saxelovnebo mecnierebaTa Ziebani #1 (34), 2008 ART SCIENCE ...

SoTa rusTavelis Teatrisa da kinosuniversitetiShota Rustaveli Theatre and FilmUniversitysaxelovnebo mecnierebaTa Ziebani#1 (34), 2008ART SCIENCE STUDIES#1(34), 2008gamomcemloba `kentavri~Tbilisi _ 2008

UDC(uak) 7(051.2)s-364SinaarsiSoTa rusTavelis Teatrisa da kinos universitetisaxelovnebo mecnierebaTa Ziebani #1 (34), 2008saredaqcio sabWonodar gurabaniZezviad doliZeuCa dvaliSvililiteraturuliredaqtorimariam iaSviligarekanis dizainerilevan dadianidamkabadonebeliekaterineoqropiriZekoreqtorimanana goSaZekrebulisaTvis mowodebuli masalauzrunvelyofili unda iyosSesabamisi samecniero aparatiT. Tanunda axldes monacemebi avtorissamecniero kvalifikaciis SesaxebqarTul da inglisur enebze, agreTvenaSromis inglisurenovani reziume.krebulis stamburi gamocemaegzavneba sxvadasxva saerTaSorisokvleviT centrebs.naSromebi mogvawodeT dacnobebisaTvis mogvmarTeT:0102, Tbilisi, daviT aRmaSeneblisgamziri #40, SoTa rusTavelisTeatrisa da kinos universiteti,II korpusi.tel/faqsi: +995(32) 936 408E-Mail: kentavri@tafu.edu.geWeb: www.tafu.edu.geTeatrmcodneobamaia goSaZedakarguli samoTxe.......................................................................................8maia kiknaZeTojinuri warmodgenebi sparseTSifehlevan kaCal.................................................................................22manana turiaSvilikote marjaniSvili TariRebSiwerili pirveli...........................................................................................30eka cxadaZedadaistebi da keTrovani sinamdvile grigolrobaqiZis fantasmagoria `malStremSi~..........................................46kinomcodneobaira demetraZeTanamedrove kinoprocesi _ kulturulmiTologiuriarqeti pebi.......................................................................56lia kalandariSvilikonteqstis aspeqti `samocianelTa~SemoqmedebaSi..................................................................................................65ira kuWuxiZeqarTuli kinos ZiriTadi tendenciebi gasulisaukunis 70-80-iani wlebis mijnaze...................................................73dinara maRlakeliZekinematografi, qalTa emansipacia da kinosfeministuri Teoria..................................................................................86eTer okujavaTeatrisa da kinos mxatvrobis saTaveebTan................................99dumitru olereskuori kinoxelovnebis mxatvrul-poeturiRirebuleba....................................................................................................111

oliko JRentimzis Svilebi _ knut hamsuni dagrigol robaqiZe........................................................................................121Teo xatiaSviliteleseriali, rogorc socio-kulturulifenomeni...........................................................................................................140mediologiavaJa zubaSvilisatelevizio politikuri reklama, rogorcpolitikuri komunikaciis forma.....................................................151TinaTin WabukianimontaJis struqturuli Semadgenloba.........................................168xelovnebaTmcodneobanato gengiuridekonstruqtivizmi _Tanamedrove arqiteqturuli mimarTuleba.................................185kulturologiafati SeylaSvilinacisturi ideologia kulturis Sesaxeb da nacionalsocialistebisdanaSaulikulturis winaaRmdeg............................................................................207badri cxadaZeDdudukisa da salamuris armomavlobisaTvis..............................213tradiciuli xelovnebaeka geliaSviliqarTuli qoreografiuli literaturismimoxilva........................................................................................................222THEATRE STUDIESCONTENTSMAIA GOSHADZEParadise lost ........................................................................................................237MAIA KIKNADZEPuppet performances in persia Pehlevan kachali....................................... 238MANANA TURIASHVILIMarjanishvili in dates .....................................................................................239EKA TSKHADADZEThe dadaists and a leprous reality in Grigol Robakidze’sphantasmagoria “Malshtrem” .......................................................................240FILM STUDIESIRA DEMETRADZEContemporary film process – culture-mythological aspects.......................241LIA KALANDARISHVILIAspect of the context in e. Shengelaia’s “extraordinary exhibition” ...........242IRA KUCHUKHIDZEMain tendencies of Georgian cinema at the end of the seventies and beginningof the eighties (a new generation: new problems, searches...)....................243DINARA MAGLAKELIDZECinematography, women emancipation and the feministtheory of cinema ...............................................................................................244ETER OKUJAVAAt the origins of theatre and film design ......................................................245DUMITRU OLERESCUArtistic-poetical value of two cinematographs .............................................247OLIKO JGENTIChildren of the sun – Knut Hamsun and Grigol Robakidze(mythological-poetical structure of “wonderland”) ....................................248TEO KHATIASHVILITv series as a socio-cultural phenomenon ..................................................249saavtoro monacemebi................................................................................23045

MEDIA STUDIESVAJA ZUBASHVILIPolitical tv advertisement as a form of political communication................ 250TINATIN CHABUKIANIStructural consistency of editingChapter two – editing, as means of artistic expression................................251TeatrmcodneobaART STUDIESNATO GENGIURIDeconstructivism – a contemporary architectural movement.....................252CULTURAL STUDIESPATI SHEKLASHVILINazi ideology on culture and the national-socialistcrime against culture.........................................................................................253BADRI TSKHADADZEOn the origins of duduki and salamuri(linguistic-etymological analysis) ..................................................................254TRADITIONAL ARTEKA GELIASHVILIReview of georgian choreographic literature.................................................25567

8dakarguli samoTxe(fragmenti erTiani naSromidan)maia goSaZeedemiseuli idiliidan gare samyarosTan erTianiharmoniis ferxulidan adre Tu gvian yovelTvis maincgandevnili adamiani cxovrebis warmmarTveli gezisaTu sazrisis Ziebas kvlav yovlismomcveli TviTmoqmediwesrigis, yovlismomcveli mizez-Sedegobrivigapirobebulobis gamomxatveli kanonzomierebisa TusamarTlis mSobliur wiaRSi dabrunebis mcdelobiTiwyebs.dedamiwis qal-RmerT geias wiaRidan gamosulsa dakvlav mis wiaRSi moqceul pirmSoTa msgavsad(ganurCevlad imisa iqnebian es titanebi Tu arsebiTadmaTive xvedris gamziarebeli oidiposi) adamiani versadgaeqceva pirveladi arsebobisa da cnobierebis daxSulwreze brunvis gardauvalobas. versad gaeqceva Tavisivesulieri umecrebis mZevlobas manam, sanam empiriulsinamdviles mijaWvul mzeras Sinagani zecisken arwarmarTavs.sakuTari „vinaobis~ gardauvalad armcodnearqetipul gmirTa msgavsad ra gzasac ar unda daadgesadamiani, Sinagani xvedris zogad kanonzomierebas maincver gaeqceva. ama Tu im saxiT cxovrebis sazrisis,sicocxlis masazrdoebeli STagonebisa Tu ukvdavebiswyaros Zieba, romelime lurji frinvelisa Tu lurjiyvavilis mopovebis mcdeloba yovelTvis axla daamJamad arsebulis miRmismier „sivrceSi~ xangrZlivixetialiT iwyeba.cxadia, SemTxveviTi ar aris, rom meterlinkis piesaSizRapris gmirebi lurji frinvelis mosapoveblad aramxolod mSobliuri saxlidan garbian, aramed uRimRamodmiCneuli awmyoseuli realobidan xan ganvlilsa dagardasuls, xan momavals, xan ki ocnebebisa da zmanebebissamyaros miaSureben. zeciurad miCneuli lurjifrinveli ki daWerisTanave xelidan gasxletilefemerad iqceva, an fers icvlis an usicocxloaRmoCndeba.garemomcveli samyaros, TiTqos, usasruloSesaZleblobebiT macdunebel „horizontebSi~ sakuTariarsebisa da arsebobis sazrisis maZiebeli, SinaganisgareganSi povnis msurveli, momTxovni Tu moimede, mudamgare samyarosken mimarTuli imedebis, survilebis,miswrafebebis mZevladve iqceva; mudam sazrissmowyurebul „usazrisobad~, mudam garedan Sevsebis amaodmsurvel sicarieled rCeba.sakuTari „vinaobis“ armcodne, dabadebisTanavedaborkil da cxovelis tyavSi gaxveul (arsebiTad,saxarebiseul metaforas Tu davesesxebiT Zveli kaciTSemosilobis gamomxatvel „tyavSi~ gaxveul)kalderoniseul sexizmundos xvedric, adamianis Sinaganixvedris iseTive gardauvali kanonzomierebisgamomxatvelia, rogorc harmoniis dabadebis winmswrebiqaosis pirveladoba miTosur kosmogoniaSi.uflisadmi mimarTuli tyve ufliswulis samduravic,erTi mxriv, sakuTari sulieri umecrebis tusaRobisgaredan Tavsmoxveul borkilebad, Tavisuflebis kigaredan boZebul jildod aRqma-gancdas warmoaCens daimavdroulad edemiseul idiliidan, gare samyarosTanerTiani TviTmoqmedi harmoniis mSobliuri „wesrigidan~gandevnis miuReblobas warmoaCens.`ra mzes ixilavs nazi frinveli,zeaiWreba cisaken myisvelaJvards Sehxaris, guls ixalisebs,me rom STambere cxoveli suli,Tavisufleba rad ar maRirse?Tevzi ra aris – sunTqvac ar icis,daudevari, civi simkvircxliTaedevneba talRebis cimcims,zRvas Seereva zvirTis Zaxilze,ubiro siRrmes gaiTavisebs,da stiqionic ar eurCeba,9

maia goSaZeme rom STambere uryevi neba,Tavisufleba rad ar maRirse?Tu nakaduli daibadeba,brZolis SxefebiT gulaRebuli,vercxlis zoliviT miiklakneba.me rom amavse uSreti vnebiT,Tavisufleba rad ar maRirse?~ 1cisken TavisTavad, yovelgvari Zalisxmevis gareSeaWrili frinvelisgan gansxvavebiT, talRebis cimcimsTavisTavadi silaRiT adevnebuli Tevzisgan gansxvavebiT,daudevari SxefebiT TavisTavad morakrake nakadulisgangansxvavebiT, adamiani, mamardaSvilis Tqmisa ar iyos,sakuTari Tavisken Sori gzidan mimaval arsebaswarmoadgens.Tuki sakuTari Tavisken savali gzis siSoregardauvalobis, Tavad am gzis moZieba, nacnobisa daCveulis, cxovrebisa da azrovnebis Cveul wesad qceulismyudro naWuWidan gamosvlis mzaoba Tavisuflebisprerogativas warmoadgens – ara garedan boZebul anwarTmeul, aramed mudmivi Zalisxmevis gamovlenisganganuyreli Tavisuflebis prerogativas.samyaroSi yovelive arsebulisgan gansxvavebiT,mxolod adamiania Tavisufali SemoqmedebiTi nebiTdajildovebuli – ara mxolod gare samyarosTan, aramedsakuTar TavTan mimarTebaSi axlis Sobadobis unariTgamorCeuli. amqveynad mxolod adamiania ara„mzamzareulad~, ara dasrulebul-srulyofili saxiTmovlenili, ara TavisTavad mzardi da ganviTarebadi,aramed potenciurad SesaZlebeli arsebac – sakuTariSinagani arsisganve TviTSobadobis pirmSo.s ag u li s xm o a , r om be r Zn u l m i To l og i aS iWeSmaritebasTan wilnayar naTelmxilvel brZenkacsamebis sacxovrisad, sulieri ganZis sauflod okeanisfskeria warmoCenili. TviT olimpos mTis mkvidrnic kiW eS m ar i te b i s S es a cn o ba d f s ke r z e b in a darnaTelmxilvelebs mimarTavdnen. mxolod zeciurifskeris mkvidrTaTvisaa ucxo yovelgvari sicrue.10dakarguli samoT xemxolod nacnobisa da Cveulis usafrTxo zedapiridanucnob siRrmeSi, xilulis uxilav arsSi „myvinTav~mzeras ZaluZs maias safars moxveuli sinamdviliswiaRSi pirvelSobadobis Zilisgan gamoRviZeba,(bergsonis sityvebs Tu davesesxebiT) sinamdvilisdedanSi Wvreta. „hadesSi Zilisgan mxolod brZenkaciiRviZebs. WeSmariti harmonia faruli harmoniaa~, _ambobda heraklite. 2sakuTari Tavisken savali gzis siSore, garemomcvelsamyarosTan pirveladi, simbiozuri erTianobisgamomxatvel idiliaze mijaWvul Zvel kacSi dabadebisgardauvalobas, egzistencialur „aryofnaSi~ pirveladiyofnis gardauvalobas gulisxmobs. amitomac brZenkacsmxolod hadesSi Zilisgan gamoRviZeba ZaluZs da arazeciuri fskeris mkvidrTan mimarTebaSi, sicocxlisSinagan wyarosTan mimarTebaSi pirveladi Zilis Tavidanacileba.sioren kirkegoris TqmiT, WeSmarit arCevans adamianiara sikeTesa da borotebas Soris, aramed Sinaganiadamianis TviTSobadobasa da garemomcveli samyarosmaradiul pirmSoobas Soris akeTebs.arsebiTad imave azrs gamoTqvams alber kamiu,rodesac ambobs, rom amqveynad imisTvis ki ar movdivarT,rom sxvas (vinmes an rames) vemsaxuroT, an sxvavimsaxuroT, aramed arsebobis sakuTari SesaZleblobebiamovwuroT. Tumc, kamius azriT, yvelaze jiutad sworedim iluziebs vepotinebiT, Cvenze aRmatebulad miCneulmiznebisa da idealebis ganxorcielebis saSualebadrom gvaqceven.arCevnis mravalsaxovnebisgan ganurCevlad, adamianian mis miRmiseuli garemomcveli realobis, misi arsebisada arsebobisTvis sazrisis momniWeblad an warTmevadmiCneuli mravalgvarovani mizezobrivi gapirobebulobisganmsazRvrel Zalas an sakuTari „TviTmiznuri~ daTviTmSobadi Zalisxmevis „uflebamosilebas~ aRiarebs.pirveli mimarTeba gare samyarosTan pirveladi,simbiozuri kavSirisa da erTianobis gamomxatvel11

maia goSaZeidiliaze mimjaWveli nostalgiiTa da ama Tu im saxiTtransformirebul samoTxeSi dabrunebis ocnebiTsazrdoobs; qaosidan harmoniis TavisTavad mSobad,sicocxlisTvis sazrisis TavisTavad momniWebelTviTmoqmedi wesrigis `frTis qveS~ dabrunebissurviliT sazrdoobs.swored pirovnuli zrdisa da ganviTarebisgan,Tavisufali SemoqmedebiTi aqtivobisgan ganuyrelirwmenis anti podad da mis ubadruk surogatadgvevlineba yovlismomcveli idiliis damkvidrebismolodinze tkbilxmianad „moJRurtule~ imedisgoeTeseuli alegoria.imediàra uSavs, xval gveqcevaarseboba drostarebad da zeimadda daviwyebT Sveba-lxenas,guls vijerebT udardelad,mivecemiT aRmafrenasyvela gulSi Cagvixutavs,yvelas yvela eyvareba,mwams uTuod agvixdebasanukvari ocnebebi~. 3arsebulidan ararsebulSi, sasurvelis momlodineimedSi gaqcevisas, kamius azriT, iluziis vardebismcoxnav virebs vemsgavsebiT. albaT, SemTxveviTi araris, rom swored zmanebebis samyaroSi moxvedriliSeqspiriseuli titania („zafxulis Ramis sizmari~)mSvenierebis etalonad aRqmuli viris niRbiT moinusxeba,arsebiTad sakuTari cdomilebisve, iluziiTdapurebulobis arsis komikuri pirobiTobiTgamomxatvel niSan-xats etrfis.mudam axla da amJamad arsebulis, sasurvelismolodinSi dammasamarebeli, sulier sizanteSigamaxevebeli imediani mzera Cexoviseuli dramissamyaroSi iluziis vardebis mTeli baRnaris mSobelda masazrdoebel STagonebis wyarod iqceva.warsulze, rogorc dakargul samoTxeze, nostalgia12dakarguli samoT xeda imavdroulad sanetaro momavlis warmosaxviThorizontebze mokiafe idiliiT tkboba CexoviseulgmirTa mudmivad Tanamdev „tandebad~ gvevlineba.warsulSi maTSi umeteswilad sevdanarev aRtacebas,momavali meocnebe egzaltacias, awmyo mZafrdaukmayofileblobas iwvevs. arsebuliT gamowveulkaeSans, naRvelsa Tu apaTias momavalze ocnebiTadvilad STagonebadi, Tumc aseve advilad CamcxradienTuziazmi enacvleba.rac ufro Zlieria Cexoviseul gmirTa sulierisizante, miT ufro Zlieria imedis efemerul samyaroskenswrafvac. rac ufro metad gaurbian realurs, miT ufrojiutad ebRauWebian iluzoruls. r ac ufrogaucxovebulni arian axla da amJamad arsebulTan,realizebadTan, aRsaqmel-gansacdelTan mimarTebaSi, miTmeti enTuziazmiT epotinebian abstraqtul idealebsada fiqtiur miznebs; naTeli momavlisken ganuxreladda, rac mTavaria, TavisTavad, erToblivi marSirebiTms vl el i kaco br io bi s ms ax ur ebis T iT qo sd aaltruistul ideebs.warsuli, rogorc naTeli momavlisken mSobliurimzrunvelobiT warmmarTveli, TviTmoqmedi wesrigis`frTis qveS~ udardelad nebivrobis xana maTTvis,arsebobis erTaderT misaReb modelad qceula –mudmivad uaryofili awmyodan sanetaro momavalSigaqcevis maradiuli STagonebis wyarod qceula.yovlismomcvel mizez-Sedegobrivi gapirobebulobisgamomxatveli wesrigisa Tu samarTlis saxiTtransformirebul edemSi, gare samyarosTan erTianiharmoniis momcvel idiliaSi dabrunebis moimede verRebulobs sicocxles „umizezod~ da „uSedegod~,damsaxurebisamebr yovelives mimzRvevi Zalebis gareSe,„mzamzareulad~ morTmeuli miznebisa da sazrisebisgareSe. swored amas ambobs, tipiurad Cexoviseuli gmirismsof laRqmi s gamom xatvel i maSa prozor ova:„SeuZlebelia uflis rwmenis gareSe cxovreba.SeuZlebelia cxovrobde da ar icode, risTvis13

maia goSaZedafrinaven weroebi, risTvis Cndebian bavSvebi, risTvisanaTeben varskvlavebi, an unda icode risTvis cxovrob,an yvelaferi sulerTia~. .4sagulisxmoa, rom Cexoviseuli gmiris mier, arsebuladTu araarsebulad miCnevisgan ganurCevlad, uflis saxiTswored sasjelebisa da jildoebis damsaxurebisamebrgamnawilebeli, cxovrebis „sazrisianobis~ garantirebadiinstancia moiazreba – yovlismomcveli wesrigismSobliur wiaRSi dabrunebis SesaZlebloba moiazreba.cxovreba misi adre Tu gvian gardauvalad TanamdevitanjviTurT misaRebi mxolod, Tundac Soreul, magramsabolood mainc yovlis amxsneli sazrisiT,yovlismomcvel idiliaSi warmgzavni finaliTgarantirebadi dajildoebis SemTxvevaSi gaxdeba.daxSul wreze usasrulo brunvis warmomCen „samidis~ finalSi, amjerad irina prozorova yovelivesTavisTavad momgvarebadad miCneuli wesrigis ukvdaviimedis SeupovrobiT imeorebs: „mova dro da yvelaSeityobs, risTvis iyo es yovelive saWiro, risTvisvitanjebodiT amdens. mova dro da yvelafers naTelimoefineba~. 5cxovrebis upirobod ver miRebis motivs alaverdiviTaitacebs olga prozorova da piesis finalur sityvebswarmoTqvams: „sul cotac da SevityobT, risTvisvcxovrobdiT da risTvis vitanjebodiT, oRond esgagvagebina, oRond es gagvagebina~. 6jerjerobiT gaugebari cxovrebiseuli dramiserTiani Canafiqris Secnobamde, jerjerobiT faruliuzenaesi sazrisis dRis sinaTleze `gamomzeurebamde~Cexoviseuli gmiri bednieri saaqao Tu saiqio momavlis„imedSi~ miZinebas amjobinebs.sagulisxmoa, rom samxatvro TeatrSi „sami dis~repeticiebis mimdinareobisas Tavisi meuRlisadmi,msaxiob kni per-Cexovasadmi miweril werilSi, piesisavtori daJinebiT moiTxovs scenuri moqmedebisganviTarebasTan erTad personaJTa mzardi sulieriapaTiis warmoCenas: „Seni werilis mixedviT Tu14dakarguli samoT xevimsjelebT, warmoudgenel sisuleles CmaxavT, mesamemoqmedebaSi xmauri iqnebao, _ ambob. ra dros xmauria?xmauri Soridan ismis, Torem scenaze yvelas zezeuladvesZinavs. am sayovelTao ZilquSis warmoCenis gareSe,mTeli azri ikargeba~. 7hadesSi Zilisgan gamoRviZebis armsurveliCexoviseuli gmirisTvis sasicocxlo mniSvnelobaeniWeba ara imis gagebas, Tu vin aris da ra SeuZlia, araarsebobis sakuTari SesaZleblobebis aRmoCenas, aramedgaremomcvel samyarosTan erTiani harmoniis mSobliurwiaRSi dabrunebis imeds, kacobriobasTan erTad erTianisazrisisken erTiani geziT TviTdinebis iluzias. akiambobs kidec neapolis quCis xalxmravlobaSi srulad„gaTqvefis~ msurveli, arsebiTad ki samyarosTansimbiozuri erTianobis momcvel idiliaSi, yovelgvariZalisxmevis gamovlenis saWiroebisgan Tavisufal„arsebobaSi~ dabrunebaze meocnebe dorni (piesidan„Tolia~): „genuis erT-erTi quCa saocrad momewona.mudam xalxiTaa savse. iq moxvedrisas TiTqos masasTanerTad iwyeb sunTqvas, moZraobas, cxovrebas. xalxTansruli Serwymis gancda gipyrobs, imis rwmena geufleba,rom, marTlac, arsebobs erTiani msoflio sulis msgavsiram~. 8sicocxlis upirobod, „umizezod~ da ùSedegod~ver mimRebi Cexoviseuli gmiri, yofna-aryofnis maradiulWidilSi ubrZolveladve damarcxebul kapituliantadiqceva. kolbidan gamousvlelad, arsebiTad ki sworedpirvelad arsebobisa da cnobierebis naWuWidangamousvlelad, dabadebis amaod msurvel goeTeseulihomunkulusis msgavsad („fausti~) maradiul„embrionadve~ rCeba.arsebobis sakuTari SesaZleblobebis aRmoCenisganTviTmoqmedi idiliis damkvidrebis molodinSi gamqceviimediT monusxuloba, swored sakuTar TavTanmimarTebaSi axlis mSobadobis uunaro sulieriumwifrobis ier-saxiT gvevlineba kinomsaxiobTa TeatrisspeqtaklSi „alublis baRi~.15

maia goSaZe16edemis baRis yovlismomcveli siTeTre„alublis baRi~ piesisTvis Cveuli formiT, remarkiTiwyeba, romlis pirvelive fraza moqmedebis adgilis,arsebiTad ki am adgilis binadrebis Sesaxeb CexoviseulimravlismTqmeli lakonurobiT gvamcnobs: „jer kidevsabavSvod wodebuli oTaxi~. sagulisxmoa, rom oTaxssabavSvod ara mxolod moixsenieben im saxlSi, romlismkvidrnic raxania ukve gascdnen bavSvobis asaks, aramedmarTlac, rom aseTad aRiqvamen swored ufrosi Taobiswarmomadgenlebi, magram ara Tavis pirmSoebTan, aramedsakuTar TavTan, maTTvis jer kidev dausrulebelibavSvobis xanasTan mimarTebaSi. aki dasZens kidecwarsulze nostalgiiT atirebuli ranevskaia, romTavadac xom sabavSvo oTaxis msgavsad, jer kidev iseTipataraa.swored dausrulebeli, maradiuli bavSvobisgadamwifebul nayofebad, zrdisa da ganviTarebis, netarinertulobis mdgomareobidan gamosvlis jiutadarmsurvel, marTlac rom sabavSvo oTaxis maradiulmkvidrebad gvevlinebian kinomsaxiobTa Teatrisspeqtaklis gmirebi.„alublis baRis~ g. margvelaSviliseul scenurinterpretaciaSi adamianis Sinagan bunebasa da Sinaganxvedrs, misi cxovrebis sazrissa Tu usazrisobas argansazRvravs iRbali Tu uiRbloba, cxovrebiseulimdinarebis aRmaval-daRmavali xazebi, socialuri foniTu roli. Tumc, erTi SexedviT, SemTxveviTobac kimniSvnelovan rols TamaSobs Cexoviseul gmirTacxovrebaSi, fatalurs - mcirewlovani vaJiSvilisdamkargavi ranevskaiasTvis, iRblians - vodeviluripiSCikisTvis, zafxulSi mosul TovliviT moulodneladTavs daferTxili dovlaTi, maradiuli mevalidanuzrunvelyofil mesakuTred rom aqcevs.magram nebismieri xasiaTis cxovrebiseuligaremoebebi – bednieri an ubeduri bavSvoba, qorwineba,siyvaruli, an zogadad SemTxveviToba, baraqianidakarguli samoT xememkvidreoba-warmomavloba Tu uTvistomod amqveynadmovlena arsobrivad arafers cvlis speqtaklis gmirTaumravlesobis „damCvarul~ cxovrebasa da cnobierebaSi,marad cvalebad garemoebaTa fonze marad ucvlelmimarTebebSi. bedi Tu ubedoba qariT motanilad daq ar i T ve wa R ebu l ad iq c ev a cx o vr e bi s e ul igamocdilebis Seusmeneli, pirovnuli zrdisa daganviTarebis armsurvel, marad isev iseTad darCenismsurvel gmirTaTvis.amqveynad movlinebidan moyolebuli, sakmaodxangrZlivi drois manZilze adamiani garemomcvelTamzrunvelobaze damokidebuli im umweo arsebad rCeba,misTvis ucxosa da saSiS samyaroSi gzamkvlevmfarvelobas rom saWiroebs. adamianis pirveladsa dayovelive Cveulis, cxovrebisa da azrovnebis Cveulwesad qceulis msgavsad, sakmaod rTulad dasaZlevmimarTebas, sakuTari Tavis garda yvelasa da yovelivesSemZleobis gancda warmoadgens – iqneba es pirovnulTu upirovno ZalTa, garemomcvelTa Tu garemoebaTagulmowyale mfarvelobis molodini.dedis rZiT mosazrdove Cvilis msgavsad, langarzemorTmeuli idiliiT sazrdoobis msurvelni, alublisbaRis maradiuli mkvidrni, xsnasa da Semweobas mudammaTi SesaZleblobebis miRmismier „sivrceSi~ eZieben –inglisel investorebsa Tu iaroslavel deidebSi,ojaxis wevrTa iRblian qorwinebebsa Tu latariisbednier bileTebSi, „droulad~ gardacvlil naTesavTamemkvidreobasa Tu cocxlad myofTa SemweobaSi,revoluciur kataklizmebsa Tu progresiskenTavisTavad msvleli kacobriobis naTel momavalSi.nebismieri nairsaxeobis – pragmatuli Tualtruistuli imediT monusxuloba speqtaklSi,dauZleveli sulieri infantilizmis, maradiuliganmeorebadobis daxSuli wris garRvevis uunarosulieri umwifrobis ier–saxiT gvevlineba.scenuri moqmedebis adgili, „alublis baRis~ erTerTipersonaJis, maradi studentis marad alag-alag17

maia goSaZeamosuli wveris ar iyos, swored alag-alag bavSvobaSi„CarCenili~ oTaxia – speqtaklis gmirTa ara imdenadyofiTi, ramdenadac Sinagani „sacxovrisis~ warmomCenni– „asakobrivad~ aRreuli avej-rekvizitiT, sadacsolidur avejs gverds momcro aveji umSvenebs. masiuriskivris fonze, TiTqos, Tojinebis saxlis miniaturuliinterieri warmoCindeba – erTi cida magidiTa da skamiT.avanscenis Sua gulSi ki amayad wamoWimulia mcirezomis saTamaSo cxeni; ranevskaias wamieri SeZrwunebismixedviT, misi bavSvobaSi daRupuli vaJis nivTi, Tumcimavdroulad bedisweris simbolos parodiuloreuladac aRqmuli, speqtaklis gmirTa ucvleliSinagani bunebisa da Sinagani xvedris adekvaturiironiiT gamomxatveli (damdgmeli mxatvari SoTaglurjiZe).mamulSi CamosvlisTanave ranevskaia upirvelesadswored SaliTebSi gaxveul avejs gaaSiSvlebs. TiTqos,xelis erTi mosmiT Zvelmanebis damtevi skivridanminiaturuli „edemis~ fantomur samyaros gamoixsnis.TiTqos, miviwyebis safars Camoxsnis mudmividakonservebis mdgomareobaSi gaSeSebuli bavSvobis„cocxal-mkvdar~ samyaros – aRarc ganvlilisa dagardasulis da veRarc cocxal awmyod qceuls.bavSvobis udardel wlebs, tkbil Zilsa da imediangaRviZebas, ganvlilsa da gardasuls Senatris parizidansamSobloSi dabrunebuli ranevskaia. Tumca warsulsgulaCuyebiT esiyvaruleba ara wlebTan erTad SeZenilcxovrebiseul gamocdilebiT cnobiereba gafarToebuli,feriscvaleba gancdili pirovneba, aramed mTeli Tavisiinfantilurad ucvleli bunebiT, mrwamsiT, CvevebiTaTu warmodgenebiT, ganvlilsa da gardasulis uZraobaSigaSeSebuli arseba.qaTqaTa mkveTr samosSi gamowyobili, jer kidevmomxibvlavi mandilosani, Seunelebeli nostalgiuriaRtacebiT umzers sabavSvo oTaxis fanjridan gadaSlil,misTvis cxovrebis pirveladi aRqma-gancdiT Semosil,TeTri alublis baRis Tvalwarmtac peizaJs.18dakarguli samoT xemonusxuliviT misCerebia pirquSi cxovrebiseulirealobisgan Tavisi mSvenierebiT, TiTqos Semoragul,daculsa da damcvel, realobasTan SexebiT Seuryvnel-SeubRalavi edemis baRis marad norCsa da umankosiTeTres. Seunelebeli nostalgiiT Senatris miwazemofarfate udardelobis, mSobliuri mfarvelobiskalTas amofarebuli netar inertulobis myudrosavanes (niSandoblivia, rom Cexovis SemoqmedebaSiTeTri feri infantiluri cnobierebis mudmivad TanamdevmaxasiaTeblad gvevlineba. moTxroba `SetevaSi~ adamiania n g a Te n ebamd e mo s ul i p i r ve l i T ov l i vi T„autalaxebeli~ infantiluri ubiwoebis an cisartyelasyvela feriT Semkul saroski pos maradiul mZevladrCeba).speqtaklSi warsulze mijaWvulobis motivi araimdenad ganvlilsa da gardasulze dauZlevelinostalgiis, ramdenadac erTxel da samudamod aRqmulgancdilis,gagebul-morgebulis maradiuli mZevlobissaxiT warmoCindeba; sakuTari Tavisa Tu arsebulisinamdvilisadmi Cveul mimarTebebTan, cxovrebisa daazrovnebis Cveul wesTan gamoTxovebis uunarobis saxiTv li n d eba; e so d e n m So b li u r ic aT v is e b ul -Sesisxlxorcebuli warmodgenebis myudro naWuWidandabadebis yovelTvis armsurveli nayofiviT, gamosvlisarsurvilis saxes iZens.gafrTxilebis miuxedavad, mainc ukan, warsulisken,mobrunebuli bibliuri lotis colis msgavsad,monusxuliviT misCerebia didi mamulis marad pataramepatrone cxovrebis mravalgvarovnad mravalferovanistiqiis erTferovan siTeTreSi mSTanTqmeliinfantiluri samoTxis Tvalwarmtac xeds _cxovrebiseuli gamocdilebiT xelSeuxebeli umankoebisgamomxatveli edemis baRis sterilur siTeTres,warsulis miraJebs rom warmoSobs.s wo re d a s eT m i raJ ad i q ce v a sp e qt a klSi ,ranevskaiasTvis wamierad gaelvebuli warsulis suraTi;TiTqos, xidan gamosul nimfasaviT gacocxlebuli, baRSi19

maia goSaZemoseirne dedamisis TeTrad Semosili landis saxiT,piesaSi SesaZloa mSobliur peizaJTan Sexvedrisnostalgiur-lirikuli gamoZaxili, speqtaklSi kiwarsuls mijaWvulis pirmSo-pantomi.nebismier geografiul wertilSi aRmoCenisganganurCevlad, mSobliur mamulsa Tu parizSi yofnisgandamoukideblad, ranevskaia speqtaklSi swored sabavSvooTaxis fanjridan, misTvis ucvleli xedvis ucvlelirakursidan, aRqmul-gancdili idiliiT samudamodmonusxul personaJad rCeba. fiqrisa da Sromis,yovelgvari Zalisxmevisa da pasuxismgeblobisgamovlenis saWiroebisgan Tavisufali arsebobispirvelad idiliaSi, ùZraobis~ uSfoTvel xanaSi, netarinertulobis myudro saTburSi dabrunebisken swrafvisgamomxatvelad gvevlineba.nineli WankvetaZis scenuri gmiri, cxovrebispirveladi aRqma-gancdis naWuWSi narcisuladgaxevebuli, edemiseul idiliaSi narcisuladveTviTamreklavi sakuTari arsebis xatiTve tkbeba.zamTris susxiT Seucvleli TeTri alublis baRismaradiul sinorCeSi, cxovrebiseuli gamocdilebiTSeucvleli, Tavisive marad umwifari sulis „sinorCes~etrfis.yoveldRiuri yofisTvis xazgasmiT SeusabamokabebiTa da realobis sruliad araadekvaturiwarmodgenebiT „Semosili~ ranevskaia speqtaklSi aradResaswaulad aRqmul-gancdili cxovrebis, aramed maradSemoqmedebiTad cvalebadi sicocxlis erTianinakadisgan TiTqos ugzoukvlod amovardnil-gzaacdenli,TiTqos usasrulod dausrulebel uqme dRed qceuliarsebobis gansaxierebad iqceva.warsulis tusaRoba speqtaklSi, swored erTxel dasamudamod Camoyalibebul-Camosxmulis ucvlel yalibSimomqcevi, ucvlelis mkvdar uZraobaSi gamaxevebeli,adamianisve Sinagani inertulobis saxiT vlindeba.awmyos ara mSobadi, aramed mSTanTqmeli warsulistusaRoba speqtaklSi adamianSive arsebuli sicocxlis20dakarguli samoT xeim moSiSi sawyisis gamomxatvelad iqceva, Tavad antonCexovis SemoqmedebaSi futliarSi moqceul kacunaTamravalsaxovnebiT rom vlindeba; maTi biurokratiuliTu aristokratuli warmomavlobisgan damoukideblad,maTi groteskuli Tu romantikuli ier-saxisganganurCevlad, yovelTvis swored TviTmoqmedi wesrigis`frTis qveS~, marad isev iseTad darCenis msurvel gmirTamravalsaxovani variaciiT rom vlindeba.1. pedro kalderoni, cxovreba sizmaria, Jurnali„xelovneba~, Tbilisi, 1992, #9/10, gv. 139.2.Антология мировой философий. Москва , 1969, т. I, ч. I, стр. 274.3. iohan volfgang goeTe, fausti, Tbilisi, 1987, gv. 321.4.Чехов А. П., Рассказы, повести, пьесы, Москва, 1974, стр. 637.5. iqve, стр. 670.6. iqve, стр. 670.7. Чехов А. П., Письма, Собрание сочинений. Москва , 1976, Т. XI,с.246.8. Чехов А. П., Рассказы, повести, пьесы, Москва, 1974, стр., .271.9. iqve, стр. 673.21

22Mmaia kiknaZeTo ji nuri wa rm odgeneb i spa rs eTSifehlevan kaCalisparsuli Tojinebis Teatris saxeobebs Soris erTerTigavrcelebuli sanaxaoba xelze CamocmuliTojinebis warmodgenebi gaxldaT, romelsac mTavarimoqmedi piris saxeli fehlevan kaCali erqva.xeimeSabazis (marionetebis) warmodgenebi Tu RamiTimarTeboda xelzeCamosacmeli Tojinebis naxvaZiriTadad dRisiT iyo SesaZlebeli.warmodgenebi oTx joxze mimagrebuli naWrisaganSekruli 1,5 m. simaRlis karavSi ewyoboda. karvis winwvrili dafa ideboda, rac scenis iluzias qmnida.Tojinebi karavSi mjdom meTojines xelebze hqondaCamocmuli. did TiTs Tojinis erT xelSi uyrida,saCvenebelsa da Sua TiTs _ TavSi, araTiTsa da nekaski _ Tojinis meore xelSi. meTojine Tojinas Tavadaxmovanebda da amzadebda kidec (Tavi da biustinaWrisagan, xanac papie-maSesagan mzaddeboda).warmodgenis msvlelobis dros Teatris mepatronekaravTan idga da saWiroebis SemTxvevaSi moqmedebaSierTveboda.piesis mTavari moqmedi piri fehlevan kaCali, racsityva-sityviT qaCal goliaTs niSnavs Tavisi xasiaTiTZalze Camohgavs Turq yaragozsa da sxva evropelTojinebsac. mkvexara da amayi, gaiZvera da Wkviani TojinaxSirad icvlida personaJebsa da tansacmels. is xanyadis, xan derviSis, xanac mulis rolSi evlinebodasazogadoebas, magram miuxedavad saxeTa aseTim rav al f er o v ne b is a , m is i g a re g n obisaTvi sdamaxasiaTebeli mTavari niSnis, simelotis wyalobiTmayurebeli mas scenaze gamosvlisTanave cnobda.fehlevan kaCalis warmodgenebi Tavdapirveladqalaqis moednebze, mogvianebiT ki kerZo saxlebSicimarTeboda, rasac adasturebs dRemde Semonaxuli mwiriCanawerebi im evropeli diplomatebisa (oleari, onslei),romlebic TavianTi saqmianobiT iranTan iyvnendakavSirebulni. amas emateba mogzaurTa da mkvlevarTa(iakobi, gocko) aRwerilobebic. am mxriv ZalzesayuradReboa cnobili aRmosavleTmcodneebis: r.galunovasa da i. maris mier sparseTSi yofnis drosCawerili piesebi, romlebic warmoadgenen nimuSebssparsuli Tojinuri dramaturgiisa da amave drossparsuli Tojinuri sanaxaobebis saxeobebsa da misimowyobis wesebze gviqmnis warmodgenas. piesebis gacnobisSedegad cxadi xdeba, rom xelzeCamosacmeli Tojinebisada marionetebis repertuari erTmaneTis msgavsia (mag.:piesis fabula, moqmedi pirebis xasiaTebi – mTavarigmiris fehlevanis xasiaTi arasodes icvleba. musikisroli, fulis akrefis scenebi) da maT Soris principuliganxsvaveba mxolod TojinaTa saxeobebSia.piesa fehlevan kaCali 1 cnobili meTojinisa daTeatris mepatronis luTi ramazanis monawileobiTimarTeboda, romelmac Tavisi kariera quCismomRerlobiTa da fokusebis CvenebiT gaikeTa.moqmedebac misi gamoCeniT iwyeba. gzaabneuli luTikaravs uaxlovdeba da kiTxulobs iqaurobis mepatronisvinaobas. karvidan mas fehlevan kaCalis msaxuri zangifiruzi exmianeba, romelic Tavisi batonis saxelsamJRavnebs. luTi firuzis saqmianobiTac interesdebada gaarkvevs, rom mas 10-12 Tanamdeboba ukavia da bevrisaqme abaria: samzareulo, sacekvao oTaxi da sxva. moSiebuliluTi firuzisagan sakadriss gamaspinZlebas iTxovs.firuzi – ras SeWam?luTi – yvelafers, rasac momitan.firuzi – fehlevanis TiTsacluTi – nu xumrob, momitane rac gaqvsfiruzi – badrijani musulmanuri, somxuri, Svidisaxeobis, SeWam?luTi – gana, arsebobs asi saxeobis badrijani?firuzi – ra? badrijani ar aris Savi? ... Cemi TaviaSavi.... SeWame23

m a ia k i k na Z eda maT Soris dawyebuli dialogi cema-tyepaSigadaizrdeba.momdevno epizodi luTisa da fehlevan kaCalisSexvedras eTmoba. luTi mas didi pativiscemiT esalmebada eubneba, rom mas Tavsaburavis gareSe gamosvla arekadreba, miT ufro, rom is ase mdidari dasaxelganTqmulia mTels aRmosavleTsa da dasavleTSi.am sityvebis gamgone metiCara fehlevani Tavs iwonebsda siamovnebas gamoxatavs, magram luTi amave drossayvedursac eubneba misi upativcemulod miRebis gamoda daasmens firuzs. fehlevani firuzs joxs moataninebs,iatakze dawolas ubrZanebs da galaxavs (saxlidanmxolod imitom ar daiTxovs, rom gonebamaxvilia).moqmedebaSi erTveba qali sarvenazi, romelsacfehlevani mas Semdeg Seuyvardeba, roca mis namRerarias moismens. fehlevani qalis colad moyvanas damasSi 100 Tumnis gadaxdas apirebs.mogvianebiT Cndeba qurdi, romelic luTisdaxmarebiT cdilobs mZinare fehlevans fuli mohparos,samagierod, mas fulis naxevars hpirdeba. moparvisSemdeg ki gayofa ar surs. fehlevani iRviZebs da qurdsdaniT aWris Tavs. luTi mas eubneba: `cudad moiqeci,axlandeli kanonebis mixedviT qurds vinc daiWers,policias unda Caabaros, axla seirs gviCveneben~.fehlevani gadawyvets, mkvdari gaacocxlosingliseli eqimis daxmarebiT da vinaidan es SeuZlebeliaRmoCndeba, eqimsac klavs. Semdeg cxedrebs gadamalavs.luTis rCeviT fehlevani gadawyvets, qorwiligadaixados. fehlevani akakunebs sacolis karze, qalismagivrad ki jer misi Zma urCxuli, Semdeg ki jadoqaridedamisi gamodis, romelTac klavs fehlevani. bolossapatarZloc gamoCndeba. luTi mas mimarTavs: `Tanaxmaxar, gahyve colad fehlevans... man daxoca Seni Zmebi dadeda~. servenazi pasuxobs: `mokla da mokla, jandabasmagaTi Tavi~, da kiTxulobs, Tu ra fulis patroniamisi saqmro da colad mihyveba. male gogonac ibadeba,romelsac akvanSi awvenen da umRerian. amiT warmodgenacmTavrdeba.24T o j i n u r i w a r m o d g e n e b i s p a r s e T S isiuJetis simartive, piesis primitiuloba, dialogebisada scenebis aralogikuri kavSiri, damaxasiaTebeli iyoTojinuri warmodgenebisaTvis. magaliTad, moqmedi pirebierTmaneTis SekiTxvaze pirdapir pasuxs ar scemen. erTisagnis irgvliv gazviadebulia dialogebi. mag.: luTiekiTxeba fehlevans Tu sad iyo, mas ki jer ar axsendeba.luTi: `nuTu im qalaqs sadac Sen iyavi saxeli araaqvs?~fehlevani _ mSieri viyavi da SevWame.luTi _ axla me CamovTvli qalaqebis saxelebs,raTa gagaxsendes: ìqneb caze iyavi~, ìqneb meoce cazeiyavi~ da a. S. fehlevani ki erTsa da imaves pasuxobs.`Semdeg~ amgvar dialogs (kiTxva-pasuxs) daaxloebiT 2gverdi aqvs daTmobili.fehlevan kaCalis warmodgenebi aseve warmoudgeneliagauTavebeli Cxubis, wivil-kivilisa da uwmawurisityvebis xSiri gamoyenebis gareSe, rasac mayurebelTamxiaruli SeZaxilebi axlda xolme Tan. mayureblisroli ki gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovani iyo, vinaidanTanamonawile iyo speqtaklisa.magaliTad, rodesac luTi mobareks atyobinebs, rommisma Zmam (firuzma) saWmeli ar aWama, eubneba: `me myavsmowmeebi~. mobarekis kiTxvaze Tu sad an vin arianmowmeebi, luTi mayurebelze (bavSvebze) uTiTebs daTan maT mimarTavs: àmisma Zmam momca me flavi?~ _bavSvebi pasuxoben: ara, – vkiTxulobT remarkaSi.mayureblis aqtiuroba gansakuTrebiT aucilebeli dasaWiro fulis akrefis dros iyo. fulis akrefisceremonia ki speqtaklis erT-erTi ganuyofeli nawiligaxldaT. Tojinebis Teatris mepatrones bevrimoxerxebuloba, sazrianoba da mWevrmetyvelebasWirdeboda imisaTvis, rom mayureblisTvis fulisgadaxda aeZulebina. amis gamo warmodgena ramdenjermeSewydeboda xolme. meTojine xalxs speqtaklisdasawyisSi mimarTavda, rom isini imsaxureben mowyalebas,rom mayureblis meSveobiT maT lukma-puri unda miiRon.rodesac fuli aikrifeboda is mayurebels Semdegi25

m a ia k i k na Z esityvebiT uxdida madlobas: àli gadagixdiT samagieros,dagajildovebT da SegewevaT. ali ise izams, rom udroodar mokvde. ali mogcemT imdens, rom vaWrobaSi xelimogemarToT da a. S.~speqtaklis bolos ki mepatrone kvlav iTxovsgasamrjelos da mimarTavs mayurebels: `megobrebo, 2saaTi me Tqven gacineT, macineT naxevari saaTi~.xelzeCamosacmeli Tojinebis warmodgenebs iranSijer kidev XV-XVIII saukuneSi rom vxvdebiT, amas adamolearis Canawerebic adastureben. elCma olearim 1637wels SemaxSi mogzaurobisas iseTi Tojunuriwarmodgenebi naxa, sadac msaxiobi Tavze gadaWimulgadasafarebelze Tojinis demonstrirebas axerxebda.ucnauri is iyo, rom sceniuri mowyobilobatradiciisamebr miwaze ki ar iyo ganTavsebuli, aramedmeTojines sakuTar sxeulze hqonda mimagrebuli.amdenad mas saSualeba eZleoda, Tavisufali moZraobisada gadaadgilebis SemTxvevaSi `scena da rekviziticTan waeRo. scenas aq gadasafarebeli warmoadgenda,romelic msaxiobs momrgvalebul xis CarCos saSualebiTTavze hqonda damagrebuli. qveda nawili ki _ qamarze,ris gamoc warmodgenas `qamris karavic~ ewodeboda.amis Sesaxeb informacia iuri marma 1925 wels ispahanSimogzaurobisas Seityo.iuri mari werilSi 2 Zalzed saintereso informaciasgvawvdis sparsul xalxur sanaxaobebis _ mezRapreTa,derviSTa gamosvlebisa da Tojinuri saxeobebis Sesaxeb.man Tavisi TvaliT naxa, Tu rogor warmoadgenda erTida igive adamiani Semdegi TanmimdevrobiT jer fokusebs,xolo Semdeg _ Tojinur da fehlevan kaCaliswarmodgenebs.meTojine damxmaris meSveobiT muSaobda. damxmareakeTebda niRbebs, Tavad mefokuse ki _ Tojinebs.rekvizitic warmodgenisaTvis daxarisxebuli iyo. is,rac saWiro iyo fokuzebisaTvis, patara tomaraSi ideboda,Tojinebi ki _ skivrSi, fehlevan kaCalis figurebi kiyuTSi inaxeboda. iyenebdnen Sirmas fehlevan kaCalisTvis26T o j i n u r i w a r m o d g e n e b i s p a r s e T S ida karavs _ orive saxeobis Tojinuri warmodgenisaTvis.iuri marmac ispahanSi yofnis dros Caiwera piesisfehlevan qaClis teqsti, romelic msgavsia galunovasmier 1927 wels TegeranSi yofnis dros Cawerilipiesebisa. gansxvaveba mxolod imaSia, rom aq Teatrismepatronis nacvlad mefokuse moqmedi piri da is SedisdialogSi danarCen personaJebTan. karavSi mjdomiSegirdi ki saSineli kiviliT iwyebs speqtakls.fehlevan kaCalis popularoba imdenad didi iyo,rom mas, xelzeCamosacmeli warmodgenebis garda, TiTqmisyvela saxis Tojinur sanaxaobebSi vxvdebiT(marionetebis, Crdilebis), Tumca zustad Zneli saTqmelia,sad da rodis Cndeba is pirvelad, rogorc damoukidebelipersonaJi, mxolod danamdvilebiT SegviZlia vTqvaT,rom ori saukunis win mas ukve saqveyno aRiareba hqondamopovebuli, rasac 1812 wels TavrizSi onsleis miernanaxi Tojinuri warmodgenac adasturebs.rogorc aRvniSne, xelzeCamosacmeli Tojinis gardafehlevan kaCali xis Tojinebis koleqciaSic gvxvdeba.is gaxlavT mTavari gmiri marionetebis Teatrisa `penji~(fanji), rac sparsulad xuTs niSnavs. savaraudoa, penjierqva imitom, rom Teatris mepatrones SeeZlo imdenipersonaJi gamoeyvana, ramdenic moesurveboda, magramxuTze naklebi ar unda yofiliyo.fehlevan kaCali, Seitani, rostami, axundi da zani –ai, is ZiriTadi saxeebi, romelTa gamoCenac garkveulisimboluri mniSvnelobis Semcvelic ki iyo. mag.: Seitani,romelic sityva-sityviT borot suls _ demons, eSmaksniSnavs adamianis macduneblad da borotebiswamqezeblad gvevlineboda. rostamis saxe gaigivebuliiyo legendarul mxedarTmTavarTan da patriotTan,amave dros is qalTa gulebis mpyrobeli da mudmivimowinaaRmdege iyo fehlevan kaCalisa. axundi musulmanTasasuliero pirs warmoadgenda, zani ki _ erTaderTqals, romelic iraneli qalisaTvis damaxasiaTebeliyvela RirsebiT iyo Semkuli umwikvlo gogos rolSi,erTguli ki _ colis rolSi. aucilebeli personaJebis27

m a ia k i k na Z egarda, romlis gareSec warmodgena ar tardeboda sxvatipaJebsac vxvdebiT (mag.: Turqi osmanlis komikurisaxe), magram mTavari mainc yvelasaTvis sayvareliTojina fehlevan kaCali gaxldaT, romelzec piesissiuJeti iyo agebuli.moxerxebuli da Wkviani, eSmaki da fariseveli Tojinagardasaxvis saocar unars avlens. rodesac is qveynismTavar musulman axundTan midis, Tvalebs zeciskenmiapyrobs da keTilSobilebiTa da sispetakiT aRsavsekacad gardaqmnasac iolad axerxebs. axundTan saubarSiki gulanTebuli locvisa da wminda werilebze saubrisgarda, mistikuri poeziisa da religiis gasaocar codnasavlens. am TvalsazrisiT is Zalze Camohgavs TurquliCrdilebis Tojinas _ ganaTlebul hajivaTs. personaJTaSoris mSvid dialogs nel-nela fehlevanis ucnaurisaqcieli mosdevs. oTaxSi, SemTxveviT aRmoCeniligitaris dakvrasa da Sirazuli Rvinis smas iwyebs dadrostarebaSi ise nel-nela iTrevs partniorsac, romamas axundic ver grZnobs. es epizodi mTlianadfehlevanis uwmawur gamonaTqvamebze da Jestebze, mismanWva-grexvaze iyo agebuli, rac, pirvel rigSi,m ay u re b li s gar To b is a Tv i s i yo g am i zn u li .gansakuTrebul komikur efeqts ki Rvinis smis epizodiiwvevda, vinaidan sasmelis akrZalvis gamo iranSi ZneladTu ipovidi quCaSi mTvral adamians da amis warmodgenascenaze iranelebisaTvis akrZaluli xilis CvenebasniSnavda.fehlevan kaCalis warmodgenebSi ZiriTadad mwiridekoraciebi gamoiyeneboda, magram, Tu antrepreniorimdidari adamiani iyo, cdilobda, mayureblis win mTelisakuTari Zvirfaseuloba gamoetana. mag.: 3 1833 welsTeiranSi gamarTul warmodgenaze yofilma elCmaparizSi mirza abdul-hasan_xanma Tavisi vaJisgamojanmrTelebasTan dakavSirebiT gamarTulwarmodgenaze imdeni Zvirfaseuloba gamoitana scenaze,rom zogierTi 3 milioni frankic ki Rirda.Tojinuri sanaxaobis popularobam garkveuli28T o j i n u r i w a r m o d g e n e b i s p a r s e T S igavlena sxva quCis sanaxaobebzec iqonia. mag.: Taylidiromelic sabaleto nomrebis, simRerebis, dialogebisada pantomimebisagan Sedgeboda, zogierTi mkvlevarisa zr i T, i s w ar m oi S va m ar i on e te b is T eat ri sdivertismentebisagan 4. am Tavisebur cirks TojinebisTeatris personaJebi: fqviliT gapudruli fehlevankaCali da misi partniori gamuruli aTleti rustamiamSvenebda, romelTa movaleobebSic msaxiobTa dacinva,mouridebeli da gesliani xumrobebiT mayurebelTagamxiaruleba garToba Sedioda. rogorc Cans, Tojinurwarmodgenebs Soris antraqtis dros naCvenebidivertismentebis popularoba imdenad gaizarda, romis male damoukidebel saxeobad Camoyalibda.1. Иран, т. II., Ленинград, 1928, стр. 31;2. iqve.3. Алферов, Десять чтений по литературе, Москва, 1915, стр. 192;4. Г. Крыжицкий – Экзомический театр, ст. 54.29

30Mmanana turiaSvilikote marjaniSvili TariRebSi(werili pirveli)1872 wels, 28 maiss (9 ivnisi), sofel yvarelSi daibadakote marjaniSvili.mama _ aleqsandre andrias Ze marjaniSvili. andriamarjaniSvilisa da ana bibilaSvilis ufrosi vaJi (maTcxra Svili hyavdaT) _ aleqsandre, swavlobda quTaisisgimnaziaSi, Semdeg _ peterburgis universitetis samTosamxedrofakultetze. samSobloSi dabrunebis Semdeg,rogorc samxedro piri, gaamweses oficrad yvarelSi,sadac kaxeTis dasacavad qarTuli druJinis polkiidga. Warel-belaqneli lekebis Semosevebisa dagamudmebuli rbeva-awiokebisagan aleqsandremarjaniSvilma yvarlis qarTul druJinaSi samsaxurisaspodpolkovnikis Cins miaRwia. man kargad icoda frangulida rusuli enebi. yvarlis druJinis polkSi msaxurobdaandrias meore Svili _ konstantine.deda _ elisabed solomonis asuli WavWavaZe.solomonis pirveli qorwineba tragikulad damTavrda,col-Svili Savi saxadis epidemiam imsxverpla. ojaxzegulacruebulma solomonma meore coli samocdaaTiwlisam SeirTo. mas alaverdobaze moewona vinmeivaniSvilis coli nino da moitaca. ninos pirveliqmrisagan hyavda qaliSvili salome, romelic gaTxovdaTelavel moxeleze _ mixeil solomonis Ze safarovze.1860 wels maT SeeZinaT mariam safarova (SemdegSicnobili msaxiobi mako safarova-abaSiZisa).solomons da ninos ori qaliSvili SeeZinaT:elisabedi (liza) da ekaterine. kaxeTis SeZlebulmamemamulem ganizraxa Tavisi qaliSvili _ elisabedi,mieTxovebina ilia WavWavaZisTvis, magram es ganzraxvaver ganxorcielda (nadeJda Jivokinis cnobiT, iliaelisabedze daniSnuli yofila, magram es qorwineba arSedga). solomoni ilias Seuwyra da Tavisi qaliSvilicolad misca peterburgis samxedro inJiners, oficera. a. marjaniSvils. solomonis ojaxSi xSiradikribebodnen kaxeTis didgvarovnebi.aleqsandre marjaniSvili elisabed WavWavaZezeocdaori wliT ufrosi iyo. maT SeeZinaT cxra Svili.pirvelTagan sami mcirewlovani gardaicvala, maT SorisvaJi giorgi. mere SeeZinaT oTxi qaliSvili: nino, sofio,mariami da Tamari _ kotes sayvareli da, SemdegSimonazoni, romelic saocrad hgavda kote marjaniSvils.kote marjaniSvili ojaxSi merve Svilia, nanatri biWi,swored amitom nebierad zrdidnen. kotes Zma _ vladimerimecxre Svili iyo.solomonis gardacvalebis Semdeg ojaxis movlapatronobakotes mamam aleqsandrem iTava, TumcZveleburi xelgaSlilobiT aRar cxovrobdnen. 1876wels aleqsandre marjaniSvili ruseT-TurqeTis omSiwavida, baTumTan Setevis dros yelis areSi daiWra. masarc sazRvargareT mkurnalobam uSvela, loginadCavarda da gardaicvala. maSin kote marjaniSvili oTxiwlis iyo.elisabeds, alersians, gulmowyale da keTil dedas,kote aRmerTebda. uqmrod darCenili liza lekianobasgaecala da yvarlidan TbilisSi gadasaxlda, maSinkote marjaniSvili xuTi wlis iyo.marjaniSvilebis ojaxs xSirad stumrobdnenqarTuli Teatris moRvaweebi: akaki wereTeli, giorgiwereTeli, aleqsandre yazbegi, sergei mesxi, kote mesxi,efemia mesxi, ivane mesxi (mesxebis cnobili ojaxis cametiSvilis deda _ magdalina, kote marjaniSvilis mamidaiyo) ivane maCabeli, dimitri yifiani, petre umikaSvili,aqvsenti cagareli, vaso abaSiZe, lado aleqsi-mesxiSvili,mako safarova-abaSiZisa da sxvani.qalaquri cxovreba ojaxisagan did xarjebsmoiTxovda. liza yvarelSi wavida. Tan waiyvana mariamida Tamari. kote, vladimeri, da sofio TbilisSi datova.erTi avtoris cnobiT, kote gimnaziis pansionSi31

manana turiaSvilimoaTavses, meoris cnobiT lizam TbilisSi darCenilSvilebs CuRureTSi patara bina uqirava.1886 wels ToTxmeti wlis kote marjaniSvilmaTbilisis pirvel vaJTa gimnaziaSi iTamaSa n. gogoliskomedia `qorwinebaSi~ _ agafia tixonovnas roli. masZalian uyvarda Cexi musikis maswavlebeli. gimnaziisorkestrSi ukravda trombonze.elisabedi da mariami tuberkulioziT iyvnen avad,magram yvarlis haerma ar uSvela. 1886 wels ufrosiqaliSvili _ nino, Zeobam Seiwira. tvinis anTebiTdaavadda mariami da wlis miwuruls gardaicvala. amdeniubedurebis Semdeg 1887 wels 36 wlisa gardaicvalaelisabed (liza) WavWavaZe. maSin kote marjaniSviliTxuTmeti wlis iyo. oblebis aRzrda elisabedisufrosma dam, ekaterinem, da misma qmarma, daviTabduSeliSvilma, iTaves. kotes ubedurebas didxansumalavdnen, roca gaigo, swavlas Tavi daaneba dayvarelSi wavida. erTxel Tavis mokvlac ganizraxa _gulTan Tofis damiznebisas Caxmaxs mouxerxebladgamohkra, sikvdils gadaurCa, magram erTi TiTi samudamoddauzianda.kote meurneobas Seudga. uvlida venaxebs, Rvinisada aryis dayenebas mihyo xeli. Tanac ruseTidangamoiwera wignebi, Jurnalebi da TviTganaTlebas Seudga.saRamoobiT masTan xSirad ikribebodnen cnobiliojaxebis wevrebi, kamaTobdnen xelovnebaze daliteraturaze. swored aq Caesaxa kotes speqtaklebisgamarTvis idea. yvarelSi, solomon WavaWavaZiseulisaxlis did maranSi, kotes dadgmul warmodgenebSimonawileobdnen ardadegebze Casuli kotes da-Zmebi,naTesavebi. mayureblebi deidaSvil-biZaSvilebi dasoflis mcxovrebni iyvnen. dadges piesebi: n. soloviovisda a. ostrovskis `bednieri dRe~, v. krilovis `yaCaRana~,e. babeckis `mowafeobis wlebi~... es speqtaklebi rusulenaze midioda. zogi mkvlevris cnobiT dgamdnenwarmodgenebs qarTul enaze, mag., i. WavaWavaZis `kakoyaCaRi~...32kote marjaniSv il i T ari Reb SiTavad kote marjaniSvili ixsenebs, rom maranSi uxvadiyo gaSlili xoragi: leRvis Ciri, vaSli, CurCxela.Semdeg kotes brZanebiT qvevrs Tavs moxdidnen da Rvinissavse xeladas mayurebel glexTa rigebSi ramdenjermeCamoatarebdnen. es yovelive mTavrdeboda imiT, romxeladis ramdenjerme Semovlis Semdeg mayurebelidaJinebiT iZaxebda speqtaklis sulis Camdgmels.warmodgenebis reJisori, msaxiobi, dekoratori, butaforid a s uf l io r i k ot e i y o. Te l av i s T eat ri santrepreniorma m. ajimamudovma kote marjaniSvilimsaxiobad miiwvia. man iTamaSa prokofievis roli a.sumbaTaSvilis piesa `borkilebSi~. igi TamaSobdakomediebsa da vodevilebSi.k. marjaniSvilis da _ sofio gaTxovda da TbilisSidabinavda. marjaniSvilebma mamuli ijariT gasces dakote dasTan gadavida sacxovreblad.90-iani wlebis damdegs kote marjaniSvili pirveladgaecno saopereto Teatrs. rusuli operetis dasmaijariT aiRo Tbilisis Teatris Senoba. dasisantrepreniori iyo mako safarova-abaSiZisa _ kotemarjaniSvilis deidaSvili. kote yoveldRe eswrebodawarmodgenebs.kote marjaniSvils msaxioboba undoda, magramaxloblebi ewinaaRmdegebodnen, radgan im drosmsaxioboba saTakilo iyo. misma naTesavma, didma moxelem_ nikoloz gulbaaTis Ze WavWavaZem, kotes SesTavazagansakuTrebul davalebaTa moxele-aRmsruleblisadgili da brwyinvale kariera uwinaswarmetyvela, magramman uari uTxra. ganrisxebulma naTesavma SeuTvala:TvaliT ar damenaxoo da kote marjaniSvils igi aRarunaxavs.1894 wels kote marjaniSvili, mamidaSvilma kotemesxma quTaisSi msaxiobad miiwvia. kote mesxis dadgmaSia. diumas `codvis SvilSi~ man iTamaSa alfonsi, adrianasnuca CxeiZe asrulebda. kote marjaniSvilma fsevdonimadairCia _ yvarleli. quTaisis Teatri daiwva da kotemarjaniSvili TbilisSi gadmovida. 1994 wlis 2733

manana turiaSvilinoembers iTamaSa patara kaxi a. wereTelis `patarakaxSi~ _ reJisori v. gunia. am rolze avtorTan erTadmuSaobda _ akaki wereTeli marjaniSvilebis ojaxisdidi megobari iyo. partniorebi iyvnen: m. safarovaabaSiZisa,e. CerqeziSvili, b. avaliSvili... TamaSobda d.erisTavis gadmokeTebul piesebSi: `meore axalgazrdoba~,z. antonovis `me minda kneina gavxde~.1895 wels kote marjaniSvili TamaSobs g. sundukianis`xaTabalaSi~, partniorebi iyvnen: m. safarov-abaSiZisa,n. gabunia, k. yifiani, v. abaSiZe... v. abaSiZis TargmnilpiesaSi `vin aris damnaSave?~ _ dadga aleqsimesxiSvilma;n. gogolis `revizorSi~ roli daudgenelia,a. ostrovskis piesaSi ùdanaSaulo damnaSave~ _milovzorovi.1894-1995 wlis sezonis bolos qarTul TeatrSimuSaobiT ukmayofilo kote marjaniSvili ruseTSimiemgzavreba, moskovis Teatraluri saswavleblisdramatul kursebze Sesasvlelad. moskovSi gzadmimavalma xarkovSi inaxula samkurnalod Casuli ladomesxiSvili, romelmac qalaq nikolaevSi Tavis nacnoba nt r ep r e ni o rTan g aa g z av n a, me o re r ol e bi sSemsruleblad. lado mesxiSvilis azriT, damwyebmsaxiobs, oTxwlian swavlebaze metad praqtika ufrogamoadgeboda. nikolaevSi muSaobam kote marjaniSviliar daakmayofila da gaemgzavra moskovSi, sadac erTerTdramatul skolaSi leqciebis kursi moismina.Semdeg kote Tbilisis dasSi miiwvies, pirvel rolebze.mas TveSi 75 maneTs uxdidnen.1895 wlis zafxuli kotem ukanasknelad gaatarasayvarel yvarelSi. misi ukve bevrjer dagiravebulimamuli auqcioniT gaiyida. aRebuli fuli, ramdenimeaTasi maneTi kote marjaniSvilma kargi garderobisSesaZenad daxarja, radgan im dros karg garderobsscenis moRvawisaTvis didi mniSvneloba hqonda. Semdeg23 wlis kote amxanag-megobrebisgan Segulianebuliqeifobs, dros atarebs da fuls flangavs.1896 wels saqarTveloSia _ Tbilisis qarTul dasSi,34kote marjaniSv il i T ari Reb Sisadac 25 seqtembers iTamaSa levan ximSiaSvili d.erisTavis `samSobloSi~. am rols lado aleqsimesxiSvilTanamzadebda. mis debiuts eswrebodnen: i.WavWavaZe, a. wereTeli, i. gogebaSvili, n. avaliSvili...recenzenti k. marjaniSvilis SesrulebaSi msaxiobismRelvarebas aRniSnavda.Tbilisis dasSi kote marjaniSvilma iTamaSa: pieri,a. denerisa da kormonis melodrama òr obolSi~ _partniorebi iyvnen: n. gabunia, m. safarov-abaSiZe, k. yifiani;d. erisTavis gadmokeTebul piesaSi `droebiTisiyvaruli~; axalgazrda Cinovniki marmarovi g.sundukianis `gaCanagebul keraSi~; Seyvarebulis rolia. bisonis `col-qmrobis nayofSi~; basanio u. Seqspiris`veneciel vaWarSi~; daudgenelia mis mier Sesrulebuliroli k. guckovis ùriel akostaSi~, sadac uriels l.aleqsi-mesxiSvili TamaSobda; maqs xolminis roli l.antropovis `mocimcime CiraRdnebSi~; olivie, vakerispiesa `Jan bodrSi~; axalgazrda damcvelis _ ianelisroli gangoferisa da m. brosineris `boSa qali zanda~.kote marjaniSvilis scenaze gamoCenas presaSi didigamoxmaureba ar mohyolia: iyo TavSekavebuli qeba,kritika da statiebi, sadac marjaniSvils saerTod araxsenebdnen. kote marjaniSvili am faqts ganicdida,eWvebi RrRnida, misi Tavmoyvareoba Selaxuli iyo.sasowarkveTili, xSirad gulis gasaqarveblad m.safarova-abaSiZisa da lado aleqsi-mesxiSvilisojaxebSi stumrobda.1896 wlis agvistoSi TbilisSi Camodis nadeJdaJivokini (k. marjaniSvilis momavali meuRle). igimoskovis dramatuli kursebisa da Teatralurisaswavleblis damTavrebis Semdeg miiwvies TbilisSi_ n. k. Sumilinis dasSi, romelic TamaSobda qarTulsaTavadaznauro TeatrSi, romelsac bankis Teatrsacuwodebdnen. rusul dasSi kote marjaniSvilisnikolaeveli megobrebic iyvnen _ lepetiCebi: msaxiobmaqalma n. i. lepetiCma gaacno kotes nadeJda Jivokini _moskovis mcire Teatris cnobili msaxiobis, v. i. Jivokinis,35

manana turiaSviliSviliSvili. isini male daqorwindnen. gakvirvebulnida nawyenni naTesavebi misi arCevniT ukmayofilonidarCnen _ msaxiobi qali ar undodaT kotesTvis, magramnadeJdam qmris naTesavebTan male daamyara kargiurTierTobebi.1896 wels kote marjaniSvili lado aleqsimesxiSvilismiwveviT quTaisSi wavida. rogorcdamdgmelma, man gaakeTa `cocxali suraTebi~ _ iRebdnengarkveul siuJets, asrulebdnen kostiumebSi, dekoraciiTda xan udekoraciod da reJisoris miniSnebul pozebSi`SeSdebodnen~. kote marjaniSvilma ise kargad dadgacocxali suraTi ìakobis sizmari~, rom is sami dReiTamaSes.Tbilisis qarTul dasSi damdegi zamTris sezoniaSinebda kotes, mas eCveneboda, rom recenziebi missasargeblod ar Seicvleboda. Tan mis meuRles _nadeJda Jivokinsac, undoda TamaSi da maT misweresРТО-s biuros xelmZRvanels, a. a. fadeevs, TxovniT,daxmareboda samuSaos moZebnaSi. fadeevi nadeJdasTanerTad muSaobda Sumilinis dasSi. pasuxi male movida.a le q sandr a le q sandr e s Z e m aT s Ta v az o bd aelizavetgradis amxanagobaSi muSaobas, romelsacxelmZRvanelobda k. k. vitarski.1997 wlidan iwyeba k. marjaniSvilis ruseTisperiodi, romelic 25 weliwadi grZeldeba.1897 weli _ elizavetgradis TeatrSia, msaxiobad.dasi didi ar iyo oTxi-xuTi msaxiobis garda didiniWiT aravin gamoirCeoda. col-qmari xSirad TamaSobdavodevilebSi. kote marjaniSvili piesebSi yoveldReiyo dakavebuli. didi rolebidan kotem iTamaSa kasiou. Seqspiris òteloSi~ da saxasiaTo rolebi: krameri_ zudermanis piesa `sodomis daRupvaSi~ da poCmeisteri_ n. gogolis `revizorSi~.1898 weli _ zafxuli _ orioli, kurski, xarkovi;Semodgoma _ neJini;zamTari _ qerCi.axali samuSaos saZebnad gaemgzavrnen moskovSi. col-36kote marjaniSv il i T ari Reb Siqmari cxovrobda studentur raionSi, pliuSixaze dayoveldRe axali samuSaos gamoCenis imediT, TiTqmismSierni midiodnen tverskize, Teatralur biuroSi,romelic Seiqmna Teatralur sazogadoebasTan. biuroSiunda Sekrebiliyo e. w. normaluri kontraqtebi, romelicgamoimuSaves sruliad ruseTis msaxiobTa pirvelyrilobaze. xuTi kviris Semdeg a. a. fadeeevma colqmariorioli-kurski-xarkovis amxanagobaSi moawyo,romelsac xelmZRvanelobda e. f. boura da n. n.sobolSikova-samarina.oriolsa da kurskSi kargi Semosavali hqondaT.xarkovSi TamaSobdnen baRSi `tivoli~ _ Ria scenzeiyo kafeSantani. xarkovis kontraqti axladgacnobilmamurskim daarRvevina da marjaniSvilebi neJinisantreprizaSi wavidnen.neJinSi dasi TiTqmis ar iyo. mesame speqtaklisSemdeg murskim TiTqmis mTlianad waiRo salarodanfuli da gaiqca. didi molaparakebebis Semdeg qalaqismmarTvelobam Teatri dass im pirobiT misca, Tuki valsgadaixdidnen. amxanagobis ganmkarguleblad airCies kotemarjaniSvili. yovel DdRe axal piesebSi TamaSobdnen,umetesad melodramebSi. iyo SemTxvevebi, roca afiSazepiesis saTauri miniSnebuli iyo, msaxiobebs ki rolebicar hqondaT miRebuli. kote marjaniSvili yoveldReTamaSobda da man iswavla `scenaze Tavisufladsiaruli~, rac samsaxiobo xelovnebis fsiqo-teqnikisdauflebis sawyisi etapi aRmoCnda.sezonis bolos moskovSi arian da kvlav a. a. fadeevsmiakiTxes samsaxurisTvis. ramdenime dReSi man gauSvaqerCSi, a. n. solominis antreprizaSi.qerCSi kote miiwvies fatebisa da mijnurebisrolebis Semsruleblad. a. n. solominma da misma colma,operetis cnobilma msaxobma b. n. ivanovam kotemarjaniSvili kargad miiRes. solomini saqmeskeTilsindisierad ekideboda, msaxiobebs rolebs aTidRiT adre urigebda, rac provinciis TeatrebisaTvisuCveulo iyo. fatebis rolebi kotes ar exerxeboda,37

manana turiaSvilisamagierod, saxasiaTo rolebSi iyo Zlieri. SedarebiTmniSvnelovani da iRbliani ramdenime roli iyo: germanib. i. nemiroviC-danCenkos `sicoxcxlis fasSi~, vitixa g.hauptmanis `CaZirul zarSi~ _ kotem solomini daarwmuna,rom vitixa mamakacma unda Seasruloso. a. n. solominmadadga a. Cexovis `Tolia~ da `Zia vania~. k. marjaniSvilmaastrovis roli kargad Seasrula. col-qmarim ar j an i S vi l ebi s a qv e l mo q me d o s aR a m oe b Si cmonawileobdnen _ kote kargad kiTxulobda da didiwarmatebac hqonda.1899 weli _ zafxuli _ luganski, baxmuti;zamTari _ baqo;gazafxuli _ aSxabadi, taSkenti.ianvris bolos kote marjaniSvilma ubralo mizezisgamo a. n. solominTan iCxuba, romelic ganxeTqilebadgadaiqca. momavali zamTris sezonisTvis a. n. solominmaTiTqmis mTeli dasi miiwvia marjaniSvilebis garda daisini kvlav umuSevrad darCnen. wavidnen moskovSi daelizavetgradeli TanamSromlis meSveobiT marxvisbolos _ zafxulisTvis, moewyvnen luganskSi dabaxmutSi, zamTris sezonisTvis baqoSi _ v. i. viatskisantreprizaSi. mgzavrobidan kote kmayofili Camovida:iTamaSa kargi rolebi da amxanagobam mniSvnelovaniSemosavali gamoimuSava, Tan Camoitana pirveli saCuqari_ vercxlis portsigari oqros venzeliT.am sezonze ukve pirveli aRiareba moi pova dasaCuqrebic miiRo, ramac k. marjaniSvils momavlisstimuli misca. rogorc sxva rus msaxiobTamogonebebidanac irkveva, kote marjaniSvils feTqebadixasiaTi hqonda, iyo advilad `wyenia~ da amitomacaRiareba misTvis sasicocxlo mniSvnelobis iyo. amgvarifsiqologiuri portretis gamomzeureba komunisturperiodSi kvlevisas negatiurad aRiqmeboda, radgan yvelacnobili piri komunisturi zneobis gansaxiereba undayofiliyo da ara adamiani.roca kote gazafxulis sezonze aSxabadsa dataSkentSi iyo, nadeJda moskovSi gaemgzavra, raTa zamTris38kote marjaniSv il i T ari Reb SisezonisTvis adgili eSova. stroitelevma da de rossmarekomendacia gauwies viatkis TeatrSi a. a. prozorovTan.1900-1901 ww. sezoni _ viatka, odincovo.sezonis dasawyisSi k. marjaniSvils konfliqtimouvida gmir-Seyvarebulebis rolebis SemsrulebelTan,d. m. karamazovTan, da radgan is da misi meuRle e. f.kutuzova kulturuli xalxi iyo, kotes meuRlem maleCaaqro es konfliqti.im dros provinciis TeatrebSi reJisorisTanamdeboba ar iyo. reJisoris funqciebi evalebodapirveli rolebis Semsrulebel erT-erT msaxiobs.viatkaSi reJisorobda d. m. karamazovi, romelsac aruyvarda es saqme da ezareboda. kotes amgvarreJisorebTan muSaoba ar akmayofilebda. mas reJisuraSiundoda Zalebis gamocda da meuRlis sabenefisod airCiaa. Cexovis `Zia vania~. nadeJda Jivokinma karamazovisgannebarTva aiRo da isic dasTanxmda. astrovs TamaSobdad. m. karamazovi. kote mTeli arsebiT Caeba muSaobaSi.mas ramdenime Rame ar eZina, daxata gegma, puris burTebigaakeTa da msaxiobTa moZraobebs amgvarad xazavda.kote marjaniSvilis pirveli repeticiis Semdegmsaxiobebi didxans ar iSlebodnen. 1901 wlis ianvarSiviatkaSi Sedga misi sareJisoro debiuti. a. p. Cexovis`Zia vania~ didi warmatebiT wavida. speqtakli iTamaSessamjer.realurad am periodSi k. marjaniSvils mobezrdadasis pirveli msaxiobis naucbadevad `gakeTebul~speqtaklebSi monawileoba da Tavad iwyebs dadgmebs.1901 weli zafxulSi n. zorelis antreprizaSia.moskovis axlo mdebare agarakze, odincovoSi. kviraSior speqtakls TamaSobs da TiToeulSi aT maneTs iRebs.1900 wlis 11 ivliss nadeJda Jivokinsa da kotemarjanisvilis SeeZinaT qaliSvili _ daarqves Tamari,monazvnad aRkvecili sayvareli dis saxeli.39

manana turiaSvili401901-1902 wlis sezoni _ Semodgoma _ tambovi,ivanovo-voznesenski;gazafxuli _ smolenski, vitebski;zafxuli _ penzaSemodgomaze tambovSi krameris antreprizaSi iyo,pirveli mijnuris ampluaSi moipova didi warmateba.ivanovo-voznesenskidan male wavida.gazafxulze smolenskSi da vitebskSi amxanagobaSiaverxovskis xelmZRvanelobiT. smolenskSi sezonisgaxsnisTvis nadionovis `vaniuSinis SvilebSi~monawileobda. kote marjaniSvilma didi warmatebiTiTamaSa konstantines roli, magram Semosavali saSualoiyo.vitebskSi didi Teatri iyo, hyavdaT kargi mayurebeli,magram darbazi sanaxevrod ivseboda da fuladi wagebaiyo. zafxulSi penzaSi TamaSobdnen qalaqis saxalxoTeatrSi, romelsac marTavda Tormeti arCeviTimamasaxli. maT saTaveSi edga n. n. volkovi. kotemarjaniSvili kvlav pirveli mijnuris ampluaSia. amTeatrSi reJisorad muSaobda gamocdili msaxiobi p. a.zaicevi. mas reJisoruli monacemebi ar hqonda.repeticiebze zaicevsa da marjaniSvils Soris SinaganibrZola gaimarTa, romelic Ria mtrobaSi gadaizarda.kote marjaniSvili mizanscenebs ar emorCileboda.msaxiobebi kotes mxareze iyvnen. bolos zaicevmakonfliqts wertili dausva da gancxadeba dawera _SinaarsiT, rom marjanovma scenaze siaruli ar icodada mas ubedavda SeniSvnebis micemas da imdenad xelsuSlis muSaobaSi, rom iTxovda mis gagdebas.mamasaxlisebma zaicevis gancxadeba miiRes da kotessamsaxurze uari uTxres. kote marjaniSvilma ar dauTmoda atyda kamaTi, romelic Tvenaxevari grZeldeboda. amp er io dS i k . marj a ni Sv il i s pe qt ak l ebSi a rmonawileobda da xelfass ar iRebda. bolos da bolos,marjanovis dasidan daTxovna gadaido, magram sezonicmTavrdeboda.kote marjaniSv il i T ari Reb SizamTrisTvis col-qmar marjaniSvilebs angaJimentiar hqondaT da radgan orives ayvana ar undodaT, colqmarisasowarkveTilni iyvnen.kote marjanovs iseTi kacis saxeli gauvarda, romlisdasSi miwveva sasurveli ar iyo. antrepreniorebTan dareJisorebTan Cxubis Semdeg mas veRar warmoedgina,rogor moewyoboda maTi momavali cxovreba. moiZebnagamosavali, ramac kote marjaniSvils saSualeba miscagaeSala reJisoruli moRvaweoba. am mdgomareobidandaixsna nadeJda Jivokinis dam _ ana dimitris asulma,romelmac misca fuli saqmisTvis. 1902-1903 wlis zamTrissezonisTvis col-qmarma marjaniSvilebma РТО-Siganacxades kompanionis povnis survili. biuromrekomendacia gauwia provinciuli Teatris antrepniora. i. gromovs, romelic iyo niWieri msaxiobi, Wkviani damoxerxebuli adamiani, kargi administratori. aiResTeatri qalaq ufaSi. kontraqtis mixedviT kotemarjaniSvilma samxatvro nawilis xelmZRvanelobaikisra, xolo a. i. gromovma administraciulis. a. i.gromovis antreprizaSi man fuli daabanda da,faqtobrivad, antreprizis mepaie gaxda.1902 wlis 4 agvistos nadeJda Jivokinsa da kotemarjaniSvils SeeZinaT meore qaliSvili _ milica.1902-1903 ww. sezoni _ ufa.ufis sezonma saSualeba misca kote marjaniSvils,gamoemJRavnebina Tavi msaxiobisa da reJisoris rolSi.mayurebelma misi didi Sroma daafasa. man iTamaSa nilisroli m. gorkis `mdabionSi~. kote marjaniSvilSireJisurisken ltolvam msaxiobobas ajoba da manramdenime kargi warmodgena dadga. a. n. gromovs saqmebundovnad mihyavda, igi kargad iTvisebda fulebs dasezonis daxurvamde gaiqca, msaxiobebs ki ori kvirisfuli ar gadauxada. marjanovi erTpirovnuli mepaiegaxda da sezoni bolomde miiyvana. roca mayurebelmamomxdari incidentis Sesaxeb gaigo, man TanaugrZnoTeatrs. ufis sezonSi Semosavali kargi iyo da dassxelfasi gadauxades.41

manana turiaSviligromovis gaqcevis Semdeg, roca kote marjaniSvilierTpirovnuli xelmZRvaneli gaxda, Teatris afiSebzemaRalmxatvruli literatura gaCnda: a. Cexovis`qorwili~, a. suxovo-kobilinis `saqme~, a. ostrovskis`tye~, a. tolstois `mefe Tevdore ioanes Ze~.ufis sezonSi kote marJaniSvili iyo wamyvanirolebis Semsrulebeli, xelmZRvanel-administratorida SemoqmedebiTi administratori _ vinc repertuarsadgenda da rogorc presa ambobda: `man itvirTareJisoris mZime movaleoba~ (1903 w.). am wlebSi daiwyobrZola speqtaklebis momzadebis saqmeSi xelosnobiswina aRmdeg . Semoi Ro TiT oeuli w armodg enismomzadebisTvis saTanado repeticiebi, msaxiobTanmuSaoba da fiqrobda ansambluri warmodgenis Seqmnaze.1903 wlis 12 ianvars gardaicvala nadeJda Jivokinasada kote marjaniSvilis umcrosi qaliSvili _ milica,xolo ocdarva dRis Semdeg, 10 Tebervals _ Tamari.1903 wlis 13 agvistos maT SeeZinaT vaJiSvili _konstantine, kotiki _ rogorc mas kote marjaniSvilieZaxda. kotiki gaxda maTematikis mecnierebaTa doqtori,muSaobda ssr kavSiris mecnierebaTa akademiismaTematikis institutSi.1997 wlidan 1901 wlamde kote marjaniSvili mxolodmsaxiobia, 1901 wlidan 1903 wlamde _ rogorc msaxiobida reJisori. 1903-1904 ww. irkutskSi is mTlianadreJisuras eZleva.kote marjaniSvilis Sesrulebuli rolebi(1897-1904 ww.):qarafSuta _ v. nemiroviC-danCenko, ìRbliani~.markeli, kafeSantanis laqia _ J. riSpeni, `wamebuliqali~.don Juan avstrieli, mgznebare Seyvarebuli _ k.deliavini, ìmperatoris Svili~.maswavlebeli flemingi _ o. ernsti, `pedagogebi~.nikolai _ e. dubelti, `sicrue~.valter Subarti _ g. faeberi, `maradiuli siyvaruli~.42kote marjaniSv il i T ari Reb Siklasikuri dramaturgiaSi:uriel akosta _ k. guckovi, ùriel akosta~.karl moori _ f. Sileri, `yaCaRebi~.Cacki _ a. griboedovi, `vai Wkuisagan~.boris godunovi _ a. tolstoi, `mefe Tedore ioanes Ze~.Tavadi _ a. suxovo-kobilini, `saqme~.astrovi _ a. Cexovi, `Zia vania~.germani _ v. nemiroviC-danCenko, `cxovrebis fasi~.nili _ m. gorki, `mdabioni~.saxasiaTo gmirebi:lomovi _ Cexovi, `xelis Txova~.bulanovi _ a. ostrovski, `tye~.vitixa, qalis roli _ g. hauptmani, `CaZiruli zari~.kote marjaniSvilis Sesrulebuli rolebi uricxviraodenobiTa da maTi zusti cifri daudgenelia.Tu adreul wlebSi kritikosebi afasebdnen: `yovladusicocxlo~ (1899 w.), `marjanovis TamaSze ar SeiZlebavimsjeloT, radgan mayurebels TiTqmis ar esmoda misixma~ (1899 w.), `marjanovi iyo modunebuli da sruliadver flobda rols, igi erTferovnad gamoiyureboda~.erT-or weliwadSi gazeTebi werdnen rolisadmi misgulmodgine damokidebulebaze, brwyinvale warmatebebze.`rac mosalodneli iyo aseTi damsaxurebulireputaciis msaxiobisagan~ (1900 w.), `Sesruleba... iyoZalze gaazrebuli da saerTo STabeWdilebiT mTlianida marTali~ (1900 w.), àvtoris Cafiqrebuli tipi didixelovnebiT ganasaxiera~ (1901 w.).1903-1904 ww. sezoni _ moskovis zoologiuri baRissazafxulo Teatri irkutski, permi.am sezonSi irkutskSi, n. i. volskis antreprizaSidadga 92 piesa, k. marjaniSvili aqedan, adre, mxolod 19piesas icnobda. saSualod TveSi 18 speqtakls dgamda.aq msaxiobobas sabolood daaneba Tavi. irkutskSipirvelad gamoCnda cnoba, rom konstantine aleqsandresZe marjanovi miwveulia reJisorad. solidurobis niSnadwveric mouSva, marTalia, is xandaxan scenazec gamodioda43

manana turiaSvilieqstremalur situaciebSi, maSin, roca saswrafod vinmeunda Seecvala, magram es iyo mxolod erTeuliSemTxvevebi.Teatris repertuarSi wamyvani adgili eWiragriboedovis, gogolis, ostrovskis, molieris, Seqspiris,Sileris, guckovis, Seridanis, hauptmanis, gorkis da sxvaTapiesebs.dadga J. b. molieris `tartiufi~, a. ostrovskis `tye~,i. platonis àdamianebi~. ukve sezonis dasawyisSi kotemarjaniSvilis speqtaklebSi aRniSnavdnen: msaxiobebisTamaSis gamarTulobas, sisadaves, cxovrebasTanmiaxloebas `bunebrioba da scenis didi codna~, a.ostrovskis ùdanaSaulo damnaSavenis~ dadgmazerecenzenti werda: àmaRlebuli TamaSi dramatuladgilebSi~, `savse, ase vTqvaT, harmoniuli TamaSi~ (1903 w.),irkutskSi kote marjaniSvili pirvelad dgams `hamlets~.a Rn i Sn a vd n e n, ro m g m ir e bi la p a rak obdne n`cxovrebiseulad~, reJisoris CanafiqriT, es hamletiiyo `meocnebe, mgznebare fantaziis adamiani~ (1903 w.),`Camohyavda... gmirebi piedestalidan, romelzec piesissazeimo tonsa da garemos ahyavs, magram, amave dros maTgasagebs xdida. aiZulebda gmirebs, daeviwyebinaT tanTSemosili fantastikuri mantiebi da metyvelebis saleqsoforma~ (1903 w.). irkutskSi dgams k. guckovis ùrielakostas~. am piesaSi saqarTveloSi jer lado aleqsimesxiSvilTanerTad TamaSobda, mere rusul scenazeuriels asaxierebda da irkutskSi ki dadga. mis dadgmula. griboedovis `vai Wkuisagans~ wamateba hqonda.permSi dadga a. sumbaTaSvilis `Ralati~ (1904). kotemarjaniSvili ar scildeboda piesis romantikulstilistikas, Tan detalebis damuSaveba daiwyo, muSaobdamasobriv scenebze. recenzentebi aRniSnavdnen masobriviscenebis, garemoebaTa detalebis, yofisa damravalferovani intonaciis brwyinvale damuSavebas.Bunebrivia, recenzentebs Soris ukmayofilonic iyvnen.1903 welis Semodgomaze irkutskSi dadga m. gorkis`mdabioni~, romelic Svidjer iTamaSes, `fskerze~ _44kote marjaniSv il i T ari Reb SiTerTmetjer, es maSin Zalze didi cifri iyo. Semdeg`foma gordeevi~, Cexovis àlublis baRi~ da h. ibsenis`sazogadoebis burjebi~ ganaxorciela.irkutskSi is iTxovs mayurebelTa darbazisganaxlebas. permSi antrepneriorebs aiZulebs,repertuaris yvela speqtaklisTvis axali dekoraciisSeqmnas. Semdeg gadaakeTa scena, ayenebs ufro ZlierganaTebas scenaze da mayurebelTa darbazSi. Zvelifarda axliT Secvala.kote marjaniSvilis saxeli da energiuloba mTelruseTs moedo. misi SemoqmedebiT dainteresdnen cnobiliantrepreniorebi. 1904 wels k. n nezlobinma, im droisruseTis erT-erTi msxvilma antrepreniorma, rigaSimiiwvia. masTan samsaxuri iyo sagzuri did TeatralurcxovrebaSi.(gagrZeleba Semdeg nomerSi)1. e. guguSvili, `kote marjaniSvili~, seria `cxovrebaxelovnebaSi~ (rusul enaze), gamomcemloba ìskustvo~, 1997 w.2. kote marjaniSvili, saiubileo krebuli, gamomc. `xelovneba~, Tb.,1948 w.3. g. kriJicki, `k. a. marjanovi da rusuli Teatri~ (rusulenaze), ruseTis Teatraluri sazogadoeba, moskovi, 1958 w.4. g. xaratiSvili, `kote marjaniSvili rusul TeatrSi~, Tb., 1971 w.5. k. marjaniSvili (marjanovi), SemoqmedebiTi memkvidreoba (rusulenaze), gamomc. literatura da xelovneba, Tb., 1966 w.6. k. marjaniSvili (marjanovi), mogonebebi, statiebi da moxsenebebi(rusul enaze), gamomc. “zaria vostoka~, Tb., 1958 w.7. kote marjaniSvili, krebuli, Tb., 1961.8. o. kasraZe, kote marjaniSvili, gamoCenil adamianTa cxovreba, Tb.,1978.45

46eka cxadaZedadaistebi da keTrovani sinamdvilegrigol robaqiZis fantasmagoria`malStremSi~grigol robaqiZis sxva dramaTagan (`londa~, `lamara~,`kardu~, ùdega~) didad gamoirCeva fantasmagoria`malStrem~ umTavresi problematikiT _ epoqis krizisismwvave suraTebis CvenebiT _ dadaistebisa da keTrovanTadedoflis, anu, keTrovani sinamdvilis dapirispirebiT.`malStremi~ paradoqsebiT aris gajerebuli, orisamyaros Sepirispireba aq isedac naTelia da Rrmadganicdeba avtoris mier, romelic mTeli arsebiTmiscemia Wvretas, gancdas da Sejamebas. XX saukunis 10-20-ian wlebSi evropis asparezze axali literaturulimimdinareobebis doRi iyo gamarTuli. saSinelebis,tanjvis, simaxinjis kulti igrZnoboda da viTardeboda.`Semoqmedeba qimiuri procesi aris, romelSicsxvadasxvagvari elementebisgan iqmneba axalinivTierebebi, puSkinis `qeifi Jamianobis dros~, tiutCevis`malaria~, edgaris moTxrobebi, bodleris yvavilebi,apokali psi, ropsisa da goias suraTebi maxinjisgamarjvebaa xelovnebaSi. sinamdvile TavisTavadmaxinjia _ lirika amarTlebs am simaxinjes da masSinaxulobs Tavis ideals. lotreamonis gombeSo ufroanaTebs poeziaSi, vidre Sileris ritorika. salomeia,ligeia, ledi makbeti gvaviwyeben gretxens dadezdemonas. esTetikis winaSe bairons gaamarTlebsmxolod misi `kaeni~ da misi koWli fexi. iniT SeRebilida cali TvaliT brma akaki ufro misaRebia CvenTvis,vidre sulikos axalgazrda avtori. wiwamuris tragediamolimpielTa simaRleze aiyvana ilia da daCrdila misibanaloba. Sellis sinaze dagvaviwya laforgis sinazem,romelsac loyebi awiTlebuli aqvs WleqiT...~. 1 da aseSemdeg da ase Semdeg... `malStremis~ erT-erT suraTsase ewodeba: `dadaistebis maidani~. SeiZleboda, sruliadar CarTuliyo dadaistebis monakveTi fantasmagoriaSi,magram is mainc iqneboda zedmiwevniT originaluri dazedmiwevniT ucxour-sazRvargareTuli. gr. robaqiZisTanamedrove saqarTveloSi sruliad ucxo iyoevropuli krizisis problema, igi ramdenimesTvisRa Tuiqneboda gancdil-gaTavisebuli. Tavis droze`rubikonSi~ gamoqveynda dadaistebisadmi miZRvniliwerilebi da statiebi, qarTvel mkiTxvels acnobdnenam ultraTanamedrove mimdinareobas: `meore Skolafrangi poetebis aris `dada~. dadaistebis wresSeadgendnen: tristan tcara, pikabia, reimonti, sopulebi.eseni Segnebulad uaryofen Zvel xelovnebas daliteraturas. gazeTebi daumalavi SiSiT aRniSnavendadaistebis winadadebas `daswviT luvri?~ dadaistebidrogamoSvebiT uSveben furclebs da proklamaciebs.ai zogierTi maTi aforizmidan:siwminde _ zedmeti RaribebisTvis, iyaviT WuWyiani ki ara.`dada~ arsebobda yovelTvis: madonna iyo`dadaistika?~Tu Tqven geCvenebaT Tqveni ideebi unayofod dasasac i l o d , i c o d eT, r o mTqvenTan saubar s i wyebs `d ad a~. 2aseTia ideebi `dadaistebisa~, romlebic kanidanZvrebodnen, rom rogorme yvelaze originalurni,skandalurni da yuradRebis centrSi yofiliyvnen. `dada~frangulad saTamaSo cxenia. dadaizme _ dekadenturi,fo rmal istu ri m imdi nar eoba lit erat uraS i,mxatvrobaSi... poeturi sityvis gasaformebladdadaistebi eZeben uazro neologizms; sityvaSi azriki araa saintereso, aramed _ bgerwera. es ukiduresiformalisturi mimdinareoba daiSala 1920-iani wlebisdasawyisSi. dadaistebis nawili siurealizmSi gadavida,nawilma ki xarki gadauxada eqspresionizms~.axalgazrdoba gansakuTrebiT iyo gatacebuli axalaxali li t er at u ru l i mi m ar T ul ebe bi T , racgansakuTrebiT sagrZnobi iyo ruseTis imperiis centrSi.tician tabiZe igonebs: `maxsovs agreTve CvensuniversitetSi gamarTuli saRamo profesor samsonovis47

eka cxadaZeTavmjdomareobiT. asze meti axalgazrda poeti gamovidastudentTa wreebidan. maTgan ori-sami nadsonisganwyobilebebiT mReroda, ramdenime simbolistebis:briusovisa da kuzminis gavlenas ganicdida. ufro metaddaavadebulni iyvnen igor severianiniseburifuturizmiT. obivatelebi tkbebodnen severianinispoeziis saRamoebiT...~. 3 saqarTveloSic Taviseburadairekla msgavsi mdgomareoba, magram mas ukiduresiformebi ar miuRia. Salva afxaiZe igonebs t. tabiZis`dada~-Ti gatacebis periods da aRniSnavs, rom ticiani:àr uTmobda pirvelobas dadaizmis propagandaSigrigol cecxlaZes, romelic im dros am skolismimdevrad Tvlida Tavs. ticianma TviTon aRiara:`ra saWiroa aq pirveloba,marTla mxiblavda me erT dros `dada~,mtanjavi iyo es gaoreba,monanieba ki aris sada~. 4gr. robaqiZis `malStrem~ erTgvari zRvris gavlebismcdelobaa am ukiduresad zedapirul mimarTulebasada realizms Soris. iv. gomarTeli grZnobs am paTossda saerTod mis piesebze aRniSnavs: `grigol robaqiZis`londa~ gasaRebia `kardusi~ da malStremis~. aqmocemulia siyvarulis problema da miwis suli...avtoris mizania zekacis aRdgena. Cveni mtkice, udreki,gautexeli da movaleobis SegnebiT Cakiruli adamianisgacocxleba. Cven yvela sulieri Svilebi varThamletisa...~. 5 miuxedavad amisa, gr. robaqiZe da misimegobari `yanwelebi~ aqtiur propagandas ewevianqarTvel sazogadoebaSi dadas da sxva TanamedrovemimarTulebebis gasacnobad. t. tabiZe Targmnis pikabiasmanifests, Fili po supos manifests da 1923 w. gaz.`rubinonSi~ aqveynebs:`rogorc Tqveni imedebi _ araraobaa.rogorc Tqveni samoTxeebi _ araraobaa.rogorc Tqveni RmerTebi _ araraobaa.rogorc Tqveni politikosebi _ araraobaa.rogorc Tqveni gmirebi _ araraobaa.48dadaiste bi da keTrovani sinamdvil e gri gol robaqi Zisfantas magori a `mal Stre mSi~rogorc Tqveni mxatvrebi _ araraobaa.rogorc Tqveni religiebi _ araraobaa~. 6fransis pikabias am manifestSi gamoTqmulia isuzogadesi msoflmxedveloba, romelic axasiaTebs`dadaizms~, igi aris protestantuli suliskveTebis.sainteresoa, rogor msjeloben gr. robaqiZis`malStremis~ dadaisti personaJebi:`2 dadaisti.dRes yvelam icis:auqcionia miwis:Tumca beberia _nasuqia kargi.planetebs CamorCa _gaxda meti bargiRmerTma bevrjer moxna.daumJavda coxna.gaebera muceli _aRar Svelis oyna~. 7`dadas~ eSinia sikvdilisa da amis TvalsaCinodwarmoCenisaTvis gr. robaqiZe asparezze keTrovanTadedofals gamoiyvans. yofili boSa marCieli morellakeTrovanTa dedofali gaxda, man gadalaxa sikvdilisSiSi da Tavisi nebiT SeuerTda dawylulebul,dasneulebul da ganwirul masas. keTrovnebi epaeqrebianfuqsavat dadaistebs, romelTac TavianTi gularxeinisaxeebis miRma ukiduresi SiSi da simxdale aqvTgamjdari:`morella. Tqveni arseba SiSia da silaCre.miwisZvris dros pirveli Tqveni fiqri ra aris:me xom gadavrCio: ai, Cemi pasuxi.me vici Tqveni zizRi Cvendami.es zizRia Tqveni xvedris _romelsac Tqven emalebiT:dRe Rame yovel wams.Tqven smenas iyruebT rom ar isminoT.keTrovania Tqveni qveyana.raTa ar ismenT, Tu rogor RrRnis49

eka cxadaZeWia mimaluli:qvas-xes-cxovels-kacs-qals-qveyanas?!geSiniaT fardis axdis.CamoxieT farda.ixileT sinaTle~. 8gr. robaqiZis azriT, moCvenebiTi gularxeinobis miRmadadas mimdevrebs tanjavT faruli SiSi keTrovanisinamdvilisadmi. droebiT gulis damSvidebis mizniTisini aTasgvar mxiarul oinebs, maxvilgonierparadoqsebs efarebian. sinamdvile ki morellasgaTavisuflebuli aqvs da ar aSinebs ulmobelibediswera. aqac Tavs iCens bedisweris SiSi, SiSisikvdilisa. es aris uZvelesi SiSi, yovelTvis Tan romsdevs kacobriobas uZvelesi droidan gilgameSamde dagilgameSidan _ dRemde. bedisweram mTeli sisavsiTdaimona morella, masac ar aqvs misi SiSi. man ukvemravalgzis igema sikvdilisa da bedisweris msaxvraliZala. morella aris gansaxiereba gangebis batonobisa.Zveli berZnebic ulamazesi qandakebebiTa da mxatvrobiTc di lo bd ne n, b ed is we ri sagan gamo et ac aT d agaeferadebinaT TavianTi arseboba, magram amaod:`ZvelberZnul miTologiaSi imTaviTve iyo erTi momenti,erTi iseTi princi pi, rasac tragikuli disonansiSehqonda samyaros harmoniul miTologiur wyobaSi _es iyo bediswera, romelic qalRmerT moirebis saxiTiyo warmodgenili. Zvel berZenTa rwmeniT, isini adamianTabeds ganageben dabadebidan sikvdilamde, maT winaSeuZlurni arian TviT ukvdavi RmerTebic ki. bedisweris,moiras principi, ueWvelia, miTologiuri princi pia,ramdenadac aq adamianisaTvis miuwvdomel-Seucnobeli,misi bedis ganmgebeli, yovlisSemZle zebunebrivi Zalaigulisxmeba, magram ramdenadac bediswera, moira adamiansZiriTadad sikvdilis saxiT evlineba (adamianiscxovrebas ki upiratesad sxva RmerTebi warmarTavenise, rom moira an moirebi SeiZleba arc ki ereodnenmasSi), amdenad bedisweris principi, rogorc raRacafataluri garduvaloba, emijneba da upirispirdeba50dadaiste bi da keTrovani sinamdvil e gri gol robaqi Zisfantas magori a `mal Stre mSi~miTo logias, rogorc T avisufal i samyar o~, 9Tanamedrove adamiani cdilobs, originalobiT danihilizmiT Semosos da amiT uxilavi gaxados TavisiSiSi. dadaistebi omisa da ngrevis SiSs bohemasa dawregadasuli originaluri manifestebiT niRbavdnen.es ara marto maTTvis iyo damaxasiaTebeli, aramedm rav al i s x va de k ad e nt u ri li t er a tu r ul imimarTulebisaTvis. rwmenis, religiis krizisi imdenadRrma gamodga, rom adamianebi awydebodnen xanwarmarTobas, xan qristianobis sxvadasxva ganStoebas,xan aRmosavlur religiebs _ mainc yovelive amao iyo,r ad g an `w i n ar e qr i st i an u li saidum l oe b an isikvdilisagan ar icavda _ ai, raSia maTi naklovaneba.msofliom qriste miiRo, radgan sikvdili ganagebdamsoflios da msoflios gankurneba ver SeZlowarmarTulma msoflmxedvelobam. miuxedavad amisa,warmarTobis xelaxalma aRorZinebam SeiZleba TviTqristianobazec iqonios keTili gavlena, radgan igieklesiisaTvis kosmiur safuZvels iZleva. 10 asem sj e l obs n . b e r di a ev i , r o ca pirov n e bi sTviTdamkvidrebaze amaxvilebs yuradRebas da iqveaRniSnavs, rom mxolod apolonur religiaSi iRviZebdapirovneba da orfikelebTan ukvdavebis wyurviliT –yovelive aman da bediswerisadmi SiSma niadagi qristesgaumzada. magram amJamad, XX saukunis dasawyisSi, ukveqristianulis krizisi apoTeozs aRwevs da aravin uwyis,rodis gamoiCens Tavs nebismier adamianSi ùngehoier~ _saSineli mxeci, swored iseTi, rogoric aris azeful...,gr. robaqiZis interpretaciiT, èsxatologiis borbali~brunavs da iTrevs yvelas da yvelafers:`4 dadaisti. `dada~ amzadebsmanifests sikvdilisas.1 keTrovani. Tqven odesme gixilavT sikvdili?~2 keTrovani. Tqven odesme gixilavTdeda momakvdavTan?!3 keTrovani. Tqven odesme ginaxavT dedis ZuZu,roca mas momakvdavi bavSvi kbens?!51

eka cxadaZe4 keTrovani. Tqven odesme gixilavTTvaldaxuWuli samudamod bavSvi!?5 keTrovani. Tqven odesme ginaxavTukanaskneli gamoxedva?!6 keTrovani, Tqven odesme gixilavTukanaskneli ambori?!~. 11aq axali ìeremiada~ aris gamarTuli _ saboloodatireba uZluri kacobriuli xvedrisa da unebliefiqri am Semzarav garemoSi adamianis daniSnulebisa.SiSi da sikvdili nebisyofas da brZolis unars aclisSemoqmedT. magram am usasoobaSi da sayovelTaonihilizmSic SeiZleba pozitiuri marcvlis povna: `misidadebiToba imaSia, rom yofierebis es radikaluridaviwyeba-dafaruloba, es sayovelTao krizisi niadagsamzadebs yofierebis axali, ufro sruli da namdvilisaxiT gamovlenisaTvis, yofierebis Sesaxeb kiTxvisdasmisaTvis, yofierebaze azrovnebisaTvis~. 12 axalifaseulobani, albaT, ar arsebobs, yovelive axali xomkargad daviwyebuli Zvelia..., `malStremSi~ keTrovnebsTavianTi ìeremiadis~ Semdgom siyvarulis imediSemorCaT:`morella. siyvaruli:ukanaskneli siyvaruli...siyvaruli keTrovanTa...~. 13radgan simaxinje dekadansisaTvis silamazisgadmobrunebuli mxarea, aqedan gamomdinare, siyvaruliaris siZulvilis gadmobrunebuli mxare. igi is movlenaa,romelic sikvdilis SiSsac ki sZlevs: àdamiani TavisTavSi atarebs samyaros, is ara marto bunebis nawilswarmoadgens, aramed aris istoriis wevri. _ istoria kimeore kosmosia~, 14 e. i., yoveli adamiani aris mTelisamyaro, romelic Tavis bedisweras Tavis TavSiveSeicavs. gr. robaqiZis `malStremis~ gmirebi TavianTxasiaTSi Seicaven TavianT bedisweras, morella TavisiTavganwirviT Tavidanve msxverplad gaiazreba, romelicewireba WeSmarit siyvaruls. man sicocxleSivegadalaxa zRvari sikvdilisa, SemTxveviT gadarCa52dadaiste bi da keTrovani sinamdvil e gri gol robaqi Zisfantas magori a `mal Stre mSi~cocxali, mas ar surda ecocxla SemoTavazebulgaremoSi da amitomac miekedla keTrovanT _ avtorsmorellas dadaistebTan gamarTuli scena imisTvisdasWirda, rom kidev erTxel gaesva xazi WeSmariti damoCvenebiTi grZnobebisaTvis.morellas azefTanac mouwevs Sexvedra dabedisweriT daRdasmul ucnobTanac. morellas saxisarqeti pi aris afrodite _ venusi, momxibvleliZvelelinuri qalRmerTi; igi adamianebTan axlos movida,rom uSvelos maT, adamianebs ki aRar surT TavianTisamyaros daTmoba. Tanamedrove adamiani RmerTebismezoblad warmoudgenelia, es mxolod Zveli samyarosesTetebs SeeZloT: `warmarTni berZenni TavianTiRmerTebis sazogadoebaSi Tavs umdables arsebad rodigrZnoben. maT olimpis mbrZaneblebs yvela adamianuriTviseba mianiWes. maTi RmerTebi anTropomorfulni arianda mkveTrad gamoxatuli individualobiT gamoirCevian.morwmune qristianisagan gansxvavebiT warmarTi berZnebiumdables qmnilebad ar SeigrZnoben TavianT TavsSemoqmedTan SedarebiT~. 15 gr. robaqiZe morellaSisiyvarulis qalRmerTs ganasaxierebs da TandaTanobiTmTeli qaluri sawyisis matarebladac aqcevs mas.morella aris `miwis saSo~ uTanamedroves garemoSi,dadaistebi ki fons qmnian misTvis. saerTod, ZalianZnelia gr. robaqiZis dramebis siuJetTa Txroba-moyolada detalurad damaxsovreba. ramdeni frazac aris, imdenigasaSifri azri da saxe-simboloa masSi. am mxriv o.mandelStamis frTiani naTqvami iqneboda marTebuli:ìq, sadac SesaZlebelia moyola _ iq poezias araTusZinebia, Tvalic ki ar mouxuWavso~. 16 dadaizmis arsisganxilva ar yofila `malStremis avtorisaTvis mTavarimizani, mas mxolod epoqis erT-erTi niSnis Cveneba surda.m. javaxiSvils aRuniSnavs epoqis stilze: `stili epoqisnaSobia an misi ganuyreli nawilia, amitom igi undagaRrmavdes, mTel cxovrebas moedos _ mecnierebas,xelovnebas, literaturas. unda SeiWras yovel TavSi,ojaxSi, unda daemCnios Senobas, simReras, tanisamoss,53

eka cxadaZecekvas _ uklebliv yovelives~. 17grigol robaqiZis `malStremiseuli~ dadaistebi da`keTrovani~ evropa... Cvenebaa evropis yofiTi realiebisganwirulobisa, romlis literaturuli xorcSesxmada gaTaviseba qarTul sinamdvileSi dramaturgsimTaviTve mxolod gazviadebul mcdelobad CaeTvala.kinomcodneoba1. v. gafrindaSvili, Teror antiques; dabeW.: qarTuliliteraturuli ese. XX saukunis 20-iani wlebi, Seadgina,winasityvaoba da gamokvleva daurTo m. xelaiam, Tbilisi,1986, gv. 111.2. gaz. `rubikoni~. dada (avtori miTiTebuli ar aris), #3,1923.3. t. tabiZe, Sexvedra maiakovskisTan, dabeWd.: t. tabiZe,werilebi literaturasa da xelovnebaze, t. II, Tbilisi,1966, gv. 234.4. S. afxaiZe, maxsovs maradis... Tbilisi, 1988, gv. 97.5. iv. gomarTeli, `kavkasioni~, # 3-4, 1924.6. gr. robaqiZe, dramebi (londa, malStrem, lamara), tfilisi,1926.7. gr. robaqiZe, dasax. naSr,. gv. 107.8. gr. robaqiZe, dasax. naSr., gv. 120.9. a. popiaSvili, individis problema s. kirkegorisa da f.nicSes filosofiaSi, Tbilisi, 1988, gv. 141.10. Бердияев. Н., Философия свободы, Москва, 1985. стр. 165.11. gr. robaqiZe, dasax. naSr., gv. 120-121.12. Шпенглер. О., Закат Европы, Очерки морфологии мировой истории,I. Гелштальт и действительность, Перевод с немецкого, вступительнаястатья и примечаня К. А. Свасьяна, Москва, 1993, стр. 237.13. gr. robaqiZe, dasax. naSr., gv. 12.14. Ф. Кесиди. От мифа к логосу, Москва, 1972, стр. 38.15. a. popiaSvili, dasax. naSr., gv. 186.16. О. Мандельштам. Разговор о Данте, Москва, 1991, стр. 5.17. q. javaxiSvili. mixeil javaxiSvilis cxovreba, Tbilisi,1991, gv. 86.5455

56ira demetraZeTanamedrove kinoprocesikulturul-miTologiuri arqetipebipost-postmodernuli epoqis kinematografi realobisgaazrebis axal aglomeratebs gvTavazobs. bolo wlebSikinematografiuli àxali talRebis~ eTno Tusociopolitikuri perimetri mudmiv dinamikaseqvemdebareba. aRmosavluri samyarosa Tu kinosgacxadebul revanSs amerikuli damoukidebeli kinouwevda oponirebas. fragmentirebuli evropulicnobiereba sakuTari identurobisa da TviTSemecnebiskrizisTan erTad kinokulturis artikulirebasacgamoemSvidoba. skandinaviuri `dogma~ malevek o n i u n q t u r u l b r e n d a d g a d a i q c a . C i n u r ip o s t r e v o l u c i u r i k i n o r e n e s a n s i i r a n u l m akinopoeziam Caanacvla. dRes aRmosavleTevropulipostsocialisturi, posttotalitaruli cnobierebaistoriuli travmebisa Tu dramebis sublimirebas e. w.safestivalo kinos meSveobiT axdens. `navTobiseqsportis~ xarjze aRorZinebuli rusuli kinoindustriaybadaRebuli Seucnobeli rusuli sulis moxelTebassakuTar ìndividualobaze~ morgebul Janruli kodebismeSveobiT axdens. amasTanave arc ùfrosi Zmis~ Cveulritorikas iviwyebs, Tanamedrove kinoprocesi /sakvanZomovlenebi daFfilmebi/ ayalibebs suraTs, sadacnacionaluri mentaluri da kulturuli TaviseburebaniaSkaradaa warmoCenili. is, Tu poetikis Taviseburebaniramdenadaa ganpirobebuli ama Tu im eris istoriulimexsierebiTa da gamocdilebiT, aSkarad ikveTebaTanamedrove evropuli kinoproduqciis magaliTze.EesmiT ufro TvalSisacemia vinaidan sul raRac aTi wliswin nacionaluri dominantebi evropul kinoSi TiTqmisar arsebobda (postmodernuli esTetikis gavlenidangamomdinare). gavixsenoT Tundac 90-iani wlebis sakultogermanuli suraTi `gaiqeci lola, gaiqeci~ (reJ. tomtikveri). realobis variaciuloba, rac siuJetis pirvelelements warmoadgenda, virtualur realobis Sesabamisreprezentaciis kods iTxovda. zepirobiTi ekranulisivrce klipuri esTetikis maneraSi iyo stilizebuli,r ac , Ta v is mx r i v, na c io n a lu r d o mi n a nt sgamoricxavda.Ffestivalze naCvenebi kris krausis òTxiwuTi~ (2006) e. w. germanuli kompleqsis sublimaciiskidev erTi nimuSia, àxali germanuli kinosa~ dan ac i on a lu r i l i te r at u ri s g a m oc d il e bi TgaSualebuli. Aanu, kidev erTi mcdeloba cnobiliistoriuli movlenebis, nevrotuli da destruqciulifsiqo-seqsualuri fobiis prizmaSi asaxvisa.Uuaxlesigermanuli kinos petra fon kanti qalTa satusaRosmusikis maswavlebelia (saerTod musika, am SemTxvevaSiSumani, germanelTa nacionaluri identurobisganmsazRvreli umniSvnelovanesi faqtoria. musikac amSemTxvevaSi RvTaebrivi mSvenierebis ukumxares _demonur sawyissac moicavs), xolo Tanamedrove marleneamjerad ara marioneti, petras `sayvareli~ saTamaSoTojina, aramed daTrgunuli da Seviwroebuli sulisamboxis ukiduresi gamovlinebaa. Dda Tu germanulikinosaTvis saxasiaTo arqetipebs mivyvebiT, SesaZloafilmis mTavari gmirebi Zveli da axali germaniis niSanxatebiciyvnen.Mmamis (ufro sworad, maminacvlis) miergaupatiurebuli jeni im formaciis warmomadgenelia,visac samarcxvino warsulis mZime memkvidreobaergo.Ggermania ara erTxel yofila `meZavi~ qali, amSemTxvevaSi ki igi `tirani mamis~ (sistemis) mieraa`gaupatiurebuli~.Nnacizmis Tanatoli musikismaswavlebelic erTaderT siyvaruls gestapossatusaRoSi kargavs (asakidan gamomdinare sistema misiara `tirani mama~, aramed `despoti meuRlea~, amitomac`CamoiSora~ metoqe).Mmusika ki orTave gmirisTvisWeSmariti yofnis (egzistenciis) erTaderTi saSualebaaim sxvaobiT, rom klasikuri JReradoba `zanguri~gamebiTaa Canacvlebuli.erTgvari kinorenesansis ganmapirobebeli erT-erTi57

ira demetraZemTavari mizezi ara empiriuli, aramed fundamenturi _ontologiuri faqtorebia. eTnohi perrealizmi dasocialuri diskursis gaaqtiureba, Taviseburi `neoneorealizmi~e. w. `pirdapiri kinos~ maneraSiastilizebuli. imavdroulad adamianis problemis,egzistencialuri Tematikis inspirirebas axdens.`Seulamazebeli realoba~, Tavis mxriv miTologiurepikur i p l as t iT a a g am y ar e bu l i d a u fr ogamomsaxvelobiT rigs ganekuTvneba, vidre substanciur,siRrmiseul ganzomilebas. swored amitom mSralisociologia Tu autentizmi TviTkmar elementad ariqceva da yofiTi realiebi yofierebis problemebisganzogadebisken miiltvis. CauSeskus epoqa, kriminaluriaborti mxolod Strixia, makrofonis sailustraciomikro istoriaa.Tanamedrove kinos erT-erTi mwvervali _ qristianmunjus `4 Tve, 3 kvira da 2 dRe~ _ Tavad avtorisgansazRvrebiT, `ruminuli komunizmis subieqturiistoriaa~.Ffilmis moqmedeba 1987 wels xdeba daotiliasa (anamaria marinka) da gabitas (laura vasiliu)studenti daqalebis Tanaarsebobis or dRes moicavs.ori dRe, romelic mTel cxovrebas utoldeba.gamocdileba, romelic gmirebis kvaldakval mayureblisi de n tu r obaz e a xd e ns ze g av l en a s ( d a S en cmravlismomswre da ironiul kritikossac) sakuTariTavis Secnobisken gibiZgebs. saerTo sacxovrebeli dasastumro _ es ori ZiriTadi sivrcea, sadac mimdinareobsfilmis moqmedeba. orive garemo (sivrce) niSnobriviiyo komunisturi utopiisken mimavali sicialisturibanakisaTvis. saerTo sacxovrebuli-koleqtiurikomunalurobis gansxeuleba da sastumro privat-sivrce( so c ia l ur i p r iv i le g i ur o bi s n i Sn i Ta catributirebuli) _ oRond erTi saerTo maxasiaTebliT:oficialuri registraciis gareSe sapirispiro sqesisadamianebis erTad Tanacxovreba dauSveblad iTvleboda.aq iseve, rogorc filmis mTavar intrigaSi _ kriminalurabortSi, reJimisTvis damaxasiaTebeli daTrgunuli58T anamedrov e k inoproce s iseqsualobis motivi ikveTeba. sigareti `kenti~ da qaluritualetis aqsesuarebi _ deficituri saqoneli da miTufro sasurveli iseTive drois niSania, rogorcucxouri radiosadgurebis sixSireebis CaxSobaDda,S es a Z lo a , i mav e n o nk o nf o r mi s tu l i s u li sgamoxatulebadac CaiTvalos. miuxedavad droisniSnebisa da atmosferos zusti rekonstruqciisa,filmis mTavari Rirebuleba egzistencialuriproblematikis wamowevaSi mdgomareobs. anamariamarinkas gmiri (da es msaxiobi savsebiT damsaxurebuladdRes msoflio masStabis movlenad iqca) megobarsarasasurveli fexmZimobisgan Tavis daRwevaSi exmareba.es sakuTari sxeulis da sulis msxverplad gaRebisxarjze xde ba SesaZlebeli. real oba mudmivkompromisebsa Tu xarks moiTxovs adamianisgan _ iqnebaes abortis Tanxis safasurad sakuTari sxeulis gaRebaTu mocilebuli nayofis bunkerSi gastumreba. sworedes cxovrebiseuli inercia aris is, rasac TiToeuliCvengani yovel fexis nabijze akeTebs (ama Tu im saxiT)da rac Cvens gardauval realobad iqceva. avtoris,reJisoris mTavar damsaxurebad misi gulwrfeli,adamianuri pozicia mesaxeba yovelgvar didaqtikasada `moralizms~ moklebuli. Cven, adamianebs, aramc daaramc ar gvamcirebs es negatiuri, uaryofiTicxovrebiseuli gamocdileba _ ubralod gvcvlis,SesaZloa, sulieradac gvauxeSebs, magram es gardauvalida savsebiT Cveuli ramaa.fineli kovboi kvlav gvaocebs, Tavisi SefaruliàdamianurobiT~ da ùambicio~, magram daxvewili(lakonuri) stiliT.Ffrontaluri mizanscenebi Tukievropuli kinokritikis metrs serJ tubianas fasbindersagonebs, CemTvis bresonisa da oZus xelwerasTanasocirdeba. xolo iseve, rogorc fasbinderTan aqac`siyvaruli sikvdilze civia~.postmodernuli epoqis realiebidan gamomdinare,kaurismiakis filmebis ironiuli modusi emociurianesTeziis, ekranuli sivrcisgan distancirebis efeqts59

ira demetraZeefuZneba. is, rac bresonisTvis èkranebisgan~ TavisdaRwevas, anu, e. w. èliminacias~ gulisxmobs,kaurismiakisTan, arsobrivad, faqtobrivad, ucvleli rCeba.samsaxiobo Sesruleba, iseve rogorc bresonTan, SinaganTu garegan sicarieles (anu inertulobas) moiTxovs.imave bresonisgan gansxvavebiT ki, ara avtomatizms, aramedmsaxiobis srul dezorientacias, dabnevas moiazrebs.Aaqveskandinaviuri mentalur-kulturuli Taviseburebanicvlindeba.Yyofierebis simsubuqe Cveuli yofisgausaZlisi siciviTa Tu autaneli gamouvalobisSegrZnebiTaa Canacvlebuli. `proletaruli metafizika~ara refleqsiis, ara primitiuli sentimentalobis, aramedmZafri emociur-fizikuri gancdis, erTgvari`kaTarzisuli Sokis~ safuZveli xdeba.Ddostoevskiseulivnebebi (mTavari gmiri miSkinis saxesTan erTgvarmsgavsebas badebs, rac kaurismiakis Semoqmedebis zogadiinterteqstualuri mimarTebidan gamomdinareabsoluturad bunebrivia) neorealistur maneraSiamowodebuli, magram realobis ara sociologiur, aramedegzistenciur ganzomilebas gvTavazobs. qali (aqacdostoevskiseul antinomiebTan mivdivarT _ nastasiafili povna da aglaia) mxolod gacxadebuli,xelSesaxebi mizezia, mTavari gmiris sikvdilisakeng au c no b ie r ebe li (T u gac no b ie r ebu li )ltolvisa.Yyofna-aryofnis dilema imTaviTveufasurdeba, rodesac yofna aryofnis tolfasia.rusuli sulis kidev erTi emanacia `martivi sagnebi~_ axalgazrda reJisoris aleqsei popogrebskis pirvelisrulmetraJiani filmia.Mmravalricxovani serialebiTaT u n ac i on a l ur me n talit e tz e mo r ge b ul iblokbasterebiT (maT Soris heroikuli eposis ambiciebismqone erzacebi, magaliTad `9 aseuli~) atributirebulilubokis ti pis rusuli sinamdvile ideologiurangaJirebas Cinebulad usadagebs sabazro koniunqturas.imperiuli (anu totalitaruli) intenciebis matarebelik ul t ur a s a b Wo u r i de o lo g em e b s u ax l es iteqnologiebiT gamyarebuli `glamuruli~ kinoenis60T anamedrov e k inoproce s imeSveobiT warmoaCens. Tuki kultura _ faseulobaTasistemaa, maT kargad aqvT gacnobierebuli, Tu ra ti pisfaseulobebia am SemTxvevaSi `Rirebuli~. TundacaviRoT Tanamedrove rusuli kinos metris, nikitamixalkovis, axali `safestivalo hiti~ _ `12~ (SeTavsebiTreJisori, rogorc WeSmariti rusi ìnteligenti~, e. w.`poCvennikia~ _ Tanamedrove transkrifciiT _ reJimisapologeti).CeCen ymawvils mamobilis, rusi oficris, mkvlelobaSiadanaSauleben... komunisturi formaciis niSansvetisocialuri uTanasworoba, ufro mdabali, cxoveluriinstinqtiT nacionalisturi fobiiTa da religiuriSuRliTaa Canacvlebuli. didaqtikuri fabulapolitkoniunqturis demonstrirebis farTo asparezsiZleva. msajulTa sulieri striptizi Tu wiaRsvlebi`moraluri~ gamarjvebiT sruldeba. da obol ymawvils(SesaZloa, ersac) axali rusi mamobili gamouCndeba. is,rom sidni lumetis pirvelwyarosgan gansxvavebiT,mixalkoviseul rimeikSi socialuri diskursinacionalisturiTaa Canacvlebuli, aSkaraa. udaodmisasalmebelia is faqti, rom es `Sedevri~ oskarisgareSe darCa.aleqsei popogrebski absolutur winaaRmdegobaSimodis rogorc meinstrimTan, aseve dominanturid eo log em ebTan . sim pt omatu ria , ro m f il mipeterburgidanaa, Cemi azriT, is swored rusuli sulieritradiciis am mimarTebas emxroba.Uupivelesad,TvalSisacemia lakonuri, sada stili SerbilebulirakursiTa da erTgvarad neitraluri (magram araq ro n i kalur i ) k a me r is mu S a obis r eJ i m iT .`Seulamazebeli~ sinamdvile isea asaxuli, romagresiuli zemoqmedebisken ar iyos mimarTuli.zedmiwevniT naturalisturi scenebi imgvaradaamowodebuli, rom fiziologiur SegrZnebebs, TundaczizRs ar aRZravs mayurebelSi.Mminimalisturi stili,rac yofiTi detalebis erTobliobas efuZneba,i mav d ro u la d e g z is t en c iu r (m e tafiz i k ur )61

ira demetraZeganzomilebasac moicavs. gmiris SeuTavseblobarealobasTan bevrad ufro tragikulia, vidre yofiTiSeWirveba. is uwinaresad sakuTar TavTanaa gaucxoebulida mere garemosTan. rusuli mentalobidan gamomdinare,misTvis arsebiTia ara raime socialuri an sxva roluristereotipi, aramed is, Tu ras warmoadgens sakuTarTvalSi.Dda is, visTvisac garegani da Sinagani yofnadisonansuria, imTaviTve axdens mocemuli modelissakuTar Tavze proecirebas.david volahis filmi `mamaCemi, Cemi RmerTi~, CemiazriT, unikaluri movlenaa ara mxolod festivalisTvis,aramed Tanamedrove kinoprocesSic. 37 wlis davidv ol a hi i er u salim i s e r T- e rT y ve l az eultraorTodoqsur xaredimTa TemSi aRizarda. 25 wlisasakSi gamoeyo rabin mamasa da 19 da-Zmas. reJisorissekularuli cxovreba uwinaresad xelovnebasukavSirdeba, rac faqtobrivad samyaros xelaxalSecnobasTan igivdeba.Ffilmic garkveulwilada vt o b io g rafiu l i a, Ta n ac Z ve l a R qm i s eu lreminiscenciebsac moicavs. abraamisa da isaakisbibliuri istoria axleburadaa interpretirebuli.msxverplSewirva meordeba _ locvas micemuli mamisbraliT Svili iRupeba... movlenebi bavSvis cnobierebisprizmaSia asaxuli. samyaro, marTalia, mamis ToriseuliigavebiTaa (Tu dogmebiT) atributirebuli, magramrealobac garkveul kiTxvebs badebs: ratom ara aqvTsuli cxovelebs?Aanda imave uZlurebisa Tu sikvdilisxatTan Sejaxeba. reJisori araviTar SemTxvevaSiironiuli skefsisis safuZvels ar gvaZlevs (racevropuli cnobierebisTvis esoden saxasiaToa). samyaromisTvisac locvis, imperativis da, rac mTavaria, mamis(imave RmerTis xorcieli da sulieri sawyisigaigivebulia) saxiTaa warmodgenili. volahi sakuTarisulieri (religiuri) tradiciis SigniT inarCunebsdialeqtikur azrovnebas. is ar uaryofs arc mamaRmerTsda arc xorciel mamas. Toris Tanaxmad mtredi Tukikargi dedaa mobrundeba da ar miatovebs sakuTar62T anamedrov e k inoproce s ipirmSos. realoba araerTgvarovania da is mxolod`kanoniT~ ar aixsneba, Tundac is RvTaebrivi siyvaruliTiyos nakarnaxevi. mTavari ki isaa, rom filmi saocradintimuria da ara didaqtikuri, sadac sazrisi da emociaerTimeoresTanaa Sezrdili.bolo aTwleulebis manZilze aRmosavlurma kinom(iseve, rogorc civilizaciam) evropas garkveuli revanSiwauyena. postmodernuli epoqis fragmentirebulidasavluri cnobiereba did kinos ukve aRarqmnis.AaRmosavleTSi, sadac kultura garkveulwiladarqaul model zea orie ntirebu li, erTg varimiTologiuri cnobierebaa aqtualuri.Ees ukanaskneliki, Tavis mxriv, kinos bazisur models warmoadgens.Bberlinis festivalis òqros daTvis~ mflobeli`tuias qorwineba~ (reJ. van Cuanani) neorealizmiserTgvariAaRmosavluri variantia.EegzotikurilandSafti (filmi Sida monRoleTSia gadaRebuli,saidanac reJisoria warmoSobiT) miwieri lirikulobiTada tragizmiTaa ganzavebuli.Mmelodramatuliintonaciebi tragikulis zRvars uaxlovdeba.janmrTeloba Seryeuli lamazi qali tuia invalidiqmriTa da wvrilSviliT xelze iZulebuli xdeba, axalisabedo eZios. marTalia, erTi pirobiT, invalidi meuRlecmasTan unda darCes. msurveli mravladaa.Ees epizodebilirikuli iumoriTacaa Seferili. xolo realoba,xeibari qmris saxiT, erTob gadaulaxav winaaRmdegobasqmnis. tuias yvelaze erTguli mijnuri mravaliwinaRobis miuxedavad sawadels aRwevs.filmis finalSi egzotikuri qorwili ganmartoebulituias gulamomjdari tiriliT sruldeba. sainteresoa,rom lamaisturi tradicia bevrad ufro humanuri daciviluria. feministebis sayuradRebod isic undaaRiniSnos, rom aq tuia aramc da aramc tradiciismsxverpli araa. marTalia,Qqalis TviTgvema kulturulistoriulikonteqstsac moicavs. is erTdrouladultrafeministicaa da msxverplic, xolo am SemTxvevaSimoZalade Tavad realobaa _ industriuli civilizacia63

ira demetraZeTu sula c fi zikur i ar sebo bis ( gadarCen is)aucilebloba. Tumca iq, sadac arsebobs kino,fundamenturi kultura da xdeba garkveuli kulturuliideologiis artikulireba, iq fizikuri da sulierigadagvarebis saSiSroeba ar dgas.n ac o na l ur i me n talobis a ku m u li r ebazogadsakacobrio miTologiis eTno Tu socialurrealiebze morgebis xarjze xdeba. sainteresoa aseveis, rom tradiciuli kinematografiuli qveynebi aRarayalibeben safestivalo klimats. Ppostmodernuli miTiaRaraa aqtualuri. Eepikuri stili romanulistruqturis eqspluataciiTaa ganpirobebuli.Mmaxsendeba Tomas maniseuli zolas Semoqmedebisinterpretacia, sadac naturalizmi ukiduressimbolizmad gardaiqmneba.AalbaT, es gansazRvrebazustad gamoxatavs axal kinematografiul da, zogadad,kulturuli paradigmis Taviseburebas.64lia kalandariSvilikonteqstis aspeqti `samocianelTa~SemoqmedebaSi(r. gabriaZisa da e. Sengelaias àraCveulebrivi gamofena~)mixeil TumaniSvili werda: `xelovnebasTan kontaqtisixaruls mxolod maSin iwvevs, rodesac mayurebelmaicis, ras TamaSobs Teatri, ra problemebze esaubreba,ra unda Seaxsenos, riT aaRelvos... scenaze mimdinareambebSi isini TavianT mezobels cnoben... sixaruliTaRmoaCenen, rom saintereso Teatraluri forma amas daamas gulisxmobs~ .1 TumaniSvilis es sityvebi kideverTxel gvaxseneben, Tu ra mniSvneloba gaaCniakonteqstis garemos _ mxatvrul formamde arsebulrealobis pirvelad Sres, anu sawyis, apriorulkonteqsts.qarTul kinoSi `samocianelebma~ Camoayalibesgamomsaxveli, metyveli, damokidebulebebiT mdidarikonteqstis veli, romelic kinofilms perspeqtivasumatebda da siRrmes uqmnida. am velSi moxvedrilimsubuqi miniSnebac ki azrs aniWebda bunebrivuSualobaSi mocemul formebs, ideas da mTlianad films.igulisxmeba iseTi konteqsturi veli, rogorsacvxvdebiT magaliTad, galaktionis poeziaSi, sadacubralo fonemebi da TiTqos izolirebulad, usazrisodamosrolili morfemebi – damokidebulebas qmnian aramxolod leqsis sazrisis donesTan, aramed zesazrisTan,teqstis gare yofierebasTan, erovnul da msofliokulturasTan, ukidegano sivrcesTan.`samocianelebma~ daiwyes imiT, rom miubrundnensakuTar daviwyebul fesvebs, garkveulad aRadgineswarsulis gamocdileba da arsebul safuZvelze Seqmnesaxali erovnuli RirebulebaTa sistema, e. w. qarTulifenomeni, gamoyves da Seaxames igi Tanamedrovekulturis saerTo xedTan, warmoqmnes fardobiTidamokidebuleba sakuTarsa da ucxos, ideologiis mier65

l ia kal andariSv il idakanonebulsa da realurad arsebuls, tradiciasa danovacias, inertulsa da cocxal xedvas Soris; Seqmnesironiuli konteqstis veli, sadac seriozuli sagnebida movlenebi erTbaSad sasacilo iers iRebdnen, sadacmsgavseba niSnavda gansxvavebas, faqts, romelic uaryofsTavisTavs. samociani wlebis sinamdvileSi rezogabriaZisa da eldar Sengelaias àraCveulebrivgamofenaSi~ gaJRerebuli pasaJi, rodesac cxviri hgavs,Tvalebi hgavs, tuCebi da nikapi hgavs, savaraudoa, rom _èse igi hgavs~ konteqsturad rezonirebda modelisada aslis mraval msgavs aradamTxvevadobas. laparakiaimaze, rom araCveulebrivi gamofenis mowmeebs, agulierisTavis gawbilebul `klientebs~, romelTac srulimsgavsebis miuxedavad, mainc ver amoicnes skulpturaSisakuTari sidedri, aseT `realistur ganzogadebaSi~eWvi eparebaT: hgavs, magram sruliad sxvaa, ar hgavs! eserTgvari esTetikuri paradoqsi komizmis niSans atarebs,mogviTxrobs damwuxrebul siZeebze, romlebic iTxovengardacvlili sidedris zust portrets da, TiTqos,mxolod sidedris Temebze arsebuli anekdotis msubuqi,saxumaro datvirTva gaaCnia. sinamdvileSi igi filmisstruqturis kodia, gansxvavebasa da msgavsebas Sorisxarisxis erTeuli, anu, maTi igiveobrioba daaraigiveobrioba erT saxeSi. gansxvaveba aq dgindebaSeumCnevlad, nulovan xarisxSi: `msgavseba, romelic araris msgavsi~.filmSi arc mkveTri xarisxis aradamTxvevadobaaiSviaTi, anu, aSkarad ironiuli atmosferos Seqmnadapirispirebul RirebulebaTa elementebiT. magaliTad,koncepti - `Zvirfasi savle~ mis i `xsovnis~TaviseburebebiT, upirispirdeba antikur ideals _mSvenier, jansaR, SiSvel sxeuls. dRevandeli mamakacisìdeali~ _ savle, anu, namdvili `kacuri kaci~, mWameli,msmeli da amave dros mniSvnelovani personacaqcentirebulia colis mier Sekeril jibeebian xalaTze_ marjvena jibeSi sabuTebiTa da marcxenaSiaTTumnianebiT da, ra Tqma unda, igi ar aris `homerosiviT66konte qsti s aspe qti `samoc ianelTa~ SemoqmedebaSibrma~, iseTi, `winaT rom iyo xalxi~. àraCveulebrivigamofenis~ amgvari logika gulisxmobs Taviss ap i ri s p ir o s, wa m oy e n ebu li saz ri s i T a vi ssawinaaRmdegoSi poulobs gadawyvetas, Secvlili saxiT,mxiarulad àmoyvinTavs~, rogorc quTaisuri - `lampreduzo-meduzo~.f il m is gm i ri , a g ul i e r is T av i , i xat ebadapirispirebuli niSnebiT, romlebic mas meryev, gaubedav,usaxo arsebad, valodia jinWaraZed, anu, sicocxleSivedaviwyebul pirovnebad ayalibeben _ romelmac, rac arunda gaakeTos, mainc veravin, uaxloesi megobaric vergaixsenebs: `Zlivs gagixsenaT, masw., mkvdari egoneT~, _atyobinebs megobrebis mokiTxvas misi moswavle. magrammxolod valodia jinWaraZeoba ar aris agulis problema,igi filmis centraluri konceptualuri figuraa damasSi Tavs iyrian agreTve, pipinia erisTavis, glaSas,misi mowafis, provizor bonas, misi megobari SavlegisYTusxvaTa niSnebi. agulis saxe daSlilia am saxeebad, anugmiris gamaerTianebel saxe-ipostasebad. aguli ixliCebapipinias idealebsa da glaSas perspeqtivas Soris. maTierToblioba sawinaaRmdego muxtebis erTad dajgufebissaSiS energias iZleva, isini erTmaneTs gamoricxavenda agulis pirovnebisgan aRaraferi rCeba: mas aqvsuamravi idea, magram ar gaaCnia ideali, romelmacSTagonebiTa da azriT unda aavsos misi Semoqmedeba.igi, TiTqos, moxiblulia gmiruliT, masStaburiTa dagrandiozuliT, Tumca gulis siRrmeSi izidavs `pikasosbiWi~ _ erTdroulad SiSiTa da wyalSi gadaxtomissurviliT Sepyrobili, gaubedavi, susti da amave drosTavisi asakis udidesi energiiT damuxtuli, agulissulieri mdgomareobis metafora. magram misi avtoriteti,rogorc Semoqmedisa _ daTrgunulia. uaxloesi artistimegobrisTvisac ki, igi swored `la-mpreduzo-meduzoa~da ara `pikasos biWi~. `mniSvneloba ara aqvs, rasgaakeTebs `CrdiloeTis cials~, Tu `gazafxuls~,orivesTvis araSesaferisi dro iqneba! idea calkea,realoba – calke, seriozuli SemoqmedebiTi `wva~ ki67

l ia kal andariSv il ikomediis sivrceSi mainc damdabldeba da `komediad~iqceva! agulis xom yovelTvis ormagi niSniT aRiqvamen:`niWieria, magram zarmaci~ an `mTvrali~, rodesaclogikur SekiTxvebs svams da mkacrad sTxoven, romkoreqtireba Seitanos ara mxolod Tavis SemoqmedebaSi,aramed sakuTar azrovnebaSi: aiZuleben gadauxviosaraCveulebrivi gamofenisken, `gaxdes is~, rac àr aris~.Sedegad ki iqmneba antikuri idealis usaxuri karikatura,socrealisturi skulptura – `savle~ an sidedrisganzogadebuli saxe, imdenad zogadi, rom, zustimsgavsebis miuxedavad, ukve aRar hgavs Tavis prototips.konteqstebis dialoguri TamaSiTaa dakavSirebulierTmaneTTan filmis struqturis dapirispirebulielementebi: erTi mxriv, saubaria xelovanis sikvdilze,meore mxriv, ki misi xelovnebaa mkvdari; TiTqos,saxeldeba obieqturi mizezebi, Tu ratom daiRupatalanti da, meore mxriv, – es yvelaferi sasaciloyofierebaa, karnavali: tragikuli da komikuri erTniRabSi, rogorc SavlegTan, amaRlebuli da mdabali,rogorc savlesTan, msagavsi da aramsgavsi, rogorcsidedri... aguli dascinis, magram TviTonac imwindaxeduli provizoriviT iqceva, romelmac jersaflavi moiwesriga, Zegli aRimarTa da mxolod amisSemdeg damSvidebuli guliT gaemgzavra kislavodskSimineralur wylebze dasasveneblad.mizani, romliskenac `samocianelTa Taoba~ moZraobda,iyo yalb, gaufasurebul samyaroSi namdviliRirebulebaTa ara mxolod gamovlena, aramed Seqmnac.maT ar akmayofilebdaT arc gayalbebuli axali, arctradiciuli dromoWmuli Rirebulebebi. pi piniamagulis saxiT `gveli gazarda ubeSi~, radgan aguliamCnevs, rom misi maRalfardovneba uadgilo da sasciloa,moZvelebuli idealuri, rogorc Terapevti gelovani,romelic misi umwikvlo srulyofilebis miuxedavadagulis colad ar gamoadgeba – jer erTi, rom mamakacia,meorec moxucia da, rac mTavaria, Turme ukvegardaicvala! anu, is Taoba, romelic jer kidev pativs68konte qsti s aspe qti `samoc ianelTa~ SemoqmedebaSiscems tradiciul Rirebulebebs, vinc am RirebulebaTaniSans atarebs, ukve aRar arsebobs, warmavalia daSeusabamo. Tumca is Rirebulebebi, romlebic Zvelisadgils imkvidreben, ucxoa da aseve Seusabamo, rogorcglaSas kultura da rogorc misi miwebebuli ulvaSi,odesRac skolis speqtaklSi peCorinis Sesrulebisasda aseve absurduli da sasacilo, rogorc dekretulSvebulebaSi mimavali, uzarmazari mucliT damZimebulisami milicieli.filmis avtorebi: rezo gabriaZe da eldar Sengelaiaim periodis realur sinamdvileSi gamosavals verxedaven: agulis pirovneba gaxleCili da daSliliasxvadasxva mizezobriobaze, sxvadasxva personaJad,romelTa Sewebeba da gamTlianeba ver xerxdeba, msgavsadmisi skulpturebisa, rodesac: Tvalebi hgavs, cxvirihgavs, yvelaferi hgavs, magram saerTo jamSi ar hgavs!rogorc ukve aRvniSneT es kodia, filmis erTgvarigenetikuri kodi, romelSic naTlad ikveTeba filmisstruqtura: saxe-konceptebiT SekavSirebuli fabula,romlebic SefasebiT damokidebulebaSi arianerTimeoresTan, erTimeoris sazrisis gansxvavebazekontrastulad yalibdebian, erTimeoreSi ireklebianda Tavis gansxvavebebSi ukve mkvidrad isazRvrebian.anu, agulis daSlili xasiaTi, midrekilebebi: musikosi,skulptori, pedagogi, mesaflave, mama, Svili, megobari,qmari da a. S., izrdeba da nawildeba sxva personaJebSida qmnis Wrel kolaJs, romlis fragmentebiSemosazRvrul bzarebad rCebian filmis kompoziciaSi,Tumca organuli fabula maT konteqstiT isevamTlianebs. aSkaraa, rom filmis struqtura gansxvavdebasavaldebulo socrealisturi amocanebisagan. igi asevegansxvavdeba neorealizmisganac, romelic qarTulkinoSi pirveli gaemijna savaldebulo mimarTulebas.samocianelTa Semoqmedeba sxvagvarad ikiTxeba dawarmoadgens ukve dekonstruqciis xelovnebas. amisaRiareba ki maSin da Semdeg didxans SeuZlebeli iyo.`samocianelebSi~ dekonstruqciis daintereseba69

l ia kal andariSv il iaraerTgvarovania: mTliani formiT, calkeulielementebiTa Tu sxva amocanebiT; ZiriTadad, igiSerwymulia realistur faqturasTan. anu, mxatvrulnawarmoebSi Cadebuli RirebulebiTi kodiT iqmnebodadamokidebuleba ùSualod~ arsebuli konteqstismimarT (azris dasakonkreteblad mimarTavdnen saxisgareT arsebul konteqsts). am Taviseburebaze metyvelebsim droisTvis niSandoblivi igavuri Txrobac, romelicTavisTavad gulisxmobs mayureblis mzadyofnas impirobiTobis amosacnobad, romelsac mibaZvas, ver uwodeb,magram SesaZloa, ufro axlos iyos sinamdvilesTan,vidre gayalbebuli `damajerebeli~ realoba, zustimibaZva. `samocianelebma~ SeamCnies, rom rac ufrologikurad dasabuTebadia ideali, miT ufro saeWvodupirispirdeba sinamdviles. kinematografistTa interesimiimarTa Cveulebrivi adamianisaken, uidealo gmirisaken,romelic arsebul saxelmwifoebriv sistemaSi sakuTaradgils ver poulobda da romelsac ukve aRarc gaaCndaTviTdamkvidrebis survili. qarTveli reJisorebigaemijnen sabWoTa saxelmwifos kinos amocanebs: maTmiznad iqca ukve _ ara realobis `gamarTleba~, aramedmisi `garkveva~, rameTu socrealistur xelovnebaSi`realisturisa~ da `sinamdvilis~ cnebebi Tavis TavSisawinaaRmdego mniSvnelobas atarebdnen, faqtobrivad,ikrZaleboda ekranebze sinamdvilis, rogorc aseTis,warmodgena.àraCveulebriv gamofenaSi~ realistur planTanerTad avtorebi fragmentulad, citatiseburad rTavenxazgasmulad pirobiT scenebs, iseTs, rogoricaa,magaliTad, bataluri epizodi _ pirobiTobis metadmaRali xarisxiT da romelic filmis dasawyisSivemigvaniSnebs ara sinamdvilis uSualo dakvirvebaze,aramed amosacnob, igavur formaze. Carli Caplinis`diqtatorze~ aSkara aluziiT, axalgazrda avtorebsfilmSi SemoaqvT diqtatoris Tema da analogia reJimSimcxovreb adamianTa bedze, romlebsac ar eomebaT, arcician brZola da saerTo araferi aqvT am omTan, magram70konte qsti s aspe qti `samoc ianelTa~ SemoqmedebaSiiZulebulni arian aqeT-iqiT irbinon brZolisqarcecxlSi. es paraleli axasiaTebs filmis saerTopaToss da simbolurad gansazRvravs gmiris beds. aqikiTxeba, rom agulis cxovreba Tavad masze ar arisdamokidebuli, rom igi erTi patara, uuflebo moqalaqea.filmis pirvelive scenaSi aguli erisTavs frontzemiacileben, da sabWoTa tradiciebis Tanaxmad, misgangmirobas veliT. marTlac, igi frontis wina xazzea:aryis meCxer, Tovlian tyeSi martodmarto èbrZvisfaSistebs~. epizodi saocrad komikuria, miT umetes,rom bedi aSkarad swyalobs da tyviamfrqvevis samiznemis simkvircxles CamorCeba. marcxena xis Ziridan igimarjvena xisken gadairbens da kidev kargi! axla sxvaxisken da namdvilad saswauli, axlac gadarCa! magram,rodesac centrSi moeqceva da pirdapir mtrissamiznisken aiRebs ieriSs (samizne operatoris obieqtivsemTxveva), maSin ki, rasakvirvelia, gadarCena aRar uweria[...] Tumca igi am epizodSi igavis personaJia da ukveSin dabrunebisas yveba, rom yumbara TavSi moxvda, magramkidev kargi, ar aufeTqda _ mTeli es kadri pirobiTia_ sinamdvile, romelic eldar Sengelaiam warmoadgina,ar emTxveva Tavis Tavs. aseTi ram arasodes momxdarada saeWvoa, rodesme moxdes. reJisori ar cdilobs, ufrodamajerebeli gaxados ambavi, vidre is TavisTavad aris,piriqiT, specialurad xazs usvams ararealistur niSnebs.Tumca aqedan, albaT, sinamdvilis garkveul faqtebszogadad mainc vigebT: vxvdebiT, rom aguli namdviladebrZoda faSistebs Soreul, ucxo ruseTSi, aryis TovliantyeSi, rom igi ramdenimejer SemTxveviT, saswauliTgadaurCa ueWvel sikvdils, rom erT-erTi SetevisasmZimed daiWra, magram mainc gadarCa. am ambavSi kiaRaraferia ucnauri da daujerebeli, arc komikurifilmisgan gansxvavebiT. faqti faqtad rCeba, rom esepizodi sruliad ar asaxavs e. w. sinamdviles, meoremxriv _ man kargad gagvixsna es sinamdvile. am epizodSiniSnisa da aRsaniSnis aradamTxvevadoba, marTalia,igavuri kinos damaxasiaTebeli pirobaa, magram masSi,71

l ia kal andariSv il iigavis sagulisxmo da nagulisxmev obieqtTaurTierTCanacvleba ar xdeba, anu, gadataniTi azri erTida imave obie qtis sxvag varad form irebi dangamomdinareobs. xolo Tu am formaSi raime konkretuliazri amovikiTxeT, unda gvaxsovdes, rom is erTaderTiar iqneba.`samocianelTa~ Semoqmedeba samarTlianad iTvlebaqarTuli kinos axal dabadebad. swored maT gandevnesekranebidan usicocxlo ìdealuri~, formebisstandartul-Sablonuri damuSaveba, trafaretulifinali problemis gadawyvetis SezRuduli variantiT.maT daudes safuZveli im ucnaur realobas, romelicar emTxveoda Tavis Tavs. anu, gaaCnda farulimniSvnelobis plani sxva, nagulisxmevi realobiT –simbolos, metaforis, alegoriis msgavsi struqturebiT,zogjer Sinaarsobrivad ganmartebadi, magram ufro metadauxsnadi, Tumca niSnad da obieqtad gaxleCili. Tumcaunda aRiniSnos, rom am periodSi sayovelTaodgavrcelebuli ìgavuri kino~ saqarTveloSic, SesaZloa,atarebda igavis niSnebs, magram ar gaaCnda igavisCaketili paTosi, calmxrivi didaqtika, igi TavisufladiSleboda konteqstebis TamaSSi da SeumCnevladicvlida semantikur saxes. àraCveulebrivi gamofenis~gadaRebis Semdeg TiTqmis naxevari saukune gavida, magrammisi momxiblaoba ki ar qreba, piriqiT, matulobs. esCveni tkiviliT, uiRblobiT savse warsulia, xelovnisbedi totalitalur saxelmwifoSi, dapirispirebulRirebulebaTa gadakveTaze.G1. mixeil TumaniSvili, `sanam repeticia daiwyeba~, Tb.,saq. Teatral. saz-eba, 1977., gv. 25.72ira kuWuxiZeqarTuli kinos ZiriTadi tendenciebigasuli saukunis 70-80-iani wlebis mijnaze(axali Taoba: axali problemebi, Ziebebi...)…II nawili(gagrZeleba. dasawyisi ix.: wina nomerSi)SoTa rusTavelis saxelobis Teatralur institutSi(axla ukve Teatrisa da kinos universitetSi)kinofakultetis gaxsnam qarTul kinos SehmatakinematografistTa sakmaod didi nakadi, mTeli Taoba,romelmac Tamamad Seabija saqarTvelos kinostudiebSida TviTdamkvidrebis gzas daadga. rogorc viciT, yoveliaxali Taoba xelovnebaSi gansxvavebuli TvalTaxedviT,Tavisi Taobis uSualo gamocdilebiTa da problemebiT,a xali s a Tq m el i T a d a a xalgaz r do b is a T vi sdamaxasiaTebeli siTamamiT modis. xSirad axalgazrdax el o vn i s e sTeti k ur i po z ic i a z ed m et iTavdajerebulobiT, maqsimalizmiTa da ufrosikolegebis gamocdilebis uaryofiTac xasiaTdeba.gasakviri arc aris, vinaidan kacobriobis istoriaSiaxalsa da Zvel Taobebs Soris dapirispireba,xelovnebaSi tradiciulsa da novatoruls SorisWidili, kanonzomieri da, SeiZleba iTqvas, maradiulimovlenaa. yovelive es SesaZloa, mwvave formebSi ariCendes Tavs, magram mainc arsebobdes. da ai, am rTulprocesSi garkveva, axalgazrdebisadmi didi gulisyuri,magram amave dros maTi Semoqmedebis uSeRavaTo Sefaseba,uTuod ufrosi kolegebisa da kritikis pirdapirimovaleoba iyo, rac axalgazrda Taobas namdvilad ardahklebia.pirveli STabeWdileba, romelic `debiutis~namuSevarTa naxvisas dageuflebodaT, iyo programisTematuri da Janrobrivi mravalferovneba: aqSevxvdebodiT istoriul novelebs (`serafita~, `Jamimoqcevisa~, `farnavazi~), kinoigavs (`versaTriela~),73

ira kuWuxiZeinteleqtualur zRapars (`rad stvens bulbuli?~),kinomoTxrobas (`beRurebis gadafrena~), Tanamedrovenovelas (`mogzauroba sopotSi~) da sxv.zogjer Zneli asaxsnelia, Tu ratom airCia reJisormaesa Tu is masala? uwyobda is xels axalgazrdaxelovans Tu ara, Tavis saTqmeli gamoeTqva, uSualodakvirvebebi, STabeWdilebebi, Taobis sulieri dasocialuri gamocdileba ganezogadebina? Tukiaxalgazrda xelovani Tavisi qveynis Soreuli warsulisamsaxvel masalas hkidebda xels, maSin sainteresoa,moepoveboda Tu ara mas saTanado codna, sakuTariinterpretacia istoriuli movlenebisa, maTSi Cawvdomisis siRrme da warmosaxvis iseTi unari, rac faqtebismSrali ilustraciis gzas ganaridebda da realuri st o ri u l f aq t ebs W e Sm a ri t ad mx a tv r ul idamajereblobiTa da kinematografiuli eniTaametyvelebda? uTuod kidev araerTi kiTxvadaebadeboda yvelas, vinc imJamad axali Taobis qarTvelkinematografistTa filmebs ixilavda. erT-erTiupirvelesi da bunebrivi SekiTxva iyo: moiniSna Tuara raime siaxle wina Taobebis reJisorebisagangansxvavebiT? Semovida axali Tema, axali gmiri?.. iqnebe qs p er i me n t ul i Z i ebe bi fo r mi s a d a k i no sgamomsaxvelobiT saSualebaTa sferoSi gamovlinda?erTi sityviT, aris Tu ara raime novatoruli wamowyebaaxalgazrdebis SemoqmedebaSi? am kiTxvaze zogadadTavidanve SeiZleba aseTi pasuxi gavceT: diax, iyosiaxleebi Tematuri, Janruli TvalsazrisiT,gansakuTrebiT ki axali kinogmiris Ziebis mimarTulebiT,wina aTwleulebTan SedarebiT, TvalSisacemi cvlilebamoxda kinofaqturis prioritetebSi...savsebiT bunebrivia xelovnebaSi mosuli axaliTaobis moTxovnileba, gaiazros da ganazogados aramarto is, rac uSualod gancdili, nagrZnobi da nafiqria,aramed sakuTari Tavi samSoblos mier ganvliligamocdilebis meSveobiTac Seicnos, daamyaros Rrma,obieqturad arsebuli da amave dros piradi kavSiri74qarT uli kinos Ziri Tadi te ndencie bi gasuli sauk unis70- 80-i ani w l eb is mijnazewarsulTan, im movlenebTan, romlebic qarTveli xalxissulier gamocdilebas gansazRvraven. isic undaaRiniSnos, rom qarTuli kino karga xania, ver axerxebssaTanadod SeiWras Tavisi xalxis istoriul warsulSi.mas es ratomRac uWirs... am dros Cveni istoriatragikuli koliziebiT, dramatuli konfliqtebiT savseq ar T l is cx o vr e b a u kv e k a r ga xania e li skinematografiul ganxorcielebas. ar mimarTavs raintensiurad eris itorias, qarTuli kino sakuTarixalxis moralur-zneobrivi potenciis ekranulfenomenad gardaqmnis udides SesaZleblobas kargavs.amis gamarTlebad SeiZleba miviCnioT is, rom istoriulifilmebi kinowarmoebas adrec da, miT umetes, axla ZalzerTul praqtikul problemebs uqmnian. am sferoSitradiciisa da gamocdilebis uqonloba ki, Tavis mxriv(Tuki am Janris filmi iqmneba) dabali sadadgmokulturis mizezi xdeba: dekoraciebis, rekvizitis,Cacmulobis da sxva aqsesuarTa sasurveli xarisxismiRweva xSirad SeuZlebelia.aseTi problema qarTuli kinos winaSe imJamadacrealurad idga da amitomac savsebiT gasagebi dam is a salmebe li iy o g a e rTian e ba `d e b iu t is ~xelmZRvanelebis survili, zogierTi axalgazrdareJisorisaTvis orientacia swored am mimarTulebiTmiecaT. Sedegad amisa, rogorc ukve aRvniSne, SeiqmnamoklemetraJiani istoriuli filmebi: `serafita~ (sc.avtorebi: T. abaSiZe, m. xoneliZe, reJ. m. xoneliZe), `Jamimoqcevisa~ (sc. avt. a. juReli, reJ. l. omiaZe)... TavidanvenaTeli iyo, rom samnawilian filmebSi SeuZlebeliiqneboda, im amocanebis gadaWra, romlebic ramdenadmenaTels mohfendnen Cveni Soreuli warsulis iseTsaintereso da mniSvnelovan faqtebs, rogoric mSvenieriserafitas daRupva da qarTlis gaqristianebaa. albaT,bevrad mizanSewonili iqneboda, Tu es filmebi wmindaetiudis formas ar gascdebodnen da maTi avtorebimiznad ar daisaxavdnen, erT SemTxvevaSi, dramis Seqmnas,xolo, meore SemTxvevaSi, saqarTveloSi qristianobis75

ira kuWuxiZesaxelmwifo religiad qcevis Rrma da araerTi obieqtursubieqturimotivis Ziebas.`serafitas~ avtorebi Seecadnen serafitas sikvdilismizezi aexsnaT. maTi azriT, es wminda da keTiliqalwuli mamisa da qmris SuRlis msxverpli gaxda.avtorebma dramatuli kvanZi ki Sekres, magram saTqmelisdakonkreteba ver moaxerxes, jer erTi, imitom, rommoklemetraJiani filmi aseT problemas ver daitevdada, meorec, gana ase advilia literaturuli safuZvlisSeqmna, romelSic tragediis ganviTarebis Cveneba, misikonkretul formaSi gansxeuleba moxerxdeba?!jer kidev 1940 wels lado gudiaSvilma Seqmnatilo `serafitas gaseirneba~. 1941 wels simon Ciqovanmadawera leqsebis cikli àrmazis aCrdilebi~. es cikli,faqtobrivad, serafitas eZRvneba. imave 1941 wels simonCiqovanma kidev erTi leqsi dawera serafitas Temaze_ `broweuli pitiaxSebis samarxze~. simon CiqovansarcerT maTganSi ar ucdia eTqva is, rasac lirikulileqsi ver daitevda, e. i., man sworad gansazRvra, Tu rasurda da ra SeeZlo eTqva.zustad aseve moiqca lado gudiaSvilic. man Tavisixilva gadaitana tiloze da am tilos `serafitasgaseirneba~ daarqva. rogorc Cans, masac amaze metisTqma imJamad arc surda da arc SeeZlo. `serafitas~da `moqcevis~ avtorebma moindomes is, rac im etapzemaT da ag reT ve S emo qme debi Ti gae rTia nebisSesaZleblobebs aRemateboda!goderZi Coxeli, romelsac imdroisaTvis ukve kargadicnobdnen rogorc mwerals da romelic jer kidevstudentobis Jams kinoSi sakuTari TemiT, konkretulicxovrebiseuli masalis saukeTeso codniT movida da,rac mTavaria, Tavis saTqmelsa da satkivars gvaziarebda,debiutis programaSi warmodgenili iyo filmiT`bakurxeveli xevsuri~. axalgazrda reJisormaamjeradac ar uRalata Tavis Tavs da kinos eniT kvlavimaze `gvesaubra~, rac kargad nagrZnobi da nafiqrihqonda, mimarTa im faqturasa da xasiaTebs, romlebic76qarT uli kinos Ziri Tadi te ndencie bi gasuli sauk unis70- 80-i ani w l eb is mijnazemaSinac da SemdgomSic misi Semoqmedebis organulimasala gaxda.`bakurxeveli xevsuris~ siuJeti, ambavi, romelsac esfilmi mogviTxrobs, Janris TvalsazrisiT andrezistipisaa. andrezs xevsurebi uwodeben zepir moTxrobas,romelic Taobidan Taobas gadaecema. aseTi zepirimoTxrobebi marto xevsureTSi ki ara, saqarTvelossxva kuTxeebSic moiZebneba. cxadia, Cems mizans amJamadandrezis, rogorc Janruli movlenis tipologia arwarmoadgens. vityvi mxolod, rom es Janri, Tu forma,rogorc Cans, zepirsityvaobaSi iseTi faqtis fiqsaciaswarmoadgens, romelic ratomRac leqsad, legendad anbaladad ar gadaiqca. andrezs uTuod specifikuricxovrebis masala, faqti qmnis da am masalad iseTiambavi unda CaiTvalos, romelic Tavisi Tvisebebis,Sinagani bunebis gamo, ambis damafiqsirebelma xalxmaarc leqsad amoTqva, arc legendad aqcia da arcigavad Camoayaliba. andrezi iseT ucnaur, RirsSesaniSnavan, Tu gnebavT, axirebul, ulogiko ambavs unda efuZnebodes,romlis poetizireba ar xerxdeba, romelic vercsimbolod gadaiqceva da saigavo moralsac ar Seicavs.asea Tu ise, forma saintereso da kinosaTvis xomsruliad uCveuloa.Ducnauri da axirebuli kacis ambavs mogviTxrobs g.Coxelis `bakurxeveli xevsuri~. filmis gmiri egreTwodebuli kai ymaa, oRond potenciuri kai yma. mas sagmirosaqmeebisken miuwevs guli, sakargymo asparezi vermounaxavs, xolo sadiaco saqmeebs (banidan Tovliswamoyras is, eWvgareSea, aseTad Tvlis!) guls ver udebs.banze nebivrad wamogorebuli vaJi yvavis Cxavilze Tofsmoimarjvebs, magram Tofi umtyunebs. ar moisvenebs, Tofsxan sakuTar fexs daumiznebs, xan pirTan miitans lulas,magram Tofi ara da ar gavardeba. avad axirebulixevsuri soflis orRobeebs miuyveba, TanasoflelTainertulobiT waqezebuli, TofiT afrTxobs dedakacebsda Tavis Wkuaze aTamaSebs. bolos gadaeyreba mxedars,romlis romantikuli, zeaweuli ganwyoba sasacilod77

ira kuWuxiZeSeusabamoa realur sinamdvilesTan: mSvidobian,Tanamedrove soflis gzaze mxedari saasparezod uxmobsararsebul mters. Cveni gmiri kvlav moimarjvebs Tofs.lulas xan mxedars da xan isev sakuTar Tavs umiznebs.uecrad tyvia, marTlac, gavardeba da axirebul kacsimsxverplebs.TviT andrezis tipis es siuJeti, romelic g. CoxelmafilmisTvis SeTxza, mSvenieri da amaRelvebelia. kargadikiTxeba avtoris wuxilic _ is, rom filmis gmirisarsebaSi dagubebulma energiam gza ver monaxa, sworigza, sagmiro gza! isic unda iTqvas, rom g. CoxelistipaJi zusti da sainteresoa. araviTar eWvs ar iwvevsan civi stilizaciis SegrZnebas ar badebs personaJTaqceva, mimika, salaparako kuTxuri ena, Cacmuloba... kargad,gaazrebuladaa SerCeuli da gadaRebuli natura (op. n.suxiSvili), romelic marto samoqmedo foni ki ar aris,aramed siuJetis organuli nawilia. gansakuTrebulmniSvnelobas iZens filmisaTvis avtoris intonacia _arc Cveulebrivad yofiTi, arc paTetikuri da arcZaldatanebiT iumoristuli. gulwrfeloba (sadRacgulubryvilobac ki) da rbili, TiTqos, dafaruli iumorierTad Zalze individualur intonacias badeben. vfiqrob,yovelive es sakmarisi iyo imisaTvis, rom axalgazrda,SeiZleba iTqvas, debiutanti xelovnis niWierebazeemetyvela.mwerloba, Teatri, kinoxelovneba araerTxelgamosarClebia cxovrebis fskerze daleqil adamianebs.es maradi Temaa. swored aseTi adamianebi arian gmirebifilmisa `mogzauroba sopotSi~ (sc. avt.: i. kvirikaZe, n.jorjaZe, reJ. n. jorjaZe). vis ar unaxavs am filmispersonaJTa msgavsi mawanwalebi, romlebic matarebelSipikantur fotoebsa da sxva kustarul produqcias yidian.erTi SexedviT, aseTi adamianebi realur cxovrebaSiaraviTar simpaTiasa da gansakuTrebul interess ariwveven. maTi saxeebi wamiT gaielveben xolme matarebliskupis karSi da, rogorc wesi, CvenSi araviTar kvals artoveben. magram Tu davukvirdebiT, isini xom uTuod ama78qarT uli kinos Ziri Tadi te ndencie bi gasuli sauk unis70- 80-i ani w l eb is mijnazeTu im mizezTa gamo aRmoCndnen aseT socialurmdgomareobaSi. maSasadame, saqme gvaqvs adamianis bedTan,rac xelovnebis erT-erTi umTavresi Temaa da amitomacgasakviri ar iyo, piriqiT, iyo misasalmebeli debiutantireJisoris _ nana jorjaZis, daintereseba am ti pismovleniT, adamianebiT, romlebic ara satiruli gakicxvisobieqtad airCia, aramed humanisturi TanagrZnobiT maTSisikeTisa da adamianurobis sawyisebs eZiebda.xelovnebaSi xdeba xolme, rom debiutanti Sedevrsqmnis. aseTi magaliTisaTvis Sors wasvla ar arissaWiro: udavod patara Sedevria mixeil kobaxiZispirveli filmi `qorwili~. Teimuraz babluanis“beRurebis gadafrena~ Sedevri ar aris, magram uTuodsayuradRebo da RirsSesaniSnavi mxatvruli nawarmoebia.babluani imJamad aSkarad gamoirCeoda axali TaobisdanarCeni avtorebisgan. man moaxerxa is, rac im Taobisdebiutantebis umravlesobam bolomde ver SeZlo:filmis Tema mas, rogorc pirovnebas, namdvilad aRelvebs,aRizianebs, Tu gnebavT, aSmagebs kidec da axerxebs, romes emociebi mayurebelsac gadasdos.reJisori aSkarad erT-erTi personaJis mxareze dgas(msax. g. burduli), swored am personaJis gaRizianebaafilmis avtoris gaRizianeba. g. burdulis personaJski matarebelS i Sem Txv ev iT nan ax i m gzavr isaragulwrfeloba, yalbi idealebi da, rac mTavaria,snobizmi aRelvebs da TandaTan aSmagebs. vfiqrob, esmotivi, gulwrfelad da daufaravad gacxadebuli, filmsavtoris individualobis amsaxvel nawarmoebad xdis,xolo is nawarmoebi, romelSic cocxali adamianis,realuri pirovnebis, am SemTxvevaSi _ avtoris gulwrfel,Seulamazebel, SeuTxzav vnebaTa da survilTaganzogadeba moxerxdeba, udavod sayuradRebo dasaintereso mxatvrul movlenad unda CaiTvalos. albaT,amiTac aixsneba is, rom “beRurebis gadafrenam~ sadebiutofilmebidan erTaderTma SeZlo mayurebelSi xalasida Zlieri emociebis aRZvra. man socialuriukuRmarTobis mtkivneuli SegrZneba dabada, da,79

ira kuWuxiZemiuxedavad amisa, axalgazrda reJisorma udidesigulwrfelobiT dasva problema imis Sesaxeb, romadamiani nebismier situaciaSi unda darCes TavisTavadadda sayrdeni kvlav sakuTar TavSi, Tavis saukeTesosulier moZraobebSi monaxos. T. babluani ulmobladikvlevs gmirTa xasiaTebs, Camohglejs maT niRbebs,romlebic, erTi mxriv, xels uSlian adamianebsadamianurobis SenarCunebaSi, meore mxriv ki, qmnianbariers maTi urTierTdaaxloebisa da urTierTgagebisgzaze. reJisori nerviuli daZabulobiT aiZulebs Tavisgmirebs simartovis, Sinagani Caketilobis gadalaxvasda adamianTa sulebis daaxloebis sakuTar gzas eZebs.ekranze Seiqmna ori Zalze saintereso mxatvrulisaxe, romelSic qarTuli kinosaTvis xasiaTis axaliniSnebi gamoikveTa. guja da trifona, faqtobrivad, erTibedis, erTnairi socialuri mdgomareobis, magramukiduresad gansxvavebuli individualuri Tvisebebisada miswrafebisa Tu idealebis adamianebi arian. erTi _jmuxi, mouxeSavi, cxovrebis keTilmouwyoblobiTdaRdasmuli, magram, rogorc ityvian, `naRdi~, yovelgvarkeklucobas moklebuli, SeuniRbavi, sulierad uTvistomoguja (msax. g. burduli); meore _ trifona (msax. T.biWiaSvili), eleganturad Cacmuli, daxvewili manerebiT,inteligentis, bedis nebieras niRabs amofarebuliubralo mRebavi. lakoniuri, magram zusti da msuyeStrixebiT axasiaTebs reJisori Tavis gmirebs: garegnoba,Jestikulacia, mimika, metyveleba, intonacia da reaqciebi_ yovelive es xasiaTis, individualobis gamovlenisada gamokveTisTvisaa mowodebuli. amasTan, T. babluanidid yuradRebas uTmobs garemos Seqmnas, gmirebissaarsebo fons, romelsac ti paJuri princi piT daindividualizirebuli replikebiT akonkretebs.T. babluanis reJisura Tavisi individualobiTmkveTrad gamoirCeoda axali Taobis kinematografistTaSemoqmedebiT fonze. energiuli stiliT, gaSiSvlebulivnebebiT, garemos daxatvisas naxevartonebis uaryofiTda analizis simkacriT mas axali dineba, axali intonacia,80qarT uli kinos Ziri Tadi te ndencie bi gasuli sauk unis70- 80-i ani w l eb is mijnazeaxali personaJebi da axali konfliqturi sqemaSemohqonda 80-iani wlebis qarTul kinoSi.Teimuraz babluanis momdevno filmi `Zma~ (1981)upirvelesad sainteresoa Janruli TvalsazrisiT. mansisxliani kinodramis _ Trileris niSnebi SemoitanaqarTul kinoSi. saerTod am wlebSi Tavi iCinadeteqtiuri fabulis CarCoebSi ganviTarebulma siuJetma,saTavgadasavlo filmebisaTvis damaxasiaTebeliniSnebisadmi midrekilebam.qarTuli kinos Janruli gafarToebis tendenciiskidev erTi gamomxatvelia, magaliTad, reJisor qeTevandoliZis (siko doliZesTan erTad) filmi `kukaraCa~(1982). cnobili qarTveli mwerlis nodar dumbaZismoTxrobis ekranizacia ufro literaturis sferoSiarsebuli da, kerZod, n. dumbaZis mier damkvidrebulitendenciebis amsaxveli nawarmoebia. rac Seexeba mismniSvnelobas kinematografiul procesSi, `kukaraCa~SeiZleba CaiTvalos qarTuli kinos Janruli gavrcobis,gamdidrebis tendenciis erT magaliTad: es arissentimentaluri dramis farglebSi dadgmuli deteqtivi.70-80-iani wlebis mijna qarTuli kinosaTvis axaligzebis Ziebis, cdis Jami iyo. rezo CxeiZem scadaTanamedrove eposis Seqmna _ heroikuli eposisa. lanaRoRoberiZem erovnuli, poeturi eposis gadaRebamoindoma. b. xotivarma da masTan erTad araerTmamomdevno Taobis reJisorma scada istoriis `Teatris~gaTamaSeba ilustrirebisa da qrestomatiuli dogmebisgareSe. qarTuli kino gafarTovda, siganeSi gaizarda,anu, gamdidrda JanrebiT. kinematografistebma xelimohkides iseT Janrebs, romlebic wina periodisTvis ariyo damaxasiaTebeli: fexs ikidebda deteqtiuri siuJetiselementebi, sentimentaluri drama, `retro~...aleqsandre rexviaSvilis Semoqmedebam qarTuli kinogaamdidra kinoazrovnebis sruliad axali formiT,axleburi esTetikiT. kargi Sedegi gamoiRo axali tipispersonaJTa Seqmnis mcdelobam. `TuSi mecxvare~,àraseriozuli kaci~, `beRurebis gadafrena~ _ es81

ira kuWuxiZefilmebi amgvar cdaTa Semajamebel nimuSebad undaCaiTvalos.am periodSi, Tavis mxriv, myar poziciebs inarCunebeniseTi reJisorebi, rogorebic arian: Tengiz abulaZe,eldar da giorgi Sengelaiebi, oTar ioseliani, romelic80-iani wlebis dasawyisidan safrangeTSi moRvaweobs,magram, miuxedavad amisa, aq, CvenSi, didi kvali datova:misi kinoazrovneba da esTetika aSkara gavlenas axdendaaxali Taobis kinematografistebze. Tanamedroveobisadmiinteresi, problemis simZafre, mxatvruli enisekonomiuroba da sisadave _ yovelive es dRes ukvesxva avtorebisTvisacaa damaxasiaTebeli. sxva saqmea,Tu ra mxatvrul Rirebulebas qmnian isini am arsenalisgamoyenebiT... ori aTwleulis gasayarze araerTmaostatma da axalgazrda reJisormac mimarTa axal Temebs,axal masalas, ufro mwvave socialur da eTikurproblemebs. aSkarad gamoikveTa sadadgmo palitrismeti mravalferovneba. miuxedavad SemoqmedebiTmidrekilebaTa mravalgvarobisa, Tamamad SeiZleba iTqvas,r om 80 - ia n i w le b is das aw y is S i q ar T ul ikinoazrovnebisaTvis jer kidev mwvave problemadr Ce b od a T a n am e dr o ve do n is r ealis t ur ifsiqologizmisa da xasiaTTa tipizaciis sakiTxebi.da mainc, es ukve sxva etapi iyo, iseTi, romelmac mogvcazogierTi axali tendenciis srulyofili nimuSebi. sxvadanarCen cdaTa Sedegebi jer ver amarTlebdnen imtendenciebs, romelTa meoxebiTac iSvnen.qarTuli kinos is etapi, romelic upiratesad igavmada ucnauri, axirebuli kacis Wvretam Seqmna, 80-ianiwlebisaTvis TiTqos dasrulebuli iyo, rac, cxadia,i mas a r ni S na v da, r o m a m t e nd e nc i i saTvi sdamaxasiaTebeli ganzogadebis formebi da Janrebi ukvemomdevno etapze ar warmoSobdnen axal modifikaciebs.es savsebiT mosalodneli da amave dros sasurveliciyo da kvlavac aris... im dros TviT es esTetika ki ariqna amowuruli, formam ki ar ganicada krizisi, aramediman, rom is araerTgzis iqna profanirebuli mimbaZvelTa82qarT uli kinos Ziri Tadi te ndencie bi gasuli sauk unis70- 80-i ani w l eb is mijnazemier, romelTaTvis, faqtobrivad, ucxo iyo ra sxvaTamier monaxuli da Seqmnili samyaro, inerciiT maincTavis miznebs aprobirebul esTetikas usadagebdnen.mTlianobaSi ki qarTuli kino wina periodSi(mxedvelobaSi maqvs 60-70-iani wlebi) TavisTavadmovlenad, fenomenad aqcia ara teqnologiurma Tusadadgmo donem, ara wminda stilurma aRmoCenebma, aramedkoncefciurma Taviseburebam.qarTuli kino farTo asparezze gavida da aRiarebapova maSin, roca moaxerxa qarTveli adamianis gaazrebaimgvarad, rom ekranuli qarTuli xasiaTi aRmoCndarogorc qarTveli, ise araqarTveli mayureblisy ur a dRe bi s c e nt r Si Ta v is i o r ig i na l ur imsoflmxedvelobis wyalobiT. axirebuli adamianebi,meocnebeni _ ai, is gmirebi, romlebmac rezonansi SeuqmnesqarTul kinoxelovnebas.qarTulma kinom igavuri forma udavod aqcia iseTkinematografiul Janrad, romelmac qarTveli adamianis,marTalia, araamomwuravi, magram metad koloritulisaxe dagvixata. cxadia, aq ar igulisxmeba anekdotzeagebuli is filmebi, romlebsac igavuri kinos pretenziahqondaT.Znelia imis Tqma, rom gansaxilvel etapze qarTulmakinom naTlad gamoavlina axali Camoyalibebulitendenciebi. miuxedavad amisa, rogorc zemoT aRvniSne,mainc SeimCneoda iseTi niSan-Tvisebani, romelnicm et y ve l ebdne n g a nv i Ta r e bi s a m e t ap i saTvi sdamaxasiaTebel Taviseburebebze, Ziebisa da ganaxlebisprocesze.kinos istoriaSi aris gardamavali periodebi. Tukinematografis ganviTarebis garkveul etapzeS es a Zl e be l i x de b a e kr a nu l i g am o xat vi sgansakuTrebuli formebis moZebna, iqmneba TviTmyofadierovnuli xasiaTebis galerea; Tu kinematografmamoaxerxa esaubra mayurebelTan mniSvnelovan socialurzneobrivproblemebze da amasTan gamoavlinamidrekileba garkveuli formebis, Janrebisa da stiluri83

ira kuWuxiZestruqturebisadmi, romelTa CarCoSi Seiqmna mxatvruladRirebul, srulyofil nawarmoebTa araerTi nimuSi, maSinmomdevno etapze, rogorc wesi, ZalaSi Semodis an inercia,an ganviTarebis axali gzebis Zieba _ Zieba axali masalis,Temebis, gmirebis, axali konfliqturi sqemebis,gamomsaxveli formebis da xerxebisa. araferia gasakviriimaSi, rom am rTuli procesis Tanmxlebi xdeba didinakadi meoradi, zedapiruli, zogjer profesiulad mdarenawarmoebebisa. amaze yuradReba imitom SevaCere, romCven jer kidev vuSvebT Secdomas, rodesac filmebze,sadac Cveni cxovrebis saWirboroto Tema verxorcieldeba saTanado mxatvrul doneze, vmsjelobTmartooden aqtualobis an Temis siaxlis kriteriumebiT.aseT dros uTuod gvaviwydeba is WeSmariteba, romxelovnebis mxatvruli xarisxi ganuyofelia nawarmoebisideurobis, Sinaarsianobis, Semoqmedis moqalaqeobrivipoziciisagan. xSiria SemTxvevebi, rodesac TviT avtorebidabal profesiul xelweras Tu mxatvrul RirebulebasamarTleben Temis aqtualobiT, masalis siaxliT. amgvari,me vityodi, gulubryvilo, xelovnebisTvis paradoqsuliwarmodgenebi, TiTqos, nawarmoebis problematikisaqtualoba da maRalmxatvruloba, Tematikis siaxleda gansaxierebis srulyofileba ukuproporciulisidideebia, yovlad miuRebeli pozicia iyo da mudamaseTad darCeba _ iseve, rogorc viwro utilitarulixelovnebis idea swrafad ufasurdeba da istoriaSiukvalod qreba. SeiZleba metic iTqvas: `[...] marTlebiarian is mxatvrebi, romlebic amtkiceben, rom ar arsebobsmoraluri da amoraluri literatura. cudiliteratura, e. i., cudad gakeTebuli teqsti, yovelTvisamoraluria~. 1 cxadia, igive iTqmis sxva xelovnebebzec.sabednierod, qarTul kinoSi 70-80-iani wlebis mijnazemainc aSkara iyo is tendencia, romelic gvauwyebdaintensiuri Ziebis cdebs, rogorc koncefciuri, iseJanrul-stiluri gadawyvetis sferoSi. xSiradkinematografis simwifis niSnebi ufro adviladmJRavndeba Tanamedrove xelovanTa formiseul, stilur84qarT uli kinos Ziri Tadi te ndencie bi gasuli sauk unis70- 80-i ani w l eb is mijnazeZiebebSi, im TaviseburebebSi, romlebic kinoTxrobis,Janruli gadawyvetis da kinoenis ares ganekuTvnebian.swored am mxriv SeiniSneboda gansaxilvel periodSimravalferovnebisa da gansxvavebul mxatvrulmidrekilebaTa niSnebi. `TuSi mecxvaris~ mxatvrulidokumentalizmis, `cisferi mTebis~ yofiTi farsulobis,` ax a lg a zr d a k om p oz i to r is mo g zau ro b is ~retrospeqtuli stilizaciis, g. Coxelis prozaulniadagze `gadanergili~ metaforulobis, `mocuravis~retro stilis, T. babluanis mkacri poeturobis,dinamikuri da energiuli reJisuris gverdiT, ZalzemniSvnelovnad warmogvidgeba agreTve is mxatvruliZiebebi, romlebic ukavSirdeba adamianis yofierebisZireul moralur da sulier problemaTa lirikulfilosofiuraTvisebas. am TvalsazrisiT calkegasaanalizebelia aleqsandre rexviaSvilis `gzaSinisaken~ da Tengiz abulaZis `monanieba~.1. Мамардашвили . М. Как я панимаю философию, Москва, с. 37385

86Ddinara maRlakeliZekinematografi, qalTa emansi pacia da kinosfeministuri Teoriakinematografis, rogorc masobrivi mediumisarsebobis dasawyisi, qronologiurad emTxveva qalTaemansipatoruli moZraobis dasawyiss. XIX_XX saukuneTamijnaze aRmocenebuli qalTa emansipatoruli moZraobamiznad patriarqaluri kulturisagan gamijvnas isaxavda,Tavis mxriv, am periodSi kinamatografic emijnebodatradiciul, oficialur kulturas da, rogorc masobrivimediumi, aqtiurad uwyobda xels axali, modernulikulturis Camoyalibebas.kinematografis msgavsad XIX saukunis bolos, kerZodki 1894 wels, dafuZnebul iqna qalTa gaerTianebissaxelwodebiT cnobili mniSvnelovani politikurimoZraoba. amave wlebSi Jurnal Vollserzier-Si (germania)gamoqveynda helene Stokleris statia saxelwodebiT:qalTa mosazrebani, romelSic avtori qalTauflebamosilebisa da maT mier sakuTari Ppirovnulobisada sqesis axlebur gaazrebaze msjelobs. 1kinematografi, rogorc reproduqciuli mediumi,Tavisi arsebobis dasawyisSive moiazreboda iseTmediumad, romelic, gansxvavebuli socialuriwarmoSobisa da klasobrivi kuTvnilebis miuxedavad,nebismier qals aZlevda sakuTar pirovnulobasa dasqesze Tvirefleqsiis saSualebas.amasTan erTad isic unda aRiniSnos, rom qalTamoZraobis mesveurebi da maT Soris, am moZraobisSedarebiT radikaluri seqsualur-politikuri frTacki, XX saukunis 10-ian wlebSi kinematografSi gatarebulradikalur reformebs jer kidev epizoduradewinaamRdegeboda (igulisxmeba XX saukunis 10-ianwlebSi evropis sxvadasxva qveyanaSi aRmocenebulisaxelmwifoebrivi da sazogadoebrivi cenzurakinematografis winaamRdeg, mag., 1907 berlinSidaarsebuli kinoreformistTa gaerTianebis wevrebi,aqtiurad cdilobdnen kinos garmyvneli zegavlenisagansazogadoebis dacvas). SeiZleba iTqvas, rom am periodisqalTa moZraobis mesveurebic iseve iyvnen SeSfoTebulnisazogadoebaze kinematografis gamryvneli zegavleniT,rogorc tradiciuli kulturisa da patriarqalursazogadoebriv wes-CveulebaTa nebismieri sxvamxardamWerni.msoflio kinematografis ganviTarebis istoriisgadaxedvisas cxadi xdeba, rom kinos istoriaSi arsebobsgarkveuli epoqebi, rodesac misi, rogorc masobrivimediumis, qalTa emansipaciuri moZraobisaTvis aqtiurigamoyeneba xdeboda. Aase iyo, magaliTad, XX saukunis 10-ian wlebSi, rocakinematografiul Temebad iqca dedebze da maTuflebebze mzrunvelobis problema, amave saukunis 20-ian wlebSi kinematografi aqtiurad exmianeboda abortisSesaxeb gamarTul cxare debatebs. meore msoflio omisada Semdgom televiziis aRmocenebisa da masobrivigavrcelebis epoqaSi kinematografze feministurimoZraobis gavlena SedarebiT mcirdeba, mxolod XXsaukunis 60-iani wlebis bolos momxdari cnobilimovlenebi (masobrivi studenturi protestebi, qalTauflebebisaTvis ganaxlebuli aqtiuri brZola, e. w.seqsualuri revolucia) kvlav iZleva kinematografSiqalTa problemebisa da sazogadoebaSi maTi roliskritikuli gaazrebis SesaZleblobas.qalTa emansipatorul moZraobas kinematografi 70-iani wlebis dasawyisSi gansakuTrebiT aqtiuradupirveles yovlisa feminist reJisor qalTa filmebiTukavSirdeba. swored am periodSi yalibdeba feministurikinos Teoria, 1972 wels los-anJelesSi, xolo 1974wels dasavleT berlinSi iwyeben Jurnalebis: `Womenand Film” da `Frauen und Film” gamocemas, mZafrdebadiskusiebi qalisa da kinematografis urTierTobisSesaxeb.Ffeministur peroidul gamocemebSi mimdinareobskvleva qalisa da kinematografis urTierTobis87

dinara maRl ake li Zetradiciul da alternatiul formaTa Sesaxeb.publikaciebis Tema xdeba qal reJisorTa Semoqmedebisd ap i ri s pireba tr a di c iu l e . w . mam ak a cu rkinematografTan, mimdinareobs diskusiebi feministurikinos SesaZleblobebze, iwyeba aqtiuri Teoriuligaazreba da msjeloba imis Sesaxeb, Tu rogori undaiyos feministuri kino da misi Teoria. Ffeministur kinematografs da mis Teoriul gaazrebasmWidrod ukavSirdeba iseT reJisor qalTa Semoqmedeba,rogorebic arian: qristine nol brinkmani, helka sandersi,laura malvei da sxvebi.laura malveis 1975 wels gamoqveynebuli Teoriulistatia `Visual Pleasure and Narrative Cinema” wlebisganmavlobaSi feministuri kinos diskursisaTvisganmsazRvrel da tonis mimcem Teoriul naazrevadaRiqmeboda. malveis mier SemuSavebuli feministurikinos Teoria froidisa da lakanis fsiqoanalitikurTeoriebs efuZneba, am Teoriis mixedviT klasikuriholivudis kinos struqturaSi tradiciulad aranairiadgili ar rCeba qalurobisa da qalebis problemaTaw ar m o saC en a d. a vt o ri s a z r iT tr a di c i ul iholivudisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli qalurobis xatimxolod mamakacuri aracnobieris gamoxatulebaa,amitomac malvei moiTxovs tradiciuli holivudurikinosagan absolutur Semobrunebas, misgan dafuZnebulvizualur da dramatul konvenciebze uaris Tqmas. misiazriT, feministuri kino avangarduli unda iyos dasruliad axal, tradiciulisagan gansxvavebul kinoenasefuZnebodes.XX saukunis 80-ian wlebis dasawyisSi feministurikinos amerikeli warmomadgenlebi tereza de lauretisi,kaia silvermani da sxvebi kinos fsiqoanalitikurTeorias ukve sauniversiteto konteqstSi aviTareben.80-iani wlebis meore naxevridan ki feministuri kinosTeoretikosebi gansakuTrebul aqcents kinos istoriiskvlevasa da mis xelaxal gaazrebaze akeTeben.feministuri kinos Teoriis anglo-amerikuli88kinematografi, qalTa emansipacia da kinos feministuri TeoriaganStoebisagan gansxvavebiT, romelic siRrmisfsiqologiis, froidisa da lakanis fsiqoanalitikuriTeoriis gavleniT viTardeboda, dasavleTgermanulifeministuri kinos Teoriis warmomadgenlebi gertrudkoxi da haide Sliupmani valter beniaminisa da zigfridkrakaueris kinos kritikul Teorias aviTareben dagansakuTrebul yuradRebas qali mayureblis poziciiskvlevis mniSvnelobas uTmoben.XX saukunis dasasrulis evropuli feministurikinos TeoriaSi aseve Zalze didi mniSvneloba eniWebafridrix nicSes esTetikuri filosofiuri tradiciisganviTarebas.XX saukunis 90-iani wlebidan Tanamedrovefeministuri kinos Teoria yvelaze did yuradRebase Tn i ku r o bi s , p os t k ol o ni a li z m is a d amultikulturalizmis problemebze amaxvilebs da ammimarTulebiT aviTarebs kinematografis kvlevas.rogorc aRvniSneT, kinos istoriis kvlevafeministuri perspeqtividan gansakuTrebiT aqtualuriXX saukunis 80-iani wlebidan xdeba. kinos istoriisfeminist mkvlevarTa namuSevrebi cxadyofen, romemansi patoruli moZraobis pretenzia, romelicTanemedrove kinematografSi, TiTqos, garedan Semotanil,mxolod kinos feminist mkvlevarTa mier gamogonilproblemad aRiqmeba, tradiciulad axasiaTebda kinematografsmisi arsebobis jer kidev adreul etapzec ki.kinos istoriaSi SedarebiT naklebadaa cnobili imisSesaxeb, Tu rogori iyo qali mayureblis damokidebulebakinematografTan, misi Casaxvis periodSi, e. w. bazrobebisada balaganis kinos epoqaSi. Tumca istoriuligamokvlevani imasac cxadyofen, rom ukve adreulavangardul kinematografSi sruliad aSkarad iyomanifestirebuli axali mediumisadmi qali mayureblismzardi interesi.XX saukunis 10-iani wlebidan sul ufro da ufrometad ganviTarebadi naratiuli kino kinodarbazebisadmimoTxovnilebas qmnida, rac, Tavis mxriv, kinos, rogorc89

dinara maRl ake li Zemasobrivi mediumis, Camoyalibebas uwyobda xels.gadauWarbeblad SeiZleba iTqvas, rom am procesSimayurebli qalebi gadamwyvet rolsac ki TamaSobdnen.axali mediumis socialuri kvleva evropaSi naratiulikinos ganviTarebasTan erTad XX saukunis 10-ianiwlebidan iwyeba. imdroindeli socialuri gamokvlevanicxadyofen, rom kinematografi yvela asakisa dasocialuri fenis warmomadgeneli mayurebli qalisinteresis sagans Seadgenda. am dros mamakacimayureblebi umetes SemTxvevebSi mxolod meuRlis anmegobari qalis gamcileblebi da Tanmxlebni iyvnenkinodarbazebSi.mayurebeli qalebi gansakuTrebul interess,upirveles yovlisa e. w. kinodramebisadmi, anu naratiulifilmebisadmi, amJRavnebdnen. am periodis evropul kinoSiaseve didi adgili eTmoboda msaxiob qal varskvlavTafenomens. ase magaliTad, evropuli adreuli kinosvarskvlavis, asta nilsenis, honorari gayiduli filmismogebis mesameds Seadgenda. ufro metic, filmiswarmoebis yvela etapi: scenari, gadaReba, montaJi daa.S. mniSvnelovan wilad iyo damokidebuli misrekomendaciebsa da Tanxmobaze.istoriuli gamokvlevani aCveneben, rom adreuli xanisara marto amerikuli, aramed evropuli naratiuli kinocfilmebis dramaturgias ara mxolod mayurebelTainteresebisa da moTxovnilebebis gaTvaliswinebiTqmnida, aramed, pirvel rigSi, axali mediumis saSualebiTsazogadoebisaTvis manamde maTTvis dafarulisgacxadebas cdilobda.amerikuli munji kinos mkvlevrisMmiriam hansenisazriT, adreuli amerikuli kino alternatiulsazogadoebaze iyo mimarTuli. igi eTnikurad dasocialurad gansxvavebul emigrantul dajgufebebsexmareboda, gansxvaveba daenaxaT Zvel evropasa da maTaxal samSoblos _ amerikis SeerTebul Statebs, Soris.kinematografi am adamianebis industriuladmaRalganviTarebuli qveynis, amerikis SeerTebuli90kinematografi, qalTa emansipacia da kinos feministuri TeoriaStatebis, moqalaqeebad Camoyalibebas uwyobda xels.mayurebel qalTa aqtiuri interesi kinematografisadmiintensiurad asustebda tradiciul sazRvars sazogadoebrivda pirad sferoebs Soris. kinematografisaTvisdamaxasiaTebeli specifikuroba intimuri, Cabnelebulisivrce, bneli darbazi, anu, sxva saxis Teatri, sxva saxissaxli swored piradulisa da sazogadoebrivis, intimurisada koleqtiuris nazavs warmoadgens.swored aseTi specifikuri struqturis gamokinematografi mayurebelSi gansxvavebul moTxovnilebebsaRviZebs, aviTarebs da akmayofilebs.adreuli naratiuli kinosadmi did interesskinodarbazebis gaCenam gansakuTrebiT Seuwyo xeli,kinodarbazi is adgili gaxda, sadac Tavis Sefareba,sakuTari binis fizikuri Tu fsiqologiurisiviwrovisagan Tavis daRweva xdeboda SesaZlebeli.Cabnelebuli darbazi, gansxvavebul sqesTa erT sivrceSiyofna, sxva gansxvavebuli sqesis adamianebis sxeulebTans ia x lo v is Se s aZ l ebloba, k in e mat og r af smayureblisaTvis gansakuTrebul mimzidvelobas sZenda.mayurebel qalTaTvis kinoSi siaruli ufro metsniSnavda, vidre sakuTari, piradi problemebis daviwyeba.kinematografma qalebs SesaZlebloba misca, TavidaeRwiaT im SezRudvebisagan, romlebSic isinitradiciulad saukuneebis ganmavlobaSi cxovrobdnen.XX saukunis gariJraJze qalebi jer kidev ver bedavdnengamcilebeli mamakacis gareSe quCaSi saRamoobiTgasvlas, radgan quCaSi marto yofna SeiZleboda maTTvisprostituciaSi eWvis mitanis sababi gamxdariyo.kinematografma qalebs saSualeba misca, masobrivadgamosuliyvnen saRamos quCebSi.kinos revoluciuroba ara marto imaSi gamoixateboda,rom igi qalebs masobrivi TavSeyris adgilebSigamo Ce ni s s aS uale ba s a Zl ev da, k in od ar ba zigansxvavebuli sqesis adamianebTan siaxlovissazogadoebriv adgils warmoadgenda maTTvis, anu, iseTadgils, romelic qalebs patriarqaluri cxovrebis91

dinara maRl ake li Zewesisa da qorwinebis Zaladobrivi urTierTobebisaganTavis daRwevaSi exmareboda. albaT, amitomac Tvlidnenpastorebi, mRvdlebi, iuristebi Tu eqimebi, rom qalebismasobrivi siaruli kinoSi burJuaziul, tradiciulmorals, sazogadoebriv kanonierebasa da mosaxleobisjanmrTelobas uqmnida safrTxes.naratiuli kinos Camoyalibeba mayurebel qalTainteress kinematografisadmi sul ufro da ufro metadacxovelebda, igi maT sazogadoebrivi cxovrebisadmiaqtiuri poziciis CamoyalibebaSi exmareboda.intimuri, Cabnelebuli kinodarbazebi mdedrobiTisqesis mayureblebs msaxur gogonaTa cxovrebaze, dedebze,meuRleebze, msubuqi yofaqcevis qalebze sTavazobdnenfilmebs. mouTxrobdnen patriarqaluri ojaxis miRmaa rs e bu l s e qs u al u ro b az e . g ad m os c em d ne nSeyvarebulebisa Tu bordelSi momuSaveTa qalTaistoriebs, yvebodnen qalebze, romlebic winaamRdegobasuwevdnen ojaxur Zaladobas, xocavdnen sadist qmrebsan sayvarel mamakacebs iCendnen da maTTan erTadgaqceviT aRwevdnen Tavs qmrebis Zaladobasa da ojaxurtiranias. erTi sityviT, es filmebi mayureblebs iseTistoriebs uyvebodnen, romlebic tradiciuli,patriarqaluri sazogadoebis kanonebs Zirs uTxridnenda safuZvlianad aryevdnen.adreuli naratiuli filmebi TavianTi formiTTeatrisa da varietes erTgvar nazavs warmoadgendnen,erTmeneTisagan aqtebiT gamoyofili scenebiTa dasubtitrebiT. XX saukunis 20-iani wlebis dasawyisSikinematografi sakuTar vizualur esTetikas amkvidrebsda uars ambobs Teatrisa da varietesagan gadmoRebulstruqturaze. igi uaryofs e. w. Cinema of Atraction stilsda sakuTar, piradulisa da intimuris urTierTobissafuZvelze agebul wminda kinematografiul, vizualuresTetikas qmnis.kinos istoriis amerikeli mkvlevaris elizabetevanis gamokvlevani cxadad aCveneben, ra rols TamaSobdaamerikuli adreuli kinematografi emigranti92kinematografi, qalTa emansipacia da kinos feministuri Teoriaaxalgazrda qalebis pirad cxovrebaSi. kino maTpatriarqaluri ojaxis marwuxebisagan Tavis daRwevasada pirovnuli da socialuri damoukideblobismopovebaSi exmareboda.kinematografma qalebs saSualeba misca, TviTonveganesazRvraT sakuTari seqsualuri cxovreba, axalimediumi mZafrad warmoaCenda im kriziss, romelSicindustriuli sazogadoebis AaRmocenebis SemdegaRmoCndnen patriarqaluri ojaxuri urTierTobani.industrializacia sul ufro da ufro metad saWiroebdaqals, rogorc samuSao Zalas. igi qals saojaxo samuSaossazogadoebrivi samsaxuriT ucvlida, qali ojaxurikarCaketilobidan gamohyavda. kinematografi exmarebodaqalebs, gansakuTrebiT axalgazrdebs, cxovrebisdamoukidebeli, sakuTari dedebis cxovrebisagangansxvavebuli gza aerCiaT.XX saukunis 10-ian wlebSi sazogadoebaSi arsebiTicvlilebani xdeba, iwyeba qorwinebasa da ojaxuru rTierTobe b Si g ab a to n ebu l p a tr i ar q a lu rurTierTobaTa rRveva, patriarqaluri ojaxis modeliTandaTan imsxvreva da fexs ikidebs modernuliindustriuli sazogadoebisaTvis damaxasiaTebelitradiciuli urTierobebisagan gansxvavebul sqesTaurTierTobis modeli.industriuli sazogaoebisaTvis damaxasiaTebelipatriarqalur urTierTobaTa rRveva am periodSisaerTo iyo evropisa da amerikisaTvis, TumcaRagansxvavebani mainc arsebobs, es sxvaobani gansakuTrebiTnaTlad am drois evropuli da amerikuli filmebisSedarebisas ikveTeba.amerikisagan gansxvavebiT, evropaSi tradiciuli,patriarqaluri ojaxis rRveva da misi gadaqcevamomxmareblur sazogadoebad SedarebiT mogvianebiTxdeba. amis mizezi evropuli qveynebis istoriiTa datradiciebiT aixsneba, rameTu evropa amerikisagangansxvavebiT ufro metad iyo damokidebuli sakuTartradiciebsa da sazogadoebaSi gabatonebul93

dinara maRl ake li Zepatriarqalur wes-CveulebebTan.modernuli sazogadoebis ganviTarebam qalistradiciuli roli mkveTrad Secvala, qalTa realizebatradiciul mamakacur saqmianobad miCneul profesiebSigansakuTrebiT am drois evropaSi iwvevda kulturisTeoretikosTa skefsiss. magaliTisaTvis georg zemeliam cvlilebebs kulturis krizisis, drois tragediisniSnad miiCnevda.kulturis filosafosTa debatebis fonzekinematografi iseT fenomenad aRiqmeboda, romelicmkveTrad upirispirdeboda gabatonebul wes-Cveulebebsda aqtiurad uwyobda xels patriarqaluri sazogadoebissafuZvlebis ryevas. qalebisaTvis kinodarbazi iseTiadgili xdeboda, romelic maT gabatonebulipatriarqaluri wes-Cveulebebisagan Tavis daRwevasada emansi pirebis saSualebas aZlevda. sworedkinematografSi xdeboda sqesTa Soris urTierTobebisemansi pacia. kinoSi siaruli qalebs tradiciulipatriarqaluri urTierTobisagan Tavis daRwevaSi, qalistradiciuli rolisagan gaTavisuflebaSi exmareboda.K kinematografis, rogorc fizikuri da fsiqikurirealobis reproduqciis esTetikuri strategia,gansxvavebuli gemovnebis mayureblis fantaziaTa dasurvilebis dakmayofilebas isaxavs miznad. igi amasTavisi arsebobis jer kidev adreul etapze sxvadasxvaJanris CamoyalibebiT aRwevda.films, rogorc sinamdvilis reproduqcias, realobisabstragirebis, alegorizaciis unari Seswevs. qalurobisreproduqcias igi sasiyvarulo melodramebis, xolomamakacurobisas ki, kriminaluri Tu saTavgadasavloJanrebis saSualebiT aRwevs.mdedrobiTi sqesis mayurebelTaTvis gankuTvniliJanris, melodramis warmoSoba evropaSi daniur kinoSidaiwyo da TandaTanobiT evropis mTel kontinentzeda amerikaSic gavrcelda.Janrul kinoSi, ra Tqma unda, rogorc qaluri, asevemamakacuri yofis formebia asaxuli, magram maT Soris94kinematografi, qalTa emansipacia da kinos feministuri TeoriasazRvrebi transcendentulia.aucileblad unda aRiniSnos erTi mniSvnelovanifaqtoric, kerZod ki, is, rom Janruli kinosadmimayurebelTa sul ufro mzardi interesi cxadadaCvenebda im faqts, rom mayurebelTaTvis gadamwyvetiswored qalurobisa da mamakacurobis formebis asaxvaiyo ekranze.jer kidev XX saukunis aTiani wlebis filmebSiqalTa rolebis Semsrulebeli msaxiobebi sxeulisdinamikis, Jestisa da mimikis, aseve modur kostumTareproducirebis saSualebiT mayurebel qalTaidolebad iqceodnen. kameris moZraoba da gamosaxulebaqalurobis formebis teqnikuri saSualebebiTreproducirebas emsaxureboda. msaxiobi qalebicdilobdnen kamera ise gamoeyenebinaT, rogorc sarke.a m d r oi s s o ci a l ur i d r am e b is a Tv i s Z a lz emniSvnelovani iyo qalis brZolis asaxva mis bunebrivqalur-mgrZnobelur instinqtebsa da socialurmdgomareobas Soris. Tumca kidev ufro didi yuradRebaqalurobis iseT reproducirebas eTmoboda, romelicsruliad ar Seesabameboda mamakacebis mier Seqmnilqalurobis tradiciul xats.magaliTad, imdroindeli evropuli kinos varskvlaviasta nilseni qalebSi TviTrealizaciis, xolomamakacebSi qalisadmi esTetur vnebebs amZafrebda, axaliimijis mqone msaxiobi qali mamakac mayurebelSi asevemuqaris safrTxedac aRiqmeboda.qalis axali imijiT gamowveuli safrTxevizualurad yvelaze metad sensaciur filmebSivlindeboda. Tu socialuri dramebi sawyis etapze jerkidev mamakacTa warmodgenas asaxavdnen qalisa daqalurobis Sesaxeb, droTa ganmavlobaSi TviT aseTifilmebis gmir qalTa qmedeba sul ufro metwinaamRdegobaSi modioda mamakacTa warmodgenebTanqalurobis xatis Sesaxeb. Tu socialuri dramebi qalisdedobrivi auris warmosaxvas da amdenad qalurobisarqetipis gamoxatvas axdendnen, sensaciuri filmebis95

dinara maRl ake li Zeavtorebis mizani mamakacTa aracnobierSi SeRwevasada maTi Zaladobrivi mzeris dangrevis mcdeloba iyo..m el o dr a m ebisag an gansxv a ve b iT se n s ac i ur ifilmebisaTvis qalTa mier mamakacuri aracnobieriswvdoma da aqtualuri, modernuli sinamdviliswarmosaxva xdeboda yvelaze mniSvnelovani.qalTa emansipaciis problemisa da drois realuriatmosferos gadmocema kriminaluri Janris filmebSicxdeboda. kriminaluri filmebis reJisorebi aqtiuradmimarTavdnen gare gadaRebebs, isini TavianTi filmebiTbunebrivi garemos reproduqcirebas axdendnen.kriminalur filmebSi vizualuri esTetikuri garemosSesaqmnelad aqtiurad gamoiyeneboda mimika, imisaTviski, rom siCqarisa da moZraobis atmosfero Seqmniliyo,kamera xSirad matarebelze TviTmfrinavze an gemzemagrdeboda. Tumca am filmebisaTvis mTavari maincucnob, xifaTiT aRsavse samyaroSi qali Tu mamakaciprotagonistebis gadarCena iyo.kriminaluri filmebis gmiri qalebi mxsnelebswarmosaxavdnen, iseT emansipirebul qalebs, romlebicaqtiurad iyenebdnen Tanamedrove teqnikur saSualebebs.teqnologiebiebis modernizaciam qali Tavisitradiciuli rolisagan gaaTavisufla da sazogadoebisdamangraveli ZalebisaTvis winaaRmdegobis gawevis unarimianiWa. am periodis kriminalur filmebSi aqtiurideteqtivi qalis figura, qaluri da mamakacuriTvisebebis erTgvar naerTs warmoadgens. aseTi ti pisprotagonisti qalebi kinos modernul samyaroSitradiciuli qalurobis matarebel mdedrobiTi sqesisprotagonistebs enacvlebodnen da sakuTari sqesismayurebelTa idolebi xdebodnen.aseTi gmiri qalebi aSkaras xdidnen kinosreproduqciul, emansipatorul rols sazogadoebisganviTarebaSi, axali tipis qalurobis damkvidrebaSi.am drois kriminaluri da deteqtiuri filmebisgmirebi warmoadgendnen qalebs, romlebic aqtiuradebrZodnen yovelgvari tipis damnaSaveobas... isini Zalze96kinematografi, qalTa emansipacia da kinos feministuri Teoriamobilurni da aqtiurni iyvnen, xolo maT qmedebaSitradiciuli qaluri da mamakacuri qmedebani erTmaneTsenacvlebodnen.kinematografma imis mcdelobaSi, daefiqsirebinatradiciuli patriarqaluri ojaxis rRvevis procesi,melodramas restavrirebuli Janris sakuTariesTetikuri formebic ganaviTara. am Janris filmebSiojaxuri Cagvris reproducireba da misi negaciaxdeboda.p ir v el m a m s of l io om m a d a m i s m ie rkinematografisadmi wamoyenebulma moTxovnilebebmak in e m at o gr a fi s t Ta aq t iu r i , o pt i mi s t ur idamokidebuleba modernisa da emansi paciis mimarTgarkveuli xniT mniSvnelovnad Seasusta.pirveli msoflio omis Semdgom gadaRebuli filmebiojaxuri urTierTobebis mniSvnelobaze, ojaxisgadamrCen Zalaze amaxvilebdnen mayurebelTay ur a dRe ba s . s w or e d a m p er i od S i g a ni c di sgansakuTrebul ayvavebas melodramatuli Janri.melodrama dramaturgiulad socialuri dramis JanrsenaTesaveba. miuxedavad imisa, rom pirveli msoflioomis Semdgom melodramatul filmebSi qalTasiyvarulis istoriebis patriarqaluri formiTwarmodgena xdeboda, qal protagonistTa moTxovnilebaemansipaciaze maTSi mainc povebda Tavis gamoxatulebas.kinematografi Tavisi ganviTarebis ukve adreuletapzeve warmoadgenda metad mniSvnelovan istoriulkonstalacias, igi dasabamiTve modernisadmi, teqnikurisiaxleebisadmi gansakuTrebuli yuradRebiTa damgrZnobelobiT gamoirCeoda. amasTanave Tavis sawyisfazaSi kinematografi naklebad emorCilebodasazogadoebaSi gabatonebul ideologiebs da nayofierniadags qmnida sazogadoebisa da kulturis sferoSieqsperimentebisaTvis. misi es Tviseba gansakuTrebiTmkveTrad sqesTa urTierTobebis sferosa da amu rTier T obaTa e mansi p ir e bi s x e l Se w yo b aS igamoixateboda.97

dinara maRl ake li Zekinematografi mdedrobiTi sqesis mayurebels aramxolod patriarqaluri sazogadoebis mier ukvelegitimurad qceul garTobaSi TanamonawileobassTavazobda, aramed maTTvis qmnida iseT vizualurxatebs, romlebic qalebs sakuTari cxovrebis, sakuTaripirovnulobisa da TviTrealizaciis SesaZleblobebisgaazrebaSi exmarebodnen. msaxiobi qalebi mdedrobiTisqesis mayureblebs qalur survilebs, qalurproblemebsa da ocnebebs sTavazobdnen ekranissaSualebiT.kinematografi Tavisi arsebobis adreul etapze jerkidev XX saukunis aTian wlebSi iqca im adgilad, sadacoficialuri kulturisagan gamoricxuli, feministurimoZraobisa da kulturis aRmoceneba gaxda SesaZlebeli.sinamdvilis aRqmisa da misi asaxvisadmi interesiqalTa emansipatorul moZraobas mWidrod akavSirebskinematografTan, rogorc iseT mediumTan, romelic,rogorc realobis reproduqcia, mdedrobiTi sqesismayurebels sakuTari problemebis, cxovrebis wesis dasazogadoebaSi sakuTari rolis gaazrebasa da amiTtradiciuli patriarqaluri karCaketilobis normebidanganTavisuflebasa da sakuTari pirovnulobisTviTrealizaciaSi uwyobda xels.1. Heide Klipper Moderne Filmtheorie, Feministische Filmtheorie, p. 177.2. Creed Barbara, The Monstrous-Feminine. Film, Feminism, Psycoanalysis,London, New York, 1993.3. Koch Gertrud, Psychoanalyse des Vorsparachlichen, Das antropologischeKonzept der Psychoanalyse in der kritische Theorie, In: Frauen und Film, Nr.36, S. 5-9, 1984.4. Heike Klippel, Feministische Filmtheorie, In: Moderne Filmtheorie,Mainz, 2002.5. Mulvey Laura: Visual Pleasure and Narrative Cinema, In: Screen, Vol. 16,Nr. 3, S. 6-18, 1975.6. Silverman Kaja, Male Subjektivity at the Margins, London, New York, 1992.98eTer okujavaTeatrisa da kinos mxatvrobis saTaveebTanistoriuli ganviTarebis yovel etapze adamianimudmivad gamoxatavda Tavis mimarTebas sinamdvilisadmi.bevrad adre, vidre Teatraluri xelovnebis pirvelinimuSebi gamoCndeboda, igi uZveles ritualur wes-CveulebebSi, qoreografiisa da musikis sinTeziT qmnidasinamdvilisadmi SemoqmedebiTi damokidebulebis pirvelformebs. etapobrivi ganviTarebis gziT am formebmascenis ficarnagze gadainacvla. Casaxvis amgvariadreuli elementebi kinematografs ar gaaCnia. adamianmaigi teqnikis saukuneSi Seqmna. XX saukunea misi dabadebisTariRi. miuxedavad amisa, saTeatro da kinoxelovnebasbevri ram aqvT saerTo: Teatrica da kinoc koleqtiurixelovnebaa, sadac mxatvruli nawarmoebis SeqmnaSimonawileobs dramaturgi, reJisori, mxatvari, kompozitori,msaxiobi da sxva profesiebis warmomadgenlebi. 1rogorc vTqviT, xelovnebis es dargebi gansxvavebulistoriul epoqebSi Caisaxa, msoflio civilizaciisgansxvavebul simaRleebze _ magram drois faqtoriara mxolod am TvalsazrisiTaa saintereso.gansxvavebul istoriul epoqebSi Casaxuli xelovnebises dargebi gamoxatavdnen drois ideur-esTetikurTaviseburebebsac da gvidastureben, rom drosTankavSirSi iqmneba maTi ideur-esTetikuri Taviseburebebicda gvidastureben, rom drosTan kavSirSi iqmneba maTiideur-Tematuri samyaro. amdenad, isev dro ubiZgebsmxatvruli mimarTulebis warmoqmnas, romelicxelovnebis dargebis istoriuli ganviTarebis gzazemkveTrad gamovlenil esTetikur faseulobadgvevlineba.rogorc cnobilia, profesiuli qarTuli saTeatroxelovneba welTaRricxvas iwyebs 1850 wlidan giorgierisTavis `gayriT~. giorgi erisTavis Teatri sulramdenime sezonis Semdeg daxures mefis moxeleebma.99

eTer okujavaqarTuli GTeatris istoriaSi saTeatro koleqtivipirvel mxatvar-dekoratorad icnobs profesionalTeatralur mxatvars _ aleqsandre beriZes (1858-1917),mis Sesaxeb TeatrmcodneobiT literaturaSi Zunwicnobebi mogvepoveba. erT-erT Tavis naSromSi profesoridimitri janeliZe mxatvris Sesaxeb wers: `ganaxlebuliqarTuli profesiuli Teatris miRwevebTan daaxlovebam,J ur n a l ` Te a tr S i ~ v as o a b a Si Z es T an a xl oTanamSromlobam al. beriZe Teatris mxatvrad aqcia.1886 wels al. beriZem e. w. `kruJokis Teatrs~ fardadauxata. ganaxlebuli qarTuli profesiuli Teatrisaxlad gadakeTebul da saukeTesod keTilmowyobilTeatrSi (SemdgomSi griboedovis sax. Teatri) al.beriZis mier Seqmnili fardiT gaixsna 1887-1888 wlissezoni~. 2 rac Seexeba al. beriZis Teatralurdekoraciulmxatvrobas uSualod speqtaklismxatvruli gaformebis mxriv igi jer kidev SorsaareJisoris Tanaavtorobis, Tanamoazreobis funqciisagan.Teatralur-dekoraciuli mxatvrobis SemdgomiganviTareba, uSualodaa dakavSirebuli qarTulisaTeatro kulturis saerTo aRmavlobasTan. aqTvalsaCinod ikveTeba mxatvrul-esTetikuri principebissrulyofa da masTan erTad misi saxviTi kulturisTandaTanobiTi momwifeba, Teatraluri organizmisharmoniuli sisavsiT ganviTarebas rom uwyobda xels.SemdgomSi winaurdeba samsaxiobo Teatri da mxolodmogvianebiT mZlavrdeba saTeatro esTetikaTa aTvisebisprocesi, rac gamoixata erTiani saTeatro warmodgenis,anu, ansambluri Teatris SeqmnaSi. aq ki, safiqrebelia,rom Tavisi mkveTri funqciiT warmoCindeboda mxatvrismoRvaweobac.am mosazrebas adasturebs sergo amaRlobelic, 3romelic xelovnebis ganviTarebis procesSi samSemoqmedebiT mimarTulebas gamoarCevs: pirveli _ vasoabaSiZis da avqsenti cagarlis Teatrs, romelic qmniserovnul yofiT Teatrs; meore _ lado mesxiSvilisTeatri, romelic ruseTis mcire Teatris principebis100Teatrisa da kinos mxatvrobis saTaveebTangamgrZelebelia da klasikur repertuars nergavs; mesame– kote yifianisa da kote mesxis mkafiod gamovlenilifranguli orientaciis Teatraluri principebi.amgvarad, ukve 20-iani wlebis saTeatro kritikaaRniSnavs mkveTrad gamokveTil SemoqmedebiTtendeciebs, romlebmac safuZveli moumzadesTeatraluri esTetikis Semdgom ganviTarebulformaciebs. magram, vidre maT SevexebodeT, TvaligadavavloT qarTuli kulturuli azrovnebis process.XX saukunis 20-ian wlebi saqarTveloSi iseve,rogorc mTel sabWoTa kavSirSi axali sazogadoebrivpolitikuriurTierTobebis xanaa. am gardaqmnebsudidesi socialur-filosofiuri mniSvneloba hqonda.igi cvlida warmodgenebs samyaroze, cxovrebaze.xelovneba, rogorc azrovnebis mxatvruli forma, amgardaqmnebSi iZenda adamianis cxovrebiseulidaniSnulebis axal mxatvrul-ideur koncefciebs.cnobilia, rom am periodis sabWoTa Teatrismxatvrul samyaroSi didi mniSvneloba mieniWaTeatralur-dekoraciul mxatvrobas. speqtaklismxatvrul mTlianobaSi igi cxovrebiseuli simarTlismkveTr scenur formebSi aisaxa.ra xdeboda am mxriv qarTul TeatrSi?qarTuli Teatri, romelic yovelTvis iyo qveynissocialur-politikuri moZraobis gamomxatvelimxatvruli asparezi, amjeradac mebrZoli suliskveTebismxatvruli asaxvis formebis aRmoCnda. maszemsjelobdnen, kamaTobdnen. magaliTad, erT-erT disputze,romelsac eswrebodnen kote marjaniSvili da grigolrobaqiZe, msjeloba mimdinareobda 1921-1922 wlisTeatraluri sezonis krizisuli mdgomareobis daZlevismimarTulebiT. 4disputze iTqva, rom saqarTvelos ganaTlebissaxalxo komisariatma gadawyvita Teatris droebiTdaxurva, raTa aRmoefxvra mTeli rigi CamorCenebi,magaliTad, samsaxiobo dargSi da Semdgom ganaxlebuliZalebiT isev waremarTa CvenSi saTeatro xelovneba.101

eTer okujavakote marjaniSvilma kategoriulad uaryo es winadadeba,misi azriT, Seqmnil viTarebaSi msaxiobebs araviTaribrali ar miuZRviT. mxatvruli formebi da repertuari_ ai, misi azriT, qarTuli Teatris dasaZlevi problemebi 5amgvarad, Teatri daixureboda, rom ara k. marjaniSvilisgancxadeba saTeatro xelovnebaSi gardaqmnebissaWiroebis Sesaxeb, romelic realur gzebs saxavda.marTlac, 1922 wlis 22 noembers dadgmulma lope devegas `cxvris wyarom~ (`fuente ovexuna~) safuZvlianadSemoabruna qarTuli Teatris cxovreba. speqtaklismxatvruli gadawyveta qarTul scenaze axalicecxlovanebiT ainTo da sazogadoebis Tvalwin akiafdamsaxiobTa, scenografTa, musikosTa xelovneba, romelicsul cota xnis win eWvis qveS iyo dayenebuli. speqtaklmaqveynis daZabuli Sinagani cxovrebis sabrZolosuliskveTebas emociuri mxatvruli formiT upasuxa.TviT Teatraluri cxovrebisaTvis ki es iyo saetapodadgma, romelmac daamtkica, rom qarTuli Teatri aramxolod sicocxlisunariania, raSic eWvs gamoTqvamdnenxelovnebis maSindeli mesveurebi, aramed _ Tanamedrovecxovrebis sulieri avangardic. `cxvris wyaroSi~programuli saxierebiT gamoCnda k. marjaniSvilisswrafva gmiruli Teatrisaken. ferTa siuxve,optimisturi paTosi, Suq-CrdilTa dramaturgiulimniSvnelobiT gamoyeneba da sityvis warmmarTvelidaniSnuleba iqca misi gamarjvebis safuZvlad.kote marjaniSvilisa da speqtaklis mxatvris,valerian sidamon-erisTavis, urTierTTanamSromlobiTTvalsaCinod gamoCnda, rom mayurebelma am speqtaklSiixila erTmorwmune koleqtivi, speqtaklis mxatvrulixati, sadac Teatraluri sinTezis erTmniSvnelovanmonapovars mxatvris namuSevaric warmoadgenda.ram ganapiroba Teatraluri dasis mravalsaxovankoleqtivSi reJisorisa da mxatvris amgvarigansakuTrebuli kavSiri?Cveni azriT, XIX saukunis bolos, rodesac saTeatroxelovnebaSi gamoikveTa damdgmeli reJisoris102Teatrisa da kinos mxatvrobis saTaveebTangansakuTrebuli ti pi, romelmac lideris funqciaSeasrula TeatrSi da romelmac TavisTavad SecvalasaTeatro xelovneba (am cvlilebis monapovariaansambluri speqtaklis Seqmna) speqtaklis Tanaavtorisfunqcia mxatvarmac iTamaSa. sxvaTa Soris, am sakiTxTandakavSirebiT sainteresoa daviT kakabaZis werili`qarTuli dramatuli studia~, studiis daarsebas rommieZRvna da sadac, avtori `qarTuli Teatris unugeSomdgomareobasTan~ erTad gamoTqvams mosazrebebsreJisor-liderTan dakavSirebiT da kidev... daviTkakabaZe qarTvel Teatralebs èvropis Teatralurigzebis~ Secnobisaken, Teatraluri xelovnebissamecniero safuZvlis gamyarebisaken mouwodebs. 6rogorc zemoT aRvniSneT, reJisoruli Teatrisklasikur formas warmoadgenda moskovis saxelmwifoTeatri, romelmac daiwyo axali era saTeatroxelovnebaSi, sadac scenografia speqtaklis mxatvrulimTlianobis nawili aRmoCnda, mTlianobisa, romelmacdasrulebuli saxiT warmoadgina saTeatro kompoziciisyvela Semadgeneli nawili.saqarTveloSi es moZraoba axali tipis reJisorTawina Taobam samxatvro Teatris principebis gaazrebiTada gaTvaliswinebiT daiwyo: am Taobis warmomadgenlebiiyvnen valerian SalikaSvili, aleqsandre wuwunava, akakifaRava, mixeil qoreli da safrangeTidan Camosuli,antuanis Teatris aRzrdili kote andronikaSvili.mxatvarTa mier scenografiuli saSualebebis Ziebam,reJisorebTan mxatvarTa erToblivma muSaobam qarTulTeatrSi Seamzada niadagi im procesebis danergvisaTvis,rac mimdinareobda msoflios saTeatro xelovnebaSiXX saukunis dasawyisidan.amgvarad, qarTuli Teatris istoriaSi TandaTangamoikveTa gansakuTrebuli faza, romelmac TvalnaTlivdagvanaxa, rom qarTuli scena mzadaa aiTvisos msofliosaTeatro xelovnebaSi momZlavrebuli tendenciebi, racansambluri sasceno Semoqmedebis damkvidrebaSicgamoixateba. am procesSi gamoikveTa Tanamoazre103

eTer okujavasadadgmo xelovnebis simdidre, speqtaklis saxviTigadawyvetis originaloba, romelic TvalnaTlivgamoCnda `cxvris wyaroSi~, rac did xans ar gahyoliasazogadoebis mexsierebas; arsebuli dokumenturimasala cxadyofs, rom Teatralebi eWvis TvaliTuyurebdnen yovel siaxles, k. marjaniSvili rom nergavdaTeatrSi. magaliTad, gazeT `komunistSi~ fsevdonimiT`damswre~ istambeba werili: `qarTuli Teatris bedi~,sadac vkiTxulobT: `romeli gza ufro xelsayreliaqarTuli Teatris aRorZinebisaTvis _ eqspresionizmi,impresionizmi, elinizmi Tu sxva romelime erovnulistoriulniadagze Semdgari mimarTuleba. es sakiTxijer kidev msjelobis procesSia. metad sainteresoiqneboda, rom am sakiTxs Seexebodes TviT kotemarjaniSvili. raSi xedavs is Teatris xsnas saerTodda qarTuli Teatrisas kerZod.~ 7am SekiTxvidan cxadad ikiTxeba is garemoeba, Tu rarTuli misia ekisreboda kote marjaniSvils qarTulsaTeatro cxovrebaSi. am periodSi igi, faqtobrivad,erTaderTi reJisoria, romelic ganagebs qarTuliTeatris beds. kote marjaniSvilis reJisura, moskovissamxatvro Teatrisa da Tanamedrove msoflioTeatraluri kulturis safuZvelze rom aRmocenda damniSvnelovnad daefuZna erovnuli kulturis tradiciebs,zemoT moyvanil SekiTxvas SemoqmedebiTi ZiebebiTgamoepasuxa. maRali samsaxiobo xelovneba, speqtaklissaxviTi gadawyvetisa da xmovani rigis gansakuTrebulifunqciuri datvirTva _ ai, is sami saZirkveli, razedacafuZnebs reJisori Tavis Tamam eqsperimentebs. amgvarad,`cxvris wyaros~ Semdeg qarTveli sazogadoeba imaSicdarwmunda, rom k. marjaniSvili agrZelebs misTvis metadmniSvnelovani ideuri sazrisis mravalsaxovangamosaxvas, romlis konkretuli gamoxatulebaa`sinTezuri Teatri~, sadac udidesi mniSvneloba eniWebaSemoqmedebiT ansambls.a ns a mblur i T e at r i, r og o rc gar kv e ul iSemoqmedebiTi poziciis gamosaxuleba, mogvianebiT104Teatrisa da kinos mxatvrobis saTaveebTanTvisobrivad axal xarisxSi ganviTarda, kerZod, masSemdeg, rac sabolood Camoyalibda ori qarTuliTeatris SemoqmedebiTi profili, roca Seiqmna oridramatuli koleqtivi, reJisoruli azrovnebisgamomxatveli ori SemoqmedebiTi birTvi kotemarjaniSvilisa da sandro axmetelis meTaurobiT,sadac, rogorc ukve aRvniSneT, gansakuTrebulimniSvneloba mieniWa petre ocxelis, daviT kakabaZis,irakli gamrekelis da sxvaTa yofnas Teatris dasSi.marjaniSvilisa da ocxelis, marjaniSvilisa da kakabaZis,axmetelisa da gamrekelis SemoqmedebiTi kavSirebimkveTrad gamoxatuli eqsperimentebis gziT, erovnuliferweridan gamomdinare, iseT saxviT gadawyvetasnergavdnen, romelic scenis kanonebiT iyo ganpirobebuli.rac Seexeba kinomxatvris profesias, unda iTqvas,rom igi, rogorc filmis sadadgmo jgufis wevri,kinematografs Tan sdevs dabadebis pirveli wlebidanve.misi arseboba imdenad mniSvnelovani iyo xelovnebisam axali dargisaTvis, rom kinos cnobili istorikosieJi teplici ase axasiaTebs kinomxatvris funqcias:`saukunis dasawyisis kinodrama mayurebelSi iwvevdasamgvar ganwyobilebas: mxiarulebis, saSinelebis daaRtacebis ganwyobilebas. es ukanaskneli ZiriTadadmxatvris damsaxureba iyo~ 8 an kidev: `xasiaTi ZiriTadadganisazRvreboda kostiumiTa da grimiT. borotmoqmedi,rogorc wesi, Savi mosasxamiT gamodioda.~ 9 unda iTqvas,rom mxatvruli saxeebisadmi msgavs damokidebulebasqarTul kinoSic vxvdebiT. marTalia, amgvariukiduresobiT ara, magram kote marjaniSvilis film`samaniSvilis dedinacvalSi~ (1925) moqmed gmirTagaregnoba mainc gansazRvravs xasiaTs, aseTia, magaliTad,bekina samaniSvilis hiperbolizebuli garegnoba.kinomxatvrobis istoriam xangZlivi ganviTarebisgza ganvlo. bunebrivia, mas Tavidanve rodi gamoarCevdadasrulebuli mxatvruli mTlianoba. magaliTad,saTeatro xelovnebis gavleniT mas dasawyisSipompezuri dekorireba axasiaTebda, rac xSirad kadris105

eTer okujavagadatvirvis mizezad iqceoda. an kidev, uZravi kameriTgadaRebis teqnikas iseT kuriozamde mihyavdakinematografistebi, rom kinoaparatis moZraobis nacvladdekoracia gadahqondaT sxvadasxva adgilze. mxoloddroTa ganmavlobaSi gamoimuSava kinomxatvarma,sazogadod kinomxatvrobam, da masTan erTadsaoperatoro xelovnebam profesiuli, specifikuriCvevebi.20-iani wlebis qarTuli kinos procesSi iseve, rogorcmsoflios sxvadasxva qveyanaSi, Tavisi sityva Tqvesxelovnebis sxvadasxva dargidan da, kerZod, ferweridanmosulma adamianebma, romlebmac Tavisi poeturisamyaroTi ara Tu gaamdidres, ufro sworad, araTuSeqmnes kinomxatvarTa skola, aramed, rac gansakuTrebiTmniSvnelovania, daafuZnes igi qarTul tradiciulsaxviT kulturas da amiT Tavisi wvlili SeitanesqarTuli kinos erovnul TviTmyofadobaSi.20-iani wlebi cxadad avlens am urTierTobebisSedegebs. kinematografSi movidnen profesionalifermwerebi: dimitri SevardnaZe, valerian sidamonerisTavi,Tamar abakelia, evgeni lansere, ladogudiaSvili, daviT kakabaZe, agreTve Teatralurimxatvari irakli gamrekeli, arqiteqtori mixeilSaviSvili da sxvebi.rogorc cnobilia, pirveli qarTuli mxatvrulifilmis _ `qristines~ (reJ. a. wuwunava, 1916) mxatvaridimitri SevardnaZea. am mosazrebas saboloodadastureben xelovnebaTmcodneebi irine abesaZe daqeTevan bagrataSvili wignSi `dimitri SevardneZe~, sadacfaqtis damadasturebel argumentad mohyavT dimitriSevardnaZis mier disadmi miwerili werili, filmisgadaRebis Sesaxeb rom mouTxrobs mkiTxvels. 10 qarTulikinomxatvrobis pirveli aTwleulSi kargad gamoavlinesSemoqmedebiTi xelwera hubin-hunma, leo puSma, evgenilanserem, valerian sidamon-erisTavma da sxv.20-iani wlebis kinomxatvroba TvalsaCinod avlendadamaxasiaTebel SemoqmedebiT tendenciebs, iseTs,106Teatrisa da kinos mxatvrobis saTaveebTanrogoricaa: mxatvruli warmosaxvis sada da metyveliformebisa da masTan erTad pirobiTobis originalurigzebis Zieba. magaliTad, dimitri SevardnaZis miergaformebul filmebSi: `vin aris damnaSave~ (1925), `janyiguriaSi~ (1928), èliso~ (1928) kadris emociuri daplastikuri naxati mxatvris originaluri xedvis gareSever Seiqmneboda. saTeatro xelovnebis saukeTesowarmomadgenelma irakli gamrekelma kinoSi moitanatradiciuli, damkvidrebuli dogmebis axleburiinterpretacia. irakli gamrekelis scenur pirobiTobaSiCamoqnili azrovneba kinoSic avlens Tavis kvals.filmSi `Cemi bebia~ (1929) pirdapir dadgmuli kameraafiqsirebs saxelmwifo dawesebulebas, romelic scenasmogvagonebs. didi mrgvali magidis irgvlivganlagebuli karebi ki did saxelmwifo aparatzemigviTiTebs, romlis monumenturoba kidev ufroapataravebs sulmdabal da uvic Cinovniks _ filmismTavar moqmed pirs. mxatvris aseTi abstraqtuli asaxvisarCevani ar iqneboda gamarTlebuli, rom ar examebodesigi mis dramaturgiul sawyiss. filmi `Cemi bebia~ amperiodisaTvis erT-erT saintereso da aqtualur TemazeSeqmnili nawarmoebi iyo. proteqcionizmisa dabiurokratiis winaaRmdeg mimarTuli maxvili satiraTavisi mxatvruli asaxvis arCevniT, kritikuli sawyisiswin wamoweviT, lakonur da metyvel formaswarmoadgenda.kinoSi meore profesia poves da kinomxatvris saxelidaimkvidres fermwerebma: Salva mamalaZem, serapionvawaZem, mixeil gociriZem. aRsaniSanvia, rom film`damkvrelSi~ (1931) mixeil gociriZem asaxvis sainteresoxerxs miagno: obieqtivis win gaWimuli TokiTa dasivrceSi naCvenebi xaraCoebiT, qmnis ra mSeneblobisrealur STabeWdilebas, mayurebels moqmedebisTanamonawiled gadaaqcevs. filmis eqspoziciisa dafinalSi naCvenebi mSenebloba, xaraCoebze asuli xalxiT`babilonis godols~ rom mogvagonebs, simboluradasaxierebs àxali cxovrebis~ aRmSeneblobis arss.107

eTer okujavamxatvris mier mignebuli es detali filmis saerToe.w. saagitacio ritms ukavSirdeba da ganamtkicebs mas.iSviaTi nayofierebiT xasiaTdeba gamoCeniliqarTveli mxatvris valerian sidamon-erisTavisSemoqmedeba kinoSi. man mxatvrulad gaaforma 30-zemeti filmi. funjis ostati brwyinvaled grZnobsdetals. v. sidamon-erisTavi, cxovrebiseuli detalebisxatovnad warmomsaxveli kinoSi, sazrdos Tavisiveferweruli tiloebidan iRebs, sadac yofiTi siuJetismoxdenili gamomxatveloba kinematografiulidinamikurobiT gamoirCeva.rac Seexeba qarTuli ferweris or saukeTesowarmomadgenels: lado gudiaSvilsa da daviT kakabaZes,romelTa Semoqmedeba qarTuli Tanamedrove ferwerissawyisad da monapovrad iqca, qarTul kinoSic axalixelweris damamkvidreblad mogvevlinnen.lado gudiaSvilis saukeTeso erovnul tradiciebzeSeqmnili nawarmoebebi TavianTi stilizebuligamosaxulebiT fantaziis iseT usazRvro gaqanebasada silamazes amJRavneben, rogoric mxolod poeturiniWiT momadlebul adamianebs axasiaTebT, amave drosmxatvris daintereseba eTnografiulobiT da detalebiTar midis wvrilmanebamde, misi azrovneba farToganzogadebis unars iCens.amgvarad, Cven mier mokled aRwerili qarTulikinomxatvrobis suraTis safuZvelze SeiZleba iTqvas,rom 20-iani wlebi saekrano esTetikis aTvisebis periodiada Zalze sainteresoa is faqti, rom am droskinomxatvroba erT-erTi aqtiuri SemoqmedebiTi Zalaafilmis Semqmnel koleqtivSi, rom swored kinomxatvrisSemoqmedebaSi moiZebneboda kinoTxrobis STambeWdaviv iz u al u ri f or m a. er T i s it y vi T , s a ek r an ogamomsaxvelobis stili da meTodi 20-ian wlebSiaRsavsea ZiebiT da gansakuTrebiT aRsaniSanvia, romSemoqmedebiTi Ziebebis am kinematografiul procesSigansakuTrebiT mkvidrdeba mxatvris roli filmisSemqmnel koleqtivSi.108Teatrisa da kinos mxatvrobis saTaveebTansayuradReboa, rom kinomxatvrebs da kinomxatvrobasam dros mopovebuli aqvT aRiareba da amis dasturia is,rom, rodesac saxkinmrewvis imdroindeli direqtorigermane gogitiZe 1925 wels gaemgzavra moskovsa daberlinSi ucxour firmebTan mosalaparakeblad, agreTvefilmebis gayidvisa da kinoaparaturis Sesyidvis Taobaze,8 qarTul filmTan erTad, romlebic naCvenebi iyo parizissamrewvelo gamofenaze, aqve gamoufenia e. lanseresmier Sesrulebuli eskizebi filmisaTvis `haji murati~.aleqsandre wuwunavas, Salva dadianis, kotemarjaniSvilis muSaoba Teatrsa da kinoSi erTgvartons aZlevda saerTo SemoqmedebiT moZraobas, romelSicmonawileobdnen qarTveli da saqarTveloSi mcxovrebisxvadasxva erovnebis cnobili profesionali mxatvrebic,maTi mozidviT dainteresebuli iyvnen TviT Teatrisada kinos moRvaweebi, romlebic zogjer imdenadkategoriuli iyvnen TavianT SemoqmedebiT miswrafebebSi,r om uk i d ur e so b am d e m i di o dn e n. mag a li T ad ,kinoxelovnebis moamageTa paTosi xSirad gamoixatebodaiseTi araadekvaturi gancxadebebiT, rogoricaa,magaliTad, Salva alxaziSvilis mowodebiTimniSvnelobis mosazreba _A`Caplini amarcxebsrembrandts~. 11 Zvelis dangreva da uaryofa, xolo misnacvlad _ axlis Seneba, SemoqmedebiT principad argamoadgeboda kinoesTetikis ganviTarebisaTvis. Tundacimitom, rom rom nangrevze Seneba SeuZlebelia da romsiaxlis warmoqmnisaTvis ngrevisa da Senebis ukiduresor wertils Soris arsebobs òqros kveTa~, anu,miRweulisa da mopovebulis SemoqmedebiTi erTianoba,ganviTareba da am gziT Seneba. es ar iyo kompromisulisvla. es iyo yovelgvar naCqarev daskvnebs mocilebuli,gaazrebuli, sakuTar pirovnebiseul da SemoqmedebiTrwmenaze dafuZnebuli pozicia.XIX saukunis 20-iani wlebis xelovnebaSi Cans, romes Tezisi qarTul Teatrsa da kinoSi Tavisi WeSmaritimniSvnelobiT, mxatvrebis mowinave jgufma daamkvidra,romlebic, Tavis mxriv, sakuTar TavSi da profesiul109

eTer okujavamaragSi atarebdnen xangrZlivi droiT gamobrZmedil,ukve tradiciul _ SemoqmedebiTi azrovnebis safuZvlebs.Ddumitru olereskuori kinoxelovnebis mxatvrul-poeturiRirebuleba1. Teatrisagan gansxvavebiT, kinoSi arsebobs operatorisprofesia, romelic erT-erTi ZiriTadia kinogadamReb jgufSi,igi kinematografis specifikuri niSan-Tvisebis mauwyebelia.2. d. janeliZe, `saxioba~, wigni II, Tbilisi, 1972, gv. 178-180.3. s. amaRlobeli, qarTuli Teatris reformatori kotemarjaniSvili, aprili, 1930 (rusul enaze manqanaze nabeWdi),k. marjaniSvilis sax. saxelmwifo akademiuri Teatris muzeumi,masalebi Teatris istoriidan, 1922-1935 ww.4. s. amaRlobeli, qarTuli Teatris reformatori kotemarjaniSvili, aprili, 1930 (rusul enaze, manqanaze nabeWdi),k. marjaniSvilis sax. saxelmwifo akademiuri Teatris muzeumi,masalebi Teatris istoriidan, 1922-1935 ww.5. gaz. `komunisti~, 1922, 5 oqtomberi.6. daviT kakabaZe, xelovneba da sivrce, Tbilisi, 1983, gv. 41.7. gaz. `komunisti~, 1923, 21 ivnisi.8. eJi teplici, `kinoxelovnebis istoria~, moskovi, 1968, t.I. gv. 49 (rusul enaze).9. iqve;10. i. abesaZe, q. bagratiSvili, `dimitri SevardnaZe~, gam.`saqarTvelo~, Tbilisi, 1998, gv. 232.11. Jurn. `memarcxeneoba~, 1927, #1, gv. 19.110moldovas erovnuli xelovneba da kultura TavisiarsiT xasiaTdeba samyaros Semecnebis poeturimiswrafebiT. realuri garemos poeturi xedvagamowveulia Rrma tradiciebiT, romlebic warmoiqmnasaukuneebis ganmavlobaSi Camoyalibebuli adamianurisulieri gancdebidan, miTologiidan da folkloridan,istoriis saidumloebebidan, moldovuri erovnuli genisudidesi qmnilebebidan, romelTa Sorisaa zneobriviZaliTa da mxatvruli TaviseburebebiT aRsavsegasaocari baladebi: `miorica~ da òstati manole~.r oc a je r i k in e m at o gr a fz e mi d ga, C v e nm akinematografistebma aseTive stilSi Seqmnes filmebi,dawyebuli samyaros metafizikuri gamokvlevebidan.moldovuri mxatvruli da dokumenturi kinos yvelazewarmatebul kinosuraTebs warmoadgenen iseTinamuSevrebi, romlebSic ostaturadaa gamoyenebulitradiciebi, miTologiuri motivebi, warmoCeniliagansakuTrebuli poeturi xedva da warmodgena, rac gaxdamoldovuri erovnuli kinematografis saxasiaToOniSani. Tumca, rogorc marTebulad aRniSna cnobilmaqarTvelma kinomcodne kora wereTelma, es wyaroebigamoadgaT sxva SemoqmedebiT pirovnebebsac: “iseTimwerlebis, rogorebic arian: Cingiz aitmatovi, ion druce,g rant m a te v os i an i , n o dar d u mbaZe m Tl i an iTviTmyofadobisa da mxatvruli xelweris sxvaobebTanerTad, aSkaraa, rom 60-iani wlebis literaturaSi isiniiyvnen erTi talRis, erTi rigis gamoxatulebebi. aqedandaiwyo kinoSic sinTezireba formebma, lirikulmasagebma, igavebma, zRaprebma [...] meore mxriv, ganaxlebiswyaroebad iqcnen xalxuri Semoqmedebisa da xelovnebistradiciuli dargebis WeSmaritad amouwuravi dafasdaudebeli rezervebi~. 1111

dumitru ol eresk umoldovuri kinos erT-erTi pirveli filmi àtamanikodri~ (1958) Seiqmna haiduk tudor tobultokzearsebuli xalxuri eposis safuZvelze. moldovurifolkloris gamorCeul gmirTa Soris gansakuTrebuliadgili ukaviaT haidukebs (“saxalxo SurismaZieblebs~).swored isini iRebdnen aqtiur monawileobas erovnulganmaTavisuflebelbrZolaSi, maT STaberes sulisamaradJamo xalxur ideals, romelic mimarTuli iyoTavisuflebisa da samarTlianobis zeimisaken. maT Rrmakvali datoves xalxis mexsierebaSi mravalricxovanilegendebisa da simRerebis saxiT.àtaman kodris~ warmateba ganpirobebuli iyo imiT,rom reJisorma m. kalikma filmis yvela komponentSiTavi mouyara moldovas poezias, xalxuri SemoqmedebisTaviseburebasa da silamazes. operatorma v. debrenevmagansakuTrebuli brwyinvalebiT gamoiyena kinokamerisSesaZleblobebi. mis xelSi aparatma `SeZlo~ aReniSnagmirTa ufaqizesi sulieri moZraobebi, satyeo bilikebispoezia, zafxulis Ramis silamaze, gamoexata doRisgiJuri ritmi – da yovelive es mayureblis winaSewarmodga, rogorc namdvili cxovreba. filmis moqmedebamasaxva pova musikaSic, raSic gadmoica umdidresimoldovuri melodiis gansakuTrebuli lirizmi. yvelaaRniSnulma Tvisebam Tavi moiyara erTian nawarmoebSi,romelmac miipyro mayureblisa da kritikis yuradRebakievis sakavSiro kinofestivalze 1959 wels daaxalgazrda kinostudia `moldova films~ moutanagamarjveba _ pirveli premia saukeTeso operatorulinamuSevrisaTvis da meore premia saukeTeso musikisaTvis.h ai d uk e bi s T e mat ik a a i nt e re s ebda s xv akinematografistebsac. vlad iovicem (`cxeni, Tofi dalaRi qari~, èSmakis bunagTan~) i pova plastikurigardasaxve bi moulodnel rakurs ebSi, xolomultiplikaciaSi gakeTebulma kinosuraTma “haidukma~(scenaris avtori v. druki, reJisorebi: l. goroxovida i. kacani) daimsaxura kanis saerTaSorisokinofestivalis didi prizi.112ori k inox el ov ne b is mxatv rul- poe turi R ireb ul eb a60-ian wlebSi moldovur kinematografSi mwerlebisaxali pleadis mosvla, romelTa Soris iyvnen vladiovice, george vode, emil lotianu, valeriu gajiu,serafim saka, george malarCuki, anatol kodru, aureliubusuioki, iakob burgiu warmoadgenda uprecedentofenomens. maTi gamoCena daemTxva xruSCoviseul`daTbobas~, erovnuli xelovnebisa da kulturisxelaxal aRorZinebas. am moRvaweebma kinoxelovnebaSimiitanes poeturi suli rogorc mxatvrul, isedokumentur filmebSi, romlebic gaxdnen moldovurikinos ganviTarebis ZiriTadi etapebi, xazs usvamdnenmis poetur xasiaTs, rogorc raRac specifikursa daRrmad individualurs.imxanad Seqmnili dokumenturi filmebi: `Wa~, `qva,qva...~, `Cveni zamTris niRbebi~ (reJ. v. iovice, op. p.balani); `qorwili~ da `Semodgomis mixedviT~ (reJ. g.vode); `brZola~, `baxusi~, `kamenotesebis jiSi~ (reJ. a.kodru) dResac ki gamorCevian erovnul kinoSigakeTebuli sxva poeturi kinosuraTebisagan. sworedacrom 60-ian wlebSi moldovuri poeturi kino aRiaresda maRal doneze Seafases. am nawarmoebebis avtorebikinoSi mividnen poeziidan da TavianT ekranulqmnilebebSi miaRwies imas, rasac poeturi realizmiewodeba. maTi filmebis struqtura xSirad SerwymuliamiTologiur motivebTan, simboloebi da metaforebiamravleben da amaRleben filmis azrobriv mniSvnelobas,icaven ra maT utyuarobas. magaliTisaTvis SeiZlebadasaxeldes is faqti, rom dokumenturi film “Wis~(ostatebze, romlebic Webs Txrian) safuZvlad viTardebaWis amaRlebis aqti, ris fesvebsac vxvdebiT Cvens erTerTmTavar miTSi, kerZod, miTSi Semoqmedebis Sesaxeb.am motivebis centrSi dgas Semoqmedi adamiani, romelicadre Tu gvian aRwevs adamianuri dramis mniSvnelobas.misTvis samaradJamo dramaa is, rom misi qmnilebawarmoadgens Tavisi arsebobis umTavres aqts da isicmzadaa am qmnilebisaTvis Tavic gawiros, radgan xalxisSemecnebaSi am Semoqmedebis arsi dakavSirebulia113

dumitru ol eresk uTviTSewirvasTan. adamiani qmnis raRac srulyofilsmxolod sicocxlis fasad. am filmis ubraloeba damisi filosofiuri siRrme maRal doneze Seafasamayurebelma da kinokritikam. es motivi, gamoxatuliRvTiuri agnicas SewirviT, anarekls poulobs filmebis:`goblenisa~ da òi, Sen, sabralo mtredo~ struqturebSi....grZnobs mama, rom misi cxovrebis Semodgomisukanaskneli Tvea da gadawyvets, SesaZloa, bolojermoinaxulos Tavisi aqa-iq mimofantuli Svilebi.aseTnairad vecnobiT, gviyvardeba am moxuci kacisSTamomavlebi. amgvar, arc Tu rTul siuJetze aagesTavisi kinosuraTi `Semodgomis ukanaskneli Tve~scenaristma, cnobilma moldovelma mweralma iondrucem da reJisorma vadim debrenevma. da TiTqmisdidi araferi xdeba ekranze, araa araviTari sagangebo,uCveulo movlenebi, magram filmi mainc gviTrevsmoqmedebaSi da bolos ki mTlianad ahyavxar xelSi. esimitom xdeba, rom mTeli ambavi swored CvenkenaamomarTuli Tavisi gansakuTrebuli mxridan, ganaTebuliagarkveuli gamorCeuli sinaTliT, riTac ara martoi Ze n s m n iS v ne l obas, r om e li c a a maRlebs a myoveldRiurobas, aramed adis zogadsakacobrioJReradobamde, rac dakavSirebulia TiToeul CvenganTan,ganurCevlad erovnulobisa da sarwmunoebisa. amis gamofilmi `Semodgomis ukanaskneli Tve~ aRelvebda daatirebda auditorias yvelgan, sadac ki is aCvenes.kinosuraTis arsi gacilebiT Rrmaa, vidre emociebi,romlebic gamowveulia moxuci mamis SexvedriT TavisSvilebTan. is aRwevs filosofiur msoflmxedvelobasadamianis arsebobaze, mis Sedegebze. esaa Zveli damudmivi problema. am filmSi, albaT, yvelaze rTuliiyo gadmoecaT Taviseburi poeturi ganwyoba, romelicwarmoadgenda scenarist i. druces umTavresmamoZravebel Zalas. am mimarTebiT gansakuTrebuliroli iTamaSa saavtoro teqstmac, romelsac kadrsmiRmakiTxulobs cnobili rusi msaxiobi i. smoktunovski.films sicocxlisunarianobas matebs moxucis gmiri,114ori k inox el ov ne b is mxatv rul- poe turi R ireb ul eb aromelsac asaxierebs e. lebedevi. is mimzidvelia Tavisigaregnuli sizviadiT, ris qveSac imaleba sulierebac,Rrma wesierebac, xolo lirikul situaciebSigamorCeulad vlindeba misi, rogorc pirovnebisa darogorc mamis, mravalwaxnagovneba. es lamazi filmieZRvneba adamians, romelic dgas cxovrebis didniSnulTan. igi iwvevs naTel azrebs, rac odnavSeferadebulia naRveliT, im naRveliT, rasac gvCuqnisSemodgomis ukanaskneli Tve – Wknobis xana.imis gamo, rom es kinosuraTi exeba saerTo sakacobrioproblemebs, romlebic udavod aRelveben mayurebels,is dajildovda kanis saerTaSoriso kinofestivalisdidi priziT saymawvilo filmebis konkursze 1967 wels.amasTanave, man miiRo mar-del-platis (argentina)saerTaSoriso kinofestivalis prizi `didi samxreTulijvari~ 1966 wels da kidev bevri jildo sxvakinoforumebze. `Semodgomis ukanaskneli Tve~ gaxdamoldovis erovnuli kinematografis saetapo namuSevari.v. gajium da v. lisenkom film `mware marcvlebSi~SeZles daexataT ferweruli tilo, gadmoecaT procesebi,romlebSic aRmoCnda CaTreuli moldovuri soflisyvela fena meore msoflio omis Semdgom periodSi dayvelaferi aReweraT rTuli, winaaRmdegobrivi cxovrebispoeturi Semecnebis fonze.1966 wels moldovuri ekranis cnobilma poetma emillotianum gadaiRo filmi `wiTeli velebi~, rac iTvlebapoeturi kinos mwvervalad ara marto moldovaSi, aramedmis farglebs gareTac. is iyo Cafiqrebuli, rogorcbalada silamazeze da adamianis daniSnulebaze.kinosuraTi gamsWvalulia garemomcveli samyaros aRqmissiaxliT. mihyvebi siuJetis ganviTarebas da xdebimwyemsebis mZime Sromis mowme, im mwyemsebisa, romlebicmidian riskze, roca gadahyavT cxvari gamomSralmindvrebze. masSi naCvenebia maTi gza, peri petiebi,problemebi. reJisori mizanmimarTulad gviCvenebsmwyemsebis yofas, maT urTules saqmianobas, bunebisstiqias (rac brwyinvaledaa gadaRebuli operatorebis:115

dumitru ol eresk ui. bolboCanusa da v. Curias mier), raTa yovelivesorganuli SeerTebiT musikasTan Seqmnas is mxatvrulinawarmoebi, romelic Zalze emociurad moqmedebsmayurebelze.e. lotianus filmebi adastureben Zalasa dagamomsaxvelobas xelovnebisa, romelic STagonebuliaxalxis mxatvruli kulturis tradiciebiT. misifilmebis umetesobaSi folkloruli motivebi viTardeba,rogorc erT-erTi umTavresi faqtori. folklorTansiRrmiseuli kavSiri warmoCnda moldovuri kinos kideverT saetapo film `lautarebSi~ (1971), raSic reJisorie. lotianu cdilobs Caswvdes folklorulinawarmoebebis saidumloebebs, warmoaCinos bedi erTerTimaTganisa im mraval niWier anonimur xelovanTaSoris, visac moxetiale musikosi, anu, Cveneburad,lautari hqvia. igi saTuTad icavs da avrcelebs xalxurmelodiebs. lotianu Tavisi SemoqmedebisaTvis CveulivnebiTa da gatacebiT ikvlevs moldovuri musikalurifolkloris Tavisebur mxatvrul fenomens, iyenebserovnuli xelovnebis unikalur magaliTebs, romlebicSedarebiT kargad gadmoscemen mis sulier simdidres,esTetikur Taviseburebebs. reJisorma SeZlo eCvenebinaTavisi xalxis TviTmyofadoba da, upirveles yovlisa,is musikaluri xelovneba, romelSic moldovelma ermamTeli sigrZe-siganiT warmoaCina Tavisi suliereba.filmis mTavari gmiriT _ Toma alistariT, romelsacasaxierebs moldovis erT-erTi saukeTeso musikosisergei lunkeviCi, lotianum gviCvena Semoqmedi, vincTavis xelovnebas acnobierebs, rogorc mis Tandayolilbunebriv niWs. misi sikvdili, misi siyvaruli iseve,rogorc misi cxovreba – esaa namdvili poezia, romelicyvelas moswons da yvelas mouwodebs gaiTavisonmSvenieri momentebi. amitomac iyo, rom `lauratebs~msoflios prestiJul kinoforumebze ukravdnen taSsda ajildovebdnen maRali jildoebiT: san-sebastianis(espaneTi) XX saerTaSoriso kinofestivalze, 1972 welsman daimsaxura meore premia _ `vercxlis niJara~, prizi116ori k inox el ov ne b is mxatv rul- poe turi R ireb ul eb aàntenso gipuskoano~ Temis mxatvruli gadawyvetisaTvisd a p re m i a ` gak se n i~ f es t iv a li s s a u ke T es onamuSevrisaTvis. amasTanave orvientoSi (italia) 1972wels Catarebul xelovnebisa da folkloris filmebissaerTaSoriso kinofestivalze mas wilad ergo mTavariprizi mxatvruli kinosuraTebis konkursSi.poeturi kinos tradiciebma TavianTi gagrZelebapoves dokumenturi da mxatvruli kinematografismomdevno Taobis: i. burgius, v. breskanus, r. vierus, v.drukis, m. kistrugas, i. miJasa da sxvaTa SemoqmedebaSi.Tanadrouloba axal Tematikas karnaxobs, xolovideo da satelevizio teqnikis ganviTarebis done, axaliaudiovizualuri teqnologiebi zegavlenas axdenenfilmis esTetikaze, kinoenis ganviTarebaze. miuxedavadamisa, moldovur kinoSi yvelaze problemursa damwvavesiuJetian dokumentur kinosuraTebSi igrZnobapoeziisa da publicistikis organuli Serwyma. aseTebia:a. kodrus `dadanaSaulebulni arian mowmeebi~, romelmac1990 wels miiRo ostravis (Cexoslovakia) saerTaSorisokinofestivalis mTavari prizi, v. drukis òi, Sen, sabralomtredo~, `sazRvrebi~, `momsvlelis fsalmuni~, m.kistrugas `tvirTi~, `vedreba~, `xval isev amova mze~.istoriuli masalisa da poeziis naerTi gamokveTiliaCveni istoriisa da kulturis moRvaweebis SesaxebSeqmnil iseT kinosuraTebSi, rogorebicaa: `dimitriekantemiri~, `Stefan didi~, `mixai eminesku~, òin kriange~,`varlaami~, `petru rareSi~ da sxv.moldovuri kinoxelovnebis specifika gamoxatuliapoeturi realobis Cvenebis miswrafebaSi. Cvens filmebSiwina rigSia gamotanili lirikuli sawyisi, nostalgiurigmiri da emociuroba. moldovuri kinos poeturobapirdapir kavSirSia genetikur kodTan, sulierTvalTaxedvasTan da eris kulturul tradiciebTan.rogorc aRiniSna, amgvari Tvisebebi damaxasiaTebeliasaukeTeso qarTuli kinosuraTebisaTvisac. Cveni azriT,miTologiuri wyaroebiT, TematikiT, masalis faqturiT,poeturi saxeebis Seqmnis meqanizmiT erTmaneTTan axlos117

dumitru ol eresk udganan emil lotianus `wiTeli velebi~ da eldarSengelaiasa da Tamaz meliavas `TeTri qaravani~.mwyemsebis pirquSi da keTili ti paJebi, mSoblebsa daS vi l ebs S o ri s a r se b ul i g a ns a ku T re b ul idamokidebulebebi, mwyemsebis mZime Sromis poezia,moulodnelobebiTa da xSirad dramatuli movlenebiTaRsavse, ialaRebisaken mimavali gza _ esaa arasruliCamonaTvali im ZiriTadi aspeqtebisa, romlebicainteresebdaT am maRalpoeturi kinosuraTebisavtorebs. Tanac isic aRsaniSnavia, rom orive filmiTiTqmis erTdroulad gamovida ekranebze. samwuxaroa,rom moldovelma kinematografistebma aRar gaagrZeleses Tematika qarTveli kolegebisagan gansxvavebiT,romlebmac miaRwies saintereso mxatvrul Sedegebs ammimarTulebiT. amaSi igulisxmeba: `didi mwvane veli~(reJ. merab kokoCaSvili), `TuSi mecxvare~ (reJ. sosoCxaiZe) da sxv.bevri poeturi msgavsebaa moldoveli mixail kalikisfilm àdamiani miuyveba mzes~ da qarTveli TengizabulaZis kinosuraT `sxvis Svilebs~ Soris. maTipoeturi ganwyoba amozrdilia konkretuli cxovrebisaRweridan, qalaquri atmosferos kinokadrisbrwyinvalebidan da simsubuqidan, rac gadaRebulianaturalur pirobebSi. orive namuSevarSi warmoCeniliadamianebi, quCebi, kiSiniovisa da Tbilisis xedebi daparkebi firze aRbeWdilia utyuarobiT. es kadrebi qmnianara marto funqcionalur atmosferos, raSic viTardebamoqmedeba, aramed am filmebis emociur gamosaxulebebsac.aqve minda xazi gavusva imas, rom, Tu m. kalikiskinosuraTi warmoadgenda moldovuri kinos pirvelnabijebs, T. abulaZis nawarmoebi iyo rigiT meore,gadaRebuli saqveynod gaxmaurebuli `magdanas lurjis~Semdeg, romelic am ukanasknelma gaakeTa rezoCxeiZesTan erTad da romelmac miiRo kanisa daedinburgis saerTaSoriso kinofestivalebis mTavariprizebi. qarTuli kinematografis cnobili istorikosisgiorgi doliZis mtkicebiT, es `filmi warmoadgens118ori k inox el ov ne b is mxatv rul- poe turi R ireb ul eb aqarTuli kinos axali periodis saetapo namuSevars~. 2kinostudia `moldova filmSi~ vasili paskarumgadaiRo filmi `gedebi tborSi~, sadac dedis roliiTamaSa Cvenma saxelovanma msaxiobma euJeniatodoraSkum. filmi mieZRvna glexi qalis cxovrebas,rac mWidrodaa gadaxlarTuli xalxis sve-bedTan.gamaoca misma msgavsebam qarTul kinosuraTTan`wuTisofeli~ (reJ.: SoTa da nodar managaZeebi),romelSic dedis personaJi umaRles mxatvrul donezeganasaxiera yvelasaTvis cnobilma sofiko Wiaurelma.erTi da igive poeturi ganwyoba daedo safuZvlad orsxvadasxva gmir qals, romlebsac aerTianebs erTnairadmZime iRbali. vadim debrenevis `Semodgomis ukanaskneliTvis~ atmosfero, stilistika da audiovizualurimasalis miwodebis manera Zalze axlosaa oTarioselianis `pastoralTan~. samwuxarod, moldovurkinematografSi (da ara marto masSi!) ver gamoinaxaTematuri xasiaTebis, gmirebis sistemebis Camoyalibebisada Rrma msoflmxedvelobis analogebi T. abulaZistrilogiasTan: `vedreba~, `natvris xe~ da `monanieba~.bevri saerTo saxasiaTo niSnebi _ poeturi saxisada atmosferos Seqmnis meqanizmi, Tavisufalidramaturgiuli struqturebi, mravalfenovani qmedebisdialeqtika, aratipuri daxasiaTebebi niSandobliviasxva qarTuli kinosuraTebisaTvisac. aseT namuSevrebsganekuTvneba: r. CxeiZis `jariskacis mama~, `nergebi~; o.ioselianis `giorgobisTve~, ìyo SaSvi mgalobeli~,`pastorali~; e. Sengelaias àraCveulebrivi gamofena~,l. RoRoberiZis `roca ayvavda nuSi~, g. Sengelaias` fi r os m a ni ~ d a s x v. a mg v ar i k i no s u raTebimniSvnelovanwilad gansazRvravdnen moldovelikinematografistebis poetur xedvasac.bevri saerTo aqvT moldovursa da qarTul poeturdokumentur filmebsac, gansakuTrebiT maT, romlebicwarmoadgenen xelovnebis Seswavlis obieqtebs. esprocesi imitom mimdinareobs, rom xelovnebis erovnulidargebis ganviTarebaSi SeimCneva araerTi erTmaneTTan119

dumitru ol eresk udakavSirebuli da Tanmxvedri elementi, romlebSicTavmoyrilia zogadsakacobrio xasiaTis problematika.amave dros or gansxvavebul kulturas _ moldovursada qarTuls _ aerTianebs samyaros poeturi aRqma. ams ak i Tx e bs a uc i le b la d s W ir d eba sag an g ebopolidisciplinaruli kvleva.1.Церетели К., «Сегодня на экране», Тбилиси, Изд. «Мерани», 1987,стр.196.2. Долидзе Г., «Грузинское кино в послевоенные годы» в книге«Грузинское кино. Страницы истории», Тбилиси, Издательский отделГоскино ГССР, 1979, стр.79.120oliko JRentimzis Svilebi _ knut hamsuni da grigolrobaqiZe(`zRapruli qveynis~ miTo-poeturi struqtura)`netav, sad, romel qveyanaSi mdebareobda misisulieri samSoblo? SesaZloa, mzis qveyanaSi...~knut hamsunis novelidan “mzis Svili~knut hamsunis novela `mzis Svili~ XIX saukunismiwuruls daiwera. novelis gmiriUucnobi mxatvaria –CrdiloeTis qveynis mkvidri, romelic erT ucnaursevdas Seupyria _ sevdas Soreul mzis qveyanaze. 1 `mzisqveynis~ da `mzis Svilis~ metafora mogvianebiTdaukavSirda knut hamsunis samogzauro Canawerebiswign `zRapruli qveyanas~ (`gancdili da nafiqralikavkasiaSi~), romelic 1903 wels gamoica germaniasa danorvegiaSi.1899 wlis seqtembersHknut hamsuni fineTidanruseTSi gaemgzavra da vladikavkazis gavliTstefanwmindaSi Cavida. saqarTvelos samxedro gzisgavliT is Tbiliss estumra da Semdeg gza gaagrZelaazerbaijanSi. mweraliBbaqodan kvlav TbilisSidabrunda da gezi baTumisken aiRo.Aase `Seikra~ misimogzaurobis kavkasiuri wre (saqarTvelo _ azerbaijani_ saqarTvelo)YsakuTari nafiqrali da gancdilihamsunma gamoxata wignSi `zRapruli qveyana~ (wignisqvesaTauria `gancdili da nafiqrali kavkasiaSi~).`zRapruli qveyana~ ar warmoadgens mxolod samogzauroCanawerebs, arc dokumentur prozas ganekuTvneba. verdaveTanxmebiT rus kritikosebs, romlebic miiCnevdnen,rom `zRaprul qveyanaSi~ knut hamsuni ver ascda`stereotipul, gacveTil sqemebs~, rasac norvegielimwerali ucxo egzotikuri qveynis aRwerisas mravladmoixmobda. 2 miuxedavad amisa, am garegnuli egzotikis121

ol iko JR entimiRma mogzaurobis wigni Seicavs im farul Sreebs,romelTa gaSifrvas da gamovlenas dRes seriozuladcdiloben Tanamedrove mkvlevrebi, rasac nawilobrivam statiis avtoric Seecada mxatvrul-dokumenturfilmSi `knut hamsunis kavkasiuri misteriebi~ (2005 w.). 3amjerad, Cveni kvlevis mizans knut hamsunisa dagrigol robaqiZis SemoqmedebiTi paralelebis moZiebawarmoadgens _ orive mwerlis filosofiur-esTetikurimodeli da mxatvrul-simboluri saxeebis identuroba,amgvari paralelebis arsebobas cxadyofs.erTmaneTs uaxlovdeba da mistiurad kveTs knuthamsunisa da grigol robaqiZis biografiuli xazebiTu msoflmxedvelobrivi princi pebi: 30-ian wlebSiaSkarad gamoikveTa orive mwerlis negatiuri, kritikulidamokidebuleba bolSevikuri reJimisa da komunisturiideologiis mimarT; orive mwerlis Semoqmedebamgarkveuli interesi gamoiwvia 30-iani wlebis germaniissaxelisuflo wreebSi (bunebrivia, 30-ian wlebSi hamsunispopularoba germaniasa da evropaSi gacilebiT ufroglobaluri da masStaburi iyo).20-ian wlebSi, roca proletkulturis damcvelebmagr. robaqiZe faSistad da moRalated moixsenies,politikuri represiebisgan TavdasaRwevad qarTvelmamweralma iZulebiT datova saqarTvelo da emigraciaSiSeafara Tavi. II msoflio omis Semdeg zustad isbraldebebi wauyenes knut hamsuns, rac _ bolSevikurireJimis dros grigol robaqiZes. qarTveli mwerlisgangansxvavebiT, 90 wels miRweuli norvegieli mweraliTavis samSobloSi daapatimres, cixesa da fsiqiatriulsaavadmyofoSi iZulebiT amyofes; orive mweralimartoobaSi gardaicvala _ knut hamsuni _ norholmSi,norvegiis samxreTiT, Tavis sayvarel mamulSi. grigolrobaqiZe _ saqarTvelosgan Sors, ucxo miwaze.XX saukunis dasawyisSi, gamoCenili danielikritikosi da mwerali georg brandesi, jer kidevaxalgazrda knut hamsunis Semoqmedebis erTmniSvnelovan aspeqts Seexo: “isic devnili iyo _122mzis Svilebi _ knut hamsuni da grigol robaqiZedevnili sakuTari serviliTa da arCevniT da bednierpoetur samSoblos kavkasiaSi miagno, iq igi sulSiaRmarTul samefoTa idumali mbrZanebeli gaxda, rocauferulobis msxverpli iyo Tavis qristianiaSi~ 4 (oslosZveli saxelwodeba – avt.). marTalia, brandesis essityvebi hamsunis cxovrebisa da Semoqmedebis adreuletaps da, Sesabamisad, mis adrindel nawarmoebebsmiesadageboda, magram danieli kritikosis es Sefasebawinaswarmetyveluri aRmoCnda: sicocxlis bolos, knuthamsuni politikur devnas ganicdida da, am tvirTsmwerali asketuri gamZleobiT, Rirseulad da moTminebiTitanda. Cven mier zemoT citirebuli brandesis sityvebimxolod nawilia im vrceli winasityvaobisa, romelicdaerTo knut hamsunis mravaltomeulis rusulgamocemas gasuli saukunis 10-ian wlebSi.Aam tomeulSi`zRapruli qveyanac~ Sevida. georg brandesis mosazrebisTanaxmad, hamsunma kavkasiaSi Tavis `bednier poetursamSoblos miagno~.knut hamsuni iseve mieltveoda kavkasias, rogorcmisive novelis `mzis Svilis~ gmiri _ Crdiloelimxatvari eSurvoda mzis qveyanas. unda aRiniSnos,romMmzis simbolos orive mwerlisTvis misteriulida sakraluri mniSvneloba hqonda. qarTvelisimbolistebi _ cisferyanwelTa jgufi grigolrobaqiZes `mzis poetsa~ da `mzis qurums~ uwodebda.gr. robaqiZis nawarmoebebSi _ romanebsa Tu calkeule se e b Si na T la d ik v eT e bo d a m z is ku l t Ta ndakavSirebuli motivebi. gr. robaqiZem qarTvelebs `mzisSvilebi~ uwoda: `rogorc mzis Svilni, Cven, qarTvelni,daudevarnica varT da ficxelnic~, _ wers igi statiaSi“ra unda agondebodes qarTvels~. 5 cnobil werilSi`saqarTvelos xerxemali~ grigol robaqiZe aRniSnavdaqarTuli miTis, legendis genialobas da ramdenimemagaliTiT xsnida, Tu ratom izidavda ucxoelebssaqarTvelo. 6 Aavtori moixseniebda XVIII saukunisitaliel misionerebs da frang mogzaur Sardens,123

ol iko JR entiromlebic ise moiwevdnen saqarTvelosken, rogorc `mzisbadeSi gaxveuli dedoflisken~.XVIII-XX saukuneebSi evropeli adamianis SegnebaSiarsebobda azri, romelic jer kidev antikursa daSuasaukuneebis traqtatebSi gamoiTqva, azri imis Sesaxeb,rom kavkasia iyo RmerTebisa da adamianis samSoblo.`zRaprul qveyanaSi~ hamsuni xazgasmiT mianiSnebda, romkavkasiis Sesaxeb igi uamrav avtors gaecno, waikiTxahegelis, bodenStatis, mari broses, erkertis, rekliusda sxvaTa Sromebi.cneba `zRapruli qveyana~ uZveles miTebsa dal eg e nd e bS i Cn d eba d a i g i u k av S ir d ebakavkasias.HmogzaurobaSi knut hamsunma ramdenjerme`daadastura~ `marTlac, momxibvleli, jadosnurisamyaros~ arseboba _ is, rac man kavkasiaSi sakuTariTvaliT naxa da ganicada, zustad SeesabamebodalegendebSi, TqmulebebSi, Tu sxvadasxva mecnieris,mwerlis TxzulebebSi aRwerili da xotbaSesxmuli`zRapruli qveynis~ cnebas.`zRaprul qveyanaSi~ vkiTxulobT, rom hamsunigoliaTi mTebis da caSi monavarde arwivebis `zRaprulsamefoSi~, anu, RmerTebis samyaroSi moxvda, rom is`RmerTis pirispir~ aRmoCnda da saocari sulieriaRmafrena ganicada. yazbegis bumberaz mTebTan Sexvedrammas `Tavzari dasca~:Aùecrad, gzis mkveTr mosaxvevTan,xelmarjvniv, xeoba gaixsna da Cven Tvalwin aRimarTayazbegi _ Tavisi mzeze molaplape myinvariT.UucnaurigrZnoba gveufleba: mTa _ goliaTi gamoeyo sxva mTebs,axlos movida da gviyurebs _ rogorc sxva samyarodangadmosuli arseba. Tavbru mexveva, TiTqos, movwydi miwas,TiTqos, grigalma amitaca, wavedi maRla-maRla daRmerTis pirispir aRmovCndi...~ _ werda hamsuni. 7`goliaT mTebTan~ Sexvedris epizods mosdevsaluzia mwerlis bavSvobasTan. uneburad, hamsuns Tavisiùzrunveli bavSvoba~ da mSobliuri norvegia gaaxsenda_ aq ikveTeba kavkasiis (civilizaciis akvani) da knuthamsunis warsulis (bavSvobis) xazi. `zRaprul qveyanaSi~124mzis Svilebi _ knut hamsuni da grigol robaqiZeavtorma aRwera CrdiloeT norvegiaSi gatarebulièrTi ucnauri saRamo~, roca is wynar mdinareSi naviTmicuravda. amgvarad droisa da sivrcis sazRvrebiwaiSala; dro gaxda amorfuli, urTierTs gadaekveTaori misteriuli xazi: kavkasia (`civilizaciis akvani~)da avtoris bednieri bavSvoba, anu òqros xana~. knuthamsuns moagonda, Tu rogor mwyemsavda is bavSvobisas,saqonels tyeSi, rogor uyvarda bunebaSi ganmartoeba.mwerali “Soreuli~ warsulis nostalgiam Seipyro _mas `bednieri da uzrunveli bavSvoba~ hqonda.antikuri periodidan moyolebuli, pastoraluriidilia ukavSirdeba samoTxes, kacobriobis bednier,harmoniul periods (kacobriobis uzrunvel, bavSvobis,anu oqros, xanas) pastoraluri yofis motivebi gaCndasaraindo lirikaSi, Sua saukuneebis literaturasa daminiaturebSi. mecnierebaMezoTerul sawyisebspastoralur lirikis metaforul saxeebSi, RvTaebrivg an a cx a d Si eZ e bd a . h a ms u ni s s a qar T ve l oS imogzaurobaSic Cndeba poeturi aluziebi saraindoeposTan, pastoralur idiliasTan.Mhamsuns izidavdaTanamedrove civilizaciisgan da qalaqis xmaurisganmowyvetili mwyemsebis mSvidi, auRelvebeli yofa, istkbeboda bunebi sa da adami anis h armoni uliurTierTobiT. saqarTvelos samxedro gzaze mimavaliakvirdeboda ubralo glexis, miwaTmoqmedis mSvid,auCqarebel cxovrebis ritms, is gaitaca yoveldRiurobispoeziam. Sua saukuneebis raindebis msgavsad, iswinaaRmdegobebs da xifaTebs daeZebda `goliaTebissamyaroSi~ _ cxenze amxedrebuli, rainduli SemarTebiT`gaiWra~ maRla mTebSi. mweralma aRwera `rkinasaviTgamZle~ kavkasiuri cxeni, romelmac misi àRtacebadaimsaxura~.Tavgadasavlebis moyvarulma raindma (hamsuni)mTieli qalis gulis monadirebasac Seecada dasatrfialo leqsic uZRvna (parodia saraindo eposisnimuSTan). skandinaviurLlegendebSi sibrZnis maZiebeliodini muzaradSi, abjar asxmuli cecxlovan raSzea125

ol iko JR entiamxedrebuli.Llegendebis Tanaxmad, odins uyvarsglexebTan gasaubreba 8 E(hamsunic akvirdebodaadgilobriv glexebs, maT saqmianobas da SoridanSenatroda maT soflur yofas).mogzaurobisas knut hamsuns aRelvebda xaris bedi,romelsac rqebi uRelze asvloda da `kisermoRrecili,gverdulad~ midioda. xaris `xateba~ mis cnobierebaSiRrmad CaibeWda da ramdenjerme àmotivtivda~mogzaurobis ganmavlobaSi. mwerali aseve ganicdidacxvris avadmyofobas, romelsac mTaSi SemTxveviTfarexSi waawyda (bavSvobaSi is Tavad iyo mwyemsi).cnobilia, rom xaris simbolo ukavSirdeba mzismisterias.Pplatoni mogviTxrobs atlantidis epoqismefeebze, romlebic msxverplad xars swiravdnen.verZidan iSva miTras ariul-sparsul-atlantikurireligia. 9 knut hamsunma miTras kulti vrclad ganixilaazerbaijanSi mogzaurobisas, rocaMman moinaxulasurahanis e. w. cecxlis taZari. aRmosavluricivilizaciis es uZvelesi naSTi, Tavis mxriv,ukavSirdeboda mzis kults. uZveles miTebSi miTra dazigfridi bnel Zalebs upirispirdebodnen.Aam WidilSimzis RmerTis, heliosis, saxeliT miTra klavs xars,zigfridi – urCxuls. eseSi `saqarTvelos sulierimisia~ zviad gamsaxurdia ganmartavda kreta-minosisxaris _ minotavris kultis mniSvnelobas da dasZenda:àmasTan dakavSirebiT, volfram fon eSenbaxi aRniSnavs,rom es aris wyaro misterialuri kulturisa, ai, amkavkasiis mTianeTze, am tauronitze, am zRaprul qveyanaze,sadac mefobs mefe-xucesi ioane, volfram fon eSenbaxiambobs, rom es aris saTave yovelivesi _ misterialurisibrZnisa da misterialuri kulturisa~, anu, kavkasiisqedis mimdebare qveyana _ saqarTvelo `misterialurikulturis~ wyarod saxeldeboda. 10knut hamsuni kavkasias Tavis Tavdapirvel samSoblodaRiqvamda, dakarguli `fesvebis~ Secnobis procesSiuCndeboda `zRaprul qveyanaSi~ damkvidrebis survili:àrsad ar minaxavs aseTi kaSkaSa varskvlavebi, rogorc126aq, kavkasiaSi, TiTqos mze arc Casula. ise momajadovayovelive aman, rom Cemi mSobliuri norvegiac kidamaviwya... ucnauri grZnoba meufleba, SegrZneba imisa,rom SemeZlo aq gamedga fesvebi, mecxovra qveynierebisganSors da Tavi bednierad megrZno~. 11hamsunisTvis saqarTvelo iyo `jadosnuri adgili,sadacHmze da mTvare erTdroulad anaTeben caze~ da,rom ès qveyana adre nanax arc erT qveyanas ar hgavs~da amitom ebadeba mas survili samudamod dasaxldesam qveyanaSi, anu, odinis pirvandel (odindel)samSobloSi: `da kvlav imaves vfiqrob, SemeZlo mTelicxovreba aq gametarebina~, _ vkiTxulobT “zRaprulqveyanaSi~.sainteresoa, rom zogierTi qarTuli sityva odinisfuZes _ òd~-s ukavSirdeba.Mmag.: odindeli, rodis, odesme,odesRac, rac gulisxmobs ZvelTaZvel, uxsovar dros,ufro zustad ganyenebul dros, maradisobas, romelicsakuTarATavSi moicavs warsulsac da momavalsac.skandinaviur miTosSi odini ganasaxierebda omisRmerTs _ oqrosbeWdian mbrZanebels, romlis caliTvali mzea, meore Tvali _ mTvare (`zRaprul qveyanaSi~hamsunma aRwera, rom mze da mTvare erTdrouladanaTeben). vodan-odins ukavSirdeba Zvelgermanuli sityva`voda~, anu wyali, asevea slavurSic. Zvelgermanul enaSi`voda~ niSnavs `zeSTagonebas~, àRmafrenas~. legendaimasac mogviTxrobs, rom goliaTebis qveynidan odinmapoeturi STagonebis SarbaTi _ Rvino moitaca. knuthamsuni gatacebiT aRwers kavkasiur yurZens, romelsacgemoTi da `RvTaebrivi nayofiT~ verc erTi qveynisyurZeni ver Seedreba. TbilisSi xetialisas is isevedaewafa yurZens, rogorc RvTaebriv SarbaTs: ò, kavkasia,kavkasia! tyuilad ar Camodiodnen aq mTeli samyarosdidi poetebi, rom Sens wyaroebs daswafebodnen~, _ wershamsuni `zRaprul qveyanaSi~ da TviTonac cdilobdaziareboda misteriuli sibrZnis wyaros, zeSTagonebissimbolos: Tbilisidan baqos mimarTulebiT gzadmimavalma knut hamsunma mtkvris wyali Sesva da ciebmzisSvilebi _ knut hamsuni da grigol robaqiZe127

ol iko JR enticxelebisgan ganikurna: `wyali davlie, mtkvris wyali.Eessabediswero Secdoma aRmoCnda: vinc erTxel mtkvriswyali dalia, mTeli sicocxle kavkasiaze undaidardos.~ aq kvlav gvaxsendeba hamsunis novela `mzisSvili,~ romelsac Soreul mzis qveyanaze nostalgiastanjavs – es aris maradiuli sevda dakargulsamSobloze (odindel, Tavdapirvel samSobloze).`zRaprul qveyanaSi~ mtkvris wyali daukavSirdamisteriuli sibrZnes, is aris `wyaro WeSmaritebisa~(german. `voda~), romelic òdinis STamomavalma~ SesvakavkasiaSi. `zRapruli qveynis~ finalSi, kavkasiasTangamoTxovebisas, hamsuni werda: `yovelTvis momenatrebaa qaur o ba , t yu il a d xo m a r d av l ie m t kv ri swyali~.Mmdinare mtkvari saTaves TurqeTSi iRebs, igiZiriTadad saqarTvelosa da azerbaijanSi miedineba,anu, im misterialur da geografiul adgilebs moicavda,romlebic avtorma Tavad moiara da aRwera.saqarTveloSi knut hamsuni mecnieruli TeoriebiTda ZiebebiT dainteresda, rasac is ironiiT aRniSnavswignSi `zRapruli qveyana~: `gamoricxuli ar aris, romS ev Z l ebdi a xali T e or i is S eq m na s x a l xT agadasaxlebaze, gavaswrebdi yvela im Cems winamorbeds,vinc am sakiTxiTaa dakavebuli~. ratom dainteresdahamsuni xalxTa gadasaxlebis TeoriebiT? man aRiarakidec, rom misTvis cnobili iyo `msgavsi Teoriebi~ daar malavda, rom Tavadac surda aRmoeCina SoreulwinaparTa `nivTieri nakvalevi~ kavkasiaSi.knut hamsunis piradi asociaciebi da reminiscenciebibavSvobasTan, rac ase mravlad gvxvdeba `zRaprulq ve y an a Si ~ , u a xl o vd e ba gr i go l ro b aq i Zi savtobiografiul werils `Cemi cxovreba~. grigolrobaqiZe igonebda Tavis `Caketil, melanqoliur,martosul~ bavSvobas, misi cnobiereba savse iyo `nisliTmoculi xilvebiT~. 12 bavSvobidan mis cnobierebaSiganuyoflad Tanaarsebobda sami miTiuri saxeba: xvliki,muxa da mze (am asakSi daiWira man ori xvliki, romelicCaZinebuli bavSvis gulze dacocavda): `bunebasa da128mzis Svilebi _ knut hamsuni da grigol robaqiZecxovelebTan Sinagani megobroba makavSirebda.Ggulimindor-velze miwevda cxenebisa da xarebisaken,zafxulobiT mTel dReebs mdinaresa da mis napirzevatarebdi, bavSvebTan da cxovelebTan erTad.~SeuZlebelia, asociacia ar gagviCndes hamsunisbavSvobasTan da `zRapruli qveynis~ raindul pasaJebTan,orive mwerals bunebis mTlianobis gancda, kosmiuriaRqma aqvT. bavSvobaSi hamsunic `martosuli damelanqoliuri~ iyo, uyvarda CrdiloeTis bunebaSiganmartoeba, tyeebSi xetiali, yurs ugdebda `mudamdaudegari da mborgavi~ mdinare glomas xmaursCrdiloeT norvegiaSi _ nurlanSi, da tyeSi saqonelsmwyemsavda.knut hamsunis, rogorc mwerlis, aRiareba evropaSigermaniidan daiwyo. germaniaSi bevrad ufro didisixSiriT da intensivobiT ibeWdeboda knut hamsunisromanebi, vidre skandinaviis sxva qveynebSi, maT Sorismwerlis mSobliur norvegiaSic. knut hamsunis romanebspirveli aRiareba da popularoba germaniam moutana.norvegieli mwerali gamorCeulad afasebda germanelgamomcemelTa Tanadgomas da inicitivas. hamsunis` zRapr u li q ve y an a ~ d a ` de d of a l i T am a ri ~Tavdapirvelad germaniaSi gamoica (1903) avtoris piradimegobrisa da cnobili gamomcemlis albert langenisTaosnobiT.grigol robaqiZis cxovreba da Semoqmedeba mWidroddaukavSirda germanul kulturas da filosofias; Tavadgr. robaqiZis informaciiT, germanul enaze gamoicamisi 9 wigni. germaniaSi misi wignebis tiraJi 250.000aRwevda. arsebobs mravali ucxouri recenzia misiwignebis irgvliv. gr. robaqiZe moxsenebebiT gamodiodagermaniis qalaqebSi, maT Soris _ ciurixisuniversitetSi (1938), qarTvel mwerals mravlad misdiodawerilebi germaniis sxvadasxva kuTxidan – `sul cota10.000~, _ werda robaqiZe.studenturi wlebi gr. robaqiZem germaniaSi _laifcigSi, gaatara, sadac is eufleboda literaturas129

ol iko JR entida filosofias, Rrmad ecnoboda da ikvlevda goeTesSemoqmedebas: `goeTe CemTvis gamocxadeba iyo.~, _ werdaTavis avtobiografiul werilebSi. qarTveli mweraliymawvilobidanOocnebobda goeTes èrlikioningze~,romelic ùmSvenieres beladad~ warmoedgina. robaqiZebavSvobidan daaWenebda cxens mamasTan erTad: `Wenebisdros mamis qamarSi CaWidebuli im JrJolvas vgrZnobdi,romelic goeTem ase ostaturad gadmosca leqsiT.~ 13robaqiZisTvis goeTes moZRvreba `Taurfenomenis~ SesaxebsaganTa Semecnebis safuZveli gaxda: `sinamdvilis xedvaCamoyalibebis processa da mTelis dinebaSia da aracalkeul momentebSi~ _ es is ZiriTadi postulatia,romelic, gr. robaqiZis azriT, mwerlis da moazrovnisumaRles mizans unda Seadgendes. iseve, rogorc grigolrobaqiZe, knut hamsunic gamorCeulad afasebda goeTesSemoqmedebas _ norholmis mamulSi, misi saxlissaZinebel oTaxs dRemde amSvenebs ori didi mwerlisfotosuraTi _ dostoevskis da goeTesi...Tavisi moRvaweobis dasawyisSi gr. robaqiZeseriozulad ikvlevda da swavlobda dionises fenomens.`tragediis dabadebis~ Semdeg qarTveli mweralimaradiuli dabrunebis ideam Sei pyro, rasac mohyvadostoevskis SemoqmdebiT daintereseba. grigolrobaqiZis msgavsad, knut hamsunic Tavis adrindelromanebSi Zlier ganicdida dostoevskis gavlenas _`norvegieli dostoevski~, _ ase uwoda knut hamsunscnobilma norvegielma kritikosma da mkvlevarma martinnagma. dostoevskiT gatacebuli gr. robaqiZe daJinebiTeZebda pasuxs kiTxvaze: `Tuki Cems Tavs maradiuladvubrundebi, rogor SeiZleba zekaci gavxde?~ 14 magramdostoevskimac ver mica mas kiTxvaze pasuxi da... `bolosda bolos, aRmosavleTi movida saSvelad~, _ werdarobaqiZeETavis avtobiografiaSi. aqedan daiwyo misidaintereseba aRmosavluri literaturiTa dafilosofiiT. germaniis Semdeg gr. robaqiZe gaemgzavraparizSi, sadac bodlerisa da rembos poeziis gavlenisqveS moeqca.130mzis Svilebi _ knut hamsuni da grigol robaqiZe1894-1896 wlebSi knut hamsuni axlad aRiarebulimwerali iyo, roca parizis bohemaSi gamoCnda. hamsunixSirad xvdeboda `mgosanTa mefes~ _ megobrebisgan daaxloblebisgan gariyul pol verlens. literaturulkafeSi hamsuni da verleni poeziaze saubrobdnen. amdros parizi alaparakda gogenis taitis periodisnaxatebze... gogenma gadawyvita, samudamod dasaxldesSoreul taitize. knut hamsunic ocnebobs, odesme ewviosSoreul mzis qveyanas... `magram hamsuns sxva mze swyuria~,_ SeniSnavs georg brandesi da am fraziT mianiSnebsCrdiloeli mwerlis Soreul egzotikur mogzaurobaze,romelic man kavkasiaSi ganaxorciela: `mzesmowyurebuli~, aRmosavluri esTetikiT gatacebulmanordielma parizis Semdeg male miaSura kavkasias.grigol robaqiZis roman `Caklul sulSi~MmTavargmirs _ Tamaz engurs metsaxelad `mzis Svili~ hqvia;romanis prologi mkafiod mianiSnebs vaJisa da mzissakralur kavSirze: Tamazis oTaxSi mzis sxivebiìRvreba~ da `vaJis sxeuls sixaruli eufleba~. 15 Tamazi`fundameturad~ icnobs da Rrmad aris naziarebievropul kulturas, bolSevikurma reJimma bolomdever daTrguna masSi arqauli tomobrivi instinqti,gvartomobis grZnoba: `masSi cocxloben tomis Zirebi~.Tamazma literaturul fsevdonimad ènguri~ airCia,radgan man icis, rom qarTuli tomebi kavkasiaSigilgameSis eposis samSoblodan movidnen. ènguri~mdinares hqvia svaneTSi _ mudam moZravi da mousvenari,engurs Tamazi Sumerelis an qaldevelis saxelsukavSirebda.AromanSi xazgasmulia, rom Tamazi `namdviliaRmosavlelia~ da rom Tamaz engurs `piradi mimarTebagaaCnia mTebTan da mzesTan~. Ggr. robaqiZe Tamaz engursmTebis Svils uwodebda; marTlac, Tamazs gatacebiTuyvars mTebi. mis mSobliur mxareSi – svaneTSi, oribumberazi mTa dgas: uSba da TeTnuldi. svanurlegendebSi maT nefe-dedofals uwodeben.Tbilisis erT-erTi maRlobidan Tamazs uyvardayazbegis Wvreta, TovliT dafaruli mTebis Semyures131

ol iko JR entimaradisobis gancda eufleboda: ìyo wuTebi, roca mzeSi,mTaSi is Tavis uZveles winapars xedavda~. am winaparSiigulisxmeba àdamianic da zeadamianuric.~ mTebisa damzis xilva TamazisTvis `Tavdapirveli elementebisgancdaa~, da im wuTebSi `mzis Svili~ usazRvrodbednieri iyo. 16 Tamaz engurisTvis saamayoa Tavisi erisuZvelesi istoria, romlis Tanaxmad, 2700-dan 3000-mdewlis wi n vanis tbis napirebze qal develTa(xaldevelTa) Zlieri saxelmwifo Seiqmna. saukuneebmaSemoinaxa mefe argiSTis droindeli lursmnuliwarwerebi, romelTa gaSifvra uWirT Tanamedrovemecnierebsac. erT-erTi mtkicebulebis Tanaxmad, maTiam oc no ba m xo lo d sv an ur is d ax mare bi T iy oSesaZlebeli.Eenguris xeobaSi erT qarTul sofelsxalde hqvia.gr. robaqiZis romanSi aRniSnulia, rom qarTvelebiTavis uZveles samSoblod babilons miiCneven.literaturisa da xelovnebis irgvliv gamarTuldiskusiebSi romanis personaJebi moixmoben uZveleslegendas Tamuzisa da iStaris Sesaxeb, romelTasikvdili bunebis sikvdilis tolfasia, _ ase msjelobsromanis personaJi rusi erovnebis petrovi _ yofilis oc i al i st i d a r e vo l u ci o ne r i. P yo f il irevolucioneris azriT, tropikul da subtropikulqveynebSi adgili ar aqvs bunebis sikvdils dagacocxlebas, es miTi CrdiloeTSi _ kaspiis zRvisnapirze _ ganviTarda. TamazisTvis babilonuri eposebipoeziis umaRlesi gamoxatuleba iyo.Pis iziarebdagamoCenil mecnierTa varauds imis Sesaxeb, rom TamuziStarismiTologiuri samSobloAazerbaijani iyo: èsmiTi uTuod ukavSirdeba zoroastris miTs _ vnebiTada aalebadi cecxliT~, rac, Tavis mxriv ukavSirdebahereTs – saqarTvelos uZveles kuTxes, sadac mTvariskulti batonobda da romlis kvali dRemdea SemorCenili,xolo `ritualurad igi Tamuz-iStaris miTs undaukavSirdebodes~. 17azerbaijanSi mogzaurobisas knut hamsunma piradad132mzis Svilebi _ knut hamsuni da grigol robaqiZemoinaxula e. w. cecxlis taZari àteS ga~ surahanSi,baqos maxloblad.Mmweralma detalurad aRwera daganixila mzis kultis irgvliv arsebuli miTologiurida religiuri aspeqtebi. miTrasa da mzis kultTanmimarTebaSi man axsna surahanis cecxlis taZrissakulto daniSnuleba, rac mzis misteriasTan iyodakavSirebuli: `bevri Cveni religiuri warmodgena,rogorc Cans, iranuli tomebisgan visesxeT...Suamdinarelebma, rogorc maTi warwerebi gvauwyeben, eswarmodgenebi sparselebisgan gadmoiRes da dasavleTiTasurel xalxebs gadasces... ai, axla vimyofebiT imadgilas, saidanac qristianobam _ maradiuli cecxlisSesaxeb _ Tavisi poeturi warmodgena aiRo.Aaq, miwaSi,binadrobda cecxli, romelic arc sakvebs iTxovda daarc wyals. Zvelebi cecxls miTrasTan, mzesTan,akavSirebdnen, romelic aseve maradiulad enTo da RvTisxatebas warmoadgenda.~ 18 robaqiZis roman `Caklulisulis~ miTo-poeturi struqtura Seicavda filosofiurteqstebs, reminiscenciebs uxsovar warsulTan,aRmosavluri miTologiis citatebs, magaliTad, erTerTiaseTi arqauli testia miTi miTrasa da zigfridisSeWideba bnel ZalebTan.Aam WidilSi mzis RmerTisheliosis, saxeliT miTra klavs xars, zigfridi –urCxuls.gr. robaqiZis amave romanSi gaSifrulia verZisa daxaris simbolika, romelic, Tavis mxriv, ukavSirdeba mzismisterias. Tamaz enguri gatacebiT kiTxulobdaaRmosavlur literaturas, sadac, misi TqmiT, `sxva axali`saxeebia~~ mocemuli.Mmis mier erT-erTi aRmosavluri`ciklis~ citirebisas mkiTxvelis winaSe saocaripoeturi pasaJi gadaiSleba: `sxvadasxva feris Zroxamdinaris napirTan xarbad xvreps wyals. wylis SesmisasTiToeuli maTgani Tavs maRla wevs da zecas uyurebs:`Zroxebi mzis moaxloebas grZnoben. Tamazi `Wvrets~amomavali mzis sxivebiT savse cxovelis Tvalebs~ 19(pastoraluri idiliis unikaluri nimuSi).kavkasiaSi mogzaurobisas naTlad ikveTeba knut133

ol iko JR entihamsunis interesi aRmosavluri kulturisa dacivilizaciis mimarT, rasac is jer kidev mogzaurobamdeiCenda.ATanamedrove `teqnizaciis~ epoqas daSorebulicivilizaciis cocxal `naSTebs~ norvegieli mogzauriTbilisis aziur ubnebSi waawyda.Mmweralma aRtacebiTaRwera sparsi gadamwerebi, romlebic jixurebSi isxdnenda TavianT wminda movaleobas mSvidad, gulmodginedasrulebdnen.Kknut hamsunisTvis mniSvnelovania, romman moinaxula da sakuTari TvaliT ixila aziuri ubnebismSvidi, auRelvebeli yofa, adgilobrivi xalxiskeTilSobileba da aRmosavluri udrtvinveloba. isiniRirseulad itandnen yovelgvar siRaribes. hamsunisTvisfsiqologiurad sainteresoa sparsel derviSTanSexvedra da masTan dialogi baTumSi. mwerali xanmusliman moxucebs àedevna~ quCaSi _ farulad gaecnoda daakvirda maTi yofis uCveulo wvrilmanebs.aRmosavluri mentalobis mqone adamianSi mweralmaufaqizesi fsiqologiuri niuansebi ganWvrita.HhamsunisazriT, aziuri samyaro sakuTar TavSia Caketili _daxuruli kulturaa da is Sors dgas Tanamedroveamerikanizmis merkantiluri da konformistuliinteresebisgan (amerikanizmi hamsunis mier gaigivebuliateqnikis da progresis saukunesTan). hamsuns izidavdaaRmosavluri fatalizmi, dasavleTis xmauriani daurbanuli civilizaciisgan ganridebuli adamianisSinagani simSvide, keTilSobileba da sibrZne.Tamaz enguri xSirad aanalizebs da ixilavs(garkveulwilad, gr. robaqiZe enguris prototi pia)aRmosavluri miTisa da poeziis miTo-poetur saxeebs.magaliTad, romanSi `Cakluli suli~ erT-erTfilosofiur `diskusiaSi~ saubari exeba miTiurpersonaJ-qals, romlisganac iSva mze (naTlis dabadeba).romanSi citirebulia egvipteli qalRmerTi neiTissityvebi, romlebic misive qandakebis kvarcxlbekzeaamotvifruli: `nayofi, romelic me vSvi, mze iyo~. Tamaziganmartavs am sityvebis magiur mniSvnelobas: `RvTiurisxivi dedakacis bnel wiaRSi moxvda da ase daiwyo134mzis Svilebi _ knut hamsuni da grigol robaqiZeRmerTis cxovreba: `sibnelidan sinaTle warmoiSva,wiaRma Sva mze~. 20 amgvarad gaSifra robaqiZem qarTulisityvis saidumlo – sityva mzera (look) ukavSirdebamzes (sun) – mze da mzera (mze da mzera sun andlook).Aamgvarad,Mmze niSnavs samyaros mzeras.Ppirvelmadedakacma Sva nayofi, anu mze. mivyveT romanis miTiurnarativs:Mmiqelanjelos adamma Sexeda mzes da igrZno,rom `TviTonac nawili iyo mzisa~, amdenad, adami RvTiurinayofidan Seiqmna.eseSi `Tamari~ gr. robaqiZe ganixilavda qarTvelimefe-qalis esTetikur fenomens. Tamaris plastikurisaxe gr. robaqiZem mzis simbolikas daukavSira: `rocamzem pirvelad ixila nilosi, cecxlis rgolebiTeambora mis aTrTolebul tansac. mzis kocnisgannilosis talRam `daiWira~ mzis kocna da lotosadgaiSala. 21 amgvari metafora moixmo gr. robaqiZem Tamarisfenomenis warmoCenisTvis. gr. robaqiZis ganmartebiT,Tamari iyo saqarTvelos istoriis plastikuri legenda,saqarTvelos istoriaSi igi `qalur mxares~warmoadgenda da rom is mudam naRvlobda `mziurivaJis~ mimarT. mwerlis survilia, rom Tanamedrove`cecxlisa da maxvilis~ epoqaSi, `msoflio bedistrialSi~ saqarTvelos moevlinos `Zlevamosili mzevaJi~,romelic iseTive `vaJur legendas~ SeqmnidasaqarTvelos istoriaSi, rogorc qaluri legendebiSeqmna didma Tamarma. Tamaris fenomeniT STagonebulmaknut hamsunma dawera piesa `dedofali Tamari~ (1903).saqarTveloSi mogzaurobisas knut hamsuni gzadagzaecnoboda mefe TamarTan dakavSirebul legendebs, mannaxa Tamaris saxelobis cixe-koSkebi, xidebi... XXsaukunis evropis gamoCenili mwerali gancvifrebulidarCa, rom kavkasiaSi aseTi Zlieri iyo qali – mefiskulti, Tu gaviTvaliswinebT, rom hamsuni saqarTvelosaRmosavluri kulturis konteqstSi moiazrebda _`miTiuri realizmi~, ase SeiZleba Sefasdes misi`zRapruli qveyana~, romlis avtori kavkasiasaRmosavleTis zRaprul qveynad, nostalgiur zmanebad135

ol iko JR entiufro aRiqvamda, vidre dasavluri kulturiswiaRad.Uunda miviCnioT, rom es metadre, mwerlis miTopoeturiaRqmaa, vidre realisturi. erT-erT esseSirobaqiZe Seexo qarTuli poeziis unikalur nimuSs _xalxur leqss `mzev, Sin Semodio~ da aRniSna, romamgvari mimarTva (mzisadmi) `pirdapir genialuria~, esmimarTva gamoiyena qarTvelma romantikosma poetmaaleqsandre WavWavaZem Tavis leqsSi (`Zeoba~), sadac,Svilis dabadebas qarTveli poeti mzis SemosvliTàcxadebda~.speqtaklze `londa~, romelic grigol robaqiZispiesis mixedviT daidga, robaqiZe SeniSnavda: `londa~aris namdvili dabruneba mzesTan, yvelaferi masSi arismzisgan, sicocxle da sikvdili.Ees aris namdvilimisteria mzisa~. 22 statias wamZRvarebuli aqvs amgvarifraza: `sicocxle mzea mwvave da Tu sicocxle ginda,glovac unda giyvardes~.gr. robaqiZe werda, rom atomis daSla samyaroskosmiur daSlas moaswavebda: àtomi kosmiuri monadaasamyarosi, didi faraoni exnatoni, mzis Tayvanismcemelida mzis mgosani, ase mimarTavda xalxur himnSi mzes: ÒDu Amme der Ungeborenen!~. qarTvelma mweralma damoazrovnem wamoWra kiTxva: romeli msoflio mgosaniswvda mzes ase genialurad? atomi aris es Àmme~qarTulad, albaT, `gadia~. 231916 wels grigol robaqiZe, rogorc samxedro moxelesparseTSi gaemgzavra (analogiuri survili hqonda knuthamsuns, romelmac kavkasiis Semdeg sparseTSimogzauroba dagegma, magram sabuTebis mougvareblobisada sabanko operaciebis Seferxebis gamo mas esmogzauroba CaeSala).sparseTSi mogzaurobas gr. robaqiZe uwodebda`cxovrebis Semobrunebis wertils~: `mesopotamiiszRurblamde mivaRwie da mqonda SegrZneba, rom saukuneTasvlaSi dakarguli samSoblo vipove~. 24 gr. robaqiZeiziarebda istorikosTa mosazrebebs, romelTa mixedviT,qarTvelTa uZvelesi, pirveli samSoblo qaldea136mzis Svilebi _ knut hamsuni da grigol robaqiZeiyo.Mmwerals gamZafrebuli hqonda miwis grZnoba da amgrZnobam is `kosmiurad~ moicva iranSi. zoroastrizmissamSobloSi – iranSi, robaqiZe Tan atarebda nicSes`zaratustras~ da firdousis, hafizis, omar xaiamisqveyanaSi ar iSorebda goeTes `divans~. aseve Tan hqondababilonuri eposis `gilgameSis~ nawyvetebi.YgoeTemdeaRmosavlurma literaturam sabolood gadawyvitarobaqiZis, rogorc mwerlis, bedi.gr. robaqiZisTvis mze ar warmoadgenda ùbraloastronomiul movlenas~: ìran-mesopotamiur miwazewamoimarTnen pirvelsamyaros goliaTuri figurebi dasuraTebi~ (identuri esTetikuri aRqma hqonda hamsuns,roca man yazbegis goliaTi mTebi ixila). gr. robaqiZemsparseTis wiaRSi moiZia Tavisi Semoqmedebis `gasaRebi~_ sparseTi iyo misi “poeturi samSoblo~, aRniSna kidec,romMmisi nawarmoebi Zlier ganicdida iranisa da`gilgameSis~ gavlenas .25sparseTSi mogzaurobis Sedegad Seiqmna gr.robaqiZis romani `gvelis perangi~ (1926), niSandoblivia,rom robaqiZis es romanic gasuli saukunis 20-ian wlebSigermaniaSi gamoica. `gvelis perangs~ winasityvaobacnobilma avstrielma mweralma Stefan cvaigma daurTo.Ggr. robaqiZis `gveli perangSi~ arCibald mekeSismogzaurobis traeqtoria plastikurad warmoadgens wres,romelic sparseTidan, anu aRmosavleTidan, iwyeba(ixsneba) da grZeldeba saqarTvelosken _ `gzaSinisaken~.Aam mogzaurobaSi mekeSi `Soreul fesvebSi~iZireba da mama-mamulSi dabrunebis netari gancdaeufleba. Sin (qarTul miwaze) dabrunebisas ikvrebawre – maradiuli dabrunebis motivi: `mama samyarosgezia... aq yoveli elementi mTels ubrundeba~.aRmosavleTis gavliT mekeSi saqarTvelos daubrunda,kvlav moipova dakarguli samSoblo da, sabolood,mistiuri wre Seikra: `saxlis siyvaruli _ sisxlisyivilia. cxovreba TviTon gkarnaxobs mSobliuri kerissiyvaruls...~ _ vkiTxulobT hamsunis ukanasknel romanSi`wre ikvreba~ (1935). 26137

ol iko JR enti20-ian wlebSi `gvelis perangi~ sabWoTa ideologTamxridan cinikuri gansjisa da mwvave kritikis sababigaxda: àrxeologiuri saqarTveloTi SeiaraRebuli~,`niRbebSi gamowyobili cilindrosani~, `zedmetiadamiani~ _ amgvari epiTetebiT Seamkes `gvelis perangis~avtori. 27 Pproletkulturis ideologebma romani`faSizmis apologiad~ Seracxes da mwerlis winaaRmdegsaprotesto laSqroba moawyves. sabWoTa kritikammkacrad dagmo romanis ZiriTadi motivebi: `faSiturimotivebi~: `rasis apologia~, àdamianis fiziologiurida fsiqiuri kavSiri Tavis miwasTan~ da mis `Zirebiskenswrafva~ .28 II msoflio omis Semdeg knut hamsunmsacigive braldebebi wauyenes _ `nordiuli rasis~apologetad, nacionalistad da faSistad Seracxes.mzis Svilebi _ knut hamsuni da grigol robaqiZe15 grigol robaqiZe, Cakluli suli, Tbilisi, 1991. gv. 5.16. iqve, gv. 6-7.17. iqve, gv. 49.18. knut hamsuni, dasax. naSromi. gv. 166-167.19. grigol robaqiZe, `Serisxulni~, t. II, 2002, gv. 227.20. iqve, gv. 228.21. gaz. `saqarTvelo~, Tamaris asawerad, 1918, #80-91.22. grigol robaqiZis werili `misteriidan `londa~~, gaz.:`rubikoni~, 1923, #5, gv. 2.23. grigol robaqiZe, `Serisxulni~, tomi II, 2002, gv. 424.24. iqve, gv. 229.25, iqve;26. Кнут Гамсун, собр. соч. Т. V., Круг Замкнулся, Москва, 1996, стр. 421.27. gaz.: “axalgazrda komunisti~, 1927, 18 ianvari.28. iqve;1. см.: Кнут Гамсун. Полное собрание сочинении, Москва, 1910, Т. IV.2. knut hamsuni, gancdili da nafiqrali kavkasiaSi, zRapruliqveyana, dedofali Tamari, gamomc. “inteleqti~, Tbilisi,2006.3. dokumeturi filmi _ `knut hamsunis kavksiuri misteriebi~,2005 weli, (reJ. oliko JRenti).4. Кнут Гамсун. Полное собрание сочинении, Т. 1., предисловие Г.Брандеса, Москва, 1910, стр. 6-7.5. grigol robaqiZis werili _ `ra unda agondebodesqarTvels~. wignidan `Serisxulni~, tomi II., 2002, gv. 35.6. grigol robaqiZis werili _ `saqarTvelos xerxemali~.daibeWda JurnalSi `qarTuli mwerloba~, 1927, #1, gv. 29-37.7. knut hamsuni. dasax. naSromi, gv. 65.8. Гуревич. А. Я., “Эдда~ и сага, Москва, 1979, стр. 54.9. zviad gamsaxurdia, werilebi, eseebi. saqarTvelos sulierimissia, Tbilisi, 1991, gv. 212.10. iqve;11. knut hamsuni. dasax. naSromi, gv. 80.12. werili `Cemi cxovreba~ wignidan `Serisxulni~, tomi II.,grigol robaqiZe, gamomcemloba `gea~, 2002, gv. 225.13. iqve, gv. 227.14. iqve, gv. 228.138139

140Teo xatiaSviliteleseriali, rogorc socio-kulturulifenomeni`yvela xelovnebaSi aris fizikuris raRacnawili... mas ar SeuZlia, Tavi daaRwiosTanamedrove mecnierebisa da Tanamedrovepraqtikis zegavlenas. udidesi aRmoCenebi cvlisxelovnebis mTel teqnikas da amiT zegavlenasaxdens Tavad SemoqmedebiT azrze, rasacsabolood mivyavarT iqamde, rom icvlebaTavad xelovnebis gagebis cneba~.pol valeripol valeris es citireba aqvs wamZRvarebuli valterbeniaminis cnobil werils xelovnebis nawarmoebiteqnikuri reproducirebis epoqaSi, romelicpopkulturis Tanamedrove kvlevebis erT-erTfundamentur teqstad iqca. avtori SesavalSive ayenebsarsobriv sakiTxs _ raSi mdgomareobs Tanamedrovexelovnebis, an ufro sworad _ xelovnebis Tanamedrovegageba. ùamravi fuWi msjeloba daixarja imis gadaWraze,iTvleboda Tu ara fotografia xelovnebad. amasTanaravin dainteresebula: xom ar Seicvala xelovnebisxasiaTi Tavad fotografiis gamogonebiT?~ _ kiTxulobsvalter beniamini, 1 romlis mier ukve sakiTxis amgvaraddasma dadebiT pasuxs gavaraudebinebs.beniaminis azriT, fotografia iyo swored xelovnebisaxleburi modelis pirveli precedenti, romelSicmoxsnilia originali-aslis winaaRmdegobrividamokidebulebis problema, radgan Seqmnisa dagamravleba-reproducirebis teqnologiebi identuria.Tavis mxriv, axalma teqnologiebma mniSvnelovnadganapiroba xelovnebis nimuSebSi Cadebuli sakultoda sagamofeno daniSnulebis prioritetTa gadalageba:ramdenadac pirveli sul ufro kargavs funqcias, meoreTandaTanobiT umTavres Rirsebad iqceva. Sesabamisad,Tu religiuri naklebad an saerTod aRar gansazRvravsxelovnebis nawarmoebs, misi ideuri safuZvelipolitikaSi unda veZioT, anu, imaSi, Tu ra ideologiasgamoxatavs igi. 2 am faqtoris gaTvaliswinebamniSvnelovani xdeba teleserialis ganxilvisasac,romelic, rogorc kompleqsuri socio-kulturulifenomeni, dasavlur Teoriul praqtikaSi ukve didixania iqca mravalmxrivi kvlevis obieqtad. udavoa, rommas aqvs gasarTobi (anu, sagamofeno) funqcia, magramamave dros is sxvadasxva ideologiis Zlierigamavrcelebelia.g ar T obis g ar a nt a d g v ev l in e ba ur y ev idramaturgiuli struqtura, rac narativ(eb)is usasrulowyebaSi gamoixateba; Txrobis wyveta xdeba yvelazek ul m i na c iu r m o m en t Si , r i T ic may ur e b li scnobismoyvareoba gaaqtiurebulia da aiZulebs mas,momdevno seriis yurebas. am specifikuri Tvisebis gamoteleserialis Canasaxs ukve àTas erTi Ramis~struqturaSi xedaven; 3 dasavlur poligrafiulsivrceSi ki jer kidev XIX saukuneSi Cndeba komiqsebida TavSesaqcevi istoriebi minaweriT: `gagrZelebaiqneba~. e. w. `sapnis operis~ enciklopediuri gansazRvracgangrZobadobas gamoyofs mTavar niSnad: ` [...] es aristeleforma, romelic iqmneba gagrZelebadi RianarativiT. yoveli epizodi mTavrdeba dapirebiT, romTxrobis xazi sxva epizodSi ganviTardeba~. 4dramaturgiuli wyoba ganapirobebs ara mxolodcnobismoyvareobis gaRvivebas, aramed mis mudmivdaZabulobasac, molodins _ Tu ra iqneba Semdeg. ufrosworad _ rogor iqneba? ramdenadac dasasrulisavaraudod cnobili da prognozirebadia, interessiwvevs iqamde misasvleli bevri paraleluri xazi,uamravi personaJis sakuTrivi istoria, romelicmagistralur xazSia CarTuli. isini perioduladikvreba, mTavrdeba, samagierod, sxva Cndeba da a. S.141

Teo xatiaSvi liparaleluri istoriebi ganapirobebs mayureblis mudmivCarTulobas, romelsac aucileblad sWirdeba, rom misimolodini dausruleblad ki ar gadaidos, aramed raRacetapze dakmayofildes. aqve aRvniSnav, rom teleserialis,rogorc raRac erTianis, ganxilva garkveulwiladarasworia, ramdenadac arsebobs `Sida diferenciacia~,rac araTu Janrobrivad, aramed imis mixedviTacganisazRvreba, Tu sad iwarmoeba is masiurad. magaliTad,sayovelTaod cnobilia, rom laTino-amerikuliserialebi banalurad melodramatulia maSin, rocabritanuli iZleva Tanamedrove sazogadoebis SedarebiTsiRrmiseul da mravalplastian suraTs. sxvaTa Soris,serialis aRsaniSnad, romelic XX saukunis 30-ian wlebSiamerikul radioSi gaCnda, sxvadasxva terminicgamoiyeneba, rac swored am diferenciacias met-naklebadiTvaliswinebs. magaliTad, gamoiyeneba tele-novela,romelic ufro TiToeul seriaSi daxuruli narativisformas gulisxmobs. yvelaze metad gavrcelebuli kimainc sapnis operaa, romelic sruliad SemTxveviT _pirveli radio-serialis masponsorirebeli sapnismwarmoebeli firmebis Procter and Gamble, Colgate-Palmoliveda Lever Brothers-is gamo ewoda (Tumca sayuradReboa isasociaturi konotaciebi, rasac saxelwodeba badebs darac serialis Tvisobriobas Seesatyviseba; vTqvaT,`sapnis buSti~, anu iluzoruloba an sapnisgangaRizianebiT gamowveuli cremli, romliTacgaJRenTilia serialTa didi nawili). magram yoveliveamis miuxedavad, mainc arsebobs garkveuli normebi damaxasiaTeblebi, romelTa mixedviT SesaZloaganzogadebebi, monaTesave mxatvrul formebTanmsgavsebis gansazRvra Tu im transformaciisTvalisgadevneba, rac serialma Tavisi arsebobismanZilze gaiara (Tundac Sefasebebis mxriv).teleserialis narativi axlos dgas melodramasada bulvarul romanTan, romelSic farTo auditoriismosazidad aprobirebuli dramaturgiuli kodebiaCadebuli: SemTxveviToba, Sexvedris Sansi an, piriqiT,142tel e se ri ali , rog orc soci o-k ulturuli fe nomenimisi xelidan gaSveba, moulodneli saubari, romelicintrigas naTels mohfens, bolo wuTs gadarCena da a. S.TiTqos, gadatvirTuli da daxlarTuli dramaturgiamowodebulia martivad, raTa mayurebelma nebismiermomentSi SeZlos masSi CarTva; amas ganapirobebsmkveTrad opoziciur, arqeti pul personaJebTan(dadebiTi/uaryofiTi) identifikaciis siadvilec,romlebic yofiT, ojaxur, zogjer ki seriozulsocialur Tu sazogadoebriv konfliqtebSi ariangaxveuli.nacnobi situaciebi da universaluri Tvisebebismatarebeli tipaJebi adamianTa axlebur komunikaciaswaaxalisebs. roca zogadad televiziis mavnezegavlenaze saubroben xolme, xSirad miuTiTeben misgamTiSvel rolze da magaliTad mohyavT xolme saRamoserTad Sekrebili ojaxis wevrebi, romlebictelevizoris civ ekrans misSterebian; es ukanaskneli,TiTqos, maT salaparakos aRar utovebs. mkvlevarTadidi nawili ki, piriqiT, miiCnevs, rom telegadacema (damaT Soris, teleserialic) araTu axlobel adamianebs,aramed ucnobebs Sorisac inspirirebs saubris Temas;da xSirad sakmaod emociuri da daZabuli saubrisasac.doroTi hobsoni `gzajvaredinis~ mayureblisgamokiTxvis Sedegad mivida daskvnamde, romgansxvavebuli ti pisa da Taobebis adamianebSipopularuli seriali aaqtiurebda piradulze saubrismoTxovnilebas: misi ganxilvisas sakuTar gamocdilebasumateben, yvebian problemebze, romelze sajaro saubaricserialis konteqstis gareSe uxerxuli iqneboda 5 . Tamarlibessa da eliu katcs ki teleserialis sakomunikaciofunqciis magaliTad mohyavT amerikaSi sacxovrebladCasuli rusi ebraelis àRiareba~ _ `dalasis~ yurebamosalodneli saubrebisTvis mosamzadebeli saSinaodavalebis Sesrulebas hgavso. 6sxvaTa Soris, mravali kvlevis Sedegad vlindeba,rom `dalasis~ usazRvro popularobis ZiriTadkriteriumad mayurebeli mis `realisturobas~ asaxelebs143

Teo xatiaSvi lida miiCnevs, rom is 80-iani wlebis teqsasis Statisyovlismomcvel suraTs iZleva. saerTod reitingulserialebs xSirad axasiaTeben, rogorc `cxovrebiseuls~,anu, igulisxmeba, rom isini namdvili da damajerebelniarian. es mxolod `gulubryvilo mayureblis~ aRqma araris; mTeli Tavisi iluzorulobis, Selamazebulobisada glamurisadmi swrafvis miuxedavad, mkvlevrebiteleserialebSi socrealizmis gamovlinebasac xedaven.yvelaze ufro banalur serialSic ki yovelTvis aris`populisturi realizmi~. teleseriali, rogorcpopkulturis erT-erTi yvelaze mZlavri produqti,realobis refleqsirebas SedarebiT martiv-masobrivenaze axdens da amdenad, xSir SemTxvevaSi ufrouadvildeba sazogadoebaSi arsebuli ama Tu im mwvaveproblemis reprezentireba, vidre es akademiurkulturaSia SesaZlebeli. serialTa popularobasacm aT i dr oi sadm i Se saty v is oba gans az Rv ravs .`gzajvaredinebi~, `koronaciis quCa~, àRmosavleTraionelebi~ da a. S. 80-iani wlebidan gadis BBC-sa Tusxvadasxva amerikuli arxis eTerSi da yovelaTwleulSi wamoiWreba da aqcentirdeba ama Tu imdrois aqtualuri sakiTxebi. àRmosavleT raionelebis~prodiuser julia smiTis TqmiT, `gadavwyviteT, mivdioTrealistur dramas, romelic SeiZleba moicavdesumuSevrobas, rasobriv Cagvras, homoseqsualobas, ojaxurZaladobas, narkotikebis moxmarebasa Tu misiTvaWrobas...~. 7 serialebSi sul ufro farTod iWreba axaliTemebi, rogoricaa, vTqvaT, Sidsi, evTanazia, mentaluriproblemebi da a. S. miuxedavad imisa, rom saboloodserialTa umetesoba mainc mkafiod gamoxatulkonservatul ideologias atarebs, rac ojaxurifundamentalizmis aRiarebasa da moralizmisdamkvidrebas axdens, imavdroulad generirebas uwevsaxal Temebs, ganapirobebs farTo auditoriis mier maTmimReobas, ris Sedegadac tabuirebuli iqcevaTanagrZnobis an, yovel SemTxvevaSi, gagebisa da`mitevebis~ sagnad. sociologebi miiCneven, rom144tel e se ri ali , rog orc soci o-k ulturuli fe nomeniàRmosavleT raionelebma~ Tineijerebs gacilebiT metiinformacia misca Sidsis Sesaxeb, vidre Sidsisprevenciis nacionalurma fondma; feministuri moZraobiserT-erTi aqtivisti erin pizi ki aRiarebs, rom qalebzeZaladobis winaaRmdeg sakiTxis dayeneba am serialidanufro popularuli gaxda, vidre misi 25 wlianimoRvaweobis Sedegad. 8unda aRiniSnos, rom saerTod ukanasknel xanebSifeministuri kritika teleserials aRar ganixilavs,rogorc erTmniSvnelovani stereotipizaciis sivrces,romelic diasaxlisebisTvis aris gankuTvnili daromelic maT lamazi tyuilebiT kvebavs. `gaqceva~ _am terminiT gamoxataven im negatiur konotacias, romlisTanaxmadac teleserialebisa Tu bulvaruli romanebismomxmarebeli qali iqmnis iluzorul, virtualursamyaros, ramdenadac ar (an ver) surs realobisadmiTvalis gasworeba; am samyaroSi is garkveulwiladiRebs sakuTari ararealizebulobis kompensacias dakmayofildeba. rogorc wesi, miCneulia, rom sapnis opera,melodramis msgavsad, sentimentalurobisken midrekiliqalebis, konkretulad ki mainc ufro ùsaqmuri~diasaxlisebis `Janria~; Tumca, Tu zemoT aRniSnulmosazrebas gavixsenebT, rom teleseriali (iseve rogorcmelodrama) ojaxur faseulobebs, mis stabilurobasada uryevobas aRiarebs da ukiduresad moralisturia,moCvenebiTobis miRma aRmovaCenT mis absoluturadmaskulinur ideologias. Sesabamisad teleserialisSesaxeb Tavdapirveli feministuri kvlevebi ukiduresaduaryofiTad afaseben mis rols qalis TviTSefasebisada identifikaciis procesSi, rodesac am ukanasknelskidev ufro uRrmavdeba ojaxis winaSe valdebulebisada masTan mijaWvulobis gancda. Tumca mogvianebiTteleserialebTan erTad am teqstebis gadakiTxvacxdeba. mkvlevarTa azriT, qalebis mier teleserialissistematuri yureba, marTalia, susti, magram maincprotestia yoveldRiuri ojaxuri rutinisadmi. eTiSebara Tundac mcire droiT saojaxo problemebsa da145

Teo xatiaSvilisaqmianobas, is iZens avtonomias, rCeba Tavis TavTanmarto sakuTari interesebiT, gancdebiT, siamovnebiT... 9gamokiTxvebis safuZvelze Catarebulma kvlevebmaaCvena, rom yovelTvis Zalze mniSvnelovania droiTiTu geografiul-kulturuli konteqstis gaTvaliswineba,rasac xSirad Sesworeba Seaqvs sayovelTaod miRebul,universalur SefasebebSi. magaliTad, jeki steismaqalTa JurnalebSi gamoaqveyna gancxadeba, raTagamoxmaurebodnen 60 wels gadacilebuli britaneliqalbatonebi, romlebic 40-50-ian wlebSi xSiraddadiodnen kinoTeatrebSi holivudis filmebis sanaxavad.aRmoCnda, rom kinoSi siarulis motivacia sruliadacar iyo erTgvarovani da, rac ufro mniSvnelovania, amisSedegad miRebuli siamovneba gacilebiT meti iyo, vidredamoukideblad filmis, rogorc teqstisgan. kinoSis ia r ul i T a vi s ebu ri ri t uali i yo , r i Ti cxorcieldeboda `gaqceva~ ara imdenad piradi cxovrebismouwyoblobidan da rutinidan, ramdenadac omisa daomisSemdgomi britaneTis siRaribisa da gaWirvebisgan.mayurebels ara marto holivudis TvalismomWrelidekoraciebi izidavda, aramed kinoTeatrebis mdidruliinterieric, romelSic gacilebiT komfortuladgrZnobdnen Tavs, vidre sakuTar saxlSi. rac Seexebaidentifikaciis sakiTxs, jeki steisma am SemTxvevaSictradiciuli warmodgenidan sapirispiro daskvnebi miiRo.aRmoCnda, rom `holivudis varskvlavebi SeiZlebadavinaxoT, rogorc ufro meti, vidre seqsualurimimzidvelobis martivi mibaZvis nimuSebi (Tumca isiniamas agreTve cxadad gvTavazoben). isini asevedaamaxsovrdaT, rogorc qali mayureblisTvis ufroZlieri da Tavdajerebuli `me~-s SeTavazebis wyaro~. 10is, rac holivudis varskvlavTa xazgasmulierotizaciiT qalze kontrolis meqanizmad miiCneoda,konservatorul da viqtorianuli SezRudvebisbritaneTSi qalTa emansi paciisken garkveuli biZgiaRmoCnda. `qaluri `me~-s warmoeba amerikulobasTankavSirSi niSnavda àvtonomias~, ìndividualobas~ da146tel e se ri ali , rog orc soci o-k ulturuli fe nomeni`damoukideblobas~ imdroindeli bevri qalimayureblisTvis~. 11jeki steisis kvlevis SedarebiT dawvrilebiTiaRwera imisTvis damWirda, rom damedasturebina, TuinterpretaciisTvis ramxela sivrces tovebs yvelazeufro banaluri (tele)teqstic ki. Samwuxarod, ammravalferovnebisTvis nakleb masalas gvaZlevsqarTuli teleseriali. `populisturi realizmi~ masSiZiriTadad erTi mimarTulebiT viTardeba _ mouwyobeligaremo, damTrgunveli socialuri foni da am niadagzeganviTarebuli korufciul-kriminaluri istoriebi.paraleluri dinebebi TiTqmis ar aris an Zalian sustadaris gamovlenili, rac intrigas da daZabulobas veruzrunvelyofs. simptomaturia erTi maxasiaTebeliniSani, rac ara marto qarTul teleserialSi, aramedkinoSic iCens Tavs _ TiTqmis ignorirebuliamelodramatuli xazi, rac nebismieri Janris serialispopularobis erT-erTi mTavari garantia. ra unda iyosamis mizezi, es sxva da Tanac mravalmxrivi kvlevisTemaa da amjerad ubralod SevCerdebi faqtisk on s t at a ci a ze , ro g or c f o r mi s k a no n e bi sgauTvaliswineblobis magaliTze.qarTuli kinowarmoebis Seferxeba-SewyvetispirobebSi reJisorTa didma nawilma erTgvariTavSesafari monaxa televiziaSi, Tumca xSir SemTxvevaSiver moxerxda adaptacia monaTesave, magram sxva ti pisekranul sanaxaobasTan. ZiriTadad teleserialzemuSaoba xdeba mxatvruli kinos gadaRebis pretenziiT.Zalze simptomaturia yvelaze masStaburi serialis`qaRaldis tyviis~ reJisoris, levan TuTberiZis, mierwinasareklamo interviuSi gamoTqmuli azri imisTaobaze, rom es ar iyo tipuri seriali da mayurebelssami seriis naxva mainc dasWirdeboda imis gasarkvevad,Tu vin vin iyo da, saerTod, ra xdeboda masSi. rogorcukve aRvniSne, serialisTvis aucilebelia Txrobissimartive da lakonuroba, raTa mayurebeli nebismiermomentSi CaerTos yurebis procesSi ise, rom gasagebi147

Teo xatiaSviliiyos winare peripetiebi. amdenad, serialis specifikaSiodnav gaTviTcnobierebuli adamianisTvisac ki ukvenaxsenebi interviuTi cxadi iyo am ambiciuri proeqtiswarumatebloba.f rangi Te o r et i ko s i r oJ e o d e ni Janri sTaviseburebebis ganxilvisas aRniSnavs: `mxatvrulikinos kanonebiT gadaRebuli saojaxo-samoyvarulofilmi iseve autanelia mayureblisTvis, rogorcmxatvruli filmi, gakeTebuli samoyvarulo poetikaSi;Tumca es sulac ar gamoricxavs im faqts, rom yvelazeufro daxvewilma kinomanma SeZlos, siamovnebis miRebaaxloblis mier gadaRebuli samoyvarulo filmisgan,Tuki daculia instituciis wesebi da pirobebi~. 12 amwesebsa da pirobebzea damokidebuli mayureblismolodini, romlis uaryofis SemTxvevaSi kontaqtiekransa da auditorias Soris ver myardeba. rodesacreJisori Janruli kinos kanonebis principul darRvevas,mizanmimarTul ngrevas axdens, isic swored am kanonebiTmanipulirebs. rig SemTxvevaSi utrirebulia an, piriqiT,Tavdayiraa dayenebuli nacnobi sqema an sqemaSenarCunebulia, magram mas axorcieleben personaJebisqemis Sesabamisi tradiciuli rolebis gadacvliT (amvariaciebis araCveulebrivi reprezentaciis magaliTebiakventin tarantinosa Tu pedro almodovaris filmebi)da a. S. am SemTxvevaSi reJisori Tavisuflad, magramaseve kanonebis sferoSi moZraobs da mayurebelicsiamovnebas iRebs TamaSSi CarTvisgan, roca xvdeba, romavtorma Zalze kargad icis misTvisac (mayureblisTvis)nacnobi sqemebi da kanonebi, romliTac Jongliorobsan kanonikuri ekranuli realobis ukuRma konstruirebasaxdens.qarTul teleserialSi ìnstituciis wesebisa dapirobebis~ gauTvaliswinebloba sul sxva xasiaTisaa_ samwuxarod, is ara imdenad Semoqmedis `Tavxeduri~improvizaciis gamovlinebaa, ramdenadac TamaSis wesebisarcodnisa. maSin, rodesac jer kidev Camouyalibebeliaf or m a, ras a kv i rv e li a , n aa d re v i a q ar T ul i148tel e se ri ali , rog orc soci o-k ulturuli fe nomeniteleserialisadmi novaciuri Temebis wamoWris moTxovna,rac dasavleTSi gansakuTrebiT 80-iani wlebidan Zalzeintensiurad, SesaZloa, cota plakaturad, magrammasobrivi auditoriisTvis gasageb da misaReb enazewarmoebs. Tumca es, albaT, zogadad Cveni Tanamedroveku ltu ris pro ble maa , r ode sac (uk idu res adpolitizirebul sazogadoebaSi) TiTqmis ar arsebobs`socialurisa~ Tu `politikuris~ gancda damoTxovnileba.1. В. Беньямин. Произведение искусство в век его техническойвоспроизводимости. Киноведческие Записи. Москва. 1988/22. iqve.3. О. Нечай. Телевидение. Как художественная система.4. www.wirkipedia.org5. j. sTori. kulturologia da popularuli kulturiskvleva. Tbilisi, 2007.6. iqve.7. www.museum.tv8. www.aber.ac.uk9. j. sToris dasaxelebuli naSromi.10. iqve.11. iqve.12. М. Ямпольски. Тезусы к проблеме жанров. КиноведческиеЗаписи. № 11.149

mediologiavaJa zubaSvilisatelevizio politikuri reklama, rogorcpolitikuri komunikaciis forma`warmovidginoT, rogori iqneboda evropismomavali, 1917 wels muSebsa da glexebs (vincmxari dauWira oqtombris gadatrialebas),leninis _ rogorc `beladisa da upovarTadamcvelis~ nacvlad `teroristisa da banditis~xateba rom hqonoda.~ 1politikuri satelevizio reklama pirveladamerikaSi gamoCnda (rogorc mkvlevarebi amboben, 1952wels) d. eizenhaueris mxardasaWerad. amave welsamerikul televizias pirvelad gadaucia pirdapiritranslaciiT respublikuri da demokratiuli partiebisyrilobebi. 60-iani wlebidan amerikuli politikurireklamis leqsikonSi komerciuli reklamis terminebicgaCnda: ìmiji~, `SefuTva~, `kandidatis gayidva~ da gaCndaazri, rom politika partiul kabinetebSi ki ara,sareklamo saagentoebis saaparatoebSi iqmneboda; darom erTi da imave strategiiT SeiZleba gayido saponicda prezidentobis kandidatic. sareklamo rgolebi kimxolod kozirebia kargi moTamaSis xelSi.sabWoTaA kavSiris rRvevisa da Semdgomi periodissaqarTvelos socialur-politikurma viTarebammkveTrad gazada qarTuli sazogadoebis politikuriaqtivoba, romelic mkveTri polarizaciiT xasiaTdebada postsabWoTa sindromiT jer kidev saxelmwifozea`mibmuli~. amitom `vardebis revoluciis~ Semdgomidemokratiuli reformebi susti ekonomikis pirobebSimZime socialur fonze sazogadoebis didma nawilmaTavdasxmad, piradi uflebebis xelyofad aRiqva da iseve,rogorc araerTgzis (gasuli saukunis 90-iani wlebidanmoyolebuli) 2007 wlis noemberSi xalxi kvlav quCaSigamovida. dainiSna vadamdeli saprezidento arCevnebi.150151

vaJa zubaSvi lierTi SexedviT, xalxis moTxovna da ganwyobilebebinaTelia _ is langarze devs; amitom aravis ucdiazustad gaerkvia xalxis aRSfoTebis mizezi. nebismieriPR da sareklamo kampania mxolod sazogadoebrivi azrissafuZvliani Seswavlis Sedegebis mixedviT igegmeba,ris gareSec SeuZlebelia swori komunikaciis damyareba.marketologebis azriT, qarTuli sazogadoebis,rogorc momxmareblis, fenomeni, Seuswavlelia.`qarTveli momxmarebeli iracionaluri da alogikuria...Znelia amoicno is stimuli, romelzec Cvenimomxmarebeli reagirebs. es imitom, rom aravisSeuswavlia saqarTveloSi momxmareblis qcevis logika.~ 2politikosic marketinguli produqtia, romliswarmatebul komunikacias sazogadoebasTan PRteqnologiebi uzrunvelyofs.PR rTuli, integrirebuli komunikaciaa; misi uamraviganmarteba arsebobs umniSvnelo sxvaobebiT, romelTacerTi mTavari azri aerTianebs: PR aris moqmedebaSTagonebis saSualebaTa gamoyenebiT, romelicmimarTulia sazogadoebrivi azris formirebisa ankoreqciisaken (konkurentunarianobis gaZlierebismizniT, mraval ideaTa Soris erTi ideis gamosarCevad).politteqnologebma, marketologebma da PR-ismimarTulebiT momuSave specialistebma uzarmazarig am o c di l eba d a a gr o ve s d a ganWv r it e s i skanonzomierebani, rac xels uwyobs kandidatisa daeleqtoratis urTierTgagebas; gansazRvres isinstrumentebi, romelTa gamoyenebac kandidatssaSualebas aZlevs gaxdes xalxis rCeuli.politikuri reklamis erT-erTi, magram yvelazeZlieri instrumentia satelevizio reklama. televiziaZiriTadi Suamavali gaxda politikoss da amomrCevelsSoris. televiziis mier Seqmnili sainformacio veliaris is baza, romlis saSualebiTac mayurebeli, rogorcamomrCeveli, iqmnis da icvlis Sefasebebs kandidatTamimarT.cnobili amerikeli politkonsultanti dik morisi152sate le vi zi o poli ti kuri rek lama, rogorc pol itik urik omuni k ac ii s forma(mis klientTa Soris iyo prezidenti bil klintoni)wers, rom amerikeli amomrCevlis 40% Tavis arCevansakeTebs sainformacio nakadis, ufro konkretulad,televiziis zegavleniT; morisi maT `sainformacionarkomanebs~ uwodebs. 3PR axdens gavlenas sazogadoebrivi azrisCamoyalibebaze _ koreqcias ukeTebs mas an sruliaducvlis mimarTulebas;reklama ubiZgebs sazogadoebriv azrs qmedebisakenda exmareba gadawyvetilebis miRebaSi.gadamwyveti roli saarCevno kampaniaSi eniWebakandidatis imijs. imiji _ es aris politikuri saxe,romelic winaswargamiznulad yalibdeba da sagangebodiqmneba dasaxuli miznis misaRwevad. magram imiji araris uZravi xati. is moqmedebaSia, mas aqvs dasawyisi,ganviTarebis etapebi. mis dinamikas ganapirobebs mravalifaqtori _ eleqtoratis regionuli, demografiuli,eTno-fsiqologiuri, socialuri faqtorebi, situaciurifaqtorebi...imijs, romelic gansazRvruli strategiiT iqmnebapolitikuri miznis misaRwevad, reklamisa da sxvasaSualebebis gamoyenebiT, ewodeba strategiuli saxe. 4politteqnologebi kandidatis reklamirebul saxesganixilaven, rogorc `liders publikisaTvis~; umetesSemTxvevaSi `lideri publikisaTvis~ didad gansxvavdebalideri _ realuri pirovnebisagan.kandidatis imiji kargad unda esadagebodes liderispirad Tvisebebs, im politikas, romlis gatarebasacapirebs lideri da risi molodinic aqvs amomrCevels.es imiji, ZiriTadad, ori konkretuli formiT yalibdeba:lideri _ èrTi CvenTagani~, romelic yvelaadamianuri Tvisebis matarebelia, masSi dadebiTTanerTad, negatiuric arsebobs, magram negatiuri adviladunda iTqvifebod es pozitiu rSi da iwv evdessazogadoebis Semwynareblur damokidebulebas;lideri `gmiri~ _ misi Tvisebebi mkveTrad undaaRematebodes Cveulebrivi adamianis, èrTi CvenTaganis~153

vaJa zubaSvi liTvisebebs; is `Cvenze kargi~ unda iyos _ is, vinc riskiania,dagvicavs da win gagviZRveba; magram, amasTan, ar undaiy os i md en ad aRmate bu li , rom a mo mr Ce ve lsTviTSefasebaSi damcirebulis grZnoba gauCndes dadistancireba moxdes. man unda wagviyvanos momavlisaken,cxovrebis axali wesisaken, magram ar unda gaucxovdesCvengan, iseTive cxovrebis wesiT unda cxovrobdes,rogorc Cven.saarCevno kampania kargad dadgmul speqtakls hgavs_ movlenaTa ganviTarebis myari dramaturgiiT, saxeTakonkretizaciiT, romelic speqtaklisagan gansxvavebiTmet drosa da sivrceSi da sakomunikacio arxebSiagaSlili.mediis cnobili mkvlevari marSal maklueniaRniSnavs: televizia samyaros mozaikur suraTs qmnisda mayurebelma TiTon icis, rogor daalagosinformaciis meSveobiT miRebuli calkeuli elementebi. 52008 wlis 5 ianvris riggareSe saprezidentoarCevnebSi 7 kandidati monawileobda. gazeT `24 saaTma~gamoaqveyna mediasabWos winasaarCevno monitoringisSedegebi, romlis mixedviTac saeTero dro, romelictelemauwyeblebma (saqarTvelos sazogadoebrivimauwyebeli, `rusTavi 2~, `mze~) dauTmes kandidatebs, aseganawilda:1. levan gaCeCilaZe _ 16 saaTi, 36 wuTi, 20 wami2. arkadi (badri) patarkaciSvili _ 11 saaTi, 10 wuTi, 37 wami3. daviT gamyreliZe _ 14 saaTi, 31 wuTi, 6 wami4. Salva naTelaSvili _ 14 saaTi, 30 wuTi, 3 wami5. mixeil saakaSvili _ 19 saaTi, 46 wuTi, 47 wami6. gia maisaSvili _ 11 saaTi, 36 wuTi, 47 wami7. irina sariSvili _ 7 saaTi, 36 wuTi, 47 wamisaeTero dro, romelic televiziebma dauTmesprezidentobis kandidatTa politikuri gundebiswevrebs:1. levan gaCeCilaZe _ 58 saaTi, 16 wuTi, 55 wami2. arkadi (badri) patarkaciSvili _ 26 saaTi, 13 wuTi, 30 wami3. daviT gamyreliZe _ 26 saaTi, 35 wuTi, 47 wami154sate le vi zi o poli ti kuri rek lama, rogorc pol itik urik omuni k ac ii s forma4. Salva naTelaSvili _ 14 saaTi, 25 wuTi, 47 wami5. mixeil saakaSvili _ 101 saaTi, 37 wuTi, 39 wami. 6aqve miTiTebulia, rom monitoringis SedegebSi araris gaTvaliswinebuli is dro, romelic prezidentobiskandidat arkadi (badri) patarkaciSvilisa da misisaarCevno Stabis yofili ufrosis valeri gelbaxianismakomprometirebli faruli audio da video Canawerebis(generaluri prokuraturis operatiuli masalebi)translirebas daeTmo. am masalebis gamoqveynebiTxelisuflebam sakmaod seriozuli dartyma miayenaopoziciis liderTa nawils.badri patarkaciSvilis saarCevno kampanias kideverTi, TiTqosda, umniSvnelo svla daupirispirda _ misipopularuli saxeli `badri~ erT mSvenier dRessainformacio saSualebebSi Canacvlda misi oficialurisaxeliT _ àrkadi~.e qs p er t ebi a R ni S na v d ne n , r om mi x ei lsaakaS vilisaTvis mTavari k onkurenti badripatarkaciSvilia, magram `sareklamo brZola~, ZiriTadad,mixeil saakaSvilsa da levan gaCeCilaZes Sorismimdinareobda.orive kandidati da sxvebi (daviT gamyreliZe, arkadi/badri patarkaciSvili, Salva naTelaSvili) TavianTsareklamo rgolebSi iyenebdnen e. w. `kinosimarTlis~qronikalur-dokumentur princi ps, sadac vizualurixati ZiriTadad amomrCevelTan maTi cocxaliurTierTobaa. magram Zalian mniSvnelovania amvizualuri xatebis komunikaciuri diferenciacia damaTi zusti mimarTva erTi konkretuli miznisaken. erTiSexedviT, yvela kandidati erTi principiT muSaobs,magram, Tu maT ganvixilavT rogorc politteqnologiurproduqtebs, sxvaoba didia.m ix e il saakaS vi l is im i ji _ e ne r gi u li ,mizanswrafuli; uyvars Seneba da yvelaferi axali daganaxlebuli; SeuZlia Secdomebis aRiareba; icisxalxisa da qveynis problemebi; igi Tanmimdevrulia amproblemebis gadawyvetaSi; man icis Tavisi mizani; igi155

vaJa zubaSvi liaRar avlebs paralelebs aRarc SevardnaZesa da aRarcoponentebTan; is aqcentebs akeTebs mxolod istoriulwarsulsa da istoriul momavalze, romlis saZirkvelicdRes aq _ awmyoSi, iqmneba misi monawileobiT.es imiji Tanabrad nawildeba sateleviziosainformacio saSualebebis _ ìribi reklamis~ dapolitikuri (fasiani Tu ufaso drois) sareklamorgolebis saSualebiT. egreT wodebul saidentifikacioetapze (sareklamo kampaniis warmoebis pirveli etapiamerikuli gamocdilebis mixedviT) amomrCevelmayuradReba unda SeaCeros kandidatis prioritetulniSan-Tvisebebze da da Seiqmnas masze warmodgena. ametapze xSirad iyeneben avtoritetTa damowmebas.gavixsenoT kli pi _ msaxiob oTar koberiZis mcdelobaliteraturul-kinogmir baSi-aCukTan mixeil saakaSvilisasocirebisa. es kli pi arcTu didxans trialebdateleeTerSi; SesaZloa, imitomac, rom ukve xandazmuli`baSi-aCukis~ (oTar koberiZis) moSvelieba baSi-aCukTanmixeil saakaSvilis paralelisTvis sakmaod mouqnelida xisti svla iyo da komikuric.am klipisagan gansxvavebiT, musikalur kli pSi `miSamagaria!~ momgebianadaa gamoyenebuli yvelanairi kodi_ portretuli, lingvisturi, xmovani; TiToeuli kodiramdenime subkods Seicavs.kli pis moqmedeba ganaxlebul siRnaRSi viTardeba.ganaxlebuli siRnaRi _ istoria, Seneba, momavali;xalxi _ mTavari aqcenti axalgazrdobaze _ maTiyofis yvela segmentis diferenciaciiT (swavla, dasveneba,Sroma, hobi, qorwineba, momavali... sxvadasxva asakismoswavleebi, studentebi, patriotebi, jariskacebi...).qveynis ZiriTadi mamoZravebeli Zala axalgazrdobaa!kli pis melodia msubuqi da mxiarulia, teqsti _martivi, romelic subtitrebis saxiT Cndeba da TeTriferidan wiTel ferze gadadis simReris teqstisTanmimdevrulad.kli pis yvela monawile, yvela nakadi saqarTvelosdroSebiT da mixeil saakaSvilis saarCevno nomer 5-is156sate le vi zi o poli ti kuri rek lama, rogorc pol itik urik omuni k ac ii s formademonstrirebiT SeuCerebeli, laRi svliT, erT moedanzeiyris Tavs da es STambeWdavi masa erTad da erTxmadadasturebs: `miSa magaria!~ da imarTeba ferxuli; kideverTxel Cndeba grafikuli nomeri 5 da titri _`gadaRebulia zustad 5 wuTSi!~ garda imisa, rom titrSikidev erTxel figurirebs mixeil saakaSvilis saarCevnonomeri, igi gvigzavnis mesijs _ Cven Segvwevs Zala daunari aseTi didi samuSao _ aseTi didi masis organizeba,ase Cqara da xarisxianad SevasruloT!am kli pSi `piradi dadasturebis~ (komerciulireklamis meTodi, rodesac momxmarebeli an avtoritetipiradad adasturebs produqtis Rirsebebs) masobrivsaxes vxedavT _ sxvadasxva socialuri fenisa da asakisuamravi adamiani piradad adasturebs: `miSa magaria!~mixeil saakaSvili mudmivad asocirdeba saxelmwifosmzard SesaZleblobebTan, Senebasa da siaxlesTan;saarCevno kampaniaSi amisaTvis ZiriTadad ìribireklamaa~ gamoyenebuli, gansakuTrebiT, kampaniis pirveletapze. xSirad xdeba satelevizio programebis gaWraspecialuri gamoSvebebiT, sadac mixeil saakaSvilisSexvedrebi amomrCevelTan ukomentarod gadaicema(Sexvedrebi Sromisa da omis veteranebTan, mecnierebTan,goris axali samxedro bazis gaxsna, mcxeTa-senakisavtobanis monakveTis gaxsna nino burjanaZesTan erTadda a. S.).arapirdapir, magram mixeil saakaSvilis sasargeblodmuSaobs prezidentobis movaleobis Semsrulebel ninoburjanaZisa da premierministr lado gurgeniZis mudmiviSexvedrebi sazogadoebis warmomadgenlebTan.Dparalelurad muSaobas iwyebs zumbas musikalurikli pi, romelSic ZiriTadad lingvisturi kodebiagamoyenebuli: Jami patiebis _ Jami gamTlianebis _ JamiSenebis. vizualur xatSi samoqalaqo dapirispirebisusiamovno SegrZnebas upirispirdeba patriotTa banakisada xalxis mxiaruli, sazeimo demonstraciebi.musikaluri fraza _ `gamarjvebisaken gza gagvinaTe,mzeo!~ emTxveva mixeil saakaSvilis gamosvlas157

vaJa zubaSvi liamomrCevlis winaSe _ ficarnagze mdgomi mixeilsaakaSvilis fonze misive proeqcia did ekranze.SemdgomSi zumbas musikaluri kli pis ZiriTadilaitmotivi ramdenime mokle variantiT mixeilsaakaSvilis saarCevno nomer 5-is saidentifikaciovariaciebs gvTavazobs, agebuls demografiuli dasocialuri speqtris TiTqmis yvela ZiriTadwarm omadgene lTa mier #5-is J estikula ciiTdadasturebaze _ TiToeulisTvis damaxasiaTebeliplastikiT.mTavari aqcenti mixeil saakaSvilis sareklamokampaniaSi gadatanilia problemis ganxilvaze (saarCevnokampaniis meore etapi amerikuli gamocdilebiT). ametapze kandidati amJRavnebs sazogadoebaSi arsebuliproblemebis, maTi mogvarebisa da gadaWris gzebiscodnas da qmnis motivacias prezidentad misiarCevisTvis. am tipis sareklamo rgolebSi yalibdebamixeil saakaSvilis strategiuli saxe _ mas SeuZliaSecdomebis aRiareba, icis xalxis problemebi da SeuZliamaTi gadawyveta! amasTan, axdens sakuTari popularobisdemonstrirebas, axlos midis xalxTan, zog SemTxvevaSiadgilzeve wyvets problemebs:oponentebi sayveduroben demografiis Sesaxeb kanonisCagdebas:_ mixeil saakaSvili Cvil bavSvebTan; bavSvi umankoRimils Cuqnis;a kr i ti k ebe n s o ci a lu r i p ro b l em e bi smougvareblobisTvis:_ mixeil saakaSvili moxucTa TavSesafarSi; mixeilsaakaSvili avadmyof pensionerTan _ `Senma polismagadagvarCina, Svilo!~ da prezidentobis kandidatisTanagrZnobis cremli msxvili xediT; mixeil saakaSvilimartoxela moxucs stumrobs meuRlesTan, sandrasTan,erTad da adgilzeve iZleva gankargulebas, Seucvalondamsxvreuli minebi...adanaSauleben eklesiis Seviwroebasa da ngrevaSi:_ mixeil saakaSvili eklesiis saZirkvlis CayraSi158sate le vi zi o poli ti kuri rek lama, rogorc pol itik urik omuni k ac ii s formamonawileobs, esaubreba sasuliero pirebs, Cuqnian xatebs;mixeil saakaSvili ruseTis bazis mier datovebulisamonastro kompleqsis ezoSi da a. S.paralelurad, xelisufleba xels awers patriarqTanSeTanxmebas _ eklesiisaTvis miwebis gadacemis Taobaze;premierministri adgens pensiebis gazrdis konkretulvadebs, axalSobilebs eniSneba erTjeradi fuladidaxmareba, studentebs _ saxelobiTi stipendiebi...yovelive aman unda daadasturos, rom prezidentobiskandidatis sityva da saqme erTia _ mas Seswevs unari,gadawyvitos problemebi.am tipis sareklamo rgolebi axali ambebis stilSiagadawyvetili im gansxvavebiT, rom mixeil saakaSvilisSexvedrebze muSaobs ramdenime kamera (moZravisatelevizio sadguris saSualebiT), kargad CansSexvedrebis masStaburoba, dinamika, adamianebi.saarCevno kli pebSi mixeil saakaSvils vxedavTxalxis uzarmazar masebTan, gvesmis fragmentebi misigamosvlebidan; subtitrebi migviTiTebs, romgeografiulad ar rCeba TiTqmis arcerTi regioni daTiTqmis arcerTi msxvili dasaxleba am regionebSi;kadris zeda kuTxeSi miTiTebuli TariRi migvaniSnebsSexvedrebis intensivobas da xSir SemTxvevaSi _Sexvedrebis adgilebs Soris did distancias, rac xazsusvams prezidentobis kandidatis energiulobasa dapopularobas; is xan xalxis SuagulSia da xanficarnagze; Sexvedrebi mxolod Ria cis qveSmimdinareobs, amindis miuxedavad _ amomrCevels uyvarsTavisi kandidati da ar epueba aminds; kandidatic arepueba aminds _ mas uyvars Tavisi amomrCeveli.amomrCevelTan Sexvedrebisas prezidentobiskandidati iRebs spontanur miwvevebs _ samegreloSimoxuc meCaie qalTan erTad aTvalierebs mis plantacias;gogonas daJinebuli TxovniT mihyveba mas saxlSi damonawileobs CurCxelebis amovlebaSi; Telavel qalsacewveva dabadebis dReze; sakuTar dabadebis dResacsofel SalaurSi atarebs, gremelaSvilebis ojaxSi...159

vaJa zubaSvi lisareklamo rgolebSi figurireben aqtiuri adamianebi,romlebic prezidentobis kandidats TavianTmosazrebebs uziareben, TavianT yofa-cxovrebazeesaubrebian; mixeil saakaSvili Tavadac cdilobs maTicxovrebis axlos gacnobas _ meTevzeebTan erTadezideba bades; Cadis maRaroSi meSaxteebTan; adissamSeneblo xaraCoebze; soflis avtobusSi esaubrebamgzavrebs, sinanuls gamoTqvams avtobusis siZvelis gamoda am fonze ubiZgebs maT SeRavaTiani kreditebis aRebisada aqtiuri qmedebisaken... sadac amomrCevelTaproblemebis gacnobas piradad ver aswrebs, agrovebswerilobiT, raSic meuRle _ sandra rulovsic, exmareba.am, e. w. `problemur rgolebSi~, sagangebod arisgamoyofili iniciativiani adamianebi, romlebic arelodebian saxelmwifos an visime daxmarebas dasakuTari ZalebiT cdiloben sakuTari Tu saqveynoproblemebis gadawyvetas.mixeil saakaSvilma ZiriTadi saarCevno kampaniaregionebSi gaSala da siRaribis daZlevis mTavariplatforma qarTuli soflis aRorZinebis programissaxiT warmoadgina _ `Zlieri sofeli _ ZlierisaqarTvelo!~, saboloo SedegiT _ `saqarTvelosiRaribis gareSe!~ (saarCevno kampaniis mTavarislogani).mixeil saakaSvili aRiarebs Secdomebs, TavisimoqmedebebiT da dapirebebiT pasuxs scems oponentTabraldebebs da kiTxvebs; prezidentis movaleobisSemsrulebeli da premierministri iwyeben mixeils aa k aS v il i s i ni c ia t iv e b is ganxo r ci e le b as .sazogadoebaSi Cndeba kiTxva _ sad iyaviT aqamde? masargumentirebulad SeuZlia Tavis marTleba _ aSenebdagzebs, ebrZoda korufciasa da kriminals, ris gareSecSeuZlebeli iyo qveynis winsvla... _ àxla esSesaZlebelia, xels veravin SegviSlis!~sareklamo kampaniis yvelaze faqiz, yvelazedramatul, mZime da saCoTiro etapad amerikuligamocdileba miiCnevs kampaniis mesame etaps _ òpoziciis160sate le vi zi o poli ti kuri rek lama, rogorc pol itik urik omuni k ac ii s formagamokvlevas~, anu negatiur reklamas, sadac konkurentebicdiloben erTmaneTis uaryofiTi, mxareebis warmoCenas.es faqizi zRvris darRvevis did riskTan arisdakavSirebuli, ukiduresobebma SeiZleba Tavad maTiwarmomCeni daazaralos.mixeil saakaSvili sareklamo kampaniaSi armimarTavs pirdapir negatiur reklamas; Tavis sareklamorgolebSi mxolod erTxel gamokveTs oponentebiskonteqsts _ ìsini gvebrZvian Cven _ Cven vebrZviTsiRaribes!~ Tumca, am frazebs xSirad warmoTqvamsSexvedrebze, romlebic intensiurad Suqdebateleviziebis sainformacio gamoSvebebiT.rogorc zemoT aRvniSneT, jer kidev noembrismovlenebis dros, masmediaSi prokuraturis miergavrcelebuli faruli audio-video Canawerebisgamoqveyneba, mixeil saakaSvilis erT-erTi mTavarikonkurentis _ arkadi (badri) patarkaciSvilisaTvissakmaod seriozuli dartyma iyo. amdenad, saakaSvilissaarCevno kampania negatiur reklamebze arc drosxarjavs da arc fuls, mas iribi reklamis meSveobiTawarmoebs.saarCevno kampaniis bolo, meoTxe etapi _ finalia,roca yvelafris Sejameba xdeba. am etapisTvis winaplanze muSaobs musikaluri reklamebi _ `miSa magaria!~da zumbas `gamTlianebisa da patiebis Jami~ _ moklevariantebi, Sesavali akordis laitmotiviT da saarCevnonomer 5-is aqcentirebiT.mTlianobaSi, mixeil saakaSvilis saarCevno kampaniamoqnili da dinamikuria, kargad reagirebs eleqtoratisganwyobilebebsa da mowinaaRmdegis taqtikaze;moxerxebulad gadaaqvs aqcenti da yuradReba erT-erTmTavar problemaze _ siRaribeze (rac ar iyo xalxisquCaSi gamosvlisa da vadamdeli saprezidentoarCevnebis daniSvnis mTavari mizezi); srulad iyenebskomunikaciis yvela SesaZleblobas.mixeil saakaSvilis sabrZolo feri wiTelia _sicocxlis, gamarjvebis, agresiuli feri; asocirdeba161

vaJa zubaSvi lisaqarTvelos droSasTan; is yovelTvis dominanturia;es feri mTeli saarCevno kampaniis organuli nawilia(kandidatis Cacmulobis CaTvliT) da kargad erwymismixeil saakaSvilis naturas.mixeil saakaSvilis saarCevno PR kampania mkveTradp ro p ag a nd i st u l x as i aT s a t ar e bs , T u mc ,politteqnologiurad profesiuli `namuSevaria~ daqmnis prezidentobis kandidatis, rogorc warmatebuliadamianis, imijs _ rac ufro met warmatebas vxedavTmis uaxloes warsulsa da awmyoSi, miT ufro undavirwmunoT misi momavali warmateba!levan gaCeCilaZis imiji _ daCagruli da gabrazebuli,romlis mTavari gadasawyveti problema mxolod mixeilsaakaSvilia. mis mimarTvebSi konkretuli mxolodmuqaris SeZaxilebia, danarCeni yvelaferi zogadia dadamatebiT ganmartebebs moiTxovs. levan gaCeCilaZecdilobs `lideri gmiris~ imijis morgebas.`Tavisi paTosiTa da im JiniT, romelsac TavissityvebSi debda gaCeCilaZe, Zalian hgavda antikuri xanisgmiri meomrebisa da Sua saukuneebis jvarosnebis muqara-SeZaxilebs mterTan omis dawyebis win. garkveuliTeatraluri efeqti am Jinian SeZaxils, ra Tqma unda,aqvs, magram meti araferi.~ 7levan gaCeCilaZis slogani _ `saqarTvelo upirvelesyovlisa!~ Zalian zogadi da mravalplastiania. iqmnebaSTabeWdileba, rom igi cdilobs am sloganTanidentificirebas. `ra Tqma unda, saqarTvelo upirvelesyovlisa!~ _ am slogans avtoritetebi _ zogjertragikulad sevdiani cnobili saxeebi warmoTqvamen _mecnierebi, msaxiobebi, reJisorebi... da `badagonis~reklamis asociaciiT, aqac konkretuli `brendi~ _ levangaCeCilaZe unda vigulisxmoT. am ti pis sareklamorgolebi sakmaod didi raodenobiT iyo warmodgenili.levan gaCeCilaZis yvelaze efeqturi SeZaxili: `miSa,movdivar!~, faqtobrivad, mis realur sloganad iqca.kidev erTi, rac met-naklebad Cans am rgolebSi, misi damisi gundis popularoba da erTobis demonstrirebaa _162sate le vi zi o poli ti kuri rek lama, rogorc pol itik urik omuni k ac ii s formamixeil saakaSvilisagan gansxvavebiT, is xSirad CansTanagundelebTan erTad xelixelCakidebuli.levan gaCeCilaZis sareklamo kampaniaSi arsadaagamokveTili misi saarCevno programa; SexvedrebiamomrCevelTan ZiriTadad daxurul sivrceSimimdinareobs, heroikul-paTetikuri paTosiT, misigamosvlebi zogjer `brZnul sadRegrZeloebs~ gvagonebs;gaCeCilaZis sareklamo rgolebic `kinosimarTlis~principiT aris agebuli, Tumc, erTi kameriT gadaReba,daxuruli sivrcis cudi ganaTeba da akustika,perspeqtivis deficiti seriozul kvals amCnevs maTxarisxs.levan gaCeCilaZis sareklamo kampania erTgvaradxistia; mTavari yuradReba negatiur reklamazeagadatanili. gamoyenebulia iseTi nacadi xerxi, rodesacxdeba konteqstidan amoRebuli frazebis ilustracianegatiuri xatebiT. magaliTad:xedviT rigSi _ mTavrobis sxdoma, mixeil saakaSvilisgamosvla _ ès saswauli, saocreba, romelic yvelamerTad gavakeTeT...~ _ paraleluri montaJiT gadadis2007 wlis 7 noembris mSvidobiani aqciis darbeviskadrebze;kvlav mixeil saakaSvilis gamosvla, oRond sxvaadgilas _ àr daujeroT, xalxo, Tqvens Tvalebs; esyvelaferi geCvenebaT~ da isev _ paraleluri montaJiT,kvlav 7 noembris aqciis darbeva;mixeil saakaSvili mTavrobis sxdomaze _ `me amazedavaleba miveci Sinagan saqmeTa ministrs...~,paralelurad _ kvlav aqciis darbeva;kadrSi _ ramdenime policieli urtyams erT kacs;paralelurad, mixeil saakaSvilis sityvebi _ èseninamdvili inteligentebi arian~;s pe c raz me l e bi ni R be b iT da C af x ut e bi T(ucxoplanetel robotebs mogvagoneben), kvlav mixeilsaakaSvilis sityvebis TanxlebiT _ èseni namdviliinteleqtualebi arian~ da a. S.aseTi sareklamo kavSirebi, marTalia, sainteresod163

vaJa zubaSvi liiyureba, gonebamaxviluric Cans (oRondac, mxolod`SabaTis Sous~ stilSi), magram, savaraudoa, rom Tavisi`naivuri~ pirdapirobiT seriozul gavlenas vermoaxdens mowinaaRmdegis imijze. Tumc, am mimarTulebiTufro seriozuli namuSevari Cans sareklamo klipimixeil saakaSvilis musikaluri rgolis (`miSa magaria!~)Temaze: klipis kadrebi _ masobrivi msvleloba siRnaRis(Senebisa da ganaxlebis simbolo) quCebSi _ ukusvliTukavSirdeba gaxmaurebuli specoperaciebisa da kerZosakuTrebis ngrevis yvelasTvis cnobil kadrebsa dafotoebs, `miSa magaria!~-s permanentuli gameorebiT.rac Seexeba feris simbolos _ TeTri feri, romeliclevan gaCeCilaZisa (saerTod, opoziciis) da misimomxreebis yelsaxvevebsa da xelsaxvevebSi figurirebs,feris fsiqologiaSi ganmartebulia, rogorc samoTxisferi _ sixarulis, siwmindis, sulierebis simbolo. magramaqve gasaTvaliswinebelia, rogor muSaobs is nacionalur,kulturul tradiciebSi da a. S. TeTri ferikapitulanturi fericaa, Sublze wakruli TeTrilentebi iaponel kamikaZeebTanac asocirdeba, xolo Cemipiradi aRqmiT, mcire zomis TeTri yelsaxvevebi (xSiradwesieradac rom ar swvdeba zorba adamianis Tav-kisers),siRaribesTanac asocirdeba.saerTo STabeWdilebiT, #1 (saarCevno nomriT)prezidentobis kandidatis, levan gaCeCilaZis, sareklamokampania ZiriTadad RonisZiebaTa rigs moicavs, sadacori konkretuli slogani gaismis: `miSa, movdivarT!~da `miSa damTavrebulia!~; sareklamo masala ZiriTadadgamiznulia mixeil saakaSvilis mimarT uaryofiTiganwyobis Sesaqmnelad da, saboloo jamSi, ver qmnis imgmiris imijs, romelic qveyanas ixsnis `tiranisgan~ danaTels mohfens slogans _ `saqarTvelo, upirvelesyovlisa!~sxva prezidentobis kandidatebis sareklamokampaniaze Zalian mokled SevCerdebiT, ramdenadac isiniteleeTerSi mcire raodenobis sareklamo rgolebiTiyvnen warmodgenili.164sate le vi zi o poli ti kuri rek lama, rogorc pol itik urik omuni k ac ii s formaprezidentobis kandidati #3, daviT gamyreliZe,mkveTrad iyenebs SedarebiT xerxebs da aqac iseve,rogorc levan gaCeCilaZis kli pebSi, ZiriTadiorientiri mixeil saakaSvilis Secdomebi da misidiskreditaciis mcdelobaa, plus _ Tavad gamyreliZissaarCevno dapirebebi.sareklamo rgolSi erTad aris Tavmoyriliproblemebic, kandidatis saarCevno platformac,identificirebac, dapirebebic... sxvadasxva rgolisxvadasxva negatiuri argumentis CvenebiT iwyeba(magaliTad, venaxis aCexva an Senobebis ngreva), romelsaciqve ebmis kadrebi _ gamyreliZis gamosvlebi mocemulTemaze, parlamentSi an sxvagan. yvela sareklamo rgolisbolos ekrani or _ TeTr da Sav nawilad iyofa; Savnawilze, grafikulad da verbalurad, xelisuflebasTangaigivebuli cxovrebiseuli Tu politikuri informaciaTavsdeba, TeTr fonze _ imave princi piT _ daviTgamyreliZis platforma (dapirebebis saxiT).miuxedavad imisa, rom gamyreliZis sareklamorgolebis raodenoba Zalze mcirea, aq igrZnobamcdeloba problemebis gaJRerebisa, Tumc, arcTudamajereblad gamoiyureba dapirebebi metismetadkonkretuli cifrebiT da metismetad zogadia slogani_ `Cven gvwams RmerTi da Segvwevs Zala~.Salva naTelaSvili erT did saagitacio plakatSiaerTianebs Tavisi da Tavisi partiis brZolas warsulsada awmyoSi, ukeTesi momavlisaTvis, zogadi sloganiT _`gaimarjvebs qarTveli xalxi!~ (rodis, sad, visTanbrZolaSi?! – v. z.); saarCevno rgoli kandidatis saqmeTaSemaxsenebli-saidentifikacio xasiaTisaa, gamoirCevaenergiuli da Semtevi ritmiT.arkadi (badri) patarkaciSvilis erTi sareklamorgoli saidentifikacio xasiaTisaa, romlis meSveobiTack an d id a ti cd i lo b s d ai b ru n os of i ci a lu rsaprezidento maraTonSi Cabmisas `dakarguli~ saxeli`badri~. rgoli iwyeba isev da isev 7 noembris aqciisdarbevis kadrebiT, kadrs miRma ki permanentulad165

vaJa zubaSvi limeordeba moguduli SeZaxili: `badri, me badri mqvia!~_ badri patarkaciSvilis misvla mitingze _ ovacia;_ badri patarkaciSvilis sityviT gamosvla mitingze_ `gamarjoba, qarTvelo xalxo!~ _ (erTgvaraddistancirebuli mimarTva, rasac mohyveba saqarTvelosSenebisa da gabrwyinebis ambiciis demonstrireba);_ kvlav aqciis darbevis kadrebi _ permanentuli _`badri, me badri mqvia!~; _ badri patarkaciSvili kvlavmitingze _ `saqarTvelo gabrwyindba, amis imedi gqondeT!~_ badri patarkaciSvilis foto _ grafikuli`gjerodeT!~meore sareklamo rgolic srulad aris agebuli 7noembris aqciis darbevis kadrebze, kvlav daJinebuliSeZaxilis TanxlebiT: `kidev gaumarjos!~, badripatarkaciSvilis igive foto grafikiT _ `saqarTvelosaakaSvilis gareSe _ saqarTvelo teroris gareSe!~orive am rgolSi dominirebs yviTeli (oqrosferi)da kandidatis fotoc rTuli Semadgenlobis yviTelfonze figurirebs. yviTeli feri (iseve, rogorc sxvaferebi) mkveTrad gansxvavebuli ukiduresobebiTxasiaTdeba _ siaxlisken miswrafebis, imedisa dasixarulis gancdidan _ imedgacruebisa da izolaciisgamoxatvamde; Tumca, Tavisi simkveTriTa da sirbiliTaRqma-damaxsovrebasac uwyobs xels.dasasrul, unda iTqvas, rom aSkara uTanabroba(vgulisxmobT saTqmelis moculobas) prezidentobiskandidatTa sareklamo rgolebis ganxilvisasganpirobebulia ara mxolod maTi raodenobisuTanabrobiT (gansaxilvelad aRebuli mixeilsaakaSvilisa da levan gaCeCilaZis sareklamo rgolebiTiTqmis Tanabari raodenobisa iyo*), aramed im faqtoriT,ramdenad Seesabameba isini Cveni statiis Temas _ reklama,rogorc politikuri komunikaciis forma. amTvalsazrisiT, arsebiTi gansxvavebaa mixeilsaakaSvilisa da sxva prezidentobis kandidatebissareklamo rgolebs Soris.iqmneba STabeWdileba, rom opoziciuri kandidatebis166sate le vi zi o poli ti kuri rek lama, rogorc pol itik urik omuni k ac ii s formaPR-da politteqnologebma (visac aseTi hyavda) gasuliwlis noemberSi xalxis STambeWdavi masis quCaSigamosvla miiCnies sakmarisad sazogadoebrivi azrisgamoxatvisa da codnisTvis; Sesabamisad, naklebad. anarasaTanadod izrunes TavianTi kandidatebis saarCevnokampaniis politteqnologiuri dagegmvisa dawarmarTvisTvis.* statia daiwera prezidentobis kandidatebis _mixeil saakaSvilis 31, levan gaCeCilaZis 30, daviTgamyreliZis 7, Salva naTelaSvilis 1 da arkadi(badri) patarkaciSvilis 2 sareklamo rgolisganxilvis safuZvelze. _ v. z.1. n. kupreiSvili, `gza gamarTuli sareklamoxarjebisaken~, Jurnali `biznesi~, #1, marti, 2007 w.2. Егорова-Гантман Е., Плешаков К, «Политическая реклама», Москва,2002.3. Маршалл Маклюен, «Понимание Медиа», Москва, 2003.4. Моррисс Дик, «Новый Государь», Москва, 2003.5.«Анатомия рекламного образа» (под редакцией А.Овруцкого),Питер, 2004.6. Наполитан Д., «Электоральная игра», Москва, 2002.7. Антипов Р., Баженов Ю., «Паблик Рилейшнз», Москва, 2002.8. Обухов Я., «Символика цвета», htpp:// www.videoton.ru/Artikles/symcolor.html9. Голядкин Н., «Творческая реклама» (из американского опыта),Москва, 2001.10.У. Рональд Леин, Дж.Томас Рассел, «Реклама», Питер, 2004.11. ix.: gazeTi `24 saaTi~, 09.01.08.12. ix.: gazeTi `jorjian Taimsi~, 18.01.08.167

montaJ is s truqturuli Semadge nl ob a168TinaTin WabukianimontaJis struqturuli SemadgenlobamontaJi, rogorc mxatvruli asaxvis saSualebaTavi meoreimisaTvis, rom sworad SevafasoT da SeviswavloTmontaJi saekrano xelovnebaSi, upirvelesad, aucilebeliagavarkvioT misi esTetikuri SesaZleblobani, misi rolida adgili ekranuli enis sistemaSi.Tavisi sawyisidan dRemde icvleba montaJisgamoyenebis meTodebi da sazRvrebi, magram yovelTvisucvleli rCeba misi, rogorc mxatvruli sinamdvilis,sivrcul-droiTi arsebobis formis, ideur-mxatvruliamocanebi.montaJi _ es aris mxatvris idea, samyaros miseulixedva, romelic gamovlindeba kadrebis arCevaSi,dapirispirebaSi da erTobaSi, epizodebis ganlagebaSi.montaJi moqmedebaa, sadac xdeba garkveuli momentebisgamoyofa, personaJTa xasiaTebis Sejaxeba, ganviTarebada Sedegi.montaJi _ esaa teqnikuri xerxebis erToblioba,romlis meSveobiTac iqmneba moZraobis uwyveti nakadi,ritmi, swored maTi saSualebiT realuri dro da sivrcetransformirebulia, Secvlilia pirobiTi ekranulidroiTa da sivrciT.montaJi saekrano xelovnebaSi gansakuTrebuladrTuli sistemaa, azrobrivi, xmovan-gamosaxulebiTi dakadrebis ritmuli urTierTobisa. misi SesaZleblobebiganusazRvrelia. specialistebma didi xania SeamCnies,rom montaJi Tavisi arsiT orsaxovania. erTi mxriv,esaa mxatvruli azrovnebis forma, meore mxriv, montaJiasrulebs wminda funqciur daniSnulebas, igi teqnikurisaSualebaa. amas emateba kidev erTi mniSvnelovanimomenti _ swored montaJis saSualebiT xdeba mayureblisemociis marTvis, misi yuradRebis organizacia.Tavis cnobil statiaSi _ `dikensi, grifiti da Cven~montaJis Teoriis erT-erTi fuZemdebeli s. eizenSteiniwerda: `CvenTvis montaJi iqca saSualebad... migveRwiae rTian i id e ur i k o n ce f ci i s o r ganul iganxorcielebisaTvis, romelic moicavda kinonawarmoebisyvela elements, detals~. 1ekranis nebismieri ostatisaTvis saxeobriviazrovneba niSnavs montaJur azrovnebas _ sworedmontaJis saSualebiT realuri dro da sivrceSecvlilia pirobiTi ekranuli droiTa da sivrciT.yovel calkeul kadrSi moqmedeba xdeba realur drosada sivrceSi, magram montaJis dros es bunebrivi mdinarebairRveva _ sivrcis sxvadasxva monakveTis SeerTebiT,rakursebiT, sxvadasxvanairi fokusuri obeqtivebisgamoyenebiT iqmneba axali montaJuri dro da sivrce,sadac moqmedeba erTiandeba logikurad da uwyvetad,Tumca, igi realuri moqmedebis uwyvetobas ar emTxveva.kinos mTavari aRmoCena swored es montaJuri (xelaxlaSeqmnili) sivrce da montaJuri (subieqturad gancdili)droa, sadac plastikuri kadri erTdroulad `pirobiTic~aris da ùpiroboc~, realobasac asaxavs da saxesacwarmoadgens ekranuli drois erTsa da imave monakveTSi.xelTuqmneli bunebis aRbeWdva, saekrano enistendenciaa, Tumca Tavisi mniSvnelobiT bunebriviobieqtebi, erTdroulad konkretulicaa da zogadic,vinaidan isini usasrulo raodenobis Sesabamisobebsfloben. ekranze aRbeWdvisas xelovani, mxatvruli,montaJuri azrovnebiT aniWebs maT sxvadasxva konteqsts.magaliTad, uRimRamo Semodgomis peizaJi, rodesac xeebsfoTlebi scviva, Cveulebrivze met azrobriv datvirTvasmiiRebs, Tuki am xis qveS yavarjenze dayrdnobili moxucigaivlis da Camoyril foTlebTan erTad kadridan gava,gaqreba... Tuki imave xis qveS axalfexadgmuli bavSvigaivlis da xidan Camocvenil foTlebs pawawa xelebiTiWers, rasakvirvelia, sxva azri ibadeba...igive SeiZleba iTqvas fersa da ganaTebazec, radganaces, TiTqosda, mkveTrad gamoxatuli movlenebic ki169

T inaTin Wabuk i aniganusazRvrelia im TvalsazrisiT, rom xandaxansxvadasxva konteqstSi isinic ki icvlian Tavis myarazrs; magaliTad, filmSi àleqsandre neveli~, tevtonelraindebs axuravs TeTri kapiSonebi, TeTri ferisayovelTaod simboloa siwmindisa, ubiwoebisa, magramam konkretul SemTxvevaSi ki gamoxatulebaa veragobisada ulmobelobisa.aqedan gamomdinare, SegviZlia vTqvaT, rom bunebriviobieqtebi TiTqosda, garemoculia uamravi mniSvnelobiT,romelTac aqvT unari, gamoiwvion sxvadasxvagvariganwyobileba, gancdebi, azrebi; sxvanairad rom vTqvaT,aseTi obieqtebi floben usazRvro, usasruloraodenobis fsiqo-fizikur Sesabamisobebs. sworedreJisoris, xelovnis niWsa da fantaziaze, montaJurazrovnebazea damokidebuli, Tu ra datvirTvas miscemsigi bunebriv obieqtebs, rogori fsiqo-fizikuriTanafardobebiT datvirTavs films.yovelive zemoTqmulis Sesabamisad, studentebsmiecema davaleba _ realuri obieqtebi aCvenonsxvadasxva konteqstSi, feri da ganaTeba gamoiyenonsxvadasxva konteqstSi (es maT ganuviTarebs montaJurazrovnebasa da azrovnebas konteqstebiT).swored montaJuri azrovneba iZleva saSualebas, winaplanze wamowios adamianuri grZnobebis iseTi niuansebi,detalebi, materialuri samyaros is nawilakebi, romelTadanaxva Cveulebrivi TvaliT SeuZlebelia. genialuriegziuperi werda: yvelaze mTavaria is, rasac TvaliTver dainaxavo... swored am mTavaris gamoxatvaaxelovnebis yvela dargis amocana, Tumca, TiToeulimaTgani amas sxvadasxvanairad da met-naklebad axerxebs.magaliTisTvis: sayovelTaod cno bilia, romTeatraluri xelovnebis safuZveli msaxiobia da mismier Sesrulebuli saxe, msaxiobis gancda, grZnobebi...magram SeuZlebelia dramis reJisorma ise dadgas scena,rom zedmiwevniT aCvenos msaxiobis Sinagani mRelvareba,Tvalze momdgari cremli Tu mzeris gaelveba da kidevuamravi adamianuri grZnobis gamomxatveli niuansebi170montaJ is s truqturuli Semadge nl ob aaxlo xedebSi, im masStabebSi, rogorc es kinematografsZaluZs.kinematografs SeuZlia SeaCeros Cveni mzeraromeliRac detalze; gvaiZulos vuyuroT, ramden xansacunda. ufro metic, mas SeuZlia, wina xedze gamoitanosusulo sagani da mTeli Semdgomi moqmedebisqvakuTxedad aqcios. Teatraluri xelovnebismayurebeli ufro Tavisufalia arCevanSi. magaliTad,scenaze dganan qali da mamakaci, reJisors unda aqcentigaakeTos qalze, magram, rogorc ar unda dadgas man esscena, rac ar unda gaakeTos, mayurebels mainc SeuZliamamakacs Sexedos, Tanac martivi mizeziT _ mas is mamakacimos wons andac mis i naT esav ia... msgavsi ramkinematografSi gamoricxulia, ekranze reJisors is kadriaqvs dafiqsirebuli, romelic Tavad surs. mayurebelsarCevani ara aqvs. aqedan gamomdinare, SegviZlia TamamadvTqvaT, rom ekranis ena axdens mayureblis yuradRebissrul organizacias. ekranis ena amtkicebs TavisgansakuTrebul moTxovnas _ gamoikvlios ara mxolodadamiani, aramed mTeli misi fizikuri, materialuri yofa.uamravi materialuri movlena TvalTagan gvisxlteba_ Zalze patara obieqtebis aRqma SeuZlebeliaSeuiaraRebeli TvaliT, didi obieqtebis danaxva kiSeuZlebelia mTlianobaSi. xelovnebaTmcodne z.krakaueri, Tavis wignSi _ `fizikuri realobisreabilitacia~ werda: `garkveuli TvalsazrisiT,kinematografi SeiZleba SevadaroT mecnierebas, radganacmecnieruli kvlevis msgavsad kinogamosaxulebaanawevrebs materialur movlenebs mikroskopulkinofiguraciebSi da am saxiT gvaZlevs saSualebas,vigrZnoT mTlianobis uzarmazari energia. es filmisbunebaa, radgan SesaZlebelia kinogamosaxulebis agebacalkeuli nawilebisagan da TiToeul nawilSidafiqsirebulia moZraobis calkeuli fazebi, anumTlianoba, misi arsi mowodebulia nawilebisagan~. 2is, rom kinematografs SeuZlia dainaxos is, rasacver dainaxavs rigiTi adamiani, cxadia da saintereso. m.171

T inaTin Wabukianiromi Tavis statiaSi, `SeniSvnebi montaJze~, aRwers erTuCveulo ambavs: skviTebis erT-erT yorRanSi napovnsamajurze gamosaxuli iyo ucnaur pozaSi myofi iremi_ cxovels oTxive fexi mucelze hqonda mikruli. iyodidi kamaTi. cxadia, skviTebis xelovneba Sors iyostilizebuli pirobiTobisagan, e. i., iremi gamosaxuliiyo realurad; maSin gaCnda kiTxva: ratom aris iremiaseT ucnaur mdgomareobaSi? erTni varaudobdnen, romes iyo ritualuri iremi; meoreni fiqrobdnen, samkauliviwro firfitisgan iyo gakeTebuli da mxatvars raRagza hqonda, iZulebuli iyo, swored am pozaSi gamoesaxairemi. rapidiT gadaRebisas ki aRmoCnda, rom samajurzegamosaxuli iremi SeSinebuli, mizanswrafuli naxtomebiTgarbis, xolo naxtomebis SualedebSi, umcires wamebSi,is zustad iseT mdgomareobas iRebs, rogorc samkaulzegamosaxuli iremi, anu, mas oTxive fexi mucelze aqvsmikruli. Tumca, amis danaxva SesaZlebeli gaxda mxolodkinematografiuli gamosaxulebiT. rogorc Cans, skviTebsiseTi maxvili Tvali hqondaT, rom am wamierebasacafiqsirebdnen da swored es wamiereba, irmis saocarinaxtomi gamosaxa samajurze ucnobma skviTma ostatma.m. romi miuTiTebs: `kinematografma aRmoaCina iseTixedvis wertilebi, romlebic misawvdomi iyo mxoloderTeulebisTvis... me vfiqrob, montaJma mogvca saSualeba,davinaxoT movlenebi ise, rogorc arcerT Tvals arSeuZlia misi danaxva. manve mogvca saSualeba, moicvasnawilebi da Tavidan moaxdinos sanaxaobis konstruqciaise, rogorc ar SeuZlia yvelaze genialur mxatvars,yvelaze SorsmWvretel Tvals da xelovnebis arcerTdargs, kinematografis garda~. 3udavod cxadia rom, ekranis enas SeuZliamaqsimalurad aRbeWdos realoba, Tumca, aqve unda iTqvas,rom arcTu iSviaTad filmis Semqmnelebsac aqvTproblema, rogor aCvenon arsebiTi xilul samyaroSi.s xv a sityv e bi T ro m v T qv a T , z ed m iw e v ni Tnaturalisturad, yofiTad gadaRebul masalaSi SeiZlebadaikargos mTavari da swored es aris dilema _ rogor172montaJ is s truqturuli Semadge nl ob aunda aiZulo mayurebeli, Rrmad Caswvdes saTqmels,arsebiTs. magaliTisTvis aviRoT epizodi `samzadisi~_ deda-Svili emzadeba stumrad wasasvlelad. dedaauToebs tansacmels. mere ra? ikiTxavT, ra aris amaSiaraCveulebrivi, aTasobiT deda uuToebs Svilebstansacmels. magram es erTi SexedviT Cveulebrivi ambavisulac ar aris Cveulebrivi. Tu kargad davukvirdebiT,aRmovaCenT, rom gogona foriaqobs, mas ver gadauwyvetia,ra Caicvas. deda cdilobs SeinarCunos wonasworoba,malavs gaRizianebas, ufro Rrmad Tu gavaanalizebTepizods, CvenTvis naTeli gaxdeba, rom saqme sulsxvagvaradaa: gogonas ar unda is kaba Caicvas, romelsacdeda uuToebs, mas sulac tyavis Sarvlis Cacma unda,dedas aqvs moraluri uflebebi da ambobs, rom mismaSvilma swored is kaba unda Caicvas, rac maTi ojaxisstatuss Seefereba. mozardi protests gamoxatavs, misiazriT, yvelas aqvs ufleba Tavisi gemovnebiT Caicvas,mas unda Tavis sasargeblod warmarTos situacia. aqedangamomdinare aRmoCnda, rom epizodi `samzadisi~,sinamdvileSi omia, brZola uflebebis dacvisTvis. ai,ra aris am, erTi SexedviT, yofiT epizodSi mTavari.epizodis zusti gansazRvris Semdeg Cndeba kiTxva: rogorvaCvenoT es mTavari ekranis eniT. albaT, jer undaSeiTxzas deda-Svilis qcevaTa zusti rigi, Semdeg es“vTargmnoT~, gadavitanoT ekranis enaze da iseTiTanmimdevrobiT davawyoT kadrebi, rom sasurvelimimarTulebiT warvmarToT mayureblis yuradReba.imavdroulad, unda movifiqroT epizodis struqturuligadawyvetis forma. Tu yovelive zemoaRniSnuli ariqneba gaTvaliswinebuli, maSin SesaZlebelia amepizodis mniSvneloba da mTavari arsi mayureblisTvisgaugebari andac umniSvnelo gaxdes.aqve isic unda aRvniSnoT, rom idealuri mayurebelicki, romelic swrafad da sworad aRiqvams yovelives,filmis pirvelive naxvisas yvelafers ise ver gaigebs,rogorc avtors hqonda Cafiqrebuli. es bunebrivicaa,vinaidan man ar icis es yovelive, mas ar uTenebia173

T inaTin WabukianiRameebi am epizodis ideisa da formis gadawyvetisZiebaSi. mas ar gauvlia es rTuli, zogjer mtanjveliSemoqmedebiTi gza... Tumca, swored esaa avtoris misia,rom man, Semoqmedma, unda SesZlos, iseTi struqturisSeqmna, rom mayurebelma erT saaTSi gaigos mTavari,arsebiTi da amisTvis ar dasWirdes Tveebi.imisaTvis, rom yvelaferi gasagebi iyos, studentebsvaZlev davalebas, SeTxzan etiudebi, vTqvaT, Temaze _`sauzme~. es yofiTi epizodia, magram, rasakvirvelia, esyoveldRiuri Cveulebrivi procesi, SesaZlebeliagadaiqces sul sxva ambad, saintereso movlenad. cxadia,studentebi sxvadasxvanair variantebs Txzaven da,praqtikulad, Tavidanve xvdebian, rogor icvleba ambavisaTqmelis Sesabamisad. maT mier SeTxzuli, saukeTesoetiudi TejirebSi idgmeba, xolo Semdeg viwyebT ametiudis kadrirebas. am konkretuli davalebis amocanaa`mTavaris~ gadatana ekranis enis saSualebiT. kideverTxel aRvniSnav, rom upirvelesad mTavaria SeiTxzassaintereso ambavi, zustad dadgindes, risi Tqma undaavtors, sad aris konfliqti, rogori TanmimdevrobiTdalagdeba mizezebi da Sedegebi. unda ganisazRvros,saWiroa Tu ara, Secvalos bunebrivad mimdinaremoqmedebaTa jaWvi da a. S. aqve gavixseneb gamoCenilikinoreJisorisa da Teoretikosis, iv. Pudovkinis, azrsemociuri scenaris Sesaxeb: `scenari es aris mxolodstenograma emociuri nakadebisa, romelic miiltvisgardaisaxos mozRvavebul sanaxaobriv xatebaSi~. 4axla ki isev Cemi kvlevis ZiriTad Temas _ montaJsdavubrundebi, radganac Tavad idea èmociuri scenarisa~,ukve garkveulwilad moicavs montaJur gadawyvetas.imisaTvis, rom epizodi an scena mayurebelma emociuradaRiqvas, saWiroa epizodebi, scenebi agebuli iyos emociurkontrastebze. pudovkini emociuri scenaris ideazemuSaobisas askvnis, rom TavisTavad moqmedebas, moZraobas,konkretuli Sinaarsis gamo ar SeiZleba hqondesemociuri aqcentebi; e. i. saWiroa Seicvalos Cveulebrivimoqmedebis mdinareba, amis miRweva ki SesaZlebelia174montaJ is s truqturuli Semadge nl ob asxvadasxva saSualebiT:Lganwyobilebis, tempo-ritmisSecvliT, moulodneli axlo xedebiT da a. S. aqedangamomdinare, rasakvirvelia, scenari TavidanvemontaJurad unda SeiTxzas. rac Seexeba Semdgom periods,mizanscenebis awyoba, ganwyobilebis Seqmna, xasiaTebisZerwva, personaJTa qcevaTa rigis SeTxzva, kadris ageba,maTi konstruqciis gadawyveta da a. S. gadaRebamdezedmiwevniT zustdeba, Tumca, rac ar unda moemzado,Teoriulad da praqtikuladac, gadaRebis momentSiSesaZlebelia, didi xnis nafiqri Seicvalos, epizodma,scenam moiTxovos montaJuri konstruqciis Secvla...ra gaewyoba, reJisors muSaobis yvela etapze moeTxovebamontaJuri azrovneba yvelgan da yvelaferSi.Aucilebelia, isic aRvniSnoT, rom montaJuri wyobaganisazRvreba ara mxolod reJisoris koncefciiT,aramed misi gansakuTrebuli xedviT, romelicgarkveulwilad pirdapir aris dakavSirebuli dasavluran aRmosavlur kulturasa da religiasTan. qristianulireligiis warmodgeniT, Tu adamiani Rirseuladicxovrebs, mas elodeba maradiuli netareba, winaaRmdegSemTxvevaSi ki jojoxeTi ar ascdeba. aqedan gamomdinare,adamiani Tavad Wedavs Tavis momavals, Tumca, amSemTxvevaSic uamravi niuansia gasaTvaliswinebeli.qristianuli samyaro iyofa marTlmadideblebad dakaTolikeebad, amas garda, arsebobs uamravi qristianuliseqta, TiToeul maTgans aqvs Tavisi specifikuri,konkretuli Sexedulebebi. cxadia, Sesabamisad icvlebaTiToeuli maTganis damokidebulebac samyarosadmi.amis magaliTad gamodgeba rusi reJisoris, p.lenginis, filmi `kunZuli~. es filmi gadaRebuliamarTlmadidebluri religiis Rrma codniTa da misiyvela aspeqtis gaTvaliswinebiT. meore msoflio omisdros, brZolis Semdeg, erT kunZulze gairiya gemi, sadacyvela daiRupa, ori megobris garda, magram maTi sixarulinaadrevi aRmoCnda, radganac germanelebma aqac miagnes,xelSi Caigdes anatoli, romelmac SiSi ver daZlia dadamaluli megobari mters Caabara... germanelebma,175

T inaTin Wabukianisanacvlod, anatolis sicocxle aCuqes, Tumca, sworedaqedan iwyeba ambavi kacisa, romelsac megobris gayidviTmopovebuli sicocxle jojoxeTad eqca... anatolim imwamidan igrZno sulis umZimesi mdgomareoba dasikvdilamde sicocxle locviT, marxviT da mwaresinanulis cremlebiT ganvlo... is RmerTs sTxovspatiebas, magram Sveba ar modis. Cvens TvalwinCveulebrivi mxdali anatoli, RvTis meSveobiT jerberi, Semdgom winaswarmetyveli, bolos ki mkurnalicxdeba. aqedan gamomdinare, filmis mTavari arsi, anatolissulis ganwmenda, kaTarzisi, gadmoicema mizez-Sedegobrivi montaJuri SeerTebiT.sruliad sawinaaRmdego suraTia aRmosavlurxelovnebaSi; misi koncefciaa: dro maradiulia, sikvdiliar aris saSiSi, es mxolod mizezia sxva cxovrebaSi,sxva i posTazebSi gadasasvlelad, mas unda SexvdeRirseulad... adamiani SeiZleba gardaiqmnas peplad anyvavilad... rogorc daimsaxureb, rasac daimsaxureb...aqedan gamomdinare, aRmosavlelisTvis Rirseuli anuRirsi saqcielis gansja Zalian mniSvnelovania, amitomis koncentracias axdens mTel Tavis energiaze, raTaCaidinos esa Tu is saqcieli. wamiereba gadaizrdebamaradiulobaSi. dro aRiqmeba ufro Senelebulad. aseTSemTxvevaSi montaJisas iyeneben iseT kadrebs, sadacgadmocemulia ara moqmedeba andac saqcieli, aramedsivrce, romelsac mayurebeli gmirTan erTad ganWvrets,xSir SemTxvevaSi montaJur xedebs Soris gamoiyenebaufro asociaciuri SeerTebebi. TvalsaCinoebisTvissakmarisia gavixsenoT akura kurosavas filmebi daTanamedrove koreeli reJisoris kim kidukis filmi`gazafxuli, zafxuli, Semodgoma, zamTari da isevgazafxuli~.amasTan dakavSirebiT gavixseneb erT istorias:iaponurma televiziam sabWoTa kavSiris centralurtelevizias SeukveTa leningradSi mdinare neviswyaldidobis gadaReba. operatorma b. ki parosovmadavaleba Seasrula Tu ara, iaponelebs monitorze aCvena176montaJ is s truqturuli Semadge nl ob amis mier gadaRebuli masala. operatoris kameradinamikuri moZraobiT swrafad uaxlovdebodaaboboqrebul mdinares... aqoCrili talRebi axlodan...sxvadasxva rakursiTa da myisieri moZraobebiT... magram,ki parosovis gasakvirad, kompaniis warmomadgenelmamoiTxova TiToeuli kadri gadaeRoT orjer ufrogrZeli panoramebiT, kategoriulad uaryves swrafimiaxloeba talRebTan, aseTi moTxovna ki imiTdaasabuTes, rom, maTi mosazrebiT, TiToeuli mayurebeliTavad unda afiqsirebdes situacias.cxadia, xalxuri tradiciebi did gavlenas axdensgamosaxviTi saSualebebis arCevanze, magram aqve isicunda vaRiaroT, rom TiToeuli ostati uflebamosiliaise aRbeWdos xiluli samyaro, rogorc surs, racganpirobebulia ara mxolod misi konkretuli xasiaTiTada temperamentiT, aramed uamravi obieqturi dasubieqturi garemoebiT.italieli reJisori f. felini Tavis samontaJo rigSiaucileblad CarTavs xolme axlo msxvil xeds, rogorckvintesencias, scenis kulminacias, rogorc emociuraqcentsa da moZraobis dagvirgvinebas. es axlo xedifelinisTan aucileblad did fsiqologiur datvirTvasiZens. Wamiereba _ es aris sadac xdeba gmirisfsiqologiis ngreva, es aris Sejaxeba xilulisa dauxilavisa, gareganisa da Sinaganisa, fiqsacia, gaerTianebatraged iisa da ir oniisa. em ociuri aqc entisgasaZliereblad reJisori iyenebs Rrma mizanscenas,sadac kameris dinamikuri moZraobiT saerTo xedidanmivdivarT axlo xedamde. magaliTad, film `kabiriasRameebSi~ am xerxis gamoyenebiT mTavari gmiris saxemayureblis Tvalwin ganicdis transformacias, erTiganwyobilebidan gadadis meoreSi, is iRimeba cremlebsmiRma da, TiTqos gauwonasworebeli kompoziciidannaxtomiT gadavdivarT `plastikur portretSi~.es wamiereba aris ara mxolod gmiris Sinaganiganwyobis gamoxatuleba, aramed personaJis fsiqologiisfiqsacia, avtorisa da mayureblis koncentraciis177

T inaTin WabukianisinTezi. Tumca, meore italieli reJisoris, m.antonionisTvis mTavari saerTo xedebia. misSemoqmedebaSi saerTo xedebi montaJis sayrdeniwerti lebia. i deaSi, r eJisoris Tvis adamianisazogadoebaSi, samyaroSi mxolod dakarguli qviSisnawilakia. aqedan gamomdinare, antionionisTan xSiradkadris moZraoba, TiTqos, ar sruldeba, logikurobasmoklebulia, ufro metic, zogjer es moZraoba iwvevsmaradiuli moZraobis SegrZnebebs. magaliTad, filmSiòbervaldis cixis saidumloeba~ TeTri cxeni realuradarsebuli cxovelia, magram imavdroulad auxdeneliocnebis simbolocaa. is, TiTqos moswydeba dedamiwasda zecaSi gauCinardeba... ise Seerwymeba Rrublebs, romZnelad Tu dalandav mis siluets Soreul xedze.felinisagan gansxvavebiT, antonionisTan moZraoba`gaWimulia~. film `profesia reportioris~ finalurscenarSi gmiri mkvdaria, magram kamera kidev didxansdaxetialebs usaxur, uCrdilebo udabnos quCebSi, Semdeggadadis saxlze. ar Cerdeba, TiTqosda, zlazvniTgadauvlis gmiris usulo sxeuls da fanjridangasxlteba... midis arsad _ maradisobaSi. sikvdiliantonionisTan grZnobebidan gaTavisuflebaa, gadasvlaamaradiulobaSi.studentebs, cxadia, TvalsaCinoebisTvis vuCvenebfragmentebs aRniSnuli filmidan da xazs vusvam, romsaekrano enaSi kadris masStabebi (simsxvile), moZraobisforma exmareba avtors qveteqstebis gamovlenaSi; romsamontaJo kadrebis SeerTebis struqtura, xasiaTi, maTiSejaxeba, Taviseburi komentatoria da avlens avtorispozicias. rasakvirvelia, montaJis saSualebiT xdebamayureblis yuradRebis organizacia da, cxadia, undadavicvaT kadrebis Serwymisa da kadrebis Sekrebiskanonebi. kinosa da televiziis Teoretikosi n. utilovawers: `SemoqmedebiTi procesi Tavisufalia, magramgarkveuli TvalsazrisiT, radgan xelovanma undamoaxerxos, erTi mxriv, sworad, montaJuri wyobiT, sistemiTgamosces individualuri `xedva~, meore mxriv ki, montaJis178montaJ is s truqturuli Semadge nl ob asaSualebiT gasagebi gaxados idea, saTqmeli.~ 5mayurebeli TiTqmis ar fiqrobs imaze, Tu rakanonebiT igeba kadri, ratom aris saWiro da aucilebelikadris organizebisas gansazRvruli princi pebisTanmimdevroba. saqme imaSia, rom, rogorc ki CveniTvalTaxedvis arealSi moxvdeba raRac sivrce, Cven,TiTqosda, vsazRvravT mis sazRvrebs da rodesac kameramkacrad afiqsirebs sivrces Tavisi CarCoTi, mkveTradmwvavdeba Cveni interesi CarCoSi moxvedrili sceniselementebisadmi.gamoCenili kinooperatori medinski wers: `mxatvarfermwerebiyovelTvis mniSvnelovan yuradRebasuTmobdnen ferweruli tiloebis zomas, formas dasazRvrebs. maT aRmoaCines, rom naxatis CarCo (sazRvrebi)mWidrod aris dakavSirebuli kompoziciasTan da qmnisSTabeWdilebas, romelsac xelovnebaTmcodneebma uwodesàntici pacia~, es termini aRniSnavs winaswar aRtacebas,winaswargamocnobas, rom naxatis sibrtyeze, siRrmeSiaucileblad raRac mniSvnelovania, romelic Rirsiamayureblis yuradRebisa da aRmocendeba sivrcisiluzia~. 6SeuZlebelia ar daeTanxmo medinskis, rom kadrisSedgenisas operatori aiZulebs mayurebels, uyurosmis mier arCeul obieqts im damokidebulebiT, ise, rogorcis aRiqvams samyaros. sayovelTaod cnobilia, romsinamdvilis plastikuri gamoxatvis erTeuli samontaJokadria... TiToeuli kadris agebaze, maT montaJuradganlagebazea damokidebuli momavali filmis erTianistruqtura, amitomac yuradRebas isev gavamaxvilebkadrze. kadri (fr. cadre) es aris nawili moqmedebisa anganviTarebuli Temisa, romelic gadawyvetiliagansazRvruli xerxiT da organulad Seerwymisnawarmoebis dramatul struqturas. saekrano kadriorbunovania, erTi mxriv, kadri ekranuli moqmedebisteqnikuri erTeulia... am SemTxvevaSi is `dasrulebulia~,anu, aqvs gansazRvruli agebuleba da gamoxatavsromeliRac lokalur moqmedebas. meore mxriv, kadri179

T inaTin Wabukianiatarebs garkveul azrobriv da emociur datvirTvas,igi aris siuJetis konteqsti, warmoadgens mTlianobisnawils; am TvalsazrisiT aris `dausrulebeli~,damokidebuli. amowuravs ra Tavis SesaZleblobebs(wminda xedviTs), Seasrulebs ra Tavis dramatulfunqcias, kadri, TiTqosda, amsxvrevs Tavis `sazRvrebs~,iZens Semdgom ganviTarebas da Seerwymeba winamdebareda Semdgom kadrebs~. 7kadri erTdroulad `pirobiTic~ aris da ùpiroboc~,is aRbeWdavs rogorc realur dros, aseve _ saekranodros. kinematografma da televiziam warmoSva e. w.saekrano montaJuri dro (subieqturad gancdili) damontaJuri sivrce (romelic miRebulia konstruqciisSedegad).Cineli filosofosi lao Zi ambobda: saxli ar arissaxuravi da kedlebi, saxli is sivrcea, sadaccxovrobeno; es gamonaTqvami zustad SeesabamebakinogadaRebas: rogorc ki kameris CarCo SemosazRvravsgadasaRebi obieqtis nawils, sadac moqmedeba viTardeba,iq, SigniT, iqmneba sxva, SeTxzuli cxovreba, iqmneba axaliekranuli sivrce... kinematografiaSi sxvagvaradw ar m ou d ge n el i a. sat el e vi z io vi d eo f ir inaklebmgrZnobiarea, Tumca, cifruli teqnologiebi HD(maRali simkveTris televizia) miuaxlovda kinofirisgamosaxulebas, magram jerjerobiT kinofiri rCebakadris siRrmiseuli gradaciis unikalur saSualebad.Tundac didi teleekranis gamosaxulebis xarisxiSedarebiT dabalia, is ver egueba gamosaxulebisgadidebas, aseT SemTxvevaSi xarisxi sruliad ikargeba.aqedan gamomdinare, dResdReobiT Tavad televiziisspecifika ar iZleva saSualebas Seiqmnas kadris siRrmisgradaciebi, Tumca, msoflios wamyvani televiziebi ukvegadadian HD sistemaze, sadac yvelaferi: kamera, samontaJoda gadamcemi saSualebebic, am sistemiT arisdakompleqtebuli da, Sesabamisad, gamosaxulebisxarisxic maRalia.montaJ is s truqturuli Semadge nl ob aunda aRvniSnoT, rom saqarTveloSic gaCnda kamerebi,samontaJoebi, magram am sistemiT gadaRebuli dadamontaJebuli filmebis gamosaxuleba, eTerSi gasvlisas,rasakvirvelia, dakargavs Tavisi simkveTris xarisxs,vinaidan Cveni televiziebis gadamcemebi ar arisaRWurvili am sixSiris sistemebiT. zemoaRniSnulidangamomdinare, CvenSi sakmaod rTulia sainteresosatelevizio sivrcis Seqmna, rom kompozicia ar iyosbrtyeli da usaxuri.am mimarTebiT isev Sevexebi kompoziciis agebisZiriTad principebs, proporciebs, ritms, Suq-Crdilebs,tonalur gadawyvetas rogorc calkeul kadrSi, asevemTlianad filmsa Tu gadacemaSi, fsiqofizikurizemoqmedebis gamomsaxvel xerxebs: rakursul gadaRebas,panoramas, gadaRebas moZravi kameriT da a. S. isevgavaxseneb studentebs, rom kompoziciis ZiriTadiamocanaa mayureblis koncentracia _ Tu sad xdebamoqmedeba, ra aris mTavari ama Tu im kadrSi, moqmedebaTu personaJi; rom aucilebelia kompoziciamgamoavlinos arsebiTi urTierTdamokidebulebebipersonaJTa Soris, kompoziciaSi unda vizualurad Candeszusti dramatuli aqcentebi; rom sworedac kompoziciamunda uzrunvelyos scenebis aRqma avtoris CanafiqrisSesabamisad. Semdeg ki konkretulad ganvixilavkompoziciis erT-erT elements _ mxareTa Tanafardobas(kadris sigane da sigrZe).kadri odnav wagrZelebulia, amitom kompoziciebiumravles SemTxvevaSi horizontalurad aigeba, xolorodesac kompozicia vertikalurad igeba, maSinsiRrmiseuli sivrcis STabeWdileba iqmneba. kadrsgansakuTrebul eqspresias matebs sxvadasxva mxaresmimarTuli komponentebi, magaliTad, rodesackompoziciaSi sagnobrivi samyaro horizontalurad arisganlagebuli, magram personaJebi siRrmeSi moZraoben,andac, piriqiT, sagnobrivi samyaro ganlagebulia sivrcissiRrmeSi, personaJis moZraoba ki horizontaluria.180181

T inaTin Wabukianiisic unda aRvniSnoT, rom farToekranianikinematografi, kadris gamosaxulebas sxvadasxvaoptikuri saSualebiT cvlis. a. golovnia wignSi`kinooperatoris ostatoba~ wers: `farToekranianmakinematografma ekranis proporciebi gazarda,gaafarTova gadasaRebi moedani msaxiobebis TamaSisTvis(saSualo da axlo xedebze), Tumca, amis gamo SeizRudamontaJuri gadasvlebi, rakursuli gadaRebebimravalxedian siRrmiseul mizanscenebSi. 8 amis gamo,aucilebeli gaxda kompoziciebi aegoT frontaluradda mizanscenebSi gamoeyenebinaT saSualo xedebi, xolorodesac viRebT 70 mm. firze, maSin gamosaxuleba ufrodamajerebelia, namdvilia, ferTa gama ufromaterialisturad gamoiyureba, kadris formati ki ufroSeesabameba mxedvelobis kuTxes. maSin ufro Tavisuflad,bunebrivad TamaSoben msaxiobebi mizanscenebSi,SesaZlebelia ganxorcieldes dinamiuri, efeqturi,masiuri da bataluri scenebi.rac Seexeba televizias, aq mxareTa TanafardobebisSecvla SesaZlebelia montaJis dros eleqtronuliteqnikis saSualebiT. videofirze gamosaxulebaSesaZlebelia SekumSo an gaafarToo. erTsa da igivesibrtyeze ori sxvadasxva formati SeaerTo, erTi daimave gamosaxuleba gaamravlo TanafardobiT 2/4, 8/16.gadaanacvlo gamosaxuleba erT sibrtyeze. SesaZlebelia,kadrSi gamoyo calkeuli detali, Semdeg wina xedzegamoitano. aqve unda gaviTvaliswinoT, rom videofirzegamosaxuleba rogorc pirvel, aseve meore xedze erTida imave simkveTriT fiqsirdeba. amitom Tuki romelimexeds montaJis dros davamsxvilebT (aqac arsebobszRvari), maSin kadri, TiTqosda, dakargavs simkveTres,gaidRabneba. Tumca, zogjer es momenti SeiZlebagamoiyeno rogorc xerxi, gadawyveta. aqve vuxsnistudentebs, rom TiToeuli specefeqti gamoyenebuliunda iyos ideidan gamomdinare da, ara ise, ubralod,formalurad. magaliTisTvis momyavs Cemi studentisd. Citaias videofilmi `pirveli~. filmi eZRvneba kldeze182montaJ is s truqturuli Semadge nl ob amcocav sportsmens, romelic erT-erT mwvervalzeasvlisas daiRupa...filmSi myinvaris dapyrobas sami mcocavi cdilobs,cxadia, isini cal-calke miiweven miznisken... daTom kivideosamontaJoSi erT kadrSi erT sibrtyeze ganalagamowinaaRmdegeni da epizodi: `brZola gamarjvebisTvis~u fr o sain te re s o gaxada.. . f il mi s fi na lS igamarjvebuls TasiT ajildoeben, Semdeg gaxarebulisportsmenis saxe, stop-kadri, Cabneleba; amodis titri_ èZRvneba giorgis xsovnas~... imisaTvis, rom finaliufro emociuri gamxdariyo, students vurCieT, CabnelebisSemdeg kadris sazRvarTan emoZrava sxvadasxva rakursiTgadaRebul videokadrebs, sadac giorgi i pyrobsmwvervalebs, SuaSi ki, Sav fonze, amosuliyo titri:èZRvneba giorgis xsovnas~... aseTi xerxiT gadawyvetilmafinalurma kadrma films sruliad sxva azrobrividatvirTva da dramatizmi Semata.(gagrZeleba Semdeg nomerSi)1. Эйзенштеин С. Избранное произведения в 6-ти томах, т. 2, с. 87.2. Кракауер З. Реабилитация физической реальности, М., “Искусство~,1974, с. 70.3. Ромм М. Беседы о кино, М., “Искусство~, 1964, с. 140.4. Пудовкин В. Киносценарий, М., 1926, с. 45.5. Утилова Н. Монтаж как стедство художественной выразительности,М., 1998, с. 50.6. Мединский С. Компонуем кинокадр, М., “Искусство~, 1992. с. 19.7. Утилова Н. Монтаж как средство художественной выразительности,М., 1998. с. 75.8. Головня А. Мастерство кинооператора, М., “Искусство~, 1965, с. 72.183

xelovnebaTmcodneobanato gengiuridekonstruqtivizmi _Tanamedrove arqiteqturuli mimarTulebacnobilia, rom arqiteqtori Tavis nawarmoebSiarasdros ixsneba mayureblis winaSe im doniT,rogoriTac fermweri, musikosi anda poeti. xelovnebisistoriidan SeiZleba gavixsenoT araerTi mxatvari,romelic uaryo epoqam, radgan konfliqtSi iyvnenTanamedroveTa gemovnebasTan da sakuTari gziTmidiodnen... sagulisxmoa, rom maT Soris ar iyo arcerTi arqiteqtori. es, bunebrivia, ar gulisxmobs imas,rom arqiteqtorebi naklebad SemoqmedebiTni arian. saqmeisaa, rom maTi yvelaze Tamami da Tavisufali fantaziacki asaxavs misi Tanamedrove sazogadoebis xasiaTs, epoqissuls. amas Tavisi mizezebi aqvs. erT-erTia is, romarqiteqturas utilitaruli daniSnuleba gaaCnia; isSeuZlebelia gaTavisufldes socialuri funqciisaganda Tavisi droisagan mowyvetilad iarsebos. b. viperismarTebuli SeniSvniT, mxatvrobasTan dakavSirebiTTavisuflad SeiZleba iTqvas: `stili esaa mxatvari~.arqiteqturis SemTxvevaSi ki marTebulia aRiareba:`stili epoqaa~. 1 gamonaklisad arc Tanamedrovearqiteqtura unda CaiTvalos. Tavisuflad SeiZlebaiTqvas, rom misi ZiriTadi maxasiaTeblebi Cvens epoqasexmianeba.XX saukunis bolo meoTxedis arqiteqturisaTvisgadamwyvetia Tanamedrove teqnologiebis CarTvaarqiteqturul procesSi. Tanamedrove teqnologiebigamoiyeneba rogorc Canafiqris proeqtad `gardaqmnis~da misi damuSavebis dros, ise nagebobis mSeneblobisas.Zalze niSandoblivia sxva tendenciac: saerTaSorisoekonomikis globalizaciis pirobebSi wamyvanarqiteqtorTa moRvaweobis areali Zalze gafarTovda.maTi saxelosnoebi, igive arqiteqturuli biuroebi, kiTandaTanobiT solidur, transnacionalur kompaniebad184185

nato gengiurigardaiqmna. isini aSeneben sxvadasxva qalaqSi, qveyanSi,mTels msoflioSi.es ganapirobebs msgavsi tendenciebis gamovlenasmsoflio masStabiT, rac princi pulad ganasxvavebsTanamedroveobas wina epoqebisgan. romelime ZvelixuroTmoZRvris qmnilebebis gasacnobad, sakmarisia, erTqveyanaSi Caxvide da Tundac erTi qalaqi moiaro. Tu,magaliTad, bruneleskis Sedevrebs sanaxavad mxolodflorencia iqneba Cveni mogzaurobis mizani, Tanamedrovearqiteqtoris Semoqmedebis gasacnobad erT qveyanaSiCasvla sakmarisi ar aris, aucilebelia qveynebi dakontinentebi Semoiaro.Tanamedrove arqiteqturisaTvis TiTqmis ar arsebobsarc geografiuli da arc SemoqmedebiTi sazRvrebi:sruliad warmoudgeneli, TiTqos, utopiuri Canafiqrebicki mowinave teqnologiebis wyalobiT ganxorcielebadixdeba. masSi frTebs isxams Tamami fantazia da, TiTqos,miuwvdomeli Canafiqrebi. muzeumebi, saxlebi,magistralebi korporaciaTa ofisebi mogagonebTfrTebgaSlil Citebs, teqnikur danadgarebs, gaqvavebulmcenareebs, kldidan mowyvetil lodebs, fantastikurarsebebs, romelnic statikis kanonebs àr emorCilebian~,TiTqos, formas icvlian ganaTebis cvalebadobasTanerTad. arqiteqturis ZiriTadi principebi _ funqciis,konstruqciis da mxatvruli gamomsaxvelobisharmoniuli Tanxvedra, romelnic antikurobidanvexuroTmoZRvarTa traqtatebSi aucilebel moTxovnadaaaRiarebuli, XX saukunem kiTxvis niSnis qveS daayena.es jer funqcionalurobis aqcentirebaSi gamoixata,saukunis bolos ki arqiteqturis iseT teqnikur mxaresSeexo, rogoric konstruqciaa. dRevandeli arqiteqturapostmodernizmis zemoqmedebis qveS viTardeba. masSi,TiTqosda, ar arsebobs stilisturi erTianoba. SeimCnevasxvadasxva mimarTuleba, romelTac arqiteqtorebisakuTari miswrafebebisa da damkveTTa moTxovnebisgaTvaliswinebiT mimarTaven. am mimarTulebaTa Sorisarian iseTebic, romelnic istoriul stilebs ìxseneben~186dekonstruqtivizmi _T anamedrov e arqi te qturuli mimarT ul eb a(klasicizmi, neomodernizmi). es, rogorc Cans, reaqciaainternacionaluri stilis racionaluri midgomisbatonobaze. amis gverdiT, funqcionalizmis ideebi,romelTac XX saukunis dasawyisSi CaeyaraT safuZveli,jer kidev aqtualuria. neomodernizmis gverdiTarsebobs hai-teki, mimarTuleba, romelic mecnierebisada te qni kis i nov aci ebs aT vis eba sTan erTadk on s tr u qt i v is t ul te n de n ci e bs a vi T ar e bs .modernizmisgan Sors araa minimalizmis ideebi, romelicformaTa TavSekavebul da sada xasiaTs aniWebsupiratesobas. ekologiuri arqiteqturac ikvebebazogierTi postulatiT, romelic modernizmis epoqaSiSemovida.yvela am mimarTulebisgan gansxvavdeba Tanamedroveavangardi, romelsac ekuTvnis dekonstruqtivizmi. isiswrafvis mxatvruli enis ganaxlebisken, axalig am o ms a xv e lo b iT i f o rm e bi s Z i ebisak en .dekonstruqtivistuli stilisaTvis saxasiaToaarqiteqturul formaTa vizualuri sirTule, maTimoulodneli `gadatexva~, qalaqis garemoSi xazgasmuladagresiuli SeWra. misi mxatvruli tendenciebiradikaluria, tradiciul stilebTan mimarTeba ki _mkveTri da polemikuri. yovelTvis arqiteqturaSigarkveuli doniT saqme exeboda da exeba sufTa formebs;nebismieri Senobis safuZvelSi ubralo, geometriuli(cilindri, piramida, kubi da a. S.) formebi Zevs da masmowesrigebuli, stabiluri xasiaTi aqvs miniWebuli.dekonstruqtivistuli mxatvruli midgomidan ki iseTiRirebulebebi, rogoricaa: arqiteqtonika, harmoniulierTianoba da stabiluroba arqiteqturis struqturidanamovarda. dekonstruqtivizms, TiTqos, surs geometrizmisstruqturaSi SeiWras, masSi arastabiluroba moiZiosda TvalsaCino gaxados.dekonstruqtivizmi efuZneba frangi filosofosisJak deridas (1930-2004) 2 ideebs. man dekonstruqtivizmiSemoitana rogorc filosofiuri da literaturulimimdinareoba. is akritikebda logikis, logocentrizmis187

nato gengiurievropul tradicias. aRniSnavda dekonstruqciisaucileblobas. misi azriT, am procesSi mJRavndeba, romteqsti _ esaa citatebis, niSnebis nakrebi. 3 derida Tvlis,rom saWiroa safuZvlis, istoriuli wyaroebis Zieba.swored amisTvis unda moxdes humanitaruli kulturissxvadasxva teqstis analitikuri danawevreba(`dekonstruqcia~), raTa maTSi gamovavlinoT sayrdenicnebebi da Semdgomi epoqebis metaforuli kvali. rogorcaRiniSna, deridas msoflmxedveloba ZiriTadad enasada literaturas exeba, magram am Teorias isarqiteqturasac ukavSirebs.arqiteqturuli dekonstruqtivizmis TeoriulisafuZveli iyo deridas Semdegi Sexeduleba:arqiteqturas aqvs SesaZlebloba, Sevides konfliqtSida `qaauqmos~ sakuTari Tavi. am ideebma SemdgomiganviTareba moipoves arqiteqtorisa da arqiteqturisTeoretikosis rem koolxaasis gamocemebSi.mark viglei, romelic dekonstruqtivistTa pirveligamofenis erT-erTi organizatori iyo, ase ganmartavsam mimarTulebas:`dekonstruqtivisti arqiteqtori aris ara is, vincSenobis demontaJiTaa dakavebuli, aramed is, vincSenobaSi Sinagani, organuli problemebis lokalizebasaxdens. dekonstruqtivisti arqiteqtori tradiciuliarqiteqturis sufTa formebs ise epyroba, rogorc _fsiqiatri Tavis pacients: is adgens simptomebs,romlebic Seviwrovebul, dafarul ùwesrigobas~ avlens.es uwesrigoba rbili mliqvnelobiTa da ZaladobriviwamebiT zeda sibrtyeze amodis: forma ikargeba.~ 4meore wyaro, romelmac SemoqmedebiTi biZgis roliSeasrula dekonstruqtivizmisaTvis, iyo 1920-iani wlebissabWoTa konstruqtivizmi. kerZod, vladimer tatlinis(1885-1953) 5 proeqtebi. rogorc cnobilia, XX saukunisdasawyisSi rusulma avangardma kavSiri gawyvitakompoziciis klasikur wesebTan da gamoiyena sufTageometriuli formebi. v. tatlini kidev ufro Sorswavida: is Seecada daxrili, mrudi geometriuli,188dekonstruqtivizmi _T anamedrov e arqi te qturuli mimarT ul eb adinamikuri arqiteqturuli kompoziciebi Seeqmna, magrammisi ideebi CanafiqrTa doneze darCa. `tatlinis koSki~avtoris yvelaze cnobili nawarmoebia (sur. 1), romelicXX saukunis novatoruli miswrafebebis gamoxatulebaa.Zeglis 5 m.-iani modeli moskovSi 1920 wlis dekemberSidaidga. am dros iq sabWoebis VIII yriloba mimdinareobdada am movlenas eZRvneboda gamofenac.nagebobis simaRle eifelis koSkze erTnaxevarjerdidi unda yofiliyo. am 400 metrian Senobas konkretuliutilitaruli daniSnuleba hqonda: is Cafiqrebuli iyorogorc administraciuli Senoba da msofliorevoluciis komitetis saagitacio-propagandistulicentri. konstruqcia Sedgeboda liTonis burjebisaganda oTxi sxvadasxva siCqariT moZravi gamWvirvalemoculobisagan. v. tatlinis CanafiqriT, masSi undag an T av s ebu l iy o k o mi t et i s a Rm a s ru l ebe li ,sakanonmdeblo da propagandistuli dawesebulebebi.grandiozuli Senoba-monumenti konstruirebuliiqneboda novatoruli mxatvrul-plastikuri dasainJinro-teqnikuri formebiT. tatlini iTvleba`manqanuri xelovnebis~ winamorbedad, radgan is xazsusvams teqnikis esTetikas. misi koSkic xom Cafiqrebuliiyo rogorc giganturi manqana, romelSic iqnebodas ak o mf e re n ci o d a rbaze bi , o T ax e bi , k i be e bi ,radiomauwyebloba. misi burjebi ki yovelives ciursxeulebTan aiyvanda. es fantastikuri proeqti verganxorcielda, magram dRemde iTvleba arqiteqturisistoriis gzis maCvenebel niSnad. 6 daxrili, TiTqosda,ateqtonikuri forma, dinamikuri masebi sruliad axaliarqiteqturuli tendenciis maCvenebeli iyo, maSin ammimarTulebs ar hqonda ganxorcielebis pirobebi, magramXX saukunis bolos dekonstruqciulma arqiteqturamswored es ideebi ganaviTara. dekonstruqtivistebiefuZnebian konstruqtivistTa kompoziciur motivebs,magram axdenen maT deformacias. es ki maT aSenebulSenobebs dinamikas da simkveTres aniWebs.189

nato gengiuridekonstruqtivizmi, rogorc arqiteqturulimimdinareoba, yalibdeba 80-ian wlebSi. misi dabadebisTariRad 1988 weli iTvleba. am wels filip jonsonmada mark vigleim niu-orkis Tanamedrove xelovnebismuzeumSi moawyves gamofena `dekonstruqtivistuliarqiteqtura~. winasityvaoba gamofenis katalogisTvisdawera fili p jonsonma (1906-2005), arqiteqtorma,romelmac 50 wlis win henri-rusel xiCkokTan erTadmoawyo gamofena `Tanamedrove arqiteqtura~ da amerikasgaacno evropuli modernizmi. Semdgom gamosca wigniìnternacionaluri stili: arqiteqtura 1922 wlidan~,romelmac arsebiTi wvlili Seitana amerikaSiT an a me d ro v e t e nd e nc i ebis g av r c el e ba S i. 7niSandoblivia, rom saukunis bolosken misive xeldasmiTaxalma arqiteqturulma momdinareobam gaakeTaganacxadi. dekonstruqtivistTa gamofenas Svidimonawile hyavda: frank geri (Frank Gehry), daniellibeskindi (Daniel Libeskind), rem koolhaasi (Rem Koolhaas),peter eizenmani (Peter Eisenman, zaha hadidi (Zaha Hadid),bernard Cumi (Bernard Tschumi) da koop himelbau _ venisarqiteqturuli biuro (Coop Himmelbau).yvela es avtori Tanamedrove arqiteqturisavangardSi dgas. maT mxatvrul meTodSi msgavsiamimarTuleba, ZiriTadi tendenciebi, magram imavdrouladTiToeuli maTgani mkafiod gamoxatuli individualuri` xe l w er i s~ os t a ti a . d ek o n st r uq t iv i z mi sTaviseburebebze mkafio azris Sesaqmnelad, zogierTimaTganis mTavari nawarmoebebis daxasiaTebas mivmarTavT.dekonstruqtivistTa Soris gamorCeuli adgili ukaviafrank geris (dab. 1929) 8 , romlis Semoqmedeba jer kidevzemoxsenebul gamofenamde avlenda dekonstruqciultendenciebs. mis mier 1978 wels aSenebuli sakuTarisaxli santa-monikaSi pirvel dekonstruqtivistulnagebobadaa aRiarebuli. es aris vardisferi solyavariTgadaxuruli mansardiani saxli. arqiteqtori farTodiyenebs sxvadasxva masalas. zogan is aSiSvlebs Senobisstruqturas: kedlebs mopirkeTeba ar gaaCnia. saxasiaToa190dekonstruqtivizmi _T anamedrov e arqi te qturuli mimarT ul eb arkinis, liTonis badis, minis da faneris sxvadasxvakuTxiT dayenebuli sibrtyeebi.Semdgom geris SemoqmedebisTvis ufro da ufrosaxasiaTo xdeba arqiteqturuli masebi, romelnic,T iT q os d a, k ar g av e n S em o mf a rg l a vi ke d li ssibrtyulobas da Seuval simyares, giqmnian ioladmodelirebadi, damyoli masalisagan SeqmnilisSTabeWdilebas. magaliTad SeiZleba moviyvanoT saxlipraRaSi (1995), romelsac `mocekvave saxls~, zogjer ki`jinjeri da fredi~-s uwodeben (sur. 2). saxelwodebaesityveba am Senobis arqiteqturuli formebiserTgvarad cvalebad, dinamikur xasiaTs.1989 wels gaixsna vitras dizainis muzeumi vail amreinSi (samx. germania), romelic frank geris proeqtiTganxorcielda. aq gamofenilia avejis da interierisdizainis nimuSebi, romelnic XIX saukunis dasawyisidanCvens dromde periodSia Sesrulebuli. es aris gerisevropaSi aSenebuli pirveli Senoba. aq SeiniSneba axalitendencia: frank geri uars ambobs mis mier aqamdefarTod gamoyenebul mravalferovani masalebis enaze.sxvadasxva masalis narevis magivrad is SemoifarglaTeTri mopirkeTebiTa da titanTuTiiT (sur. 3). SenobisezoSi dgas plastika `balansirebuli samuSao iaraRebi~(Balancing Tools), romelic moqandake klaes oldenburgmaSeqmna. realur zomebze gacilebiT didi masStabissamuSao iaraRebiT Sedgenili plastikuri kompoziciakompleqsis ganuyofeli nawilia. plastikisa daarqiteqturis kavSiri f. geris daproeqtebul sxvaS en obebsac a xasiaT ebs . magali Ta d , bi lb ao ssaxelganTqmul muzeums, romelsac qvemoT SevexebiT.unda aRiniSnos, rom vitras kompleqsis nawilia sxvadekonstruqtivistis, warmoSobiT erayeli arqiteqtoriqalis zaha hadidis (dab. 1950) saxanZro sadguris Senoba,romelic muzeumis eqspoziciisTvisaa gamoyenebuli da,Tavis mxriv, dekonstruqtivizmis manifestad iTvleba.frank geris gansakuTrebiT cnobili nawarmoebiagugenhaimis muzeumi bilbaoSi (espaneTi, baskeTi). muzeumi191

nato gengiuri(sur. 4, 5) gaixsna 1997 wels. dRes is msoflios yvelazewarmtac SenobaTa ricxvSia. nageboba dgas mdinarenervionis napiras. geri arqiteqturuli kompoziciisSeqmnisas momgebianad iyenebs garemos, wyalTansiaxloves da Senobas gansakuTrebul gamomsaxvelobasaniWebs. wylis dinamika arqiteqturul formebzec`gadadis~: arcerTi brtyeli zedapiri mas ar aqvs, Sedgebam ru d x az o vani m o cu l obe bi s a gan, r om e l ni cmrudxazovanive konturebiT ikveTeba. arqiteqturulimoculobebis didi wili dafarulia titaniumisfirfitebiT, Soridan is Tevzis qercls mogagonebT dasaocar haerovnebas aniWebs nagebobas. dakvirvebisasSeiZleba mogeCvenoT, rom dRis ganmavlobaSi Senobaformas icvlis. bilbaos gugenhaimis muzeumismSeneblobisas gamoiyenes uaxlesi teqnologiebi.kompiuterulma grafikam saSualeba misca inJinrebs,SeeqmnaT iseTi formebi, rogoric adre SeuZlebeliiyo. konstruqciebis mSeneblobisas qvis panelebisasurvel formebad lazeriT daiWra. aRsaniSnavia ismidgoma, romelsac iCens arqiteqtori qalaqisstruqturaSi axali Senobis CarTvisas: quCis mxridanmisi sada formebi garemos ar Crdilavs, masSi bunebrivadiwereba maSin, rodesac mdinaris mxridan grandiozulida STambeWdavi Cans. SenobaSi Tanamedrove xelovnebisgamofenebi ewyoba, magram misi koleqcia sruliaddaCrdilulia muzeumis STambeWdavi arqiteqturisfonze. qandakeba, romelic SenobasTan dgas da uzarmazarobobas warmoadgens ekuTvnis frang moqandakes luizaburJuas (dab. 1911). is cnobilia sxva msgavsiqandakebebiTac. erT-erTi maTgani, aseTive grandiozulioboba dgas kanadis nacionaluri muzeumis win.daniel libeskindi (dab. 1946) dekonstruqtivistuliarqiteqturis kidev erTi lideria. masTanacTvalSisacemia mkveTrad gamoxatuli individualurixelwera. libeskindis nagebobebSi aqtualuria mkafioxazebi, maxvili kuTxeebi, lentisebri sarkmlebi. d.libeskindi gamoirCeva ara mxolod arqiteqturuli192dekonstruqtivizmi _T anamedrov e arqi te qturuli mimarT ul eb a`xelweris~ individualizmiT, aramed sainteresobiografiiTa da pirovnuli TvisebebiT. mas axasiaTebenrogorc artistul, maxvilgonier, mcired sarkastuladamians. dRes is amerikaSi cxovrobs, Tumca poloneTSiadabadebuli, arqiteqturas esekis universitetSiswavlobda. Semdgom, rogorc emigranti, cxovrobdaisraelSi, sadac musikaluri ganaTlebac miiRo. rogorcaRniSnaven, libeskindi virtuozi-pianistia, 9 magram manarqiteqtura airCia.niSandoblivia, rom d. libeskindis proeqtmagaimarjva nui-iorkSi 11 seqtembers ganadgurebulimsoflio savaWro centris rekonstruqciisTvisgamocxadebul konkursSi. aqamde ki iyo ebrauli muzeumiberlinSi (1993), imperial var muzeumi manCesterSi(msoflio omebis muzeumi _ gaixsna 2001), torontossamefo galereis Tanamedrove frTa (2007), denverisxelovnebis muzeumi (2006).misi namuSevrebis CamonaTvali gviCvenebs, rom d.libeskindi samarTlianad iTvleba samuzeumo damemorialur mSeneblobaTa specialistad. denverisxelovnebis muzeumis federik s. hemiltonis korpusidReis aTv is d ani el lib esk ind is e rTa der Tidasrulebuli Senobaa aSS-Si (sur. 6, 7). muzeumis Senobadidi araa, magram Tavisi gansakuTrebuli arqiteqturulimasebiT gvtacebs mzeras. is, TiTqos, ucnaurigeometriuli figurebis nakrebs warmoadgens.diagonalebi, sxvadasxva mxares mimarTuli maxvilikuTxeebi agresiulad iWreba qalaqis sivrceSi damTlianad cvlis garemos. Tavad daniel libeskindmaganacxada, rom muzeumis forma bunebrivi kldeebismoxazulobidan aiRo. formebi, marTlac, mogvagonebskldidan mowyvetil lodebs, magram mxatvruligardaqmna, gaangariSeba, Sesruleba imdenad ostaturida damajerebelia, rom muzeumi Tavad gardaiqmnebamxatvrul èqsponatad~. formebis, masebis, kuTxeebis,anareklebis TamaSi mas gadaaqcevs simbolodTanamedrove xelovnebisa, romlis gagebac rTulia, magram,193

nato gengiurisamagierod, mimzidvelobis saocar Zalas flobs.azrobriv-simboluri momentebis win wamoweva daniellibeskindma daiwyo Tavisi pirveli saxelganTqmuliberlinuri proeqtebiT. 1993 wels dasrulda mis mierdaproeqtebuli ebrauli muzeumis Senoba berlinSi, 10romelic muzeum-Zeglad gadaiqca.berlinis muzeumSi ebrauli ganyofileba 1970-ianwlebSi gaixsna. male dadga ebrauli eqspoziciisaTvisufro meti adgilis gamoyofis sakiTxi. 1989 wels moewyokonkursi muzeumis Zveli Senobis gafarToebis proeqtze.165 proeqts Soris gaimarjva daniel libeskindisproeqtma. sanam mSenebloba mimdinareobda, ar wydebodakamaTi Senobis mxatvruli koncefciis Taobaze. misigaxsnis Semdeg ki yvela gaognebuli darCa nagebobisgansakuTrebuli saxiTa da efeqtiT. gamoCndnenkritikosebi, iyvnen iseTebic, romelnic ironiiTuyurebdnen libeskindis Tavisebur midgomas da Senobasdisnei-lends adarebdnen. libeskindma aaSenaaRsaqmelad rTuli nageboba, romelSic adamiani Tavsarakomfortulad grZnobs da amiT mnaxvels Tavad xdisebraelTa tragediis monawiled. Senoba Sedgeba`datexili~, bneli derefnebisgan da ufanjro, Wisebriformis darbazebisgan. fasadebze viwro, sxvadasxvakonfiguraciis fanjrebia mimobneuli. muzeumimogagonebT afeTqebisgan dazianebul Senobas. is TviTonaris monumenti, romelic ebraelTa tragediasganasaxierebs da amiT, TiTqos, epaeqreba kideceqspozicias. muzeumis xelmZRvaneloba maincukmayofilo darCa: Senoba funqcionalur amocanebsver asrulebs, _ ambobdnen isini, _ koleqciis ganTavsebaZ ne l ad xe r x de b a. am pr a qt i ku l i m i zn e bi sSesrulebisaTvis interieri ramdenadme gadaakeTes dadaSordnen Tavdapirvel proeqts. miuxedavad amisa,muzeumi rogorc ki gaixsna, berlinis erT-erTi mTavariRirsSesaniSnaoba gaxda da dRes dekonstruqtivizmisSedevradaa aRiarebuli. muzeumis popularobamganapiroba mravalfunqciuri darbazis Seqmnis194dekonstruqtivizmi _T anamedrov e arqi te qturuli mimarT ul eb aaucilebloba. misma xelmZRvanelobam, miuxedavad ZveliuTanxmoebebisa, konkursis gareSe pirdapir d.libeskinds mimarTa. SenobaSi axali nawilisganTavsebisaTvis arqiteqtorma 1735 wels aSenebulimuzeumis Sida ezo airCia. amgvari gadawyveta, Tavismxriv, axali ar aris arqiteqturis istoriaSi: 2000wels norman fosterma britaneTis muzeumis Sida ezoS uS i s g um b a Ti T g a dax ur a . d . l i be s ki n di sgadawyvetilebiTac ezo foladis kolonebzedayrdnobili SuSis saxuraviT unda gadaexuraT. erTiSexedviT ubralo gadawyvetas gansakuTrebulikoncefcia udevs safuZvlad. is agrZelebs ebraul Temas:oTx burjze dayrdnobili brtyeli gadaxurva imeorebsebrauli sukos formas. suko ebrauli dResaswaulissukotis mniSvnelovani elementia da ukavSirdebaegviptidan gamosvlis ambavs. roca ebraelebma adgilsukotamde miaRwies, RmerTma mouvlinaT xis totebisagangakeTebuli qoxebi, sukebi, romelSic maT Tavi daaRwiesudabnos sicxes da daisvenes. amis Semdeg ebraelebisukoebs ezoebSi da verandebze aSeneben sukotisdResaswaulisas, romelic rva dRe grZeldeba. masodiTganve saxasiaTo forma hqonda: sami kedeli datotebis naxevrad Ria saxuravi (sur. 8).libeskindis proeqtic am maxasiaTeblebs imeorebs.kedlebis rols Zveli Senobis ukve arsebuli kedlebiasrulebs. meoTxe kedeli mTlianad SuSisaa. oTximasiuri kolona xis Reroebis asociacias qmnis, xolosaxuravqveS erTmaneTSi gadawnuli milebi totebsmogagonebT. mSeneblobis teqnikuri mxare seriozuliproblema gaxda. Zveli Senobis kedlebi ver daiWerdasaxuravis simZimes. gadawyda, Zvel kedlebs sul arSexebodnen da saxuravi sakuTar burjebze daeyrdnoT.ramdenime Tvis ganmavlobaSi midioda muSaobasayrdenebze, romelTac erTdroulad plastikuri,gadazneqili forma da sakmarisi simtkice unda hqonodaT.saxuravisa da fasadisaTvis gamoiyenes cxra ti pisSuSa, raTa sinaTlis Cafiqrebuli gradaciisTvis195

nato gengiurimieRwiaT. 11 sabolood gamovida Senoba, romelic ideisgansaxierebaa da erTgvarad metaforulia: TviT muzeumiyru, nervulad zigzagisebri formebiT ebraelTa rTuliistoriis simbolod warmogvidgeba, axali darbazi kigamWvirvale, naTeli da sazeimoa. is aris ritualuriqoxi, romelic tanjvis Semdgomi simSvidisa dadResaswaulis gansaxierebaa.ebraelTa muzeumis mkafiod gamoxatuli metaforulixasiaTi, masSi simboluri mniSvnelobis xazgasma, mxolodlibeskindis SemoqmedebiT meTodad ar unda miviCnioT.es zogadad dekonstruqtivizmis saxasiaTo niSania daimave tendencias am mimarTulebis sxva ostatebicamJRavneben. magaliTad, holandieli dekonstruqtivistiarqiteqtori da Teoretikosi rem koohaasi erT-erTinterviuSi aRniSnavs:àrqiteqtura Tavisebur speqtaklad gadaiqca.Senobas ... mxolod simbolos mniSvneloba aqvs~ 12rem koohaasi (dab. 1944) iTvleba TanamedroveobiserT-erT saintereso arqiteqtorad. dRes is harvardisuniversitetis profesoria dizainisa da urbanuliarqiteqturis mimarTulebiT. koohaasi mravali wignisavtoria, maT Soris _ arqiteqturis saxelmZRvanelosi.13Tavidan is kinoscenarebsac werda, magram mere SeeSvaam saqmes da Tavi mxolod arqiteqturas miuZRvna. remkoohasi gaxlavT praqtikosi arqiteqtoric daTanamedrove arqiteqturis Teoretikosic. mas sakuTaribiuroebi aqvs rotredamSi, niu-orkSi da pekinSi. misiproeqtebiT aSenda saxelganTqmuli Senobebi: sietliscentraluri biblioTeka (2004), CineTis centraluriteleviziis Senoba pekinSi. yvela mis nagebobasaxasiaTebs Taviseburi formebi da daxvewili Sidasivrceebi.Canafiqris gansakuTrebuli siTamamiT gamorCeuliCineTis centraluri televiziis Senobis proeqtiT (sur.9) koohaasma msoflios yuradReba mii pyro. misimSenebloba 2004 wels daiwyo da wels, 2008-Si,dasruldeba.196dekonstruqtivizmi _T anamedrov e arqi te qturuli mimarT ul eb aori kolosaluri koSki, romelic pekinism rav al s a rTuli a ni Se n o be b id a n a mo i z rd e ba ,Tavbrudamxvev simaRleze uCveulo kuTxiT erwymiserTmaneTs. msgavsi SeerTeba Senobis safuZvelTanacxdeba. mnaxvels uCndeba STabeWdileba, rom nagebobakonstruqciulad aramyaria, magram realurad misikonstruqcia 8 balian miwisZvrazea gaTvlili.Tanamedrove arqiteqturaSi caTambjenebis uzarmazarizomebi, Tvalmiuwvdeneli simaRle ukve Cveuli movlenaa,romelic aRaravis acvifrebs. pekinis televiziisSenobaSi ki ikveTeba ramdenime momenti, romelicsimaRlesTan Serwymuli mis gansakuTrebulobasganapirobebs: koSkebi erTmaneTiskenaa gadaxrili 10gradusiani kuTxiT, rac pizis koSkis daxris kuTxeze2-jer metia. axali da uCveulo am nagebobaSi sivrcisada arqiteqtoruli masebis metad Taviseburidamokidebulebacaa: Senobis silueti sivrceSiuzarmazar, deformirebul sworkuTxeds Semowers. esaaTaviseburi `CarCo~, romelic did sivrcezeaSemovlebuli. arqiteqturul masebs Soris moqceuliRia sivrce misi iseTive ganuyofeli nawili xdeba,rogorc Sida sivrce interierSi.dekonstruqtivistTa arqiteqturuli kompoziciebiCveni epoqis Tavisebur simbolod warmogvidgeba. isSors gaiWra, aqamde warmoudgenel masStabebs miaRwia.is iswrafvis vrceli sivrceebis aTvisebisken daiTvisebs kidec... sivrceSi agresiulad SeWrili, TiTqos,sivrcis damamorCilebeli axali arqiteqturuliformebi `xmamaRla acxadeben~: adamiani daSorda bunebas,teqnikis samyaro misi Canacvlebisken iswrafvis... da,raoden paradoqsulic ar unda iyos, dRes, rocawarmoudgeneli fantaziebis ganxorcielebasac ki, TiTqos,win araferi eRobeba, bunebrivi garemo aqtiuradgvaxsenebs Tavs. is aqriteqtor-mSenebelTa winaSe kvlavayenebs amocanebs, romelTa gadaWrac yvela epoqaSiaqtualuri iyo. klimati, reliefi, garemo _ arc erTipatiobs mSenebelTa mxridan ùyuradRebobas~.197

nato gengiuriam kuTxiT niSandoblivia is procesi, romelicamJamad mimdinareobs: Tanamedroveobis erT-erT yvelazewarmatebul arqiteqtor frank geris 2007 wels uCivlamasaCusetsis teqnologiurma universitetma uxarisxoddaproeqtebuli SenobisaTvis. sainteresoa, mainc rapretenzia hqonda damkveTs arqiteqtorisadmi? rogorcaRmoCnda, aSenebidan mokle xanSi SeuZlebeli gaxdanagebobiT usafrTxo sargebloba. universitetismesveurebi Civian: SenobaSi wyali Cadis, mudmivi nestisgankedlebi obiT daifara, zamTrobiT ki yinulis didilodebi cviva gare kedlebidan, romelTac daxrilimoxazuloba aqvT (sur. 10). yovelive safrTxes uqmnisuniversitetis TanamSromlebs, quCaSi mimaval xalxsda xSirad Senobis blokirebasac ki axdens.universitetis axali Senobis mSenebloba oTxi wliswinaT, 2004 wels, dasrulda. proeqti, rogorc misiavtorisgan iyo mosalodneli, dekonstruqtivizmissulSia Sesrulebuli: nagebobis gare masebi erTgvaraddeformirebulia. Senobas ar aqvs arc erTi sworikedeli, isini sxvadasxva kuTxiT arian daxrili. amangamoiwvia Tovlis dagroveba kedlebze da masTandakavSirebuli problemebi. cxadia, is rac kargadimuSavebda mSral klimatur pirobebSi, ver funqcionirebsuxvTovlian garemoSi. es imis maCvenebelia, rom arsebobsgaremoebebi, romelTa gaTvaliswineba Tanamedroveteqnologiebis ganviTarebis pirobebSic ki aucilebelia.a mr ig ad , m Tl ia n obaS i de k on st ru q ti vi zm imravalferovania, Tumca aSkaradaa gamoxatuli zogadimaxasiaTeblebi. unda aRiniSnos arqiteqturulistruqturis vizualuri sirTule, `moulodneli~k om p o zi c ie b i, m xat vr u li s ax i s e rTgvar iarastabiluroba da dinamizmi. niSandobliviaarqiteqturuli kompoziciebis azrobrivi qveteqstebi,simbolizmi, romelic zogierT dekonstruqtivistTangansakuTrebul mkafioebas iZens (magaliTad, daniellibeskindTan). Taviseburia dekonstruqtivistulinagebobebisa da garemos damokidebuleba. mraval198dekonstruqtivizmi _T anamedrov e arqi te qturuli mimarT ul eb aSemTxvevaSi maT axasiaTebT qalaqis garemoSixazgasmulad agresiuli SeWra, rac, erTi mxriv,arqiteqturuli masebis gansakuTrebuli formebiT arisganpirobebuli da, meore mxriv, Senobis masStaburobiT.masStabebis mkveTr cvalebadobaze gaTvla am stilisTaviseburebad unda CaiTvalos. am mxriv niSandobliviaqandakebisa da arqiteqturis kavSiri: plastika, romelicnagebobis uSualo siaxlovesaa ganTavsebuli Tavisibunebrivi prototi pis realur masStabebsa daproporciebs arRvevs (magaliTad, l. burJuas òboba~bilbaos gugenhaimis muzeumTan an k. oldenburgis`Balancing Tools~ vitras dizainis muzeumTan). iqmnebaSTabeWdileba, rom mikrosamyaro makrosamyarosTvalSisacem nawilad gadaqcevis pretenzias acxadebs.s am u z eu m o S en o b ebis S eq m n a T an a me d r ov earqiteqturis erT-erTi amocanaa. Tanac Cans, rommuzeumis, rogorc xelovnebis samyoflis gaazrebaarqiteqtorisTvis mxatvrulobis, SemoqmedebiTiTavisuflebis gansakuTrebuli gaqanebis biZgia. amasukve ganxiluli muzeumebis arqiteqturac gviCvenebs.erTi ki metad niSandoblivia, dekonstruqtivistiarqiteqtorebi sruliad ar iziareben Zvel, ukve arsebularqiteqturasTan harmoniuli Serwymis princi pebs.piriqiT, Zvel SenobebSi dekunstruqtivistuli `minaSen-CanaSenebic~ da calke mdgari Senobebic metismetadaqtiurad gamodian win. isini yovelTvis TvalSisacemia,izidaven mnaxvelis mzeras. arsebuli arqiteqtura kimaTTvis fonia, romelzec isini mTavar `movlenad~,gansakuTrebul èqsponatad~ aRiqmebian.199

nato gengiuridekonstruqtivizmi _T anamedrov e arqi te qturuli mimarT ul eb asur. 4. f. geri. gugenhaimis muzeumi bilbaoSi. 1997 w.xur. 1. `taltinis koSki~ 1920 w.sur. 2. f. geri mocekvave saxli praRaSi. 1995 w.sur. 3. f. geri. vitras dizainis muzeumi da klaes oldenburgisplastika “Balancing Tools”. 1989.sur. 5. f. geri. gugenhaimis muzeumi bilbaoSi. 1997 w.200201

nato gengiuridekonstruqtivizmi _T anamedrov e arqi te qturuli mimarT ul eb asur. 6. d. libeskindi. denveris muzeumis federik s. hemiltoniskorpusi. 2006 w.sur. 9. r. kohaasi. centraluri biblioTeka sietlSi.sur. 7. d. libeskindi. denveris muzeumis federik s. hemiltoniskorpusi da moedani mis win. 2006 w.sur. 10. r. kohaasi. CineTis centraluri televizia pekinSi. 2007 w.sur. 8. d. libeskindi. ebrauli muzeumu berlinSi. sakonferenciodarbazi. 2001 w.202sur. 11. f. geri. masaCusesis teqnikuri universiteti. 2004 w.203

nato gengiuri1. Виппер Б., Статьи об искусстве, М., 1970, стр. 124.2. Jak derida (1930-2004), ebraeli, postmodernizmis erT-erTiyvelaze avtoritetuli filosofosia. didi popularobiTsargeblobda aSS-Sic. misi azriT samyaro, romelicadamianisTvisaa misawvdomi niSnebis usasrulointerpretacias warmoadgens. naTqvami sityva ufromniSvnelovania, vidre dawerili. laparakisas sityvis avtorisarseboba aniWebs mas mniSvnelobas, dawerili ki kargavsRirebulebas avtoris aryofnis gamo. man filosofiur dasagazeTo enaSi Seitana cnebebi dekonstruqcia, werili(rogorc informaciis Senaxvis saSualeba), diferansi, kvali.dawera daaxloebiT 80 wigni.3.Wigley, Mark: Architektur und Dekonstruktion. Derridas Phantom. Basel:Birkhäuser, 1994. Деррида Ж. Вокруг Вавилонских башен, Комментарии,1997, № 11.4.Mark Wigley, in: Johnson 1988, p.115. vladimer tatlini swavlobda penzis samxatvrosaswavlebelSi, aseve moskovisa da peterburgis avangardulsamxatvro studiebSi. Tavidan mxolod ferweriTa da grafikiTiyo dakavebuli. 1900-1910-ian ww.-Si dauaxlovda rusavangardistebs, aformebda futuristul wignebs, speqtaklebs,daaarsa sakuTari studia, sadac maravali `memarcxene~ mxatvarimuSaobda. 1914 wlis maisSi `ferweruli reliefebis pirveligamofenis~ organizatori gaxda. gamofenil nawarmoebebssxvagvarad erqvaT: `masalebis SerCeva~, `kontrreliefebi~.tatlinis kontrreliefebiT daiwyo rusuli avangardiskonstruqtivistuli mimarTuleba, romelic upirispirdeboda_ yovel SemTxvevaSi, avtoris mier _ k. maleviCis ganyenebulniSnebiansupermatizms. mogvianebiT tatlini dizainiTdainteresda da qmnida iseT proeqtebsac, romelTaganxorcieleba ukeTes SemTxvevaSi momavalSi gaxdebodaSesaZlebeli. aseTia `tatlinis koSki~ (1919-20) da safreniaparati e. w. `maxaloti~, igive `letatlini~ (1929-1932). sabWoTaperiodSi tatlinma Tavidan aqtiuri sazogadoebrivimoRvaweoba daiwyo. Semdgom, 30-ian wlebSi avangardizmisganadgureba daiwyo. tatlins aRar hqonda SesaZlebloba,204dekonstruqtivizmi _T anamedrov e arqi te qturuli mimarT ul eb aTavisi SemoqmedebiTi ideebi ganexorcielebina da iZulebuligaxda Tavisi moRvaweoba Teatris mxatvrobiT Semoefargla.1938 wels misi pano, romelic sasoflo-sameurneogamofenisTvis daxata, gaanadgures rogorc `politikuradmavnebluri~. sicocxlis bolo wlebSi tatlini puris fulsimiT Soulobda, rom moskovis universitetisTvisTvalsaCinoebebs akeTebda. tatlinis àRmoCena~ 1960-ianwlebSi moxda. Jonathan Lee: 50 große Abenteuer. Besondere Orte unddie Menschen, die sie geschaffen haben. München: Prestel Verlag, 2006.aseve, Пунин Н.. О Татлине. Серия: Архив русского авангарда, Изд.-во: RA, 2001.6.1930 wels misi 5 m.-iani modeli ukanasknelad gamoifina damere daikarga. 1992-93 wlebSi aRadgines.7. Joedicke, J.: Architekturgeschichte des 20. Jahrhunderts, Karl ramer VerlagStuttgart+Zuerich, 1998,p. .223.8.Ragheb, J. Fiona u.a.: Frank Gehry. Architect. Hatje Cantz Verlag, Ostfildern,2001.9. Газета «Комерсантъ», №193 (3524), от 14.10.2006.10.Комарова И. И., Архитекторы., M., 2002.11. Dorner Elke: Daniel Libeskind - Jüdisches Museum Berlin. Gebr. MannVerlag Berlin, 2006, 3. Auflage, 112 S. mit 54 Abb.12. Рем Коолхаас: «Архитектура подчиняется условиям рынка», газета«Культура», № 16(7526), 27 апреля-3 мая, 2006.13. Koolhaas Rem, Werlemann Hans and Bruce Mau, S,M,L,XL, TheMonacelli Press, New York, 1994 (2nd edition 1997).205

kulturologia206Ffati SeylaSvilinacisturi ideologia kulturis Sesaxebda nacional-socialistebis danaSaulikulturis winaaRmdegmravalricxovan samxedro danaSaulTa Soris,romelic Caidines faSistebma, erT-erTi gansakuTrebuliadgili uWiravs kulturis mimarT gamovlenilsisastikes.1941 wlis 1 maiss herman geringma xeli moaweradireqtivas, romlis Tanaxmad unda daarsebuliyo maTmier okupirebul yvela teritoriaze specialuriStabebi, romlebic Seiswavlidnen, Sekrebdnen dagaitandnen germaniaSi kulturul Rirebulebebs.partiul, saxelmwifo da samxedro organizaciebs miecaTmiTiTeba, rom mxari daeWiraT da daxmareba aRmoeCinaTam operatiuli Stabebis ufrosi rozenbergisaTvis damisi moadgilis, germaniis wiTeli jvris saveleganyofilebis ufrosi fon bervisTvis.germaniis sagareo saqmeTa ministr ribentrops arsurda am miTiTebas damorCileboda im martivi mizeziT,rom Tavad cdilobda okupirebuli teritoriebisgaZarcvas. am mizniT daaarsa `SS~-is spec. daniSnulebisjgufebi baron fon kiunsbergis meTaurobiT. maTTvalyuri unda edevnebinaT okupirebul teritoriebzemuzeumebis, biblioTekebis, suraTebis galereebis daarqivebisTvis, romlebic gadaurCa germanelijariskacebisgan Zarcvas da ganadgurebas. raTa Semdegyvelaferi, rac warmoadgenda kulturul da istoriulRirebulebas, gaetanaT germaniaSi. es yoveliveparadoqsulad Cans imis fonze, rasac nacistebisfiureri Tavis wignSi `Cemi brZola~ xazgasmiT aRniSnavs,rom imperiis TandaTanobiTi ngrevis aCrdili jer kidevpirvel msoflio omamde iyo germaniaSi - eriskulturuli donis sistematiuri daqveiTeba. romsaxelmwifos xelmZRvanelebi unda eswrafodnen eris207

Ffati SeylaSv il isulieri cxovrebis amaRlebas. Tu gasaqani ar miecanamdvil xelovnebasa da kulturas kacobriobisprogresuli ganviTarebis nacvlad daiwyeba misidegradacia, unda vebrZoloT iseT `daavadebebs~, racadre Tu gvian Cvens kulturas daRupvamde miiyvans,rom kulturam da xelovnebam Tavis mTavar amocanadunda gaixados axalgazrdobis aRzrda, ris gamoc igiudides mniSvnelobas aniWebs, ra doneze iqneba germanulipoezia, proza, Teatri da sxv. fiureri gamodis maTwinaaRmdeg, vinc cdilobs ubadruki xelovnebiTkacobriobis mexsierebidan waSalos kulturis daxelovnebis dargSi arsebuli mdidari memkvidreoba.ùaryofa yvelaferi genialurisa, rasac flobdakacobrioba warsulSi, zizRi mis mimarT SeuZlia mas,visac TviTon ar Seswevs unari misces msoflios raimeRirebuli da mniSvnelovani~ 1 _ am sityvebiT SeiZlebaiTqvas fiurerma garkveulwilad Tavadve gamoutanaganaCeni nacistebis `damsaxurebas~ jer TviT germanelieris kulturis da mere msoflio kulturis winaSe.nacional-socialistebis gamarjvebas germaniaSimaleve mohyva savalalo Sedegebi. sxva mravalTa Soriskulturis, ganaTlebis da xelovnebis dargSi moRvawegermaneli antifaSistebisTvisac. 5 aTasi cnobilimecnieri, mwerali, poeti da mxatvari gandevnes qveynidanan daapatimres. germania datoves iseTma cnobilmaadamianebma, rogorebic iyvnen: hainrix da Tomas manebi,lion foixtvangeri, fridrix volfi, iohanes bexeri,bertold brexti, franc vaiskofi da sxv. aseve saukeTesoreJisorebma da msaxiobebma. aikrZala mendelsonis,ofenbaxisa da meierberis musikaluri nawarmoebebisSesruleba. am adamianebis qoneba (5 mlrd. markisodenobis) faSistebma miiTvises. iozef gebelsismeTaurobiT Seiqmna propagandis saministro da miskontrols dauqvemdebares radio, presa, kino, Teatri.m uz e um e b id a n g ai t an e s s u raTebi. n a xe v radgaasamxedroves umaRlesi saswavleblebi, eweodnenistoriis falsifikacias da sxv.208nacisturi ide ologia kulturis Sesaxeb da nacionalsocialiste bis danaSaul i kul turis winaaRmdeggemraniaSi ganviTarebuli movlenebis Semdgomgasakviri ar aris is risxva, rac Tavs daatyda naiconalsocialistebismier okupirebuli teritoriebis xalxTakulturul memkvidreobas. maT saZarcvavad, rogorczemoTac mivuTiTeT, amuSavda specialuri StabebiTdakompleqtebuli aparati.leningradis axlos carskoe selodan sruladgaitanes msoflioSi cnobili ekaterine II-is kuTvnilisasaxle _ muzeumis RirsSesaniSnaobani. kedlidanCamoxsnes Cinuri abreSumis Spaleri, aseve oqrossamkaulebi, suraTebi, ekaterine II-is Zvirfasi qvebisuzarmazari koleqcia. imperator aleqsandre I-issasaxleSi maTi yuradReba mii pyro uZvelesma avejmada unikalurma biblioTekam, romelic 7 aTasi tomisganSedgeboda. maT Soris iyo Zveli berZeni da romaeliklasikosebis araerTi Txzuleba. gaitanes aseve 5 aTasiuZvelesi xelnaweri. 2ukrainis biblioTekebidan waiRes uiSviaTesi sparsulida Cinuri xelnawerebi, rusuli da ukrainuli matianeebi,pirveli wignebis egzempliarebi da mravali sxv.kiev peCoris lavridan germaniaSi gaitanessaeklesio literatura. xarkovidan _ rubensis naxatebi,volteris Txzulebebis 59 tomi. 3 yvelaze RirsSesaniSnavkultrul memkvidreobas mesame raixis mesveurebiinawilebdnen _ geringi, rozenbergi, ribentropi, gebelsida TavisTavad hitleri, romelsac gadasces frangulenaze dawerili 80-mde tomi napoleonis egvi pteSilaSqrobis Sesaxeb.fiureri, romelic Tavis wignSi xazgasmiT miuTiTebda,rom `qalaqebi, romlebic ar warmoadgenen kulturiscentrebs an kargaven am mniSvnelobas, sul ufro metademsgavsebian ubralod xalxis brbos TavSeyris adgils~ 4da ganicdida, rom germanel qalaqebs ar daekargaT esRirebuleba, daundoblad anadgurebda da Telavdadapyrobili xalxis kulturul memkvidreobas.arsebobs hitleris 1942 wlis 1 martis brZanebulebarozenbergis specialuri Stabis Seqmnis Sesaxeb, romlis209

Ffati SeylaSv il iTanaxmadac okupirebul raionebSi unda gadaesinjaTsxvadasxva saxis kulturuli organizaciebi da maTTviskonfiskacia gaekeTebinaT. 5belorusiis gen. komisris mier rozenbergis saxelzegagzavnil werilSi vkiTxulobT: `minskSi aRmoCndamdidari, Zalzed Rirebuli koleqcia mxatvruligamocemebisa da tiloebis, romelic uklebliv gaitanesgermaniaSi....~ am mizniT gamoyofilma spec. jgufebismeTaurebma sami satvirTo manqana xelovnebis nimuSebiTada suraTebiT gaavses. 6 nacional-socialistebidagegmilad Zarcvavdnen aseve baltiispireTis qveynebiskulturul simdidreebs (talinis arqivi), xelovnebisnimuSebi muzeumebidan an gaitanes, an gaanadgures. 800aTasi wigni dawves da, maTi azriT, 100 aTasi yvelazeRirebuli germaniaSi gaagzavnes. rigaSi gaanadguresXV-XVII ss.-Si arqiteqturuli nagebobis mTeli rigi.maSin, rodesac uZveles unikalur Senobebs, xelovnebisSedevrebs hitleri Tavis wignSi `Cemi brZola~moixseniebda, rogorc mTeli epoqis simbolos,miuTiTebda antikuri qalaqebis sidiades da aRniSnavda,rom `xelovnebis Sedevrebi Seqmnilia ara erTiwamisTvis, aramed saukuneebisTvis~. 7 misive miTiTebiTgermaneli nacistebi umowyalod Zarcvavdnen evropisxalxTa kulturas.evropis rig qveyanaSi am Zarcvas `jentlmenuri~ieri misces da xelovnebis nimuSebs yidulobdnenlincisa da kenigsbergis muzeumebisTvis, Tumca iq, sadacSeuTanxmeblobas hqonda adgili, Zalis gamoyenebas areridebodnen. ungreTidan Zvelgermanel mxatvarTas ur a Te b i d r ez d en i s g al e re i sTvis w ai R es ,niderlandebidan - frangi, holandieli, germanelimxatvrebis suraTebi da fiureris piradi davalebiT -oqros, emalis, faifuris da minis namuSevrebi. 8evropis totaluri Zarcvisas miRebuli nadavlifaSistebma gadamales sawyobebSi. erT-erTi ZiriTadisawyobi datacebuli Zvirfaseulobis Sesanaxad moawyvesavstriaSi, kremsmunsteris monasterSi. specialurad210nacisturi ide ologia kulturis Sesaxeb da nacionalsocialiste bis danaSaul i kul turis winaaRmdegmowyobil sacavebSi Taroebze iyo ganTavsebuli wignebi,suraTebi, romlebic xelT igdes belgiis, holandiis,poloneTis, safrangeTis, sabWoTa kavSiris, CexoslovakiisZarcvisas. miqelanjelos originalebi, diurerisgraviurebi, rotSildebis venis koleqcia, saukeTesonaxatebi da Zvirfasi nivTebi montekarlos monastridan,ticianis naxatebi, miqelanjelos marmarilos `madona~,oqros sakurTxevlebi. laufenTan maRaroebSigadamaluli iyo msoflioSi cnobili 6500-mde naxati,1500 yuTi xelnawerebiT, miniaturebiT da xezeSesrulebuli graviurebiT, saeklesio daniSnulebismosarTavebi, asobiT Zvirfasi ulamazesi xaliCa, oqrosada vercxlis nakeTobani. inventaris aRweriloba, romlisraodenoba mudmivad izrdeboda, 6 aTas gverdze metsmoicavda. 1944 wlis Semdeg ungreTidan gatanilikulturuli Rirebulebani aRricxulic ar iyo. rodesacganaiaraRes faSistebi, marto erT-erT SaxtaSigadamaluli aRmoCnda Zveli ostatebis 5350 naxati, 1039graviura, 95 gobeleni, 68 skulptura, 32 yuTi monetebi, 40yuTi rotSildebis Zvirfaseuloba, 237 yuTi wignebi damr av ali s xv. e s m xol od ar as rul i sia a imRirsSesaniSnaobebis CamonaTvalisa, rac `fiurerismuzeumisTvis~ iyo gankuTvnili.Aamrigad, is, rasac nacional-socialistebis beladiuqadagebda germanel ers, rom saTanadod daefasebinaTkulturis RirsSesaniSnaobani, romlebsac sazogadoebisprogresuli ganviTarebis udao pirobad miiCnevda,daundoblad iqna Selaxuli, gaZarcvuli daganadgurebuli misive miTiTebiT. auracxeli iyo zarali,romelic nacional-socialistebma kacobriobiskulturas miayenes.1. Гитлер Адольф, Моя Борьба (перевод с немецкого) «Т-око», 1990, стр. 2182.Всемирная история (Итоги Второй Мировой Войны), Т. 24, Минск,1998, стр. 312.3. iqve, gv. 313.211

Ffati SeylaSv il i4.Гитлер Адольф, Моя Борьба (перевод с немецкого), «Т-око». 1990,стр. 220.5. Айххольц Д., Цели Германии в войне против СССР. Обответственности германских элит за агрессивную политику ипреступления нацизма. Новая и новейшая история, №6, 2002.6.Das Russlandbield im Dritten Reich. Kцln. 1999.p. 117.7.Гитлер Адольф. Моя Борьба (перевод с немецкого) «Т-око», 1990,стр. 220.8.Всемирная история (Итоги Второй Мировой Войны), Т. 24, Минск,1998, стр. 315.Bbadri cxadaZeDdudukisa da salamuris warmomavlobisaTvis(lingvistur-etimologiuri analizi)s ax el o vn e bo d a rg e bi s t er m in Ta kv l ev as ,l in g vi s tu r -e t im o lo g iu r i T valsaz ri s iT ,enaTmecnierebi iSviaTad aqcevdnen yuradRebas, Tumcasakvlevi sfero yovelTvis iyo da aris aqtualuri dasaintereso rogorc sakuTriv qarTuli, ise ucxourienebidan sxvadasxva gziT Semosuli axali Tu ZirZvelinasesxobebis araiSviaTi TavCeniT. xSirad mkvlevarTv er g au rk ve vi aT d a daud ge ni aT , es a Tu i sxe lov neba Tmc odn eobiTi Sin aar sis Sem cve lisityvaforma sakuTriv qarTulia, ucxouri nasesxebiTu gaqarTulebuli. swored aseT musikalur terminTaricxvs ganekuTvneba ori saxelovnebo-samusiko terminiduduki da salamuri, romelTa warmomavlobiT araerTimkvlevari dainteresebula, magram damajerebelilingvistur-etimologiuri an leqsikologiuri axsnav er dau Ze b n ia T d a a r S e mo u T av a ze b ia TspecialistebisaTvis. CvenTvis es ori saZiebo dasaanalizo termini im kuTxiTac aris Rirssacnobi, romorive maTgani Zvel qarTul saliteraturo enasa da e.w. aRorZinebis xanis mwerlobaSic (XVIII s.-is CaTvliT)sruliad ucnobi leqsemebia.1. duduki.duduki, rogorc sayovelTaod cnobilia, musikaluriterminia, romelic qarTul xalxur enian Casaber sakravsewodeba. ZiriTadad mas ansamblSi gamoiyeneben(igulisxmeba ori meduduke da erTi medole). 1aRsaniSnavia isic, rom medudukeTa qarTuli dasta(trio) ormxriv, zomierxmian dolsac umatebs (ori joxissaSualebiT). Tu Zvelad saqarTveloSi mokle darvaTvliani duduki iyo gavrcelebuli, amJamad dudukissami saxeoba gvaqvs: cxraTvliani, TerTmetTvliani da212213

adri cxadaZeTormetTvliani. specialur literaturaSi cnobiliaisic, rom dudukis damzadebis zogi qarTveli ostaticametTvliani dudukis Seqmnazec muSaobda (mag., m.adamaSvili). 2aRsaniSnavia is faqtic, rom dudukis kultura _gavrcelebis areali ufro aRmosavleT saqarTvelosmoicavs. dudukis warmoeba-damzadebis moqmed centrebadaRiarebulia Tbilisi, gori, dirbi, iyalTo... duduksWermisa da bzis xisgan akeTeben. Wermisagan damzadebuliduduki, saerTod, Zalze xmiania, farTo rezonansis mqonea,bzis duduki ki mtkice da mkvrivia, magram xmissinarnariTa da JReradobiT pirvels ver Seedreba.samasale xe, rogorc specialistebi gvamcnoben, mzvareadgilasaa ukeTesi. saqarTveloSi yvelaze kargsaduduke masalad avWala da diRomia miCneuli. 3dudukis saqarTveloSi gavrcelebis, damzadebisa dawarmoSobis Sesaxeb, informatorTa cnobebze damyarebiT,vrclad msjelobs d. alaviZe. mkvlevari dudukisarsebobas saqarTveloSi ufro sakuTriv qarTulwarmomavlobisad miiCnevs. Rirssacnobia, rom sulxansabaorbeliani, raoden ar unda gagvikvirdes, duduksTavis `sityvis konaSi~ ar asaxelebs. 4 riT unda aixsnases? d. alaviZis TqmiT, es ar unda niSnavdes imas, romduduki, rogorc sakravi, manamde CvenSi ar arsebobda,sabas leqsikonSi xom arc udi da larWemiamoxsenebulio. 5duduki Tavis leqsikonSi calke, damoukidebelsityvad Seutania cnobil qarTvel leqsikografs daviTCubinaSvils. miseuli ganmarteba am sityvisa aseTia:`duduki _ salamuri, дудка, свирелью. 6 rac Seexeba nikoCubinaSvilis leqsikons, igi am sityvas ar icnobs. 7i. kargareTelis mosazrebiT, duduki _ samusikoiaraRi saqarTveloSi arabeT-sparseTidan unda iyosSemotanili ise, rogorc zurna. TviT saxeliinstrumentisa gviCvenebs arabeTidan momdinareobas. 8 v.beliaevis mosazrebiTac, duduki, iseve rogorc zurna,SedarebiT gvian unda iyos Semosuli qarTul xalxur214duduk isa da sal amuris warmomavlobis aTvismusikalur instrumentTa nusxaSi. 9Cveni axsniT, duduk leqsema warmomavlobiT xmabaZviTisityva unda iyos. Sdr. du-du dudRuna, Sdr. dudRuba òntkofa~(balaxia erTgvari)didRini > didRinadadRani > dadRana215

adri cxadaZetityini >tityinatatyani > tatyana...aseTive warmoSobisa da aRnagobisaa bardRuni(simebiani sakravia, imerul kiloSi igi agreTve uxeirod,xmaSeuwyoblad da didi xmaurobiT dakvrasac niSnavs), 16partyuni (sakrav instrumentze uxeSad cema), bardRan _burdRuni, bardRali (boxi xmiT uSno, ulamazo bgerebisgadmocemiT metyveleba; uazro, uSinaarso laparaki). 17aseTi zmnuri xmabaZviTi fleqsiuri fuZeebigamowvlilviT aqvs Seswavlili enaTmecniersa datoponimists, f. erTeliSvils 18 . dudRun (Sdr. dudun-i),didRin (Sdr. din-din), dadRan, tityin (Sdr. titin-i),tatyan (Sdr. tatan, dautatana)... sityvaformebSi bgeriTsimbolikas qmnian rogorc Tanxmovnebi, ise xmovnebi, aqfonetikuri procesebi nairgvaria (gvaqvs: bgeris gaCenaganviTareba,bgeris dayrueba, bgeraTSenacvleba...), racqarTulisTvis damaxasiaTebelia da, saerTod,qarTveluri enebisaTvis Cveulebrivi movlenebia.duduk sityvaforma rom warmoSobiT qarTulia, amazemigvaniSnebs kidev erTi dialeqturi, kilourisityvaforma dudura, romelic fSauri kiloskuTvnilebaa da `xmeli balaxis Reris gaxvretullulas~, 19 gamxmari diyis Rru Reros aRniSnavs: duduraiseTive warmoebisaa, rogorc beRura `beRlis Citi~,kex(v)ura `sofel kexvisTvis damaxasiaTebeli,kexviseuli (vaSli da misT.), Sdr. durduri ùkafiowignis kiTxva~ (saba).amrigad, dudura da duduk saerTo fuZiT, aRnagobiTacda SinaarsiTac erTnairia, Sdr. saxeldeba dudgula,romlisganac saqarTveloSi salamurs amzadebdnen.dudgula’Si dud igivea, rac duduras dud Ziri.dudgulas, rogorc kompozitis meore Semadgenelinawili gula -a sufiqsiani gul Ziria. araa gamoricxulidudura dudgura’s gan dakarguli variaciuli formaiyos: dudgura//dudgura _> dudura, meore mxriv. pirvel SemTxvevaSiu la ’ s – u r a Se e n ac v la , me o re S em T xv e v aS i216duduk isa da sal amuris warmomavlobis aTviskompozitiseuli gul sityvis g Tanxmovani gauCinarda.rogorc Cans, dudukic (romelSic -uk sxvagvari axsniT-uk sityvis sawarmoebeli sufiqsi SeiZleba iyos, xolodud aq gaanalizebul sityvaTa saerTo Ziri), ise rogorcdudura, Tavdapirvelad gamxmar Rruian RerosaRniSnavda.amrigad, rogorc gairkva, Turquli, slavuri, qarTulida misT. duduk fuZeebis saerTo warmomavloba (erTienisagan momdinareoba) moCvenebiTia, safiqrebelia, essityvebi yvela zemoT dasaxelebul enaSi aranasesxebida xmabaZviTi iyos ise, rogorc `qarT. guguli (aqedansakuTari saxelebi: guguSa, guula, gugulika), germanuliKùckuck `guguli~ da rusuli кукушка `guguli~ damisT., romlebic sxvadasxva enaze arsebuli Sesabamisisametyvelo bazisiT _ fonaciiT da fonemebiTaawarmodgenili~. 20miuxedavad amisa, Cven mainc ar gamovricxavT daxelaRebiT ar uarvyofT dudukis, rogorc sakraviinstrumentis, ucxour (aRmosavlur) warmomavlobas,radgan misi gaCena CvenSi, qarTul kulturul sivrceSi,gviandelia, anu, sxvagvarad rom vTqvaT, SesaZloaaRmosavleT da samxreTiT mdebare mahmadian mezobelTakulturis gavlenis Sedegic iyos, misi gavrcelebisareali xom mxolod aRmosavleT saqarTvelos baria _qarTli da kaxeTi (samxreT da dasavleT, agreTve mTiansaqarTveloSi misi kvalic ar SeiniSneba).2. salamuri.x is g an (l e rw m is g an ) d a mz a de b ul isalamurilsnmcodneobiTi terminebi qarTulsi: kalami,Cala, Calamkalami, kalamgiri, yalami, frTa, lerwami ()qdRes mTel saqarTveloSia gavrcelebuli. maszedRemdea SemorCenili legendebi da gadmocemebi.arqeologiuri monacemebic am mxriv STambeWdavia. mag.,1938 wels mcxeTis arqeologiurma eqspediciamsamTavros CrdiloeT ubanze aRmoaCina Zvlis salamuri,romelic damzadebulia gedis lulovani Zvlisagan.217

adri cxadaZesalamuris Tavi da bolo sworad warkveTilia, uenoada aqvs sami mcire naxvreti. mkvlevrebi samarxs Cv. w.aR.-mde XII-XI ss. miakuTvneben.saqarTveloSi dRemde moRweuli salamurebiornairia: eniani da ueno, cxadia, maTi gansxvaveba mxolodamiT ar amoiwureba (isini gansxvavdebian masaliT,formiT, bgeraTa rigiTa da diapazoniT). rogorccnobilia, ueno salamuri umetesad Wermis an dudgulisxisgan mzaddeba, eniani salamuri ki lerwmisgan anlelisgan (Calisgan). amis Sesaxeb sagangebod,specialurad vrclad msjelobs d. alaviZe .21Rirssacnobia, rom z. CxikvaZem qarTuli xalxurisimRerebi salamuris monawileobiT notebze gadaitanaXIX saukunis miwuruls. 22salamuris (rogorc sityvis da ara mxolodinstrumentis) warmoSobiT, Tavis droze dainteresdaakad. i. javaxiSvilic. igi Zalian gakvirda, roca samusikoterminebis kvlevisas es sityva sulxan-sabas `sityviskonaSi~ ver daadastura. 23 gaocebuli istorikosidasZenda: nuTu qarTvelebs es qarTuli sityva adrear gvqoniao. marTlac, arc salamuri da arc dudukisulxan-sabas leqsikonSi, miT ufro, Zvel qarTulwerilobiT ZeglebSi ar mogvepoveba. maTi mniSvnelobiTsxva sityvebi ixmareboda (stviri, sastvineli da misT.).salamuri (Tavis leqsikonSi Seutania) frangul sityvadmiuCnevia d. CubinaSvils. 24n. CubinaSvili ki am sityvas mxolod sastvinel,zurnakad, ствирел-ad ganmartavs. 25 cxadia, am sityvassaerTo araferi aqvs nebismier frangul musikalurterminTan, Tundac `menestrelTan~ (Sdr. galaktiontabiZiseuli amonaridi erT-erTi leqsidan: àRara varmenestreli mSvenieri damisa~, sadac `menestreli~momRarals~ aRniSnavs). salamuri sakuTriv qarTulisityvaa da warmomdgaria Cala sityvisagan, rogorcerTgan vwerdiT, `safiqrebelia, istoriulad qarTulenaSi an mis romelime dialeqtSi gvqonda Cal’isvarianti Calami, es ukanasnkneli ki megrulSi axlacaa218duduk isa da sal amuris warmomavlobis aTvisSemorCenili da niSnavs `Calians~, `lerwmians~, Calamuriki lerwmisagan damzadebuls. am sityvisagan undawarmoSobiliyo musikaluri instrumentis salamurissaxelwodeba: salamuri

duduk isa da sal amuris warmomavlobisaTvis11.. Фасмер М, Етимологический словарь русского языка, Перевод снемецкого и дополнения О. Н. Трубачева, Издание второе, Стереотипное,В четырех томах, Т. I., Москва, 1986, стр. 550.12.. Щервинин В. Г., Русско-турецкий словарь, Москва, 1989, стр. 133.13. S.FfutkaraZe, Cveneburebis qarTuli, wigni pirveli, baTumi,1993. gv. 439.14. qarTuli enis ganmartebiTi leqsikoni, t. III, arn. CiqobavassaerTo redaqciiT, Tbilisi, 1953.15. gr.BberiZe, javaxuri dialeqtis saleqsikono masala,Tbilisi, 1981.16. ix.: ar. cxadaZe, imeruli dialeqtis margvuli metyveleba,gramatikuli mimoxilva da leqsikoni (sakandidatodisertacia), Tbilisi, 1953.17. ar. cxadaZe, dasax. naSr.18. f. erTeliSvili, zmnuri fuZeebis fonematuri struqturisada istoriis sakiTxebi qarTulSi, Tbilisi, 1970. gv. 107.19. ix.: i. Wyonia, sityvis kona, saba-sulxan orbelianis dadaviT CubinaSvilis leqsikonebSi gamotovebuli sityvebi,sankt-peterburgi, 1910.20. b. cxadaZe, paleografiul-wignmcodneobiTi terminebiqarTulSi: kalami, Cala, Calam-kalami, kalamgiri, yalami, frTa,lerwami (werili meore). Jurnali `saqarTvelos biblioTeka~,#4, Tbilisi, 2001, gv. 35.21. d. AalaviZe, dasax. naSr., gv. 49-53.22. ix.: z. CxikvaZe, salamuri, saxalxo simRerebi gadaRebulinotebze, Tbilisi, 189623. i. javaxiSvili. qarTuli musikis istoriis ZiriTadisakiTxebi, Tbilisi, 1938, gv. 49.24. d. CubinaSvili, dasax. naSr.25. n. CubinaSvili, dasax. naSr.26. b. cxadaZe, paleografiul-wignmcodneobiTi terminebiqarTulSi: kalami, Cala, Calamkalami, kalamgiri, yalami, frTa,lerwami (werili pirveli). Jurnali `saqarTvelosbiblioTeka~, #3(4), Tbilisi, 2001. gv. 23.tradiciulixelovneba220221

222eka geliaSviliqarTuli qoreografiuli literaturismimoxilvaqarTuli cekvebis uaRresad mdidari istoriuliwarsulis Sesaxeb cnobebs rogorc ucxoel, aseveq ar T ve l m w er a lT a a r a er T i s to r iu l d aliteraturul naSromebSi vxvdebiT. CvenTvissaintereso masalebs gvawvdian Zveli berZeniistorikosebi: straboni da qsenofonte. aranaklebmniSvnelovania arqanjelo lambertis, de buas, a.zisermanis, k. ganis, a. dolguSinis, n. maris, e.lanseres,j. frezeris, a. tepcovis, b. kovalevskis, al. diumas dasxvaTa naSromebi.qoreografiul masalebs vxvdebiT qarTulistoriul, eTnografiul da folklorul (musika,zepirsityviereba...) literaturaSi. am mxrivmniSvnelovania eqvTime TayaiSvilis `xelmwifis karisgarigeba~, vaxtang batoniSvilis ìstoriuli aRwera~,ioane batoniSvilis `kalmasoba~, Teimuraz II-is ~sarkeTqmulTa~, mefe-poet arCilis `saqarTvelos zneobani~da sxva. agreTve mkvlevrebis: ivane javaxiSvilis, SalvaamiranaSvilis, vera bardaveliZis, elene virsalaZis,giorgi Citaias, valerian iToniSvilis, vaxtangkotetiSvilis, besarion niJaraZis, sergi makalaTias dasxvaTa naSromebis. sacekvao terminTa gamokvlevaSiudidesi mniSvneloba eniWeba sulxan-saba orbelianisleqsikons. gansakuTrebulad aRsaniSnavia, rom qarTuliqoreografiis kvlevis saqmeSi udidesi wvlili SeitanaxelovnebaTmcodne dimitri janeliZem, romelmacaraerTi sacekvao nimuSi aRwera da gadmogvca.rac Seexeba qarTul qoreografiul literaturas,masalebis simcire aq TvalsaCinoa. qarTuli cekvismkvlevrebma mxolod XX saukunis dasawyisSi mohkidesxeli xalxuri qoreografiuli xelovnebis Seswavlissaqmes, rac ganpirobebuli iyo samecniero kvlevismeTodologiisa da profesiuli kadrebis ararsebobiT.winamdebare naSromSi qarTul qoreografiaSiarsebuli literaturis Tematuri diferencireba daerTian klasifikaciur sistemaSi moqcevis mcdelobaawarmodgenili, rac qoreografiuli xelovnebisSeswavliT dainteresebulTaTvis metad mniSvnelovnadmigvaCnia.m is i m i mo x i lv a m i nd a d a vi w y o q ar T ve lqoreografTaTvis umniSvnelovanesi wigniT, romelsacwarmoadgens lili gvaramaZis `qarTuli sacekvaofolklori~ 1 (istoriul-eTnografiuli eqskursi). amnaSromSi qalbatoni lili sakmaod mravalferovanqoreografiul masalas ganixilavs. aanalizebsistoriul, literaturul, materialur Zeglebs damecnierulad asabuTebs TiToeul warmoTqmulmosazrebas. igi exeba qarTuli xalxuri cekvebisT em a ti k a s, st r uq t ur a s , s ac e kv a o l e qs i ki sTaviseburebebs. naSromSi avtori ganixilavs vaJTa daqalTa rogorc uZveles sacekvao elementebs, aseveTanamedrove qarTul qoreografiasac. bolo TavSiqalbatoni lili yuradRebas amaxvilebs qal-vaJTajgufobriv da wyvilad cekvebze. dasasruls avtoriakeTebs sakmaod vrcel da saintereso daskvnas.aRniSnuli wigni avtoris gamocemuli naSromebisSevsebul variants warmoadgens. Aaqve davZenT, rom liligvaramaZem amave saxelwodebis naSromiT 1947 welsxelovnebaTmcodneobis doqtoris xarisxi moipova.misive `qarTuli xalxuri qoreografia~ /ZiriTadisakiTxebi/ mkiTxvelisTvis 1957 wlidanaa cnobili,Semdeg wlebSi ki gamoica rusul enaze. 2 naSromSifundamenturad gaSuqebulia qarTuli cekvis Casaxvisada ganviTarebis problemebi. l. gvaramaZis wigni`qarTuli xalxuri cekvis zogierTi specifikuriTaviseburebis Sesaxeb~ gamovida rusul da inglisurenebze. garda amisa, mas ekuTvnis asze meti statiasxvadasxva Jurnal-gazeTsa da enciklopediaSi, sadac223

eka geliaSviliganxilulia qoreografiis istoriul-mxatvruliaspeqtebi.qarTuli cekvisa da misi istoriuli ganviTarebiskvlevis saqmeSi udidesi wvlili Seitana qoreologmaavTandil TaTaraZem. misi naSromi `qarTuli xalxuriqoreografiis istoriis sakiTxebi~ rekomendebuliastudentebisa da qoreografiul dargSi momuSavespecialistTaTvis. 3 wignis avtori cdilobs,SeZlebisdagvarad Tavi mouyaros qarTuli xalxuriqoreografiis istoriul warsuls da mkiTxvelsgaacnos qarTuli cekvebis uZvelesi nimuSebi, romelTawarmoSobac jer kidev warmarTul xanaSi iRebs saTaves.avtori wignSi Tavdapirvelad ganixilavs yvelazeadrindel, Semdeg ki, _ momdevno safexurebzeaRmocenebul sacekvao nimuSebs. aseve, gvTavazobsqarTuli xalxuri ferxulebis miseul klasifikaciasformisa da Sinaarsis mixedviT. avtors warmodgeniliaqvs aTeuli wlebis manZilze Catarebuli kvleviTisamuSaoebis Sedegad Seswavlili masalebi, eqspediciebisdros Segrovebuli da aRdgenili qarTuli ferxulebi.aRwerili ferxulebis umetesobas Tan axlavs misiSesrulebis wesi, musikaluri masala notebis saxiT dateqsti. miuxedavad naSromSi arsebuli rigi sakamaTosakiTxisa, masSi udidesi saintereso da unikalurimasalaa Tavmoyrili ferxulebis saxiT. am mxriv eswigni fasdaudebelia qoreografiuli samyarosTvis.qarTul qoreografiul literaturaSi xSiria iseTinaSromebi, sadac vxvdebiT cekvebis zogad mimoxilvasda misi Sesrulebis wesebs. magaliTad: daviTjavriSvilis `mTiuluri cekvebi~; 4 avTandil TaTaraZis`qarTuli xalxuri cekvebis mokle mimoxilva~; 5 misive`Zveli qarTuli (svanuri) ferxulebi~ da `qarTulcekvaTa ganmartebani~, sadac Tavmoyrilia xalxuri dasasceno xalxuri cekvebis nimuSebi mciredi aRweriT.aqve SeiZleba davasaxeloT aseve revaz WaniSvilis`werilebi qoreografiaze~; a. jijeiSvilis àWarulisacekvao folklori da misi mesveurebi~; al.224qarTuli qoreog rafi ul i l iteraturis mi moxi lv afarcxalaZis àWaruli xalxuri cekvebi da simRerebi~;g. kokelaZis `zogi ram qarTul cekvaze~ da sxva.qoreografiul literaturaSi vxvdebiT konkretulicekvebis aRwerasac, aseTebia: daviT javriSvilis cekva`qarTuli~; 6 misive `cekva xorumi~; 7 avTandil TaTaraZis`cekva qarTuli~; 8 T. bagrationis `cekva gandagana~; 9mixeil SubaSikelis òri moxevuri cekva~; `mosxletilzvavTa zriali~ _ mTielTa cekvebi (`moxeuri~),Semdgeneli T. RvinaZe, kons. mix. SubaSukeli da sxva.qarTul qoreografiul literaturaSi sakmaodsaintereso da mniSvnelovani monografiuli naSromebia,rogorebicaa: a. burTikaSvilis vaxtang WabukianisadmimiZRvnili monografia `cekvis jadoqari~; 10 l. gvaramaZispirveli profesionali mocekvavis, aleqsi aleqsiZis(sonRulaSvili) cxovrebisa da moRvaweobis amsaxvelimonografiuli naSromi `mTawmindeli mocekvave~; 11 n.eliaSvilis `nino ramiSvili, iliko suxiSvili~; v.gogolaSvilis `jano bagrationi~; biWiko patariZis`cekvis raindi~ (daviT uSveriZe); g. gurgeniZis `qarTuliqoreografiis patriarqi~ (daviT javriSvili); e. weroZis`cekvis aristokratebi~, romelic eZRvneba vaxtanggunaSvils, r. failoZis _ avTandil TaTaraZisa 12 dad av i T j av ri S vi l is 13 fo t o il u st r ir e b ul imonografiuli naSromebi, romlebic uZvirfasesisaCuqaria qarTuli qoreografiuli samyarosTvis; asevesainteresoa buxuti daraxveliZisadmi miZRvnili, besiksvaniZis mier axlad gamocemuli monografia `cekvisada qcevis raindi~ 14 da sxva.wigniT `qarTuli xalxuri qoreografiis moRvaweni~giorgi suxiSvili cdilobs, mkiTxvels gaacnos isadamianebi, romlebmac Tavisi cxovreba da moRvaweobaqarTul qoreografias daukavSires. 15 naSromi atarebssacnobaro xasiaTs, sadac met-naklebad TavmoyriliaqarTvel qoreografTa da mocekvaveTa sia, maTiSemoqmedebiTi biografiebis mciredi aRweriT.sainteresoa ansamblis mogzaurobebisa dawarmatebebis aRweris mizniT Seqmnili qarTlos225

eka geliaSvilikasraZis wignebi: `triumfi msoflios gzebze~ da`triumfi grZeldeba~, 16 romelic exeba dRevandeli ilikosuxiSvilis saxelobis qarTuli nacionaluri baletisgastrolebs. amave ansambls eZRvneba nino suxiSvilismier Sedgenili fotoalbomi `qarTuli nacionaluribaleti~. 17qoreografiul naSromTa Soris arsebobs uamravimeToduri werili, miTiTeba da rekomendacia, romelicaseve sainteresoa mkiTxvelisTvis. aseTebia: av.TaTaraZis `mxatvrul TviTmoqmed koleqtivSi muSaobisSinaarsi, organizacia da meTodika~; daviT javriSvilis`TviTmoqmedi qoreografiuli wris organizaciuli,s as w av l o d a m xat vr u li mu S ao b a s ak l ubodawesebulebebSi~; revaz WaniSvilis `xalxuriqoreografiuli xelovneba moswavle-axalgazrdobisaRzrdis samsaxurSi~; r. WoxoneliZis `rekomendaciebisaskolo qoreografiuli wris muSaobisaTvis~; oTarpapiaSvilis `meti yuradReba siuJetur cekvebs~(TviTmoqmedi qoreografiuli wreebisa da ansamblebisdasaxmareblad); gaioz gogoliZis `qarTuli xalxuricekvis gakveTilis organizacia da cnobebi ansamblebistanTCacmulobis Sesaxeb~ da sxvaTa werilebi damiTiTebani.aqve unda aRiniSnos avTandil TaTaraZis da daviTjavriSvilis mier cekvis Caweris sistemebze gamocemulinaSromebis: `cekvis Caweris pirobiTi niSnebi~ 18 da`qarTuli cekvis Casaweri pirobiTi niSnebi~ 19Rirebulebac.qoreografiuli literaturis mimoxilvisasaRsaniSnavia aseve qoreografTa mier umaRlesisaswavleblisTvis, qoreografiuli wreebisa dastudiebisaTvis Seqmnili programebis arsebobac.aseTebia: profesorebis: uCa dvaliSvilisa da revazWaniSvilis mier Seqmnili qarTuli cekvisa da sadadgmoxelovnebis programebi (umaRlesi saswavleblisTvis);avTandil TaTaraZis qarTuli cekvis programa(qoreografiuli studentebisTvis); gaioz gogoliZis226qarTuli qoreog rafi ul i l iteraturis mi moxi lv aqarTuli cekvis programa (qoreografiuli wreebisada studiebisaTvis); da sxv.aRniSnul literaturaSi vxvdebiT iseT wignebs,romlebic eZRvneba klasikur qoreografias. magaliTad:oTar egaZis `qarTuli baleti~, misive `gastrolebi,Sexvedrebi, STabeWdilebebi~, 20 romelic eZRvneba zaqariafaliaSvilis sax. Tbilisis operisa da baletis Teatrisgastrolebs. avtori profesiuli, publicisturiganzogadebiT aRwers da gadmogvcems xelovnebisg am o Ce n il m oRv aw e ebTan Se x ve d r ebis R rm aSTabeWdilebebs. wigni dasuraTebulia dokomunturimasaliT da gamiznulia farTo mkiTxvelisaTvis. asevesainteresoa larisa nadareiSvilis `TanamedroveqarTuli baleti~; misive `baleti da misi kerpebi~,romelSic warmodgenilia werilebi, monografiebi,recenziebi da statiebi.aRniSnulTa garda, qarTul qoreografiulliteraturaSi arsebobs iseTi wignebic, romlebiczogadinformaciul xasiaTs atareben. magaliTad, revazWaniSvilis `fiqrebi qarTul xalxur qoreografiaze~. 21wignSi ganxilulia qarTuli xalxuri qoreografiulixelovnebis dRevandelobisa da samomavlo ganviTarebissakiTxebi. mocemulia avtoris mravalwlianigamocdilebisa da fiqris Sedegad dagroviliSTabeWdilebebis analizi; aseve sainteresoa misive`qarTuli cekvis sadidebeli~, sadac gamoCeniliadamianebis mier qarTuli xalxuri qoreografiisSesaxeb gamoTqmuli mosazrebebia warmodgenili.garda amisa, saarqivo masalebSi, samecnierogamocemebSi, Jurnalebsa da gazeTebSi moipoveba uamravimasala qarTuli xalxuri cekvebis Sesaxeb, romelTagacnoba udides codnas SesZens qarTuli qoreografiiTdainteresebul mkiTxvels. magaliTis saxiT SeiZlebaaRvniSnoT 1924 wels Jurnal `Teatri da cxovrebaSi~,aleqsi aleqsiZis mier gamoqveynebuli statia `ra ariscekva da ra mniSvneloba aqvs mas~. savaraudod, es statiaSeiZleba CaiTvalos profesionalis mier qarTuli227

eka geliaSvi liqoreografiuli xelovnebis Sefasebis pirvelmcdelobad.arsebul masalebze dayrdnobiT SeiZleba iTqvas,rom qarTuli qoreografiuli bibliografia moicavsqoreografiuli xelovnebis istoriul da eTnografiulaspeqtSi ganxilul naSromebs; cekvebis zogadmimoxilvas, aRwerasa da analizs; monografiebs;ansamblis mogzaurobebisa da warmatebebis aRwerismizniT Seqmnil wignebs; damxmare literaturas;meTodur werilebs, miTiTebebsa da rekomendaciebs;naSromebs qarTul klasikur qoreografiaze. amasTanave,qarTul saarqivo masalebSi, samecniero gamocemebSi,Jurnalebsa da gazeTebSi mravlad moi povebaqoreografiuli masala, romelic warmodgenil naSromSiar ganixileba.mravalferovani Sinaarsis matarebeli naSromebism iu x ed a vad, s p ec i al u ri li t e rat ur aqoreografebisaTvis mainc mcirea da gamdidrebassaWiroebs. qarTuli cekvis mkvlevarTa mier SemdgomSigamoqveynebuli TiToeuli naSromi Tu statia, romelsacgamalebiT elis dainteresebuli mkiTxveli, kidev erTiZvirfasi SenaZeni iqneba udidesi warsulis mqoneq ar T ul i q o re o gr a fi i s j er j er o bi T m c ir ebibliografiuli samyarosaTvis.qarTuli qoreog rafi ul i l iteraturis mi moxi lv a7. javriSvili daviT, cekva `xorumi~, Tb., 1957.8. TaTaraZe avTandil, cekva `qarTuli~, Tb., 1956.9. bagrationi T., cekva `gandagana~, baTumi, 1997.10. burTikaSvili a., cekvis jadoqari (vaxtang Wabukiani), Tb., 1960.11. gvaramaZe lili, mTawmindeli mocekvave (al. aleqsiZesonRulaSvili),Tb., 1962.12. failoZe rusudan, qoreografiuli xelovnebis siyvarulSidaferflili xelovani avTandil TaTaraZe, monografia., Tb., 2005.13. failoZe rusudan, SemoqmedebiT WidilSi ganvlili gza(daviT javriSvili) monografia, Tb., 2000.14. svaniZe besik, cekvisa da qcevis raindi (buxuti daraxveliZe),Tb., 2007.15. suxiSvili g, qarTuli xalxuri qoreografiis moRvaweni,Tb., 1988.16. ix.: kasraZe qarTlos, triumfiT msoflios gzebze, Tb.,1971; triumfi grZeldeba Tb., 1982.17. qarTuli nacionaluri baleti, Semdg. n. suxiSvili,stambuli, 1996.18. TaTaraZe avTandil, cekvis Caweris pirobiTi niSnebi, Tb., 1966.19. javriSvili daviT, qarTuli cekvis Casaweri pirobiTiniSnebi, Tb., 1961.20. egaZe oTar, `gastrolebi, Sexvedrebi, STabeWdilebebi~, Tb., 1975.21. WaniSvili revaz, fiqrebi qarTul xalxur qoreografiaze,Tb., 1997.1.gvaramaZe lili, qarTuli sacekvao folklori (istoriuleTnografiulimimoxilva), me-2 gamocema, Tb., 1997.2. gvaramaZe lili, qarTuli xalxuri qoreografia (ZiriTadisakiTxebi), Tb., 1957.3.TaTaraZe avTandil, qarTuli xalxuri qoreografiisistoriis sakiTxebi, Tb., 1999.4. javriSvili daviT, mTiuluri cekvebi, Tb., 1953.5. TaTaraZe avTandil, qarTuli xalxuri cekvebis moklemimoxilva, Tb., 1970; Tb., 1974; Tb., 1977.6. javriSvili daviT, cekva `qarTuli~, Tb., 1951.228229

230saavtoro monacemebimaia goSaZexelovnebaTmcodnebis doqtori.SoTa rusTavelis Teatrisa da kinos universitetisasocirebuli profesori. daamTavra SoTa rusTavelisTeatrisa da kinos universitetis Teatrmcodneobisfakulteti. sxvadasxva dros, gamoqveynebuli aqvs publikaciebiamerikuli, antikuri da renesansis dramaturgiis Sesaxeb.amJamad muSaobs Temaze `variaciebi miTosur motivebze~.tel: + 995 (32) 99 65 64maia kiknaZexelovnebaTmcodneobis doqtori.So Ta r usTavelis Teatris da kinos unive rsitisasocirebuli profesori. daamTavra SoTa rusTavelisTeatrisa da kinos universiteti Teatrmcodneobis ganxriT.1992 wlidan muSaobs amave universitetSi da uZRveba seminarsTeatris kritikaSi. kiTxulobs leqciebs qarTul Teatrze.sadisertacio Tezisi: èqspresionizmi qarTul TeatrSi~.amJamad muSaobs marionetebis Teatris istoriaze.gamoqveynebuli aqvs ormocdaaTze meti naSromi JurnalgazeTebSi.tel: + 995 (99) 72 95 21manana turiaSvilixelovnebaTmcodneobis doqtoriSoTa rusTavelis Teatrisa da kinos universitetis asistentprofesori.daamTavra amave universitetis Teatrmcodneobisfakulteti. sxvadasxva dros muSaobda kote marjaniSvilissaxelmwifo dramatul Teatris muzeumSi; aseeve kotemarjaniSvilis saxl-muzeumis eqspoziciis istoriuli daTeoriuli nawilis teqstis damuSaveba-Seswavlaze.Aaris avtoris wignebisa: `mixeil TumaniSvilis ZiebebikinomsaxiobTa TeatrSi~; `mixeil TumaniSvilis Ziebebifantaziisa da warmosaxvis sferoSi.~ gamoqveynebuli aqvs50-mde recenzia, portreti, interviu. Tbilisis sxvadasxvaJ urnal-gazeTebSi: “literatur uli saq ar Tvelo ~,“Teatraluri moambe~, “sabWoTa xelovneba~, “xelovneba~,“arili~, “axali Taoba~, “saqarTvelos respublika~, “omega~.tel: +995 (32) 98 43 03eka cxadaZefilologiis mecnierebaTa doqtoridaamTavra ivane javaxiSvilis saxelobis Tbilisissaxelmwifo universitetis kavkasiur enaTa ganyofilebaaris filologiis mecnierebaTa doqtori, literatori,folkloristi, kritikosi, literaturuli premia `saba~ 2004wlis nominanti, 130-ze meti samecniero statiisa da sagazeTopublikaciis avtori. mis mier gamoqveynebuli statiebi exebaqarTul folklorsa da miTologias, meoce saukunis qarTuliinteleqtualuri mwerlobis miTosur paradigmebs amJamadmuSaobs uaxlesi postsabWouri qarTuli literaturuliprocesebis (proza, poezia) Seswavlaze.tel: + 995 (32) 53 90 76ira demetraZexelovnebaTmcodneobis doqtori, kinomcodne.SoTa rusTavelis Teatrisa da kinos universitetisasocirebuli profesori (kinomcodneobis mimarTulebiT).daamTavra VGIK-is kinomcodneobis fakulteti. kvlevis sfero:realobis socialuri konstruireba mxatvruli teqstebismxriv; nacionalur-mxatvruli dominantebiT samyarosenobrivi suraTi.tel: +995 (32) 22 49 45; +335 (77) 71 02 43el.fosta: salomesanel@yahoo.comlia kalandariSvilixelovnebaTmcodneobis doqtori, kinomcodne.SoTa rusTavelis Teatrisa da kinos universitetissamecniero kvleviT centris wamyvani mecnier-TanamSromeli.SoTa rusTavelis Teatrisa da kinos universitetis asistentprofesori.daamTavra amave universitetis kinomcodneobisfakulteti. profesiul da samecniero JurnalebSi werilebsaqveynebs 1974 wlidan. 1979-80 wlebSi staJirebas gadis moskoviskinos istoriisa da Teoriis samecniero institutSiesTetikisa da Teoriis ganxriT. 1990 wels iRebskinematografistTa kavSiris premias `wlis saukeTesonaSromisaTvis kinomcodneobisa da kritikis dargSi~.PwlebismanZilze msaxurobda kinos Teoriisa da istoriis samecnierocentrSi.tel: + 995 (32) 98 57 06231

ira kuWuxiZesaxviTi xelovnebis doqtori,SoTa rusTavelis Teatrisa da kinos sruli profesori.70iani wlebidan moyolebuli igi CarTulia kvleviT dapedagogiur saqmianobaSi. mas gamoqveynebuli aqvs uamravistatia qarTuli kinos ganviTarebaze aseve SemoqmedTamxatvrul da esTetiur Taviseburebebze. universitetissamecniero da kvleviTi centris (igi mravali wlisganmavlobaSi xelmZRvanelobda am centrs) kino seqtorisbazaze mas dawerili aqvs uamravi samecniero naSromi kinosTeoriis sakiTxebze.tel: + 995 (32) 23 19 27dinara maRlakeliZekino da mediaTmecnierebaTa doqtori.SoTa rusTavelis Teatrisa da kinos universitetis Teatris,kinos, mediis, menejmentis da tradiciuli xelovnebis saswavlosamecnierokvleviTi institutis mecnier-TanamSromeli.damTavrebuli aqvs ivane javaxiSvilis saxelobis Tbilisissaxelmwifo da berlinis humboldtis saxelobis universitetebi.aseve saqarTvelos mecnierebaTa akademiis aspirantura dafraiburgis albert ludvigis saxelobis universitetisa daberlinis humboldtis universitetis doqtorantura. berlinishumboldtis universitetSi daicva sadoqtoro disertaciaTemaze: erovnuli identuroba dasavleT germanul da qarTulsaavtoro kinoSi /SedarebiTi analizi/. samecniero moRvaweobaseweva saqarTvelosa da germaniis federaciul respublikaSi.monawileobs saerTaSoriso kinosimpoziumebsa da seminarebSi,rogorc Jiuris wevri muSaobda saerTaSoriso kinofestivalebzegoEast da Prix-Europa. Tbilisis ivane javaxiSvilis universitetSiekava ufrosi mecnier-TanamSromelis Tanamdeboba. sxvadasxvadros kiTxulobda leqciebs msoflio kinos istoriasa daTeoriaSi ivane javaxiSvilis saxelobis Tbilisis saxelmwifouniversitetsa da Tbilisis samxatvro akademiaSi.gamoqveynebuli aqvs monografia (germanul enaze) da samecnierostatiebi kinos istoriasa da TeoriaSi germanul da qarTul enebze.misi samecniero kvlevis ZiriTadi sferoa saavtoro kino daTanamedrove Teoriebi kinematografSi. amJamad muSaobs samecnieroproeqtze interkulturaloba Tanamedrove evropul kinoSi.tel: + 995 (32) 22 02 21; + 995 (99) 36 78 73el.fosta: dmaglakeli@yahoo.deveb-gverdi: www.dinara maglakelidse.de232eTer okujavaxelovnebaTmcodneoobis doqtori.SoTa rusTavelis Teatrisa da kinos universitetis sruliprofesori. muSaobs SoTa rusTavelis Teatrisa da kinosuniversitetiSi, aris kinos istoriisa da Teoriis samecnierokvleviTi centris wevri. daamTavra Tbilis saxelmwifouniversiteti. staJireba gaiara kinomcodnis specialobiTmoskovis sax.institutSi (e.surkovis jgufSi) samecnierokvlevebis ZiriTadi mimarTulebaa sazogadod kinoTeoriissakiTxebi, qarTuli kinos SemoqmedebiTi tendenciebi, Janrebi,f i l m is s a xv i T i ga d a wy v et i s p roble m e b i , z oga d a dgamomsaxvelobiTi struqturebi, calkeul xelovanTaSemoqmedebaTa kvleva drois faqtoris gaTvaliswinebiT(xelovani da dro), Tematuri Ziebani da filmis esTetikurigadawyveta da a.S. amJamad muSaobs Temaze: qarTuli kino: 50-ianiwlebi (ukonfliqtobis Teoria da `lakirebis meTodi~)tel: + 995 (32) 37 06 29; +995 (99) 92 11 92el-fosta: eterokujava@uandex.rudumitro olereskoxelovnebaTmcodneobis doqtori, Kkinodramaturgi, xelovnebisdamsaxurebuli moRvawe, moldovis kulturuli memkvidreobismecnierebis akademiis `kinosa da televiziis xelovnebis~seqtoris xelmZRvaneli, moldovis musikis, Teatrisa da natifixelovnebis akademiis docenti, moldovis respublikissaxelmwifo premiis laureanti, asamde srulmetraJiani damciremetraJiani fimebis avtori.tel: + 373 27 00 48el-fosta: evita@mail.ruoliko JRentixelovnebaTmcodneobis doqtori, kinomcodne.SoTa rusTavelis Teatrisa da kinos universitetis samecnierokvleviT centris wamyvani mecnier-TnamSromeli, baTumisunivesritetis universitetis miwveuli pedagogi, muSaobs qaeTulida amerikuli kinos istoriis daTeoriis sakiTxebze. 2005 welsdisertacia daicva Temaze: èrovnuli da socialuri sakiTxiqarTul kinoSi _ 10-20-iani clabis kinoprocesTan mimarTebaSi~.kvlevis sfero: 20-iani wlebis qarTuli kinomodernizmi daamerikuli kinos miTo-naratiuli struqtura. aris dokumenturifilmebis `knut hamsunis kavkasiuri misteriebisa~, (2005) da `jonsteinbekis qarTuli dRiuris~@avtori da reJisori.tel: + 995 (99) 27 18 15233

Teo xatiaSvilixelovnebaTmcodneobis doqtori.SoTa rusTavelis Teatrisa da kinos universitetisasocirebuli profesori. daamTavra Tbilisis ivanejavaxiSvilis saexlobis saxelmwifo universitetisxelovnebis istoriisa da Teoriis fakulteti. disertaciadaicva Temaze: `sergo farajanovis miTologiur- metaforulisamyaro~ .iyo saqarTvelos erovnuli kinocentris sascenarokomisiis wevri; `Ria sazogadoeba _ saqarTvelos~ qalTaprogramikomisiis wevri; RSS-s jgufuri samecniero-kvleviTiproeqtis _ `qali da mamkaci kinoSi~ _ xelmZRvaneli; asevesxvadasxva beWdviTi mediis kulturis mimomxilveli:`rezonansi~, `24 saaTi~, `Tbilisi~, `kakadu~ da a.S. arissaqarTvelos kinematografistTa kavSiris wevri; “saRamomSvidobisa, babilon~ _ avtori da wamyvani (sazogadoebrivimauwyeblis I radio); misi statiebi intensiurad ibeWdebaJurnal “kino~–sa da Jurnal àmartaSi~.tel: + 995 (32) 62 66 13; + 995 (99) 55 28 92 Eel-fosta: teovangogh@hotmail.comvaJa zubaSviliSoTa rusTavelis Teatrisa da kinos universitetisasocirebuli profesori, telereJisuris mimarTulebislideri. daamTavra amave universitetis kinosareJisorofakulteti. gadaRebuli aqvs ocdaaTamde mokle dasrulmetraJiani dokumenturi filmi _ studia `mematianeSi~da “qarTul telefilmSi~. miRebuli aqvs sakavSiro dasaerTaSoriso festivalebis prizebi. muSaobda: reJisoradsaqarTvelos samecniero-popularuli da dokumenturifilmebis studiaSi; telekompania “me-9 arxis~ sainformacioprogramebis mTavar reJisorad; telekompania ìberias~ mTavarreJisorad; telekompania `mzis~ sainformacio programebismTavar reJisorad. amJamad aris telekompania `mzis~sainformacio samsaxuris prodiuseri. sxvadasxva umaRlessaswavlebelSi kiTxulobda leqciebis kurss _ satelevizio`reklama~. amJamad am kurss ukiTxavs Tbilisis samxatvroakademiis magistrantebs.234TinaTin WabukianiSoTa rusTavelis Teatrisa da kinos universitetisasocirebuli profesori, reJisori.damTavrebuli aqvs Tbilisis amave universitetis dramissareJisoro fakulteti. 1980 wlidan 1989 wlamde muSaobdasaqarTvelos televiziaSi (I arxi) _ jer satelevizioTeatrSi, Semdeg musikalur redaqciaSi, damdgmel reJisorad;1989 wlidan 2004 wlamde muSaobda sabavSvo programebismTavar reJisorad. misi sadisertacio Temaa: `sabavSvotelemauwyeblobis sazogadoebrivi daniSnuleba daesTetikuri Taviseburebani~ (qarTuli teleproeqtebismixedviT). amJamad muSaobs Temaze: `montaJis struqturuliSemadgenloba~.tel: + 995 (99) 94 47 00nato gengiurixelovnebaTmcodneobis doqtoriSoTa rusTavelis Teatrisa da kinos universitetis sruliprofesori.. daamTavra Tbilisis iv. javaxiSvilis sax.saxelmwifo universitetis xelovnebis istoriis da Teoriisfakulteti. aris damfuZnebeli da gamgeobis TavjdomaresaqarTvelos kulturuli memkvidreobis Seswavlisa dapopularizebis kavSirisa `signeti~. aris wevri miunxenisbizantiologiis mxardamWeri asociaciisa `gvianantikuriarqeologia da bizantiologia~. samecniero interesebissfero: kulturuli memkvidreoba, Sua saukuneebis xelovneba,qarTuli arqiteqturis istoria, xelovnebis terminologiissakiTxebi. gamoqveynebuli aqvs Teqvsmeti samecniero naSromi,maT Soris erTi monografia.tel: + 995 (93) 24 42 78el-fosta: natogengiuri@mail.rufati SeylaSviliistoriis mecnierebaTa doqtoriiv. javaxiSvilis saxelobis Tbilisis saxelmwifouniversitetis asistent-profesori. daamTavra Tbilisis ivanejavaxiSvilis saxelobis saxelmwifo universitetis istoriisfakulteti. amave universitetshi kiTxulobs leqciebsevropisa da amerikis qveknebis axal da uaxles istoriaSida di plomatiur protokolSi. gamoqvynebuli aqvspublikaciebi evropis sxvadasxva qveynebis uaxlesi istoriis235

Tematikaze. amJamad muSaobs sakiTxze: `samxreT-aRmosavleTevropis qveynebi da evropuli politika XX saukuneSi~tel: + 995 (32) 68 85 45badri cxadaZefilologiis mecnierebaTa doqtori, profesori.kavkasiis xalxTa mecnierebaTa akademiis namdvili wevri(akademikosi)saqarTvelos SoTa rusTavelis saxelobis Teatrisa da kinossaxelmwifo universitetis xelovnebisa da socialurmecnierebaTa fakultetis asocirebuli profesori, aseveTsu i. vekuas saxelobis gamoyenebiTi maTematikis institutiskonsultanti. aseve amave institutTan arsebuli `logikisada enis gaerTianebuli qarTuli jgufis~ mTavari mecnieriTanamSromeli (sazogadoebriv sawyisebze) da Jurnal`qarTuli ena da logika~-s, saqarTvelos arqeologiisinstitutis samecniero krebulis `guria~-s redkolegiiswevri da saqarTvelos politeknikur universitetTanarsebuli enisa da literaturis sadisertacio kolegiiswevri. daamTavra iv. javaxiSvilis saxelobis Tbilisissaxelmwifo universiteti filologiis fakultetiqarTvelur enaTa (resp. samxreTkavkasiuri enebi) specialobiT.aris 170-ze meti samecniero naSromisa da sagazeTopublikacis avtori. maT Soris ori monografiisa da erTiwignis (`SuSanikis wamebis~ testebi).tel: + 995 (32) 53 90 76eka geliaSviliSoTa rusTavelis Teatrisa da kinos univesritetis asistentprofesori. qoreografi. magistraturis I kursis studentiqarTuli cekvis mkvlevaris specialobiT.daamTavra Tbilisis kulturisa da xelovnebis saxelmwifouniversitetis (dRevandeli SoTa rusTavelis Teatrisa dakinos universiteti) qarTuli cekvis damdgmeli qoreografisspecialoba. 1998 wlidan muSaobs amave universitetSi qarTulicekvisa da sadadgmo xelovnebis pedagogad. ikvlevs qarTuliqoreografiuli literaturis problematikas.tel: + 995 (99) 18 82 24236THEATRE STUDIESMaia GoshadzePARADISE LOST(Fragment from an entire work)SummeryThe article “Paradise Lost” examines the problem of infantilism of humansoul in the form of the desire to return to the idyll which encompassessymbiotic correlation with the surrounding world. The motif of resisting tobe chased out of the Eden like idyll lies at the base of the perspective fromwhich the staging of the “Cherry Orchard” by Giorgi Margvelashvili in theatreof film actors is examined.The constant dwellers of the “Cherry Orchard” are haunted on onehand by the nostalgia for the past as for the lost paradise as well as by theshimmering idyll on horizons of the great future. In the opinion of the author,the characters of the film actors theatre are depicted as the ones obstinatelyresisting to come out of state of constant childhood, growth, developmentand blissful inertia. All kinds of life circumstances are unable to make anysignificant changes in consciousness of the majority of characters. Strokeof luck or bad luck is perceived by the characters with indifference as theyresist life experience, personal growth and development wanting to stay thesame for the rest of their lives.From the opinion of the author captivity in the past is revealed in form ofonce and for all formed permanent state of stagnation and dead immobility,in face of inner human inertia.ABOUT AUTHORGraduated from Shota Rustaveli Theatre and Film University’s Faculty ofTheatre Studies. Since 1986 until now she has been working as a lecturer ofEuropean and American dramatic art. She is the author of dissertation “Thedramatic art of Tennessee Williams” (1990). From 1994 until 2002, she workedin Georgian TV-Radio Corporation as an editor in the department of the arts.She is an author of a theatre program and scientific publication on American,Antique and Renaissance drama. From 1990 she acquired master’s degree inthe arts. She is fluent in Georgian, Russian and English. Currently she workson the problem of interpretation of mythological themes.Tel: +995 (32) 99 65 64237

Maia KiknadzeManana Turiashvili238PUPPET PERFORMANCES IN PERSIAPEHLEVAN KACHALISummaryIn the letter “Puppet theatre in Parsian Phechlevan Kachali”, there arenarrated the view in the tent of the hand puppets and the rule of theirarrangement. There are discussed the play with its main character PekhlevanKachali and all the rules characteristic to the play are underlined (for example:the scene of money collecting).Here is also discussed “Kamri tent” and the important details by a famousorientalist I. Mari’s letter “Something about Pekhlevan Kachali and otherkinds of folk theatre in Persia”.It is underlined the importance of puppet theatre “Penji”; the charactersof the main personages (Pekhlevan Kachali, Sheitan, Rostam, Akhundi, Zani)and their symbolic meaning. At the end of the letter it is narrated about thepopularity of puppet shows and their influence on other street performances;for example circus shows “Taklidi” which originated from the divertissementsof the puppets.ABOUT AUTHORGraduated from Shota Rustaveli Theatre and Film University with major intheatre studies in the year of 1989.From 1992 works at the same University and guides the seminar of theatrecriticism. Lectures on Georgian theatre history.Dissertation thesis: “Expressionism in Georgian Theatre”.Is an Assistant Professor.Currently works on the puppet theatre history.Published 50 works in newspaper-magazines.Mob: +995 (99) 72 95 21MARJANISHVILI IN DATES(LETTER ONE)SummeryMarjanishvili’s contribution to Georgian theatre is great. We don’t haveto forget about the fact that K. Marjanishvili has worked in several theatresof Russia for 25 years and participated in difficult work of establishment ofprofessional directing in Russian and entire European theatre realm.K. Marjanishvili starts to appear in Georgian theatre in the nineties ofthe nineteenth century. First he worked as an actor. He spent his childhoodand youth with representatives of Georgian theatre gathered in his family.Filled with curiosity from the start the young boy was not satisfied withthe condition of Georgian theatre of that time and decided to travel to Russia.He starts with acting and becomes a director in a couple of years.The work “Marjanishvili in Dates” Letter One encompasses childhoodyears and youth of the Georgian director spent in Georgia. Then it goes overto examining his kaleidoscopic work in provincial theatres of Russia, startingfrom 1897 to 1904.The goal of the work is to unify the scattered material about KoteMarjanishvili and “purify” it from the pressure of the Communist thinking.In the system of dates, along with certain informative phrases follow theartistic path of Kote Marjanishvili, where his character and the process ofhis formation as a director become visible.ABOUT AUTHORArt History Ph.D.Assistant Professor of Shota Rustaveli Theatre and Film University. Shehas graduated from the faculty of theatre studies of the same university.In various time periods she has worked in the museum of Kote MarjanishviliTheatre as well as on study of the text of historic and theoretic section ofexposition in Kote Marjanishvili museum. She is the author of the books:“Mikheil Tumanishvili’s search in film actors’ theatre”; “MikheilTumanishvili’s search in the field of fantasy and imagination”. She haspublished about 50 works, profiles, interviews in various newspapers andmagazines of Tbilisi: “Literaturuli Sakartvelo”, “Teatraluri Moambe”,“Sabchota Khelovneba”, “Khelovneba”, “Arili”, “Akhali Taoba”,“Sakartvelos Respublika”, “Omega”.Tel: +995 (32) 98 43 03239

Eka Tskhadadze240THE DADAISTS AND A LEPROUS REALITY IN GRIGOLROBAKIDZE’S PHANTASMAGORIA “MALSHTREM”SummeryThe fall of the western civilization was reflected in the works of Georgianwriters as well. The proof of it can be found in “Malshtrem” by Grigol Robakidze,short stories by K. Gamsakhurdia and his “Dionysus’s smile”. M. Javakhishvilipaid a considerable attention to the problem of civilization, although neither the risenor the fall of the civilization was much evident in Georgia. The urban civilizationwith its completely new problems has become a subject of special debate in everyaspect of intellectual existence and among them philosophy, psychology andliterature. A poetry piece “City Phenomenon” by Grigol Robakidze can easily beviewed as a short intro to his phantasmagoria “Malshtrem”. In his novel Robakidzecompares Leviathan to an urbannd encompasses the problem of civilization in general.It must be said, that the problematic issues are not of a pure literary character. Theyare more of a psychological and philosophical character and need to be viewed andanalyzed from different perspectives.In his phantasmagoria Grigol Robakidze tried to demonstrate clearly the spleenlike existence of Europe and spiritual fall of its civilization. Great thinkers andartists became aware of the fall of European civilization from the mid nineteenthcentury and from this time period on there seams to be a clear dominance of skepticismin philosophy and art in general.One scene from G. Robakidze’s “Malshtrem” is entirely dedicated to reflectionof two confronting sides of the European crisis – the Dadaists and the lepers (theleader and the Queen of the latter is a fortune teller gypsy girl called Morella).ABOUT AUTHORShe has graduated from I. Javakhishvili State University’s faculty of Caucasianlanguages. Ph.D. in Philology, literary scholar, folk scholar, critic, the nominee of2004 literary award “Saba”, author of more than 130 scientific and newspaperarticles. Her publications refer to Georgian folk studies and mythology, paradigmsof 20 th century Georgian intellectual prose. Currently she works on the research ofpost-soviet Georgian literary processes (prose and poetry)FILM STUDIESIra DemetradzeCONTEMPORARY FILMPROCESS – CULTURE-MYTHOLOGICALASPECTSSummeryPost-Post Modern Cinematography offers new agglomerates for realityanalysis. In recent years ethno and sociopolitical perimeter ofcinematographic “New Wave” is in constant motion. Opponent of orientalworld and cinema was American independent film. Fragmented and dividedEuropean consciousness along with its identity and crisis of self perceptionhas bid farewell to articulation of film culture as well. Scandinavian “Dogma”has rapidly transformed into an official brand. Chinese Post revolutionaryfilm Renaissance has been replaced by a Persian film poetry. Today, EastEuropean Post socialist, post totalitarian consciousness undergoessublimation of its historic traumas and dramas by means of so-called festivalfilm. Revived Russian film Industry at expense of “Oil export” tries to capturethe undiscovered Russian soul via “individualized” genre codes. At thesame time it does not forget the usual rhetoric of the “older brother”.Contemporary film processes/key events and films form a picture, where thenational mental and cultural characteristics clearly stand out. On basis ofcontemporary European film products it is easy to identify whether poeticalcharacteristics are determined by this or that nation’s historic memory andexperience.ABOUT AUTHORArt History Ph.D. Film HistorianAssociate Professor of Shota Rustaveli Theatre and Film University (In thefield of Cinema Studies)Graduate of VGIK’s Faculty of Cinema StudiesResearch Field: Social construction of reality according to literary text; verbalpicture of the world in terms of national-artistic dominants.Tel: +995 (32) 22 49 45; + (33577) 71 02 43E-mail: salomesanel@yahoo.com241

Lia KalandarishviliASPECT OF THE CONTEXT IN E. SHENGELAIA’S“EXTRAORDINARY EXHIBITION”SummeryGeorgian “Samotsianelebi” (Representatives of the sixties) formed anexpressive, attitude rich ironic context field, which brought new perspectivesand depth to the motion picture. Aguli Eristavi is a central conceptual figureof “Extraordinary Exhibition”. The main hero is a blend of conflicting moods,split and decomposed into various personages. Gluing these characterstogether is as impossible as sticking the part of Aguli’s scultures together tomake them into one, when “the eyes are similar, the nose is similar, everythingis simila”, but still an entire sculptural piece does not look like the original.The idea is like a genetic codes of the movie, which clearly shows its structure:A fable is united by face-concepts, which stand in an evaluativeinterdependence towards each other. Tragedy and comedy in the movie areunited into one single mask.ABOUT AUTHORFilm historian, Ph.D. in Art History. Graduated from Shota Rustaveli Theatreand Film University with major in film studies in 1977. Her publications appearin professional and scientific magazines from the year 1974. In the years from1979 to 1980 she is an intern at Moscow State Scientific Institute of FilmStudies and Theory in the field of esthetics and theory. In 1999 she receivedan award of Cinematographer’s Union for the best annual research in thefield of film studies and criticism. She worked for a number of years in thescientific center for film theory and history. Lia Kalandarishvili is currentlyan assistant Professor in Shota Rustaveli Theatre and Film University.Tel: +995 (32) 98 57 06Ira KuchukhidzeMMAIN TENDENCIES OF GEORGIAN CINEMA AT THE END OFTHE SEVENTIES AND BEGINNING OF THE EIGHTIES(A NEW GENERATION: NEW PROBLEMS, SEARCHES...)Part II(See the beginning of the article in the previous issue)SummeryIn the 80s of the past century a group of outstanding and widely acclaimedGeorgian film directors was joined by a stream of new generation: Thesewere the graduates of Shota Rustaveli Theatre and Film University. The newtendencies of Georgian film were partially determined by this very event. Ithas to be stated, that the life itself was a source of inspiration for theseyoung directors, but still the shift of emphasis was clearly visible, theirattention to the layers of life, topics and problems previously unknown forthe screen. New characters start to emerge: confused and angry, obstinateand earthly, empty and infantile young people. The drug problem starts toemerge, a problem of generation gap, absence of moral principles...Instead of the characteristic pro life intonation the critical attitudetowards society becomes dominant in Georgian film.The article examines several debut films by directors of new generationfrom a thematic, genre and conceptual perspective.ABOUT AUTHORDoctor of Arts, Full Professor at Shota Rustaveli Theatre and Film University.Since 70s of the past century she is engaged in the research work andpedagogical practice.She has published numerous articles as on development of Georgian cinemain general, also artistic and esthetic features of some personalities. At theCinema Sector of the Scientific-Research Center of the University (this centeroperated under her leadership for many years) she has written numerousscientific works on the issues of theory of cinema.Tel: + 995 (32) 23 19 27242243

Dinara Maglakelidze244CINEMATO GRAPHY, WOMEN EMANCIPATION AND THEFEMINIST THEORY OF CINEMASummeryThe article is devoted to the relation of cinematography as means ofmass media to the emancipative movement of women and the history ofdevelopment of an alternative feminist cinema culture.Cinematography as a new medium appeared at the end of the nineteenthcentury, which at the beginning was separated from a traditional culture, nowhaving been developed as a new mass media, was performing a more active,one might say, a revolutionary role in social changes of that time period.In America and Europe of the first decade of the nineteenth centurybegan a rupture of patriarchal society and development of a new modernsociety. The development of this new society was sharply changing atraditional, passive role of a woman within the society. The modern, industrialsociety needed women more and more as labor force thus disengaging themfrom their families.Cinematography as a mass media was expressing interests of womenspectators of all ages and social groups from the start. It was helping womento get away from the patriarchal rules dominant in the society, family andmarriage and enabled them to feel like real members of a new, industrial andmodern community.This article in the discourse of a feminist cinema discusses ideas ofAmerican and European theorists like Laura Mulvey, Teresa DeLaurentis,Gertrud Koch, Heide Schluepmann and at the same time analyses their visionof cinema history.ABOUT AUTHORDoctor of film and media sciences, a research worker of the study-scienceresearch Institute of Theatre, Cinema, Media, Management and TraditionalArt at Shota Rustaveli Theatre and Film University. She has graduated fromI. Javakhishvili State University and Humbolt University of Berlin. She hasalso finished a post graduate course at the Science Academy of Georgia anda Ph. D. Degree course at Albert Ludvig University of Freiburg and HumboltUniversity of Berlin.At Humbolt University of Berlin she upheld a doctoral thesis on thetopic: National Identity in the Western German and Georgian Author Cinema/Comparative Analysis/She performs scientific work in Georgia and Germany. She is participatingin international cinema symposiums and seminars, was one of the membersof the jury at the international film festival GoEast and Prix-Europa.She is holding a post of a senior researcher in I. Javakhishvili StateUniversity. In different time periods she delivered lectures on history andtheory of the world cinema at I. Javakhishvili State University and TbilisiState Academy of the Arts.She has published a monograph (in German) and scientific articles abouthistory and theory of cinema in German and Georgian languages.The main field of her scientific research is an author cinema and moderntheories in cinematography. At preset she is working on a scientific project:Inter culture in Modern Cinema.Tel: +995 (32) 22 02 21; +995 (99) 36 78 73E-mail: dmaglakeli@yahoo.dewww.dinaramaglakelidse.deEter OkujavaAT THE ORIGINS OF THEATRE AND FILM DESIGNSummeryThe article is a try of an in-depth study of Georgian theatre and filmdesign, which is a natural part of theatre and film University’s scientificthematic.On every level of historic development a human being constantlyexpressed his attitude towards reality. Long before the art of theatre wasborn, humans expressed first forms of creative attitude towards reality in aform of synthesizing ancient ritual rites, choreography and music. By meansof step by step development these forms found themselves on stage.Cinematography lacks early origins like these. Humans created it in the eraof technology. It was born in the twentieth century. In spite of this, theatreand cinema have lots in common: theatre as well as cinema represents a245

collective art, where playwright, director, stage designer, composer, actorand others are all involved in creating art.Theatre and film directors were interested in attracting professional stageand film designers to an extent when they were so categorical in their artisticinclinations, that they would go to the extremes. Ignoring the old andestablishing the new as a creative principle would have not been useful forthe development of the film aesthetics. First of all it is impossible to buildupon ruins and second of all for creation of the new there is a middle pointbetween destruction and building in other words a creative unity of theachieved and gained, development and building in this direction. This wasnot a compromising move. This was a well thought out and analyzed positionbased on own personal and creative beliefs. In the art of the twenties of thetwentieth century it is apparent, that this thesis in Georgian theatre and filmin its true sense was coined by the group of artists, who carried in themselvesas well as in their creative baggage basics of creative thinking that werestrengthened by experience and time.ABOUT AUTHORFull Professor of Shota Rustaveli Theatre and Film University. Works inShota Rustaveli Theatre and Film University. She is a member of CinemaHistory and Theory Scientific Research Center.Graduated from Tbilisi State University. Was an intern at Moscow StateInstitute as cinema historian in E. Surkov class. The main research directionsare: issues of public cinema theory, artistic tendencies of Georgian cinema,genres, problems of artistic movie solutions, general expressive structures,research of individual artists and time-considering research (artist and time),thematic research and esthetic solutions of the movie.Currently she works on the following topic: Georgian Cinema of the 1950s(Theory of non-conflict and “method of applying”).Tel: +995 (32) 37 06 29; +995 (32) 99 92 11 92E-mail: eterokujava@uandex.ruDumitru OlerescuARTISTIC-POETICAL VALUE OF TWO CINEMATOGRAPHSSummeryThe article of Dr. Dumitru Olerescu, Moldavian screenwriter, cinema andart critic, “Artistic-poetical value of two cinematographs” is dedicated toartistic paths of Moldavian and Georgian cinematographs, the works of theirrepresentatives clearly showing the poetical view of world perceptionbringing worldwide recognition to their authors. The author reviews filmproduction of fifties and seventies of these two countries, where authenticnational character is clearly revealed, strive for reflection of reality and strongties to the national culture. From this perspective the Moldavian and Georgianfilms have contributed a lot to history of world cinematography. They havedemonstrated examples of their characters’ spiritual strength and authenticity,aesthetical characteristics, poetic world outlook of this or that director, attemptto confront problems of general kind, emotional sides, free style andcinematography structures.ABOUT AUTHORReviewer –Art History Ph.D., Full Professor ofShota Rustaveli Theatre and Film UniversityZviad DolidzeArt History Ph. D, screenwriter, leader of the sector “Film and TV Art” ofMoldavian Science Academy of cultural heritage. Associate Professor ofMoldavian music, theatre and fine arts Academy, laureate of MoldavianRepublic State Award, author of about hundred feature and short films.Tel: + 373 27 00 48E-mail: evita@mail.ru246247

Oliko JgentiCHILDREN OF THE SUN – KNUT HAMSUN AND GRIGOL ROBAKIDZE(MYTHOLOGICAL-POETICAL STRUCTURE OF “WONDERLAND”)248SummeryThe article examines common artistic aspects and literary concept of famousNorwegian twentieth century modernist writer Knut Hamsun and Georgian writerand thinker Grigol Robakidze. It analyzes the very philosophical-esthetical model,which is on one hand the core of Hamsun’s travel book “In Wonderland” and on theother works and essays (“Killed Spirit”) by Grigol Robakidze. Both writers soughtanswers to their philosophical questions in works of Goethe and Dostoevsky, butfinally both of them turned to the East – Hamsun found his mystical wisdom in theCaucasus, Robakidze found his in Persia – this spiritual journey is described in theirworks. They view the East as the origin of culture of mysteries.The researcher examines characteristics of mythological-poetical thinking ofboth writers and refers to the metaphor of the Sun, which is itself connected toOriental culture and philosophy. The latter played an important role in life and workof two writers.Both writers came close not only in a creative but also in a biographical aspect aswell. Specifically reference to German culture and poetry as well as “mythical realism”(Robakidze’s term) was an important factor for both artists. They were unable to acceptthe Bolshevik propaganda and communist ideology.“Wonderland” or the Caucasus represented a spiritual homeland for Hamsun, aworld of deities and myths – birthplace of ancient civilization. The book is full withthe author’s personal allusions and memories, which are connected with Hamsun’shappy and careless childhood – period of the shepherd. Pastoral idyll is itselfconnected to the pre history of the mankind – “Golden Age”. “Wonderland” alsocontains allusions of Scandinavian mythology, heroic epos and elements of Orientalmythology.ABOUT AUTHORLeading science-worker of Shota Rustaveli Theatre and Film University’s scientificresearch center, art historian, Doctor of Philosophy. In 2005 she wrote her dissertationon the topic “National and social issue in Georgian film in relation to a film processof the twenties”. From 2000 she is a guest teacher of Batumi University. She workson the issues of Georgian and American film history. Research field: Georgian FilmModernism of the twenties and mythological-narrative structure of American film.She is the author and director of documentaries “Knut Hamsun’s Caucasian mysteries~(2005) and “John Steinbeck’s Georgian Journal”.Tel: +995( 99) 27 18 15E-mail: olga-zhgenti@mail.ruTeo KhatiashviliTV SERIES AS A SOCIO-CULTURAL PHENOMENONSummeryIn this article it is dicussed soap opera’s, as work of media, dramaticalstructuraland ideological characters. Soap-opera as one of the powerfulproduct of pop-culture, reflects reality in a simplier form and so it is easier torepresent socially actual topics, than it is available in academic style.While analysing georgian soap-operas, tendency – Ignoring specificcharacters of soap-opera - reveals, that is the main reason of failure.ABOUT AUTHORPh.D. in Art HistoryAssociate Professor of Shota Rustaveli Theatre and Film UniversityShe has graduated from I. Javakhishvili State University, faculty of Art Historyand Theory.Her dissertation topic was: “Mythological and Metaphoric World of SergoParajanov”.She was the member of the script committee of Georgian National Film Center;member of women program of “Open Society Institute of Georgia”; leader of“A man and a woman in film” science-research project of RSS; as well as theart reviewer of many newspapers like “Rezonansi”, “24 Saati”, “Tbilisi”,“Kakadu” and many more.She is the member of Georgian Cinematographers’ Union; author and host of“Good Evening, Babylon” (I Radio of the First Channel); Her articles arepublished on a regular basis in magazines “Kino” and “Amarta”.Tel: + 995 (32) 62 66 13; + 995 (99) 55 28 92E-mail: teovangogh@hotmail.249

MEDIA STUDIESVaja Zubashvili250POLITICAL TV ADVERTISEMENT AS A FORM OF POLITICALCOMMUNICATIONSummeryDeciding role in an election campaign plays an image of a candidate. An image –is a political face, which is formed in advance and created in order to reach a set goal.But an image is not permanent. It is in motion. It has its start and levels of development.Its dynamic is determined by a number of factors – regional, demographic, ethnopsychological,social and situational factors of the electorate. An image which iscreated by a determined strategy in order to reach a political goal by use ofadvertisement and other means is called a strategic image. The following article waswritten based on TV ads of January 5 th , 2007 presidential election participantcandidates (Mikheil Saakashvili – 31, Levan Gachechiladze – 30, Davit Gamkrelidze– 7. Shalva Natelashvili – 1 and Arkadi (Badri) Patarkatsishvili). Experts remarkedthat the main rival of Mikheil Saakashvili in presidential run was Arkadi (Badri)Patarkatsishvili, but “advertisement rivalry” was mainly between Mikheil Saakashviliand Levan Gachechiladze. Both candidates as well as the others (Davit Gamkrelidze,Arkadi/Badri Patarkatsishvili, Shalva Natelashvili) used a principle of the so-called“Film Truth” which is a chronological-documentary principle, where the visualimage is mainly their live communication with the electorate. But it is very importantto differentiate these visual images communicatively and direct them to one specificgoal. At a glance, every candidate works the same way, but if we examine their TVads as products of political technology we will see a big difference.ABOUT AUTHORAssociate Professor of Shota Rustaveli Theatre and Film University. Leader in thedirection of TV Directing. He has graduated from faculty of film directing of thesame university. He is the author of about thirty short and feature documentaryfilms – in studios “Mematiane” and “Kartuli TelePilmi”. He is the owner of unionand international festival prizes. Work experience: He has worked as a director in thestudio of science-fiction and documentary films; Leading director of news programsof “Channel 9”; leading director of news programs of channel “Mze”. Currently heis the producer of news agency of channel “Mze”. He has delivered lectures invarious universities on – “TV Advertisemenet”. Presently he delivers this course tothe students of master’s program of Tbilisi State University of the Arts.Tinatin ChabukianiSTRUCTURAL CONSISTENCY OF EDITINGCHAPTER TWO – EDITING, AS MEANS OF ARTISTICEXPRESSIONSummeryEditing is an especially difficult system in screen art. As time passes,methods of editing and its boundaries change, although its thematic tasks asa form of space-time existence of an artistic reality stays the same. For everymaster of screen art imagery thinking means thinking in terms of editing. Bymeans of editing real time and space is replaced by edited (newly created)space and edited (subjectively experienced) time. This is the main discoveryof film. Expression of nature is a tendency of screen language, although naturalobjects in a sense are certain and common at once, because they virtuallyhave numerous numbers of meanings to themselves and director by means ofartistic and editing thinking puts them in diverse contexts. Editing thinkinggives us opportunity to put forth nuances of human emotions, details andparts of the world on screen, that are invisible to an eye.Creative process is free, but individual vision should be displayed byediting, system. An idea should become clear by use of editing.Spectator rarely thinks about the regulations, used in constructing asingle shot, although an entire structure of the movie depends onconstructing and editing of each and every shot. Judging from this I willexamine a shot, its nature, composition and one element of a shot compositionthat is called relativity. In this part of my work, I tried to state clear, how willI teach the students art of editing. Method is based on the experience ofacclaimed film directors and theoreticians.ABOUT AUTHORDirector, researcher. An associate Professor of Shota Rustaveli Theatre andFilm University. She has graduated from Shota Rustaveli Theatre and FilmUniversity’s Drama Directing Faculty. From 1980 to 1989 worked on GeorgianBroadcasting Company (Channel 1) – first in television theatre, then in musiceditorial board as an artistic director; From 1989 to 2004 worked as anartistic director of child programs. Her dissertation thesis is: “Civil designationof child broadcast and its aesthetical characteristics” (according to GeorgianTV projects) Currently she works on a topic: “Structural Consistency ofEditing”Tel: +995 (99) 94 47 00251

ART STUDIESNato Gengiuri252DECONSTRUCTIVISM – A CONTEMPORARY ARCHITECTURALMOVEMENTSummeryThe paper deals with contemporary architectural movement calledDeconstructivism. In the introduction attention is focused on thecharacteristics of contemporary architecture such as the inclusion of currenttechnologies in the architectural process, condition of the globalization ofinternational economy, spreading of the area of activity of architects onglobal scale and the tendency to realize incredibly bold fantasies.Along a brief history of Deconstructivism, the paper offers an overviewof theoretical and historical foundations of this movement: on one hand,this is the significance of ideas of French philosopher Jacques Derrida forDeconstructivists and on the other hand Soviet Constructivism of the 1920sand namely the projects of Vladimir Tatlin.For the purpose of demonstrating artistic-architectural peculiarities ofDeconstructivism, the paper discusses the main works by several architectsof this movement. Frank Gehry’s Vitra Design Museum in Weil am Rhein, theGuggenheim Museum in Bilbao, Daniel Libeskind’s Jewish Museum in Berlin,Denver Art Museum, Rem Koolhaas’ projects and many more.Set against this background, the basic features of Deconstructivism aresingled out: search for new forms of expression, the visual complexity ofarchitectural structure, “unexpected” compositions, in most cases,pronouncedly aggressive intrusion in the city environment and a certaininstability and dynamics of artistic image.ABOUT AUTHORFull Professor of Shota Rustaveli Theatre and Film University. She graduatedfrom I. Javakhishvili State University’s Faculty of Art History and Theory.She is a founder and a chairman for Study and Popularization of CulturalHeritage of Georgia “Signeti”. Member of Munich Association “Late ClassicalArchaeology and Byzantine Studies”. She is a member of the Committee forImmovable Monuments at the Georgian Ministry of Culture, Sport andMonument Protection. Field of scholarly interests: cultural heritage, medievalart, history of Georgian architecture, issues of art terminology. She haspublished 16 scientific works, including one monograph.Tel: +995 (93) 24 42 78E-mail: natogengiuri@mail.ruCULTURAL STUDIESPati SheklashviliNAZI IDEOLOGY ON CULTURE AND THE NATIONAL-SOCIALISTCRIME AGAINST CULTURESummeryThe work concerns atrocities committed against the cultural heritage ofpeople occupied by the German national-socialists. While the leader of thenational-socialists wrote in his book “My Battle” about the importance ofcorrect upbringing of the German youth and their proper knowledge ofGerman past and its heritage, he would be the one to direct the nationalsocialiststo rob and destroy masterpieces of culture and artworks of occupiedpeople. There were special headquarters created for this very purpose. Thedamage caused to the heritage of humanity by the national-socialists wasenormous.ABOUT AUTHORHistory Ph.D.Assistant Professor at I. Javakhishvili State UniversityShe has graduated from I. Javakhishvili State University, faculty of history.She reads lectures at the same university on new and contemporary historyof Europe and American countries and diplomatic protocol.She has published works on topics of contemporary history of variousEuropean countries.Currently she works on the issue: “South-Eastern countries and Europeanpolitics in twentieth century”.Tel: + 995 (32) 68 85 45253

Badri TskhadadzeON THE ORIGINS OF DUDUKI AND SALAMURI(LINGUISTIC-ETYMOLOGICAL ANALYSIS)SummeryNowadays contemporary art of Georgian folk ethno music is absolutelyunthinkable without these two music terms (Duduki and Salamuri). There isno evidence of them in ancient Georgian written texts and literature of theRenaissance era (sixteenth-eighteenth centuries), as well as in “Sitkvis Kona”by S-S Orbeliani; Evidently Duduki and Salamuri are of later origin.Evidently Duduki originated from the name of a plant Dudura/Dudugula,which is being used to make this particular instrument in Georgia up to thisday: Dudura/Dudugula – Duduki have a common core Dud, as for uk, -a aregenerative suffixes, Dudugula composite Gul(a) stands for stem.As for Salamuri, it also originates from the name of a plant. Chalamuri –Shalamuri – Salamuri, which means “made from the straw”.Thus both of these ethno musical terms core wise as well as structurewise are of Georgian origin. They have nothing in common with the similarcores and words of Russian, Ukrainian, Lithuanian, Latvian and Turkishlanguages. In each of these languages they have been formed independently,supposedly by way of sound symbolism.ABOUT AUTHORPh.D. of Philology (Cartvelologist-Caucasiologist), Professor, member ofscience academy of Caucasian People. Associate Professor of ShotaRustaveli Theatre and Film University (Faculty of Art History and Sociology)as well as consultant of I. Vekua Institute of Applied Mathematics. He is theleading science worker of the “United Georgian Group of logic and language”.He is the member of editing committee of the magazine “Georgian languageand logic”, science volume “Guria” of Georgian Institute of Archeology andmember of dissertation committee of language and literature of Georgianpolytechnic University. He graduated from I. Javakhishvili State Universityof Tbilisi majoring in South Caucasian language studies (Faculty of Philology).He is the author of more than 170 scientific works and newspaper articles.Among them two monographs and one book (tests of “Shushaniki’sTorture”).TRADITIONAL ARTEka GeliashviliREVIEW OF GEORGIAN CHOREOGRAPHIC LITERATURESummeryFacts about Georgian dance which has a broad historic past can befound in historic and literary sources by foreign as well as Georgian authors.Materials that are of a particular interest are brought to us by Greek, Italian,French historians, missionaries and travelers. There is abundance ofchoreographic material commonly in ethnographic and folklore literature.As for a special Georgian choreographic literature, there is a lack of material.Only in the beginning of the twentieth century did Georgian professionalresearchers start to study Georgian folk choreographic art, which was causedby the absence of scientific research methodology and professional staff.In spite of the above said, today’s Georgian choreographic bibliographycounts up to sixty books, among which there are works examined in thehistoric and ethnographic aspect of choreographic art. These are commonexaminations of dance, description and analysis; monographs; books writtenfor description of ensemble’s travel and success; methodic letters,recommendations; programs designed for choreographic groups, studiosand schools; works written about dance recording systems; books onclassical Georgian choreography. Besides there is a lot of choreographicmaterial stored in archives, scientific publications, magazines and newspapersthat will not be discussed in the following work.In spite of interesting books, there is still a shortage of specialchoreographic literature which needs to be enlarged. The following worktries to differentiate thematically the existing literature and gather it into oneclassified system, which is of a particular interest for those interested instudy of choreographic art.ABOUT AUTHORChoreographer. First year student of master’s program in research of Georgiandance. She has graduated from Shota Rustaveli Theatre and Film Universityin 1997 with major in dance choreography. From 1998 she has been workingat Shota Rustaveli Theatre and Film University as a teacher of Georgiandance and staging art. Currently she is Professor’s assistant.254255

saxelovnebo mecnierebaTa Ziebani #1 (34), 2008 ART SCIENCE ...

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