,Tbilisi, 1857,#112gr. kiknaZe, `qarTuli satirisa da iumoris ganviTarebisistoriisTvis~, Tbilisi, 1972, gv. 195101

mariam CubiniZemohyva, bevri mowinaaRmdege gaCnda e. w. Sinaur cenzorTaSoris. saqme iqamde mivida, rom `molaybem~ werilidawera, sadac werda, rom yvelasgan aTvalwunebulmaTavis daxrCoba gadawyvita, magram Semdeg `ciskris~mkiTxveli xabazi da mis garSemo Sekrebili xalxidainaxa, da gadaifiqra. mis am werils `TerTmetimebuke~ gamoexmaura, romlebmac daweres, rom Tuki`molaybes” moklavdnen: `masukan gadareuli dawers,ufro uaresad da garkveviT, amasac rom moklavT, mereTavxedi da bolomdisin ase vivliT, sanamdis sulerTianad ar gagvwyvetT~. 1 marTalia, `molaybis~ msgavsimZafri werilebi maT aRar daubeWdavT (Tu ar CavTvliTilias werilebs `mamebis~ winaaRmdeg), magram cxadia,rom sazogadoebis da erovnuli interesebis dacvistendencia qarTuli JurnalistikaSi am periodidaniRebs saTaves, rac, erTi mxriv, 1863 wels ilia WavWavaZisJurnalis `saqarTvelos moambis~ dros ganmtkicda,xolo meore mxriv, akakisa da ilias satiruliformis werilebSi gagrZelda. Tumca `mTlianobaSi`ciskari~ mainc ver iqca Tanamedroveobis moTxovnebisgamomxatvelad da gamtareblad. miuxedavad imisa, romman qarTul JurnalistikaSi Semoitana da daamkvidrasxvadasxva Jurnalisturi forma: feletoni, esse,piradi mimowera, reportaJi, korespondenciebi,Jurnalisturi gamoZieba, droTa ganmavlobaSi mismimarT Tanmimdevrulad yalibdeba azri, rom `ciskari~darCa umTavresi funqciis, _ mimarTulebis, gareSe,risi mizezic gaxldaT is, `rom ara hqonia imodenaRone da mixvedra, rom miegno, ra uWirs sazogadoebas...ukan darComia cxovrebas~ (ilia). amis Sesaxeb sxvaimdroindeli sazogado moRvaweebic aqtiuradwerdnen (giorgi wereTeli, nikoloz berZenovi,petre umikaSvili). cxadia isini kargad xvdebodnen1`TerTmeti mebuke~, Jurnali `ciskari~, Tbilisi, 1859, #2102

Jurnalisturi azrovnebis Camoyalibebis zogierTi sakiTxi(saqarTvelo, 1819-1870 ww.)xelisSemSlel faqtorebsac, imas, rom is erTaderTiqarTulenovani organo iyo da xSirad iZulebuli iyourTierTgamomricxavi Sinaarsis statiebic ebeWda.aRiarebdnen `daWmaxebuli patriotebis~ (avt: antonfurcelaZe) mudmiv muqaras xelmoweraTa Sewyvetaze;kirile lorTqifaniZe aseve aRiarebda, rom TviTonisinic ver asazrdoebdnen `Jurnals~ masalebiT, Tumca,sayvedurobs rom, rac kargi CauvardebodaT xelSi,imasac ar beWdavdneno. am mxriv, `saqarTvelos moambe~namdvilad gamorCeuli gamocema iyo. man gaagrZela`ciskris~ mier dawyebuli enis gamartivebis tendencia dailias `sazogado Jurnali~ (i. WavWavaZe.) TiTqmis yvelasazogadoebrivi mniSvnelobis sakiTxs Seexo. masalisSerCevis principi aq erTian mizans emsaxureboda,sazogadoebis gamofxizlebas, amoqmedebas, masSi`Segnebis Suqis~ (vaxuSti kotetiSvili) Setanas.`saqarTvelos moambe~ sul 12 nomeri gamovida. Semdegmas, rogorc arasasurveli gavlenis mqone organos,problemebi Seeqmna da daixura. miuxedavad aseTireaqciisa, Tavad ilia Tavisi Jurnalis saqmianobiTkmayofili ar iyo, radgan Tvlida rom Jurnali bolomdever `Cavida cxovrebis mdinaris ZirSi~ da ver SeZlosaWirboroto sakiTxebis bolomde gamomzeureba. cxadia,amis mizezi Jurnalis garSemo Sekrebili adamianebisama Tu im sakiTxSi Teoriuli moumzadebloba ar undayofiliyo. aq Tavs iCens isev Jurnalisturi CvevebisCamouyalibebloba. am adamianebis inteleqtualuridone sagrZnoblad gansxvavdeboda maSindelisazogadoebis didi nawilis gonebrivi ganviTarebisdonidan. cxadi gaxda, rom maTTan sxva formebiTsaubari iyo saWiro (am SemTxvevaSi ar vgulisxmobTenis gaxalxurebas), amitom Cven vxedavT, rom 1866 welsdaarsebuli gazeTi `droeba~ gacilebiT demokratiulixdeba da amave dros, is nel-nela amzadebs mkiTxvels103

mariam CubiniZeiseTi seriozuli publicistikisTvis, rasac Jurnal`krebulSi~ vxvdebiT (1871 w.).Jurnalistikis mniSvnelobaze saubari xSiradgvxvdeba am drois moRvaweTa Teoriul naSromebSi.Tumca am periodis Jurnalisturi saqmianobisdetalebi gansakuTrebiT kargad sergi mesxiswerilebSi gamoikveTa. es werilebi SesaniSnavi masalaaimisaTvis, raTa warmodgena Segveqmnas, Tu rogoryalibdeba saqarTveloSi wmindad Jurnalisturiazrovneba da eTika. `droebis~ redaqtorobam masudidesi praqtikuli gamocdileba misca. sainteresoamisi sityvebi ilia WavWavaZeze, rogorc moqmedJurnalistze, igi werda: `ilia ori Tvea mpirdeba daarafers beWdavso. ver mouxerxebia erTi ubralo ramisdawera. es xalxi sruliad JurnalistikisTvis ar arisgaCenili. dawynarebuli Sroma eWirvebaT da Cvens droSiamgvari Sroma TiTqmis SeuZlebelia~. 1 daaxloebiTimaves sayvedurobs sergi mesxi kirile lorTqifaniZes,romelic Turme iSviaTad werda, radgan Tvlida romraime `saganze~ rom daewera, jer mravali wigni undawaekiTxa da yvelaferSi safuZvlianad garkveuliyo:`saSinlad zantia, mZime weraSi... gana, Cven ara vgrZnobTrom is sagnebi, romlebzedac vwerT Cven garkveviTgacnobili ar gvaqvs, magram yvela sagnis safuZvlianadgacnobas Tu vucadeT, Cven dReSi veraferi dagviweria~ 2 .cxadia, es mxolod redaqtoris damaxasiaTebeliukmayofilebaa, romelic JurnalistisTvis aucilebeliTvisebis, _ operatiulobis arqonas sayvedurobsgazeTis TanamSromlebs (sxva werilebidan irkveva,zogadad rogor maRal Sefasebas aZlevs mesxi maTpublicistikas). am SemTxvevaSi gasaTvaliswinebelia is1s. mesxi, `werilebi~, i. bocvaZis redaqciiT, `soxumi~,1950, gv.2072s. mesxi., `werilebi~, bocvaZis redaqciiT, gv. 25104

Jurnalisturi azrovnebis Camoyalibebis zogierTi sakiTxi(saqarTvelo, 1819-1870 ww.)moTxovnebi, rasac gazeTis formati iTvaliswinebs. iski Tavidanve gansazRvrulia. 1866 wlis 16 ianvars nikoRoRoberiZe kirile lorTqifaniZes wers: `adviladmixvdebiT ra mosazrebis gamo viTxoveT gazeTis neba da araJurnalis. Cveni azriT, gazeTi ufro sasargeblo iqneba,minam Jurnali. gazeTis mokle statiebi da cxovrebisSesaxeb axal-axali ambebi rasakvirvelia uswavlelkacs ufro gaarTobs, vinem grZeli traqtati romelimesaganze~. 1 am mizeziT iTxovs mesxi avtorebisgan metaqtiurobas, met konkretulobas da simZafres (am mxrivmisi favoriti akaki wereTelia). risi Sedegic iqnebais, rom mkiTxvels amgvarad mravali sakiTxis mimarTgauCndeba interesi, rac saerTod da gansakuTrebiT imperiodSi gazeTis umTavresi amocanaa.`droebam~ es misia namdvilad Seasrula, is gaxdamediatori sazogadoebasa da inteligencias Soris,romelsac qveynis ukeT mowyobis grandiozuli gegmebihqondaT. Jurnalebi `krebuli~ da `iveria~ momavalSisaukeTesod iTvisebs im tradiciebs, rac `droebam~da, ufro adre, `saqarTvelos moambem~ daamkvidra.Cven vxedavT, rom am Jurnalis statiebi aSkarad ufromomzadebuli mkiTxvelisTvis aris gankuTvnili, rac,pirvel rigSi, Jurnalisturi azrovnebis progresisSedegia.1d. CikvilaZe `werilebi~, `sabWoTa saqarTvelo~, Tbilisi,1989, gv. 5105

avtorTa SesaxebTamar bokuCava _ xelovnebaTmcodneobis doqtori. SoTarusTavelis Teatrisa da kinos saxelmwifo universitetissruli profesori. monawileobas iRebs msoflio TeatriskvlevebSi da aris bakalavris, magistris da doqtoranturispedagogi, aseve xelmZRvanelobs Teatris samecniero kvleviTsamuSaos da aris kritikuli statiebis avtori.rogorc Teatris kritikosi, samjer dajildovdasaqarTvelos Teatraluri sazogadoebis wlis saukeTesostatiebis avtorad. (1987, 1998 da 2002ww.)aris 20-ze meti samecniero statiis, 70-mde kritikulianalizisa da intervius avtori.muSaobs studentTa sauniversiteto saxelmZRvaneloebsada damatebiT wyaroebze. TiTqmis 15 weli muSaobda SoTarusTavelis saxelobis Teatris saliteraturo nawilSi.gamocdileba aqvs aseve, rogorc satelevizio produsersada Teatraluri programis wamyvans.mixeil kalandariSvili – daibada q. TbilisSi, 1952 wlis 11ivliss. 1969 wels daasrula Tbilisis 50-e saS. skola, 1974wels – SoTa rusTavelis saxelobis saxelmwifo Teatraluriinstituti da Cairicxa leningradis Teatris, musikisa dakinematografiis (лгитмик) institutis aspiranturaSi. 1979wels amave institutSi (лгитмик), icavs disertacias s.axmetelis reJisuris problematikaze xelovnebaTmcodneobiskandidatis xarisxis mosapoveblad. 1979 wlidan SoTarusTavelis saxelobis saxelmwifo Teatraluri institutispedagogi da mecnier-muSakia. 1993 wels SromiT `qarTuliTeatris ZiriTadi mimarTulebebi~ icavs disertaciasxelovnebaTmcodneobis doqtoris xarisxis mosapoveblad.aris oTxmocamde Teoriuli da istoriuli xasiaTissamecniero publikaciebis da agreTve rusuli da franguliTeatraluri enciklopediebis werilebis avtori. amJamadSoTa rusTavelis Teatrisa da kinos sruli profesoriakritikis da Teoriis mimarTulebiT.106

lia kalandariSvili _ kinomcodne, xelovnebaTmcodneobisdoqtori.saqarTvelos SoTa rusTavelis Teatrisa da kinos saxelmwifouniversitetis mkvlevari kinos Teoriis mimarTulebiT.daamTavra SoTa rusTavelis saxelobis Teatraluriinstitutis kinomcodneobis fakulteti. profesiul dasamecniero JurnalebSi werilebs aqveynebs 1974 wlidan.1979-80 wlebSi staJirebas gadis moskovis kinos istoriisada Teoriis samecniero institutSi esTetikisa da TeoriisganxriT. 1990 wels iRebs kinematografistTa kavSirispremias `wlis saukeTeso naSromisaTvis kinomcodneobisada kritikis dargSi~. wlebis manZilze msaxurobda kinosTeoriisa da istoriis samecniero centrSi.tel: +995 (32) 298 57 06manana lekboraSvili _ xelovnebis mecnierebaTa kandidati,kinomcodneobis asocirebuli profesori,moRvaweobsdramis da kinos SoTa rusTavelis saxelobis saqarTvelossaxelmwifo universitetSi, daamTavra moskovis saxelmwifokinematografiis instituti (ВГИК 1993), dainteresebissfero:Teoriis Janri, media mcodneoba. bolo namuSevrebi:`qarTuli kinematografiis Janris tendenciebi~ – `stagnaciisepoqis drama~ (kavkasieli misioneri # 9) `pirovnulobiskultidan~ `otepelamde~ – qarTuli kinematografiis Janrissistemis Taviseburebani (Teatrisa da filmis kvleviTiSromebi # 1) Janris meqanizmis warmoeba kinematografiaSi(Teatris da kinos kvleviTi Sromebi # 2) wigni: ucxourikinematografiis istoria (leqciebi), 2004tel: + 995 (32) 276 61 98el-fosta: manon@pochta.ru; manon_lek@yahoo.comlado sulaqveliZe _ asocirebuli profesori, animaciisreJisori.1976 wels daamTavra Tbilisis iakob nikolaZis samxatvrosaswavlebeli qandakebis fakulteti, 1981 wels saqarTvelosTeatrisa da kinos institutis kinosareJisoro fakultetismultiplikaciis ganyofileba. 1981 wlidan muSaobdakinostudia `qarTuli filmis~ multiplikaciuri filmebis107

gaerTianebaSi damdgmel reJisorad. 1990 wlidan muSaobdasxvadasxva telekompaniebSi. 2008 wlidan muSaobs SoTarusTavelis Teatris da kinos universitetis kino–telefakultetis animaciis reJisorebis jgufis xelmZRvaneladasocirebuli prifesoris Tanamdebobaze.filmebi da jildoebi:Citbatona (2007 w.) – animaciuri, scenaris avtri dareJisori. prizi – festivali `tindirindisi~ (vilniusi,2007 w.); legenda Rvinoze (2007 w.) – animaciuri, scenarisavtori da reJisori. prizi – festivali `bimini~ (baTumi,2008 w.); rogor gaCnda mTvare (2007w.) – animaciuri. scenarisavtri da reJisori; ratom aris zRva mariliani (2007 w.)– animaciuri. scenaris avtori da reJisori; germanulisaTvistomo (2002 w.) – dokumenturi. scenaris avtori dareJisori; qarTuli zarebi (2002 w.) – dokumenturi. scenarisavtri da reJisori. momavali (2002 w.) – dokumenturi.scenaris avtori da reJisori; didi daviTis jaWvis perangi(1990 w.)– animaciuri. scenaris avtri da reJisori; modis(1988 w.) – Tojinuri, scenaris avtri da reJisori; `oCokoCi~(1986 w.)– animaciuri. scenaris avtori da reJisori; mefeda Citi (1985 w.)– animaciuri. prizi–festivali `troa~(portugalia, 1986 w.); didi talRa da patara talRa (1984w.) – animaciuri. reJisori. miwa Tavisas moiTxovs (1983 w.)–animaciuri, scenaris avtri da reJisori. prizi – festivali`amirani~ (Tbilisi, 1983 w.); prizi – festivali `Mladost~(ukraina, 1984 w.) portreti (1981 w.) – animaciuri.108

THEATRE STUDIESTamar BokuchavaSOME TRENDS OF THEATRE STUDIES INXIX-XX CENTURIES THEATRE AND RITUALSummaryThe Article outlines the trends and tendencies of theatrestudies development in XIX-XX centuries. In the first part ofthe article titled “Some Trends of Theatre Studies in XIX-XXCenturies» there are discussed the factors and theories whatinfluenced the development of the new critical and historicalattitudes to the task: the socio-philosophic theories, socialanthropology, psychoanalyses, etc. The goal of the articleis to show how the interest of theatre researchers has turnedfrom the philological attitude to the history of drama towardsthe history of performance. In the turn of XIX-XX centuriesGerman literary and art historian Max Herman has founded theperformance reconstruction method he used in his historicalexplorations of the German theatre past practice in medievalera and later.The other important sources influenced the theatre historyand criticism were the new theories interpreting the essence ofculture and history itself. As an example of such theories thearticle introduces Max Weber’s three typological schemes ofhuman culture understood by him as: Hindu-Buddhist, Chinese-Confucian and Christian models. This and other attitudes tohuman culture and history affected the art and theatre practices,criticism and theory and caused the emergence of new tendenciesand developments in the mentioned spheres. The theatricalavant-garde with the all various forms of its manifestations fromsymbolism, dada-surrealism, and absurd, the different theatre109

laboratories and post-dramatic developments were essentiallybound with social and humanitarian science development. Theavant-garde theatre stress was more on the performance as aprocess than as a product.The strong emphasis on a theatrical process was connectedwith the mythic-ritual and anthropological understanding of thetheatrical art’s function.In the second part of the Article “Theatre and Ritual”one can find the discussion of different attitude to the theatrefunctional essence and mythic-ritual roots on the basis of thepoints of views of anthropologists and ethnologists BronislavMalinovski, James Frazer, and Mircea Eliade, as well as theatreresearchers Richard Schechner, Christopher Innes, Eli Rozik,Phillip Zarilli, Bruce McConachie, Gary Jay Williams, CarolFisher Sorgenfrei and others. In the article is used the scientificapproach by Canadian neuropsychologist Merlin Donald.ABOUT AUTHORFull professor at the Shota Rustaveli Theatre and Film StateUniversity. She works in World Theatre studies and teaches onall three stages – BA, MA, and PHD. Together with the teachingpractice she leads the scientific work in theatre studies andwrites critical assays and articles. As a theatrical critic she isthree times awarded for the best article of the year by GeorgianTheatrical Society – in 1987, 1998, and 2002. Tamar haspublished more than 20 scientific articles and about 70 criticalassays and interviews. She works on university textbooks andsupplementary sources for the students. For almost 15 yearsTamar worked as dramaturge at The Shota Rustaveli StateTheatre, Besides, she has experience as TV producer andTheatrical programs’ host.110

Mikheil KalandarishviliTHE COMPLETE PROFESSOR IN THE DIRECTIONOF CRITICISM AND THEORY THE DOCTOR OF ARTSTUDYSummaryIn the letter ‘who needs theory’ is examined basic problemsof drama’s theory – notions, categories, structural elements,which represent a complicated system and is universal by it’snature.It requires consecutive and logical understanding. Its attemptis being provided by the given article.The theory of drama as the special discipline which formsskills to the young artist, searches and determines regulatoriesof art, this way it facilitates us to see the generalized picture ofdevelopment.ABOUT AUTHORwas born in 1952,july 11. In 1969 he finished the secondaryschool of Tbilisi, number 50, In 1974 he graduated fromShotaRustaveli Theatre and Film State University. He enteredand enrolled on post-graduate school of Leningrad theatre,music and film institute. At the same year, in 1979 he maintaineda thesis about Akhmeteli direction problems to receive a PhDdegree. Since 1979 he has been a teacher and scientist. In 1993he maintained a thesis to get a doctoral degree of art study,with the work “The basic directions of Georgian theatre”.He is author of eighty theatrical and historical c haracteristicscientific publications and also Russian and French theatricalencyclopedia letters’. Nowadays he is the complete professorof Shota Rustaveli Theatre and Film in the direction of criticsand theory.111

FILM STUDIES112Lia Kalandarishvili“THIS IS AN APPLE I.E. AMBIGUITY OF FILM IMAGE”SummaryOne of the characteristic error by the principle of realityof a Georgian film of the latest years is poverty of justified artthought or unexhistance of expressive cinematography.Young authors are unable to distinguish from one anotherthe notions: rality of film image. They confuse mechanicalfixation and real facts with each other.The letter – “this is an apple i.e. ambiguity of film imageis dedicated to the matter of mutual relations of the film imageand ambigious nature of cinematography, so called real andconditional reflecting problems. Actually the principles ofreflection of reality of “social realism” are reviewed, that equalsfalseness of Soviet Georgian cinema methodology.ABOUT AUTHORCinema historian, Ph. D. in Art History. Graduated from ShotaRustaveli University of Theatre and Cinema in the field ofcinema studies in 1977. Her publications appear in professionaland scientific magazines from the year 1974. In the years from1979 to 1980 is an intern in Moscow State Scientific Instituteof Cinema Studies and Theory in the field of esthetics andtheory. In 1999 received an award of Cinematographers’ Unionfor the best annual research in the field of cinema studies andcriticism. Worked for a number of years in the scientific centerfor cinema theory and history. Lia Kalandarishvili is currentlyan assistant professor in Shota Rustaveli University of Theatreand Cinema.Tel: +995 (32) 298 57 06

Manana LekborashviliSTRIVING FOR DOCUMENTALISM AND ITSEXHAUSTIONSummaryDocumental and art cinematograph were born, similteniouslyis just being developed and actively influence each other withexchanging expressive means.Though in a recent space of time the very mutual sharingprocess lead us even to rub out boarders i.e. in the branch of artcinematography and TV.ABOUT AUTHORCandidate of Art Science. Associated Professor in Film Studiesat Shota Rustaveli Georgian State University of Theatre andFilm. Graduated Moscow State Institute of Cinematography(VGIK, 1993). Area of interest: Genre Theory, Media Studies.Recent publications: Genre Tendencies of the Georgian Cinema- the Drama of the Stagnation Epoch (Caucasian Messenger,N9), From “Cult of Personality” to “Ottepel” - Features ofGenre System of the Georgian Cinema (Theatre and FilmResearch works N1), Mechanisms of Formation of Genres in aCinema (Theatre and Film Research works N2). Book: Historyof foreign cinema (Lectures), 2004.Tel: + 995 (32) 276 61 98E-mail: manon@pochta.ru; manon_lek@yahoo.com113

ANIMATIONGERMAN MODERNISMSummaryLado SulaqvelidzeThe part of European artists seeked shelter in Switzerlandduring the period of first world war, where they felt safely.They used to talk about, as for senseless disaster of this war,butalso about the art. The part of groups decided to create a course,Which would announce protest against surroundings and currentevents by its content of work.Once when painters met Tristan Tzara and turned overone of the pages of the dictionary, they chose the first word“Dada” then added ending “ism” to it, therefore a new course“Dadaism” was born.After the end of the war, the part of artists moved to Berlin.They devided into different groups and continued their work.German vanguard of film had been deveped earlier than the restof countries.The part of painters weren’t content with seeing their abstractpaintings in condition of statics. They decided to record workson tape and put in motion by the means of the film.They usedto be pioneers in their work: Viking Eggeling, Hans Richter,Walter Ruttman, Bella Bartosh and later Oskar Fischinger.The current work reviews the above mentioned creativefeatures of art.ABOUT AUTHOREducation: Iakob Nikoladze Art School, department ofsculpture (1976); Georgian State university of Theatre and114

Film, department of animation (1981);Filmography:The portret (1981), animation film; Earth demands its own(1983), - animation film. screenplay, director. Festival - “Amirani’’,Tbilisi (1985), festival - “Mladost’’, Ukrain (1984); The bigwave and the small wave (1984) - animation film, director; Theking and the bird (1985) - animation film, screenplay, director;Ochokochi (1986) - animation film. screenplay, director;Coming (1988) - animation film. screenplay, director; David thegreat’s chain-mail (1990) - animation film. screenplay, director;Georgian bell (2002) - documental film. screenplay, director;Future (2002)- documental film. screenplay, director; Germandiaspora (2002) - documental film. screenplay, director;Angalo (2007) animation film. screenplay, director; How themoon appeared (2007) - animation film. screenplay, director; Alegend about vine (2007) - animation film. screenplay, director;Goldfish (2007)- animation film. screenplay,director, Festival -“tindirindis 2007”, - prise_the best internet film.115

UNIVERSITY’ Ph.D PROGRAMDRAMA DIRECTIONNino LipartianiThird year PhD studentSOME POSTMODERNIST THEATRICAL ART ISSUESSummaryThe artists of postmodern situation want to remove the“pressure of the author” as much as possible with the followingnew methods: neutral letter, opened work and etc. They wantto give the chance to the reader and the audience to completethe reading of the text themselves. The artists of this orientationthink that everything has already been created in the world of art,all the art forms have been discovered and nothing is left but torepeat already discovered with definite combinations. The artistmakes effects with removal of the author and demonstration ofdefinite distance. This is a peculiar challenge, protest againstuniformity of art.According to Blanchot’s opinion: “It is desired to haveexistence of no “personal me” in art. This is not the spiritualstate of the author but necessity of contemporary artistic culture.Later this event was named as “death of the author”. This isa process where the sense of self existence is lost. This is a“metaphysical Suicide”.116

HISTORY OF WORLD THEATRENatia MefarishviliThird year PhD studentHOLLYWOOD: BEYOND THE COULISSESSummaryThe word Hollywood was associated, and still is associated,with worldly luster in many people’s minds. This is an artificiallydesigned stereotype in part, in the creation of which a multitudeof talented individuals have taken part and for the sake of whichthousands of feet of film were sacrificed.Due to the different political views, the names of a numberof distinguished persons in culture and art wound up in the socalledHollywood blacklist in the forties and fifties of the pastcentury. Everyone with an unorthodox standing was considereda public enemy. People on this list were forced to co-operatewith investigation.While Hollywood has been the heart of the American dreamand celebrity life, the Hollywood Ten trial remains a mysteryand a black spot in the history of American movies.117

THEATRE JOURNALISM HISTORYMariam ChubinidzeThird year PhD studentSOME ISSUES OF JOURNALISTIC THINKING INGEORGIASummaryThe history of press development started since 18 th centuryin Europe. At the end of the same century the newspaper jobwas laid a foundation in Russia.In spite of the fact that in those days the influence of theEmpire of Russia was reflected upon all the spheres of lifein Georgia, Georgian journals and newspapers wouldn’t bepublished till 1819Ever since time by time various newspapers used tobe published, one of them ”notification of Tbilisi” wasdistinguished from others.Since 1832 when the edition of the above-mentionednewspaper was stopped, Georgian society still remained withoutpress, till the foundation of the journal “Tsiskari” in 1852.Therfore in 50-ers in spite of particular experience Georgianjournalists would have to start everything anew.In defiance of the fact, that George Eristavi’s “Tsiskari” leftthe most important heritage indeed from the point of view oflitaerary models, the journal couldn’t get wide response of thesubjects of an actual society.The very mission wasn’t perfectly fulfilled by IvaneKereselidze either, Though progressive steps were evidentlyshown.In the Georgian journalism the journal “Tsiskari” establisheddifferent journalistic forms: newspaper satire, essay, private118

correspondence, reporting correspondences, journalisticinvestigation and since 1963 the forms got more and morerefined and developed in the Georgian journal “Moambe.”The newspaper “droeba established in 1866 was onemore step made in the Georgian journalism. The main factwas that it became far more democratic, different, using themore understandable language for people.(about what IliaChavchavadze used to write in “Tsiskari.” Though it’s importantthat the journal “Droeba” at the same time gradually preparedreaders for such a serious publicism as we met in the journal“Krebuli” (1871)SInce 1877 the journal “Iveria” started informing andthinking of problematical matters for readers. Ilia Chavchavadzebecame the head of that journal.In those difficulties were ceaused, from one hand, by severecensorship, and, from the other, poor technical possibilities andhuman resource.In spite of the problems, Georgian periodical press was stillskilled in filling in public informative,cognitive vaccume, andtime by time if formed, improved those professional standards,which at present the Georgian journalistic branch based on.119

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